‘) ee ete)J = Mum, come quickly, "ve knocked aver tthe lieder in the s garden. He knows. He's been hanging from) _ the root for the past five minutes. the tenses, then m_with the correct tion. 4 Hevruns a large travel agency. |@ actions taking place at or around the moment of 2 The thief enters the room and opens the sale. ‘Speaking: temporary situations 3 Skill comes with practice b emphasis on duratton of an action which bepan in 4 She's been practising that song for hours. the past and continues up to the present 5 He's working hard these days. © revi ‘commentaries/dramatic 6 He's gained a lot of weight recently. 1d actions started at a stated time in the past and 7 Tom’s picking me up at 7 o'clock tonight. continuing up to the present She's staying with a frend in London at present. ¢ fixed arrangements in the near future 9 The ferry arrives at 10.05 am. { timetables/programmes (luture meaning) 10. They've been talking on the phone since 9. permanent situations or states 9 o'clock this morning. hh permanent truths oF laws of nature | personal experiences or changes which have happened ge B. 4. Bana Oanns T Succaseane Bioas WO (Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present forms. Dear Sir/Madam, 11)..am writing... (write) on behalf of Midfield School. Every year, our students 2) viv (choose) a project an an environmental problem. Then, they 3) .- (work) to raise m to help solve this problem. Wea} ..2....0...... (recently/see) your advertisements about protecting dolphins, so, far the last few weeks, we 5) . (try) to learn about the dolphins TRE BD ne won live) in the sea near . falready/be) on two boat trips and 8 sos (persuade) local, Nae to change their fishing. nets because the ones they VD ... (use) at.the moment can trap dolphins. Fass Bae send the children some World Wildlife Fund posters to add to the work that they 10)... ~ (do) so far? ‘Yours ft ful 4, Hopkins (Teacher) + ered memeWE) Ask your partner questions using the following time expressions: 8g overy moming A: What time do you get up every morning? B: | get up at 7.30 every morning. 1 forthe pastien minutes 4 usually 7 tonight already 2 tight now 5 every Sunday 8 yet 141 ever 3 since 11 o'clock 6 twice this week 9 stil 12 for tour years: [Identity the tenses, then match them with the correct description, 1 Oh nol Someone's bean reading my diary again, actions which happened at an unstated past 2 You feel dizzy because you've been lying in the time and are connected to the present sun for toa long! 'b changing or developing situations. ‘3 He has Just cleared out the garage. ‘© expressing anger, irritation, annoyance 4 He's such a boring man, who's always or eriticism making a fuss about nothing. d_ recently completed actions 5 With the help of a good teacher, Gary's @ repeated/habitual actions becoming a very good pianist, {past actions of certain duration having 6 We've been out four times this week, ‘visible regults/effects in the present 7 He has lunch af the Plaza Hotel every day. 9 oxclamatory sentences @ Thay have sold their house and gone ana tour —-h_ emphasis on number; frequency of the world. | frequently repeated actions with “always” 9 Here comes the train! ‘expressing the speaker's annoyance or criticism Diane Bouanacll 4 Titicaca Maa ED puth in brackets into the correct present forms. Dear Sal, You'll never guess where | 1)....0m writing... (write) from. 1 2)... (sit) on a bench the shore of Lake Windermere! The air 3) (smell) wonderful - so clean and fresh. 14) : (stay) here for nearly a 15) fexpect) ll stay (begin) to fall in love wi ir smvnmeevnee (Get Up) at ? o'clock and 8)... dareakfast. The owner the afternoon. This hi .. go) for a swim in the lake before wie "eet ns faethe (become) better and better as the days ga by. Weil, f chink 111)... sevvvees Crit) enough. [ 12)... oon USit) here for half an hour and now it's time for my boat trip. See you, mary , nail tt —meeeeeiccmemend 1) Which of the present forms in the letter above are used to express: 1 actions happening at or around the time of speaking/writing 1.2 4 recently completed actions 2 repeated/habitual actions 5 permanent states (stative vertys) 2 actions started in the past 6 changing or developing and continuing up to the present situationsStative Verbs Stative verbs express 3 permanent state rather than an actic 1 and da not have continuous forms. ‘These are: verbs of the senses (to express involuntary actions): feel, hear, see, smell, taste ete. (Can or could are offen used with these verbs. Turn the radio down, please. | can't fiear you.) Look, watch and listen express deliberate actions. and can be used in continuous forms. John is watching 2 foatball game on TV, He can't see or hear you, Feel and hurt opn be used in either continuous or simple forms. John feelsiis feeling worse today. verbs of feelings and emotions: adore, appreciate (= value), detest, dislike, enjay, forgive, hate, like, loathe etc. He hates the show they are watching an TV new. (not: verbs of opinion: agree, belteve, expect (= think), see (= understand), suppose, understand etc. believe he is innocent. (not: Lam-bekewag ‘other verbs: appear (= seem), belong, concer, contain, depend, fit (= be the right shape and size for sth), have (= possess), know, mean, owe, own, possess, need, prefer, require, want, weigh, wish, keep (= continue), seem etc, He wants some more biscuits, (not: He--wanting) ‘Some stative verbs (be, love, see, smell, taste, think etc) have continuous forms but there Is & difference in meaning. ‘STATE He thinks ne's really clever. (= he believes) ‘What does it taste ike? (= What is its favour?) ‘© ('m thinking about his offer, (= fm considering) (@ He's tasting the food to see if it's good. (= he's testing the flavour} © She's having lunch, (= she's eating) Ann is feeling the cat's fut, (= she's iouching) ‘# I'm seeing Paula tonight. (= fm meeting) © She Is smelling the roses. (= she's trying the sel of orm Ing this flim. (= | lke specitcaly) ® He is looking at the painting, (= ha's viewing it) ® The opera singer Is appearing on stage tonight. (= he will make an appearance) ‘® He is weighing the potatoes on the scales. {= hes finding aut the weight off ® Suzy Is being very naughty, (= she is misbehaving) © We are fitting a new carpet in the hall. (= iaying) He has two houses. (= he owns; ne possesses) silk shirt feels soft. (= ithas a sof texture) Do you see what | mean? (= Do you understand?) Your perfume smells of apples. (= it has the smel) © | love/enjey good fms. (= 1 be in gonerat) ‘eit looks as if t's going to rain. (= it appears) ‘He appears to be working. (= he seems to be) # The boxis heavy, It weighs a lot. (= its weight is) © Luciano Is naughty. (= Hs characteris bad.) © These shoes fit me pertectly, (= They are the aght size}. Certain adjectives can be used with “be” in the continuous form to express a temporary characteristic. These are: careful, foolish, kind, lazy, nice, patient, (im)polite, rude, silly ete. John is usuaily careful but today he’s being careless. You're being very foolish. (normally used as a warning) ED Flin with Present Simple or Continuous, 19) . (808) my DOSS about a pay rise this aftemoon, 1A Ap mm thinking. ~ fe) sone Masa dare i starioon B; | woukin’t bother. 12) «think she's away on holiday. 2 & Mr Jones 3)... . "(hard telephone mieisage trom his wie B: Cant wait? He 4) " (ave) a business meeting and ! don't want to disturb him 3 A. The police 5) (stilVlook) foe fingeeprints eft in the room, B 6)... look} a8 if they won't find the criminal a a ee .. love) breathing in clean, country ail B, Sodol.ig) (ove) every minute of this walking trip. A B 110) (see). That's why you're wearing a suit and te.10 AD Why 11) ~ {you/taste) the soup? Is there anything wrong with it? 8 Yes-it 12) -» {ate) 100 Sweet. think Ive used sugar Instead of sal A: Why 13) ‘ {you/tee!) teteys forehead, Mum? BI think she's got a temperature, She 14) (Heel) rather hot A: John 15) ... {be} a-very rude person, you know B: I know, Sheila 16) (be) very rude these days 100, although she's usvelly polite, A him ~ (}00k) as if I's going to rain this atenaon, By know. | 18) look} for my umbrella to take out with me. A Why 19) +» (you!smell) the inside of your car? B: Because it 20) (small) of patil and | want to check for leaks A: How much 24) soonnn (yOtur new baby/weigh)? 8: I don't know yet. The nurse 22) . -. (weigh) him at the moment. EP Underline the correct item. 1 2 3 4 5 Ted: Hello Dad, tam in Birmingham. it 1) 2... Bob: What 3) oomssns (YOUMWANY) Ted Coie ya some and ome, Bob: Ted, you 4) Ted: Please, Dad. | im tired and hungry. My Bob: The Smiths 7}... senses (visit) John isis being usually rude, but today hes:/ is being polite to his colleagues. Annis is being usualy patient, but today she's /Is being impatient. Sami / Is being rude to his mother now, but he is / is being normally pleasant to her. John is /is being a kind man, but at the moment he is / is being selfish. Julie sis being sily at the moment, though | naw shais / Is being rely very sensible, Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous. Pouring... (pour) with rain, and 12) : . (hoVhave gal) any money. me to do about it? (always/ask) me to do this! 1) (ge) tired of it avening classes 6) (start) at 7.00 and I have to be there on time. Can't Mum. come and get me? Us tonight and she is busy in the kitchen, She 8) (bake) a cake at the moment. (ask) you to do this far me one last time, The success of my Tad: Please Dad. 19) presentation tonight 10) .... (depend) on you. Bob: OK 1 be there in haif an Rout. But this isthe last ime. | 14) (mean) a BD Which of the present forms in the dialogue above are used to express: 11 changing or developing situations 5 4 actions happening at the moment a of speaking 2 states (stative verbs) |S timetables/pragrammes (future meaning) 3 frequently repeated actions with 6 fixed arrangements in tha “always” expressing annoyance near future Ps)it, how long, ever, at the moment or still. | don’t think Frank has:..ever.... been to alive concert. Why dort we lake him to-one forhis birthday’? Ihaven't seen Louiee Jeff's wedding, | wonder what's happened to her don’t know a a An Si IOAN ENE EOS, Mr Louis hasn't rung me back about the contract... i Wise ern ss Wis ore rae cous. Would you like to ome along? Pa BS one finished her test and ve only dahe half of mine. Patrick {gets to Schoo! at eight o'clock sharp, but is half past and he hasn't arrived yet a sme QING QUE with Mark, or have they split up? Frm trying to fish clearing UP 0 Can you ring back later? (My neighbour has lived in that house ove Bay GO Years. ep uu David Jones has been working for the same company 1) ...far.. 20 years. He has been a supervisor 2} . 1991 and he quite likes the work, but he has been thinking about changing jobs 3) .............. he discovered that he has a real talent for garden design. He has been studying garden design pastime 4) son HO ya a 5) last month he has been preparing for his final examination. David has besn interested in gardening Bsa he was 8.chidt and he hes known 7) _... years that his present job was not the best one for him. He has been much happier 8) he started the course and 8) soos WORKS he has been looking forward to the tour that his college has Organised. 10) ..-..-memn- Daw started the course, his wile has becom interested as well and now they are taking about sating up a business together. Seuvensuns : since or for, Have gone to / Have been to / Have been in a: Se i Ohl He's gone to echeol. It's his first day, > ‘Oh Mum! You mean | have to ta rs go back again tomorrow? She has gone to Madrid. (= She's on her way to Madrid or she’s there. She hasn't came back yet.) She has been te Paris once. (= She has visited Paris; she is nol there now. She has came back.) She has been in Berlin for two years. (= She lives in Berlin now.) ©) AFillin: “has / have been in/to”, “has / have gone to” in the correct form. 1 | have Been to... New York several times, but | ., haven't been to... Atianta. BMY B08 oo nennneninns LiSbON TOF a WOE, £m doing some of his Work for him. 3 We. + Milan for very long, sa we con't know it very well yet, 4. Martin isn't here, He _ the library to get same books 5 Martha - man the choo! to pick up the kids. She should ba back by 4,00. ce hat. gallery twice but | haven't seen the painting you mentioned.[) Fill in with Present Pertect or Present Perfect Continuous. Dear Sir, Jam writing to you te apply for the position of Sports Editor at your newspaper. | 1) ..hiave working... (work) as a reporter on *The Morning Globe" for eight years, and 2)... i (write) about every majar sporting event in England in that time: 13) false/make) several important contacts within the sporting world such as football managers and race horse trainers, who 4)... (be) of great help to me in my career. The” editor of “The World 8) ...crsmve ss (recentiy/offer) me the post of Senior Sports Reporter, but as! 6! i (nevec/really/like) the newspaper | thinkt will turn it down. However, 1 7) meet (read) your newspaper since | young boy and | 8). a. Calways/admire) it, 1) : fwait) for an opportunity like this to turn up all my working life. My editor 10) z (agree) to give me time off to attend an interview should you wish ta meet me, OL | Johnny, where were you yesterday? | You naren't at school oi Ohl aire know you had been itl 1 ‘Oh, nol | had been trying to epell it for so long \_ ‘thet Iwas too tired to come toechoal, Twa having a problem with influenza, sir. [-) Identity the past forms then underline the correct time expression. 1. | stillyyet/just hadn't done my homework when Mum came home. ... (Past Portect - Past Simple). 2. Mag was lying in the sun before/while/as soon as the children ware playing IN INE POOL. «ni... 3 How long aga/How long/While did you pass your driving test? s 3 4. He continued his journey before/atter/aga he had changed the tyre. 5 | was walking down the street when/as soon as/while a car stopped next to me. 6 t 8 She had been singing for years since/for/betore she finally became a star, | went on an excursion to the Lake District last week/since just He hadn't eaten turkey since/ever'tor the previous Christmas. : 9 Qur team had scored three goals by the time/unti/while we got to the match. 10 The professor didn’t start speaking how longiuntiliyet everyone Was Quit...» 11 De you know how lang!when/while he had lived in Portugal batore he moved to Turkey? 12. They had been sailing for/since/while a month before they reached a port. na 12. She took aif her coat just/as soon as/already she entered the house. ..EP) laentity the tenses, then match them with the correct description. 1 She opened the cupboard, took out a dress @ past action in progress interrupted by another and put it on. past action 2 They received the telegram at 10 o'clock that b past action which occurred before another evening. action of before a stated past time: 3 She was upset because she had been waiting two or more simultaneous past actions to hear from her son for days. action continuing aver a peniod up to a They were still discussing the pian at midnight. Specific time in the past we They were flying over the Andes when the plane crashed. @ complete past action which had visible results in the past 6 James Dean made one fm with Natale Wood. 1 past actions which happened immediately 7 Tom was reading out the data while Sara ‘one after the other was writing it down 9 past action of certain duration which had 8 She had finished most of the work by the visible results in the past time her boss arrived h past habit or state 9 Sha missed the end of the film because she 1 Past Perlect as the past equivalent of the had fallen asleep. Present Perfect ED Fillin with an appropriate past form. In 194 a steamship 1) ..was salllng Ailantic Ocean from England to America. The sun 2) .. (blow}. The ship 4)... weeks and was halfway 10 its destination - New York, The passengers 5) (relax) on deck when suddeniy they 6) (hear) a loud bang. a 2 all 7) 2 (ump) up, 8) He always went to work by train Sha was pleased because she had been given the job. We had been living in the same house for twelve years betore we decided to mava, He leit his job because he had been feeling dissatisfied for months Wisi Bias (shine) and a gentle breeze 3) .. (un) te the edge of the boat and 9) 10) ... (lack) over the side, To their horror they saw thal they inte -» {hit} some hard abject which {tear) @ hole in the side of the ship, Water 12) alarming speed. Fortunately another ship arrived haif an hour lat (sail) across the (sail for three J ction in the middie of happening at a stated past ime k Past Perfect Continuous as the past ‘equivalent of the Present Perfect Continuous | action not connected to the present which happened at a definite past ime not mentioned m complete action or event which happened at a stated past time PD cita WL me to save everyone on board! XE) Which of the past forms in the text above are used to express: 1 n ‘past action of certain duration Continuing up to a specific past time background description to events or longer actions in the story shorter actions which interrupt longer actions @ longer actions which are 5 past action which occurred intetrupted by shorter actions 7m = betore another past action 6 pastactions which happened ‘one immediately after the other spout) into the steamship at anELD Fil inwith Past Simple or Continuous. Simon 1) ...was walking... (walk) home from work the ‘other day when he 2) . (notice) something shining on the pavement on the other side at ‘the road. A car 3) : . (gerne) down the street, 50 he waited until it had driven past, then h 4) (cross) over. When he 8) ou (get) 10 the other side he saw that it was a shiny gold coin! He 6) ” (look) around to make sure NO ONE FY oon (look), then he 8) soon (bend) down to pick itup, Imagine his surprise when he 8) {notican) move it! He 10) about to give up when he 11)... strange sound behind him. Someone 12) .... 13)... (oa). Two little boys 14) . (be) just thea a Present Perfect (laugh) at him, but he couldn't see who it .» (hide) behind a hedge, laughing at anyone wh tied to pick up the coin they had stuck to the pavement with glue! Past Simple ‘© complete past actions connected to the present © complete past actions not connected to the with # stated or unstated time reference ‘She has gone fo Madrid (unsmrsc te: we don now tor he went ah si therw row Jim has seen her in a café this moming, (stared im: atl mooning - action eonnecind ot present ve spoken to Prince. He's sit alve - action conmacties to the present He has lived in Spain for twa yesars. 0 rysies mat ne ‘8h Span ow: - action connecind ta tha present) ® fo announce news or give new information The Prime Minister has decided to call 2 general election. present with @ stated or implied time reference She went to Madrid last year, (stared tee - when? “ast year’) im sawe her in a caié there. frp tine - Whee? Whee die a ar) {spoke to James Dean, jection not connected io the pragent - James Down is dead} She lived in France for three years. (tt imptes that she dose’ Sve by France naw action nal eannectic 10 the present) © to give details of the news He announced the decision to Pantament this -morniog. 1H) Fill in.with Present Pertect or Past Simple. 1 A: ...Did you see... (you/see) the Bruce Lee flim on TV last night? B; No. But! . er _.. ($88) all of his films on video already this year. 2a1 (live) in Germany for five years now. 1... ... (move) here in 1989, BI . live} in Portugal for a time, ‘but | live in Rome now 3A: My Uncle Tom. {rneet) Winston Churchill, 8: That's nothing! My MUM cer nnnnnnrns (mest) Prince Charles. 4 A, Where's Jane? B: She (go) to. America. She (leave) tast week. A Really? Why .. (shelgo) there? 5 A: My father - vo» (work) in that shop for twelve years. Then he ... (get) a. = ing bank. B: He. e _ (work) al the bank for quite a few years now, hasn't ha? 6 A: How long ‘ (you/learn) tatian? Bl . (start) learning the language whan I. sever .. (be) twelve.AD Fill in with Past Simple or Past Perfect. The biggest event in Tam’s lite 1) ..happened... happen) by chance. He 2) snowmen (BS) 22 and he 9). : (justileave) college. He 4) . (get) his degree and he was looking for a jab. He 5) (want) to be a journalist 8) (know) he 7 (nolvhave} enough experience. You see, as a student, he 8) {spend) most of his time in the university theatre. He 9) oon (write) to all the newspapers but he 10) Porpeoiel any replies. Then one day. the phone 11) (ring). It was @ woman who 12) . (offer) him a job as an actor. She 13) . (588) him inva play at the university and 14) . (enjoy) the performance. He ats take) the job and since then he's baen very successful, Last night he 16) {discover he 17) (win) an award for his performance in the play, EP) Complete the sentences using any appropriate past forms. What Teauld tell she... She My PTT ns She got on the motorbike and He ‘ While Sally... ‘The patient He was upset because he... Nobody knew where Jane . Tom 1 2 a 4a 5 6 7 a a 0 " R She ...went to the market... and bought same vegetables. when the fire started? s-» because her eyes were red when she sligped and landed on the ice for twa weeks, belore I went to the decor. — away the road when a flower pot fell on his head. dinner Steve was laying the table in hospital for five weeks betore he fully recovered the exam the front door key. Tennis every day for months batore entering his frst loumament © Used to expresses past habits, regularly repeated actions in the past or past states. {(Stative verbs are not used with “would,”) © Would expresses reguisrly repested actions and routines in the past. it isn't used for states, © Be used to means “be accustomed to”, "be in the habit of”. © Was going to expresses actions one intended to do but didn't do, ‘She used to tell me stories. (also: would fell me...) ‘He wsed to live in the country. (not: would.- state) ‘He used to have a b887c. (not: soul ~ state) Mum would aways make me a big breakfast. (ats0: Mum used to make...) ‘She isn't used to living in tropical climates. (= she isn taccustomed to living...) ‘She was going to move to London but then she decided fo stay in York, HE) Look at the notes below, then write sentences as in the example: He was tat He had long hair. He didn’t wear glasses. He rode a bicycle. He didn’t wear suits. He used to be fat but he is thin ROW, o... He is thin. He has gat short hair, He wears glasses, He drives acer. He wears suits.EB) Filtin ‘Although my friend Tom has lived in the city for three years he still 1). living in & more peaceful environment, His frst few days live in the country so he 3) n the city were so unpleasant that he 4) Job and decided to siay. That's when | met him. He 6) coffee every morning and ne 6) . 7 bs ike in the country, His farmity 8) prepara wonderful meals, In autumn they 10) and his mother:9) go for long walks and they 11) made # sound so wonderful that, at one point last year, 1 12) . But | didn't, | 13) .... WOO ve (Dad, you'l be pleased when | You hoar my good news, Well, you were going to. me £5 for paosing my exam. | sed to, be used to, would or was going to, Jen't used ta... It. He 2) mave straight back home, but he found a ‘come into my office with the offen stop and talk for a,while about what is ite have their own vegatable garden ‘collect wild mushrooms and frutt. Tom 1. Quit my job and Jeave town and excitement of the city to ever fee! at the noi {~~ Yes, of course, son. Vr ve it to you right now Well, Dad, the good news is that ‘you'll save come money. | allied! ©) identity the tenses, then match them with the correct description. | think Pt go home now. The bus for departs in an hour. We'll be sailing around the islands this time next month. By May he will have been living abroad for six years. ‘The men are delivering the furniture tomorrow. Look at the babyy! He's going to eat that worm! Porhaps we'll see Nicky at the club tonight, He's going to take a few days off next week. Tm sure you'll have a wonderful holiday. 10 Will Jo be staying with you this Easter? 14. Fi be having lunch with Sam tomorravr as usual. 12 They will have made a dacision by Friday. & wpe eaxee 1 ofa 2 Bie: Romine Bases: & @ action which may (not) happen in the future 'b action in pragrass at a stated future time © fixed in the near future d action which will be finished before a stated future time A e timetab| able/programme 1 decision taken at the moment of speaking: 9 action which is the result of a routing 1h uration of an action up to 8 certain time In the future | prediction about the future | action intended to be performed in the near future k asking politely about people's arrangements, 1 evidence that sth will definitely happen 7 8 Wiest Wenten 11 2won't of sh: 3) Look at Appendix 1 then fill in: ‘hope you 1) ...will.. be able to come to my party this weekend, Emma. Of course 12) Fred. But aad ve 3) be able to. Oh dear! | know IM BOY WHO 4) nnn bevery bout that! 5) \ phone her rd yt parouada her to come? probably &) do any good, but it's worth a try. Fred: Yes. 7) YOU Go that? Gary 8) uso BAO Rimselt it she dosen't come. HA Fillin the correct present or future forms. Dear Mum, > By the time you receive this letter | 1)... will have finished... Le my final exams and, went wall or not, (2) (celebrate). fa i ‘sens (tard looking for a job at the end of the summer because 14} oc .n.0 igo) on holiday around Europe for a month, starting next week. Sue 5)... sees with me, plaka if she does, I'm sure we &) ‘thavel a great time. 171. this evening, as usual, $0 J expect she 8) tel’ me her decision then. ti my first exam 4... (start) at 9 o'clock tomorrow so | 10) Idrive? down te the library to do some last-minute revision. Even though 111)... (study) Russian for four years by the time these exams are over, Ifeel i've stil got a lot fo learn about the language. Give my ieee Seana eter ae —a = —aiieaenen o> EL) Fillin the blanks with the appropriate participle. Carla has been 1) interested... (interest) in dancing since she was a little girl ‘When she put an her ewn “performances” at home for her relatives, thay were all 2 1 (antertain) by the sight of the young girl twirling around in her home-made costumes. No one guessed, hawever, that by the age of eighteen SHO WOU DE AN 3) anon .. (entertain) spectacie for a much larger audience. Carla's faMMy WORE A) scorns (A) 19 attend a Royal Performance and to witness their litte girs §) (excite) debut. Caria herself was more 6) (excita) and 7) .. (frighten) than she'd aver been in her ite, Her climb to fame had been extremely 8) (reward). And now, here she was, foretefor fs Cee. How 9) (please) she fet! But the 10) nue (amaze) reviews she received the next day were even more 11) ov» tori. FP Put the verbs in brackets in the -ing form or the to-infinitive. Two years ago | started 3) .. day I broke my arm. When | (swim). At first | really enjoyed 5) .. down the poat, But I regret 6) .. (say) io Set oo ep sss ml a ea I needed stop 8) (go} to hospital to make my head ‘bie A few months later a friend advised me 9) ‘That didn’t last long either, because | hate 10) ) ver since | was-a child, | (buy) that bike, though. At this very moment, | am brokon logs. | have decided 13) ‘on, I'm going to concentrate on 15) disco music. Then last month | bought a bicycie, | had always loved 1 V'm nat. | think it's really 2) boring / bored but my mum's hurt her back and she was 3) concerning / ‘Oh, lunderstand now. Iwas reallly 4) surprising / surprised to see you with a spade in your hand! ‘Don't laugh! This is really 5) tiring / tired, | feel 6) exhausted / exhausting already xd) a method that has not ened in disaster (90) to karate classes. On the second recovered from that, | took up 4)... vn (F@C8) My fFiand Up And ve been trying 1) ..t get... See een t ie aaron 2) that it wasn't long before regret 12) . hing aga wth we .. (get) fit. From now; * Dring ta dangers ‘© He's tao il to.go to wark, to drive fast. He isn’t well enough fo go fo wark, They mace tim ac) is Gut ee eee ere se ‘He was made to admit (to) his guilt. The lecture was ‘© | prefer driving to flying. They aloved tim ig erie he buldng, | prafer to drive (rather) than fly. ‘They let hin enter the building. ‘© She was too inexperienced to get the job. \® Could you clean up the room? ‘She wasn't experienced enough to get the job. DoiWould you mind cleaning up the room? ‘© It yas difficult for him to da the crossword. Would you be $0 kind as to clean up the roam? He had difficulty (in} doing the crossword. ‘@ It took him an hour to prepare the meal. He found it difficult to do the crossword. He took an hour to prepare the meal. He could hardly do the crossword, Preparing the meal took him an hour. He spent an hour preparing the meal, gp ‘Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. oem Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. You must use between two and five words. Do not change the word given. He wasn't tall enough to be a policeman. short He was ...to0 short .. to be a policeman. ‘They made her scrub the bathroam floor. ‘Would you mind moving over alitie? ‘kind Would you be Ste mass tes se cou Keeper eyes open. ‘She was... ‘The pores tan we so were We... itwas dificult for nar 1o cope with cay ite. nom tapering te ting r room, the sitting room. Sach toring ice-skating. Sarah ie Bkate, cd dit now ne tS hn ea let Dad... Oral Activity 2 Whiting Activity 2a ©) Complete the second sentence so that It has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. You must use between two and five words. Don't change the word given. They thought the way he jumped the fence was amazing, amazed They ...were amazed at the way... he jumped the fence. w Rene zy eases 3 thas sidiiaa becca ‘These need corrected. 4 He complained about his rosy neighbours. complaint == He senitisiennnninentisnnnaniannineliannahis noisy Neighbours, 5. Mr Smith is the owner of this house. belongs This. Mr Smith. 6 Hoa oo seared o ener he haunted se. bold 7 Thay mace him serio quit was He 8 She pale 5.00 far her new ca, 9 Hel finds it difficult ‘ scare large audiences. has. He. 10 The station clock showed midraght secording a the station clock " The Whites arrived here two hours ago. been Tire WHEE nnn nrcrt nner cietnbetcheretteartnmecnnenta os wo hours, 42. Barty finished his homework before the film started. had By the time the film ... 13. She hadn't expected to get so many presents, such ‘She hadn't expected to get i 14 Hig dacision to marry did not meat with his father's. senor ‘approve His father ... 48 I's too cold for us to go swimming. warm Hla naan ES) Look at ix 2, then fill in the correct le. 1 By stoaling, Mark brought ..about... his dismissal from work, 2. This music brings : 3. The author will bring his new novel soon, 4 We managed to bring him by splashing his face with water. ‘5 The meeting has been brought ........ . fo tomorrow evening, 6 She was eventually brought .. {0 my paint of view. 7 They had to call. the football match because of the weather, 8 My boss is calling us tonight at B o'clock. 9 All men over 18 willbe called to fight in the war. 40. This situation calls immediate acton,CC —— then fill in the cori reposition. EP Look at Appendix Dave was very bad ....af... maths and always failed the tests. Sally was very bad her brother. Dad can't come to the phone, Ho's busy This film 8 BABE enn B ME tO You can't blame me the accident: | wasn’t even thera, She always puts the blame me for things that | haven't dene. There will be an extra charge delivering the goods to your home: The suspect has bean arrested and charged robbery Its very important nowadays to care . Our environment, 1 Sarah was fond of Peter and eared ... him very much, 17 You shoul take C86 serene YOUU Heth, 12 Jane was clever history and always received the highest marks, 13 Iwas very clever ‘you to find the answer. 14 Tho patient was complaining @ pain in his chest. 15 The Secretary was always complaining having too much work. 16 | would like to CONGFAUIELE YOU mem rimnnm PASSING YOUF exams, the cooking. wars sReNH | SFEE E8555 $228503 gs tgesveqsans bree ie 12 at, in, with 13 at, of, for 14 with, to, of 15 about, to, for 16 of, on, in 7°) For questions 1 - 15, read the text below and choose the word which best fits each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). ‘THE LATE, LATE FLIGHT TO LONDON Passengers (0) travelling... Qravelling | going / ‘waiting / wanting) on a flight from Washington to Londan were in 1) .. (lor / at /on | with) a very long wat. They had 2) soonemonene (Still / already / however / yet) been waiting eight uncomfortable hours for FakeOH, ONY 10 DE 3) oncsornsnnenne (80d / told / mentioned / announced) that tho flight was 4) (iste /retarded / delayed /behind) even further. The cabin crew advised passengers to take pillows and blankets from the overhead lockers in 5) (case / order / time / turn) to sleep inside the airport terminal. Many passengers 6) o.oo... (misiaid / wasted / missed / lost) their tompers and fights broke 7) (up / off / out / down). Peaple shouted and 8) ‘ {asked / applied / demanded / took) information. A member of the stati panicked and called airport secunty guards. A 9). soncnsineen (how / Mumber! couple / little) lucky passengers were put on alternative flights, 10) {although / even / in spite | despite) about 100 others spent the next day in the aitpor. Many people missed connecting fights and 11) (should / would / could / had) be delayed for several days. First-clasé passengers were 12) ....... ve (Up) Off / Out (about) in luxury hotels (still / many / more / much) fortunate. They were put 13) and provided with food and drink. Othar passengers had ta be content with vouchers for a meal, aa the airline staff were not able to find hotels with 14) ........ (much | enough | too /.a lot) free rooms to accommodate them, One woman carried a silver horseshoe for 15) probability), As she said, “t didn’t work this time!” {fortune / chance / luck /a EE) _ Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. ‘An (0) bamib attack in west London has injured 18 people. ‘The victims were mostly (1} .. to the area's popular market which was (2) ... as usual. The police ‘expressed their (3) .. about the bombing because they had received a (4) ... call earlier, but the caller had suggested that the bomb was in a (5) ..ciflerant place. ‘The (6)... shocked the residents of the area and several shops had (7) ....windows. Only three people suffered serious (8) The bombing was probably a (9) ... ta the arrest of three men suspected of (10)...... in the bombing of a pub in Sheffield, EE) Read the text carefully. Some of the lines are correct and some have a word which should not be there. If a jing is correct, put a tick (v) in the space provided. Ifa line has a word which should not be there, write it in the space provided. LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE 0. When one Jaarning a foreign languge, the selectian of a system 00 of leaching becomes a calculation of time, money and need. 1. French legmt at schoo! may bs very enough to book a hotel room ar 2. shop ina supermarket but will not must be enough to 3. understand and contribute on to @ social conversation, 4 Even the abilty to mix socially leaves one far away from having a 5 full understanding of a language and its usage. What 6 are the more best ways of learning a language? A book 7 alone gives a limited guide to pronunciation, which itis 8 essential 10 understanding and being understood. Students 8 keen on to leam should read newspapers, listen to the radio 10 and to watch programmes in the target language. Of course, this is 41. easier in the case of a European language than an obscure 12. language such as the Thal ar Armenian, ideally, students should 13. attend a class. Needless is 10 say, the establishment must 14 be chosen carelully . language teaching attracts: some 15 dishonest people who they want to get rich quick, Vahair's breadth = very short distance 2 adeadend "sth leading to death 3 a drop in the ocean A hint B 4/0 false alarm A unnecessary warning 8 incomplete message 5 a feather in one's cap A achievement ane is proud at B burden one is fed up with 6 @ matter of opinion A one-sided argument B issue for discussion 7 night ow! A sb who stays up late B sb who laoks tired 8 w hard nut to crack A. sb/sth difficult to deal with B sb/sth annoying and sillyOOO For questions 1 - 15, read the text below and decide which word A, B,C or D best fits each space. Mark your answers in the answer boxes provided. THE BAT an ordinary creature, but in fact it is an amazing animal. The bat has wings and is the only mammal (1) 5... of true tight. There are many (2)... species of bat; in Britain (3) ...... there are fourteen types of bat, which range in size from a few inches to (4) ....... feet in wingspan, Bats are nocturnal animals (5) become active only at dusk. Many species (6) ‘on a “radar” system, to tind their way around. The bat emits squeaks and then measures the echoes to “see” how far away any Con The (8) ........ of bats survive on a diet of insects while others eat fruit, There are two species which eal fish and there are (8) ......... Some bats which eat meat! Some vampire bats take bload (10) ....... their sleeping victims. These bats may (11)........ the deadly disease rabies. Bats are sociable creatures and (12) ........ large colonies, Most bats hiberate (13) ....... the winter months, Many people are (14)......... of bats without ever having seen one, Perhaps if we lear (15) about these wonderlul creatures, we will no longer fear them, ‘The bat may (0) .. 0 Arepresent 6B seem C declare D present -_ 1 A possible B able C capable D probable 2 Acdilferent —B contrasting difering conflicting 3 Aall B lonely C alone D lonesome 4 Avarious — Bseveral Cite D few 5A which 8 who Cwhose they 6 A put Bconfide CG stand D rely 7 Ahindrance B obstacle CC barrier blockage 8 Asmount — B population C majomy —_D_ number 9 Aeven B too Cever Dso 10 Aout B off Cot D from 11 Ahold 8 gresp C camry D seng 12 Aconnect B relate © structure form 13 Aat 8 whole € throughout D among 4 Aleailess — B afraid © scary D frightful 15 Amany B ite © some D moreaD For questions 16 - 30, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each ‘space. Use only one word in each Space. Write your answers in the answer boxes provided. HOTELS A stay in a hotel is (0) ......... always a pleasant experience, There are many things (16) ........... Gan ruin af othenvise enjoyable weit. Many problems. occur in the bathroam, instructions for using the shower are not only complicated, (17) are offen writien in an obscure language as (18) Many travellers have (19) scalded, frozen or soaked while still dressed. Qver-enthusiastic stall (20) ... another source of irritation. Cleaners appear at inconvenient tines, ignoring the “Do Not Disturb” sign, in (21) fo check the linen. Partars surround guests and grab their luggage, hoping (22) ..........atip. “Free” samples of soap and shampoo (23) rise to mixed reactions. (24) .. some visitors lave hese “gifts” and eagerly take them home, (25) consider such things a waste (26) .......... money and resent paying high room prices ta cover the cost af these useless items. What (27) a hotel guest happy? (28) people agree that large, comfortable beds are an important factor, Business travellers value facilities such (28) ......... fax machines and direct-dial telephones, Hovrever, . courteous, efficient service comes af the (30)... af everyone's list——————— For questions 31 - 40, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. You must use between two and five words. Do not change the word given, Write your answers in the answer boxes provided. ‘ 0 | finished the book in two days. took Wiaas «40 finish the book, 31 Someone stole my car last night. had ast right, 32 | thought that woman was your mother. mistook \ ‘your mather. 38 He locked the doors in case burglars broke in, fear 33 He locked the doors... break in. oo 34 I's possible she hasn't received your message yet. might u =) SHE . Massage yet, 35 ~The dactors won't allow him to leave the hospital. e : 3 Th GOCHOFS sone cvoseuse ths hospital SS 36 IT's vory difficult to raise a child nowadays, boring 36 MS essicisinnnsnimmricnn @ Cid nowadays, = 87 | don't fee! like going out tonight. mood a7 Fm not... . et oecens QUE tonight a 38 | have never met such a kind person. kindest 38 He is s ° oes OOF Met, = 39 Shall camry your luggage? want si Do vo Our luggage? == 40. It took hirn all afternoon to clear out the attic: spent soll He... son Out the attic, Se———— eg For questions 41-55, fread the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct and some have a word which should not be there. It a line is correct, puta tick (v’) by the number in the answer boxes provided. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the answer boxes provided. BEING AN AIR-HOSTESS © Ever since | was st school, 've wanted to be 00. an air-hostess: it sounded so many glamorous and 41 exciting, flying all over in the world to exotic places 42. and meeting the interesting peopie from different ‘countries. At school | studied French and italian in order that to achieve my ambition, Finally, when | was 18; | have had an interview with Air France, who accepted me. \ had to attend a three-month training course, which it included waitressing, swimming and first-aid. We also 48 hadi to learn how to put en a make-up and do our hair 49. 90 that as to be smart at all mes, Learning mouth-to-mouth 50 resuscitation it was the most difkcuR thing - we 51 practised an plastic dolls and then on each other one. 52 Eventually, the day | had been looking forward to for 5_so much long arrived. Before the plane took off | shawed 54. the whole passengers the emergency exits, One hour later 58 than we landed in Paris. A perfect start to my dream job! S26 46 a7 i Jue For questions 56 - 65, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the in the same line. Write your word in the answer boxes provided. LONDON London] is tha capital city and main (0) ... centre ‘of the United Kingdom. its (86) .... began with the Fe invasion in 45 AD. {ts now popular with (57)... who visit the ety in orgetga se¢ many of its (88)... Buildings and fOUHs! (59) «... - It is also popular for its shops ) part of the city. (61)... and business, London is i¢t bing the United Kingdom's (62) .. -als home fo one of the country's most© The modal verbs a Mum, you must buy Grandma new glasses. He Why should I? She can see very well. Look? She's watching dad's boxer shorts in the washing machine. Oh, Muri { cught-to have told you. Grandma | thinks cho’s watching the wrestling on TV. scan, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should, They take: na -é in the third persan singular. He can ride fast, They come before the subject in questions and followed by “not” in negations. “Could | leave now?” ‘/’m afraie! you can’t leave.” The modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without te except for “ought to". She could leave early but I really ought to stay til te end. Each modal verb normally has more than one use. Shall! helo you with tho dishes? (otter) Shall we go out tonight? (suggestion) © Certain verbs ar expressions have virtually the same mesning as some modals. These are: ‘need (= must), had better (= should), have to/have got to (= must), be able to (= can), used to (= would) etc. 1 have got to hurry to catch the bus. (= I must huny,) © We use modal verbs to express: ability, advice, criticism, logical assumptions, necessity, offers, ‘obligation duty, permission, passibility, probability, prohibition, requests or suggestions. “1-P) Identity the use of the verbs in bold, then write a synonymous expression. 1 2 3a 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 " 2 13 14 15 Can | park my car in your garage? You should book a hotel room. He has got to go and see the headmaster She must be home, You needn't wear a tie to the interview. Shall | cook spaghetti for dinar? Gary may come round tonight You should go on a diet ‘Would you mind moving your ear, sir? ‘She can't still be at work; i's already 6 pm. ‘You ought to be more patient ‘Can | give you hand with that bag? ‘Children must not play football in the streets. Ihave to see the dentist ‘The car needs filing up with petrol permiasion May I?/Could I.Probability mauumptions permission Ho eam read Arabic ‘She's able to run a marathon, Ho ean win tha race, (90% certain) They could stil be.at school, (60% certain: i's possible they are stil at school) ‘Tom may be studying in his room, tporhaps; 50% certain; i's possible that he's stuaying,) [He might want some more food. (40% ‘certain: perhaps he wants some mare food) {is likety that ho will arrive tonight. He in tkaly to arrive tonight ‘They willbe home soon, (100% certain; predictién) Grog should win eacily. 190% certain; future ely He'll win easily} ‘They ought to be home by naw. (80% cantain; they wil probably ba home.) Sho must be working. (20% certain - positive; 'm sura she's working ) She can't be over forty (negative: fm ‘Bure she isn't over forty.) Ho could be at work (negative: | don't think he’s at work} You canieant bortaw my car, (giving oF refusing permission; informal) Could | use your phane? (more polite: asking for permission) You may use the phone. (format: giving permission) ‘Might | speak to Mr Jones, please? (mare formal ashing permiasion) I'm afraid you eanvmustn't see the patient, (informal; refusing permission) ‘Children may net be lett unaccompanied, (Harmal: relusing permission - written notice) | mt buy a new jacket. (I say 60.) He faa to put gore petrol in the car. (necessity coming trom outside the speaker) |e got to go to the bank now. (informal) My-car needs repairing, ot My car noads to be repaired. i's necessary) They don't have taidon't need to/needn't come they don’t want to. {hig necessary - absence of necessity) Vought to get my haircut. (i's necessary) He could/was able to read Arabic when he was four. (repeated action - abilty in the past) Ha was able to escape, (single action) ' She could have been killed in the car crash, (Luckily, she wasn't killed) He may have spoken to Jenny yesterday. (Pernaps: he spoke to Jenny:) He might have forgotten, (Perhaps he has forgotten) ‘twas likely that he had arrived the day before, ‘He was likely to have arrived the day before, He should have recetved his prize by now. (He has probably received it by now.) ‘They ought to have arrived ari hour ago. (They have probably arrwed) ‘She must have been working. (positive; |'m sure she was working ) She can't have stolen the money. (negative; m sure ‘she didn't steal the money.) He couldn’! have been at work yesterday. (negative, [don’t think he was at work yesterday.) He wasn't allowed to/eouldn't cross the border He was allowad to enter the country, (not: Beeld} ‘Vhad to buy 2 new jacket. (| was obliged to.) Since his car was. being repaired he had ta go to York by train ‘nae to go to the bank yestercay. My car needed repairing. oe ‘My car needed to be repaired. (¢ was necessary) Sho didn’t have to go. (i wasn't necessary - absence ‘of necessity) He needn't have worn such heary clothes (lt wasn't ‘necessary fr him to wear such heavy clothes: but he cic.) She did't need told have to buy any apples, (i wasn't necessary for har to buy any apples and she Gidn't)obligation suggestions ‘sandal ek none wir: perl advice; | advise you) ‘You ought to respect the elderly. (1 advise yau, mast people believe this} ‘You had batter finish i. (t's a good ides; ‘advice on a specific situation} ‘Shall | buy that cae? (asking for sckice} ‘Yeu could at least help me, { rmust go on a chet. (Im obliged to; ‘say 80) | awe to-go on & diet fim obliged to; (it the right thing to do, but people don always do a.) ‘Cam | borrow your book? (informal) ‘Coule 1 borrow your BOOK? (pote) May | have a cup of coffee, please? (toemal) Might use your phone? (very formal) ‘Will you phone Jane tonight? (very trenaty) Would you mind sending this fax? (polite) (Carr liwe do anything for you? (informal) ‘Shall U/we do i for you? (informal) Would you lke me to help you? ‘Shall we dance? Wie an go row i you tke: We could eave if you want You can't smoke there. (you aren't allowed to} ‘You mustn't smoke there. (it's forbidden} ‘You may nett smoke there, (formal) Everyone must obey the law. People ought tp be more tolerant, (t's the Fight thing to do but they do not always doi.) ‘You shoul ave gone to bed earlier last night (but you didm'y, He ought to have seen a doctor eater. (but he dictn’t) itwould Have been better f you had finished it yesterday, (but you didn't) You could have at least helped me last night, ‘They should have tried harder. (but they didn) ‘You ought to hawe behaved yoursell yesterday. (it was the right thing to do but you did't ee it) | tad to go on a diet-a month ago: | tied to go on diet 8 month ago, He woud have consuted one. They eouldin't smoke there. they weren' alowed) All the villagers had to obey the law He ought to have been more tolerant, (t wes the fight thing to do but ne dicin’t do) ED Aephrase the following in as many ways as possible. 4, She may be late, 2. It's likely that he'l approve our plan. 3, I'm sure they're planning to come, 4, | don't think he'll remember me. 8. They may have told him already. 6. You oupht to return that book ED Ain: May | ...2 (= Will you allow it?) or Am I allowed to ...? (= What is the rule?). 1 ..May I. ask you the time? 4 feed the animals in the a0? 5 . keep pets in my apartment? é . See what you're reading? help you with that suitcase? make personal phonecalls?had been able to do so balore his accident. * Wise able 10 (= managed to) is used to express ability in the past for either single or repeated midnight. (single action) (nat: eee) DD Filtin: was/were able to, could(n't), had been able to, should be able to or can. 1 You ...could/were able £0... run much faster when yOu were younger. 2 On entering the house I . Smell something burning in the kitchen. 3 IF you work quickly, you finish on time, 4 Ann somnennsevvineione FOB By NOW, She's already six 5 When we lived on the coast, we... swim in the sea every 6 i Gordon 7 find his way out of the jungle, he would have survived. 7 Last week he uuu: BFTANQE @ Meeting with the Prima Minister. 8 Im not usually wery good at tennis, but yesterday I... retains OA RY Brother BOM iio i finish this today, shouldn't he? 10 He dierce vo the tap $0 he called a plumber, © Must is used when the speaker decides what itis necessary to de. / must buy some new clothes. (i say 80. | decicie what to do.) . frag. ie used when the necessity comes from oulside the speaker or when others decide for the speaker what it Is necessary to do. He has to be at work at 9.00, (The boss says so.) ‘Have got to hat the same meaning as have to but itis used In spoken English. “Aiur, ve gotta 190 fo the: fibrary,” Must is Stronger than have io and indicates urgency and iimportance. i must mest Jane tonight. {it's very urgent that | meet her.) I have to meet Jane tonight. (I need to meet her) ‘Must Ig Used only in the present or future. { must go 10 the moating tomorrow; It borrows the rest OF RS tenes from have to, She had to be presen atthe Jecrura last Mandy. eee ED) Flitin: must or have to. STL: must ce have to. welcome on behalf of Newton industiies, I'd lke lo explain @ few of the factory rules. Mr Newton has said dloek i Ae Ee. Wear Overalls a all imes, He warts us to arrive at @ am and we 2}... cn clock in, Thers is a possibility of working overtime but you 3) wrens Cie whether you ‘want fo work extra hours. Mr Newton insists that we 4). venom awe fiteen-minuite breaks every three or four hours tut we 5) —_ ww GhOose when we would like those breaks, Thera is a ‘prablem with parking. The city insists wa 6)... use the public garage. They believe parking on the grass is to0 damaging to public property and 177) sounsninee Sty Lagree. 28 far as health insurance is concerned, you 8) ome register as soon as possible ‘Are there any questions?"ee Mustn't - Needn't SESS Aah ee ll a le © mustn't (it's forbidden) You mustn't get aff the bus before it stops. @ needn't/don't have to (it isn’t necessary) Today is a hotiay - you needn'tidon't have to go to work. RAD Fillin: mustn't or needn't. ‘ AAC AN SEAS AANA RAR SSO eRe Needn't - Didn't need to - Needn't have: ——— ee © don’t have to/den't need to/nesdn’t + present infinitive (it is not necessary in the present or future) You dant have ta/don't need tolneedn't wony about tary more. take care ofthat. (is Not necessary to WOR.) © didn’t need to/didn’t have to (lt was not necessary in the past and we may not know if the action happened of nol.) She didn't need toididn't have to buy a dress for the party (it wasn't necessary for her to buy a dress, and we don't know if she bought one.) @ needn't + bare perfect infinitive (We know that something happened in the past although it was ot necessary.) You needn't have said that. She was very upset by your remarks. (You said it, although itwas not necessary.) LY Fillin: needn't have or didn't naed/have to, don't need/have to/needn’t and the correct form of the verbs in brackets. “Have you seen Modem Families yet?" Paul asked Mary as he was checking through the cinema listings. “I sav it last night.” she rephed. “1 1)...needn't have gore... (go) though - | already knew what it would be like,” “Dicin't you like 2° "Not really, The director 2) ... cons (SPBAG) BO MUCH Money Presenting such a weak story Ws. g000 thing 18) orn (pay) to get in.” “How did you manage that?" asked Paul. “I went with Tor,” she answered, “Critics a) (pay) to see films you know.” “How was the acting?” “Well, he director 8) .. (rire) such good actors for a fi like thal, ° said Mary. "I mean you 6) {have) much talent to sit around talking abaut nothing for hours,” "Did Tom review it?” “He 7) ve (rite) about it. Somebody ese had skondy done itis paper We st ‘went out of curiosity, but really we BY ones sense (QO).‘Walter! You shouldn't have served my Continuous and Semple Forme with Modal Vertis in azad fy ik Don't stare that. Say something. © Modal + be + -ing expresses an action in progress now, \__3¢me like She may be sleeping. © Modal + have been + -ing expresses an action in progress in the past, He may have been sleeping then, © Modal + have + past participle expresses a complete action in the past. He might have met them before. Fill in: must, can't, should, may, might, i\@ = could and the appropriate form of the verbs. How sad sirl That fly was too young to die. Frect: I've been trying to phone Rupert all cca but there's no answer, He 1) ... must be working... (work). Jit No. He 2) . . fwork), He newer works on Sunday. Fred: Oh! Then | suppose he 3) ........ i (eh many scconiers lar ec, ait: Possibly. But I'll be upset with him it ‘he has. we v neean (tell me, 80 that 15) io with him Fred, | hope he's OK. He 6} » (have) an accident, you know. Jatt: Don't worry. He 7) silt) You know he has a lot of work on at the moment. He B) (work) until late last night. Fred: | suppose so, or he 9) {g0} to Ted's party. Jill: ‘That's it! He 10) (go) there and stayed out till really late. Expressions similar to Modal Verbs 7 = per Be supposed to + infinitive means “should” but it expresses the idea that someone else expects something te be dane. 'm supposed to attend the seminar. (The manager expects me to-do #0, ! should attend the seminar. I's a good idea because ! might get soma useful information.) Be to + infinitive means “must” but it expresses the Idea that someone else demands something. am to be at the sinport at 9.00. (My boss has fale/ me to ga there, so | can't avoid it) | must be at the ainport at 9.00, {if don't ge there, there will be na one to meat Mr Janes whe is Coming tonight.) Be supposed to and be to are used to express what someone expects about a previously event. The conference is supposed fojis to siart tomorrow. (It is scheduled.) Be likely to means “may” (possibility), To express possibility in questions we don’t use “may”. We use: Is he likely to ...?, Is it likely that he ...?, Can he ...2, Could he ...?, Might he ...2. Is he likely to win the race? ts it likely that he will win the race? Could he win the race? ete Would you mind Is used to express polite, formal requests. Would you mind lending me a hand? Lor's.../How sbout...2/Why don't we...?/What about...? are used to make suggestions. Let's go fora ride. How about going for a ride? Why dan't we go for a ride? What about going for 2 ride? Would you like to/Would you like me ta...? (= Shall |..?) are used when we atfer to do something. Would you like me to pick up your laundry? (Shall! pick up your tauney?) Bo allowed to Is used to express permission, to Say what the rule Is. He was allowed to cross the border. (not: He-eetle-eress) Was he allowed to enter the butlding? WL) How else can you express the following? evemeune Can | have the last cake, please”? ...... May/Could/Might | have the last cake, please? Let's go for a bike ride. hecho ies She might be on holiday : Could you hold this for me, please? .... ‘She couldn't deve until last year. . You can't taka photos in hae... I've been scheduled to take you to the airport ‘Shall we go to the basketball match? <>& Is it possible that he will be clfered the job soon? 10 I should go to the launderette today. 11 Wauld you mind moving your car, please? 12 Would you like me to make lunch? 13 You must post this before the end of the week. 14 He'll be sleeping now, fm sure. . 48 You are expected to be here on time 48 I'm sure Paula's train lett on time. 47. Fm sure Jim dida’t mention the matter to-anyone 18 It's possible that Liverpool will win the match. WL) Fillin a modal or a synonymous expression and the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets. For gta ft ma amet} ton morc weg oe: ctor aa é svonnne AWBAGO) Hor a wall? (be) at the library. {notibe} Bill's car. He doesn't own one. Tom {sleep} but Im not sure. Why don't you go and see? a (noticress) formally for the party. He ote tay a (ask) me. This dog (oeong) ta Hay ' got his address on its collar. 1 F a 4 3 a & Don't wary. You Es 8 9 10 Only authorised personnel . . {enter} this area. 10 You .. {not/smoke) in some public places. . (99) to Spain yet. " {sa defn inthe tn cen iis morning Hi 12 Fortunately he .. ” Ta cihanaly well now. He 4 She... 15 They 16 She... 17. | missed the fim last night because | 18 Eone ls ewer 19 You ... “ (convince) the police that he was innocent. ~- (pass) his driving test easily. (be) at the party last night, She was il, {annaunce) the winners.on March t6th. i's scheduled. . (start) working on Monday, The manager has told her to. com (WOK) tate, {have) food and sheter, (comply) with the regulations. We expect you to do so. 20 People (teat) animals in better way but they don't always da,so. ©) Fill in the blanks as in the example: MODAL SYNONYMOUS EXPRESSION ere ee Would you like me te help you? ~~ hawe seen a doctor, it would have bean a better idea if you ‘had seen a doctor. 3 You mustn't talk in class, i 4 = 5 it's a.good: your lunch. 6 ‘We are expected to be formally dressed. A im sure Tom is on holiday. : cS 0. W 12 13 4 ts urgent that I lose some weight. 15 ‘You're supposed fo work fram 8 40 5.@ Perhaps she maved to Rome. © It wasn't necessary far you to finish it toctay, She may have moved to Rome You needn't have finished it today. ‘Tm sure she is sleeping * Was it necessary for Ann to leave the party that early? She must ba sleeping, Bic Ann need tarhave to leave the party that early? ® Fm sure he hasn't aft @ You'd better ask for same advice, He can't have left, You should ask for some advice, t's forbidden ta smoke in hospitals. © Shall | help you with the dishes? ‘You mustn't smoke in hospitas, ‘Would you fike me to help you with the dishes? He is tkely to win the race. # Itisn't necessary to do the ironing today ‘Kis likely that he'll win the race, ‘You don’t have taidon't need to/needn’t do the He'll probably win the race lroning today Let's go for a wat © Would you ming! if | used your phone? Shall we go for a walk? May/Might | use your phone? Complete the Second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. You must use between two and five words, Do not change the word given ———$——— ae eo not change the word given, 1 wasn't necessary fer you to bring me flowers as | already had a lot. Feednt You. needn't have brought me... noflowers, 2. Perhaps he left the car unlocked. may He ........, - - aii seveoten sesso the Car unlocked, 3. Fi camry that bag for you lke Would anne — aves wthat bag for you? 4 | advise you to drive mora slowly, should YOU sen nent seaetemrnrannantsns spats ovine0 " 2 aL] 4 15 16 7 Nt would be a good idea for you to leave early. better You .. Driving without headlights is forbidden. drive You Let's go shopping in town. about What... (im sure he lied to you. have Ho . | don't think he has been feeling well lately. have He... I's possible that Ann is looking for a new job. may Ann He will probably pass hs driving test, tikely He it was not necessary for him to pay for the damage, athough he dl neednt — He... You are not allowed to leave until the exam has finished mustn't You Fd better start saving for my summer holiday. should || Well probably stop and get something to eat on the way hame. _.tor my summer holiday, Ukely shies seca stop and gat something to eat on the way home. It's possible that you forgot to pick up your change: have You up your change. ‘You musin't take photos in the cathedral. allewed = You it photos in the eathedrel. Te wasn't necessary for them to pay for our meal, but they dia, paid They for our meal, 1s ft possible that hats are caming back into fashion? be te ern back into fashion? it wasn't necessary to get dressed up, so we didn't, need We - seaaganvace . (pet dressed up. Write what each person would say in each situation using modals, then identify their use, Sometimes more than one answer is le. A student has just came into the class and left the door open, It is noisy outside. You say 10 hit vn Whll/Would/Can/Could you close the daor please? (request wun. ‘Yeu have opered the ktchan window fo let in some esha, Your str, whos racovering from a bad cold, comes in. You say 10 her; .. = Your fnend wants to pay for your dinner. You tell her its not necessary. Your mather wants to knew where your sister is. You think she is helping your father in the garden, You Say 10 MEE aon ‘riand trom Portugal phones to tell you want har to stay with you. You say to her: ‘You'te going on holiday, Your sister wants to lake so many pairs of shoes that her suitcasa won’ fasten, You ask i itis necessary. ... ‘Your friend is sure your tather goes to a gym avery moming before work as he always looks 80 healthy. He says to you: ........ Tom was driving fast when he accidentally went off the road. Fortunately noone was kid or ned. You say to him: .. : ‘Your friend failed his exam. He hadn't reviged at all. You say to har: fngland for two weeks next summer. You John ig taking part in a horse race. You win, You ask your kinds it's possible.4) Write sentences with should (have) or ought to (have) Sophie didn't tum of the oven betore she went to bed. . a a ee James smokas in the office cs The students left the light on in the classroom. People don't keep the beaches clean, My brother dida’l send our grandmother a birthday card, They destroyed parts of tha rainforest. ... iat [)) Answer the questions using may or might, What time dows the plane leave? What time did the plane leave? .. Where's Laura’? .. Where was Laura last wook? Where will Laurat be next week? What is he doing? What did Sam do yesterday? How much do you think that dress costs? ameuns ex8sHeUeRe Up Fillin: can, must have. n't, couldn't, have to, haven't been able to, should, need to, must or Dear Mum and Dad, Here | am in my new flat. Sorry /1) ...haven't been able to/couldn't... write earlier, but, of course, | was busy meving in and unpacking. Now, | just2) ‘Suy curtains and @ rugs to make the fiat really homely. When I unpacked, 13) . «fine my seaster onerire iw cnvsous left it behind in the old flat! 'U come to see you an Sunday 14th. 5) bring my flatmate? if we set off early, we) . . areive in ‘time for lunch 17 wait to enon delicious apple pie! Anyway, 18) go now, There's someone sonnei be the plumber, he és going to install the washing machine. See Love, dy at the door. It 9%} ... you on Sunday. — So ‘or would. il Its such @ beautiful day. 1) Shall... we go to the beach? Mike: Yes, let's go, We 2) all do with a break from studying Sue: 3} you mind it Simon came.as well? Mike: Ol course not! We d) --- Sk Patty too. Sue: Good idea. 5) .»- you like to invite anyone ill? si Weil, 16) .. See if Rachael's tree. Sue: 7) phone them all up and ask? Mike: Yes, that's a good idea &) Rewrite sentences using must, ¢: 1 im sure she is studying. 2. I'm sure she studied. 3. | don't think she was studying 4 | don't think she met him, 5 Perhaps she wants same help. 6 Perhaps he has been working in the garden, 7 Pethaps he is working in the arden She must be studying.Dear Clare, I'm weiting to ask if you 1) ..could.. give me some advice. I'm a 20-year-old student) WAI D) veocccessreeeesene SUPINE OF the Money My parents send me. My parents live ina village. When Isucceeded in my exams, 13) scsscmruse ‘move to Leeds to attend university. je | My parents are over 60 and 4) eee Ma longer wark. | feel like 15)... giving them money to help them instead of getting money from them, On top of thal, my sister leaves school next year and she) vvssnnes Want to go to university, t00, 1 feel IT) sco \j do something for her as well. There 8) be a way, f think 19) try to get a job but 1 10} ......... - * think of what | 11) . do. ft 12). ... be d good idea to work nights s0 that | can study during the day. You see, | 13) attend all my lectures OF E18) sun .- fail my course. Of course 1 1s leave university but ! don't want to, 1 \6) -» do something soon but what? | Please advise me. What 17) a do? hooey Ann Wood © — “ axmniipenmnnatmanaiianiamrdiiiaaiiaiaa Clare's Notes don't feel guilty about your situation/find o job as a waitressbaby sitter etc/de net stop attending university/save money (eq cook your own meals, walk instead of using public transport ‘ete}apply for money from the Students’ Support Fund/think of the future/be able to repay your parents when you've gat a permanent job Dear Ann, i'm sorry to hear about your problem, but reaily there are 80 many things you can do to make your lite better. .. cHalk EE) Fill ina correct modal verb. “I simply 1) ..must... have a holiday,” said Jean. “| 2) were too busy.” “I thought you said you 3) 5... have said that at the time, but | 5) .. have a neevous breakdown,” Jean said hours that you do, no matter how teat tha b 8) tend you some money, 1 10) .. on my salary mysett. | 12) . ED) Complete the sentences using the words in bold as in the example: 1) 'm sure Jenny did't crash your car. have Jenny 2 I'd rather stay in tonight. preter ta ‘one last year but we Robert said. *l4) ...ean't have crashed. 4 i's ages since last went abroad. been ' 5 “You stole my purse, Jdll* said Paula, accused Paula . .. her purse. 6 When do schools close for the Easter holidays? break ‘When for the Easter holidays? 7 It's yourjob to took after the cat. responsible YOU... : ater the cat. 8 Ann moved to Madi ster ging her diploma and she's st there, been Ann she got her diploma. 9 He adn was sor ne was ee He SULIT aa RS A a ig 10 Arra's birthday ison 24h November was na ath November. 11 He probably a tay iat a have last night. 4k vee fo buy so mh but | aot cried amy The police are camying .......... GN investigation into the cause of Andrew's death. | don't feel well but 'Wearry ......... working anyway, Despite the difficulties, we managed to a | came... my kd photo album while tidying up. Good jobs are hard to come... these days, eel terrible! | must be coming «the flu, When Sally's uncle died, she cam ‘smail fortune. The details of the corruption scandal eventually came ...... He eventually managed to COME... @ Solution. ns the project. Seeuswse“TEED Look at Appendix 3, then fill in the correct preposition. 1 His failure ...in... the exam meant he couldn't apply for the job in London. 2 She looks familiar Me. Maybe she's an actress. 3 As he was familiar woo dapanese culture, he wrote an article on it 4 Imso fond ..». Skiing that | go for a week every winter, 5 London is famous .... its black taxis and red buses. 6 He was very fortunate . os fewing @ publisher for his book. 7 Tony was furious . Jane for spending their savings on clothes. 8 Kevin's not very good ..... football. He'd rather play squash 9 My orandtathar was alvays good .................. my grandmother. 10° Paul is a gemius. 5.0... mathematics, 14 [haven't heard ... se Sarah yet. | hope she will write soon, 12 Everybody has heard ..... 13. The police say that there is no hope 14 We're having a picnic on Sunday $0 tea. You can buy it everywhere, finding the stolen painting. fine weather. gp Think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. TEACHING GOOD MANNERS Today in Britain there i disagreement over how children (0) ...should....be taught to be polite. Should parents foroe their children to (1) .... vowne *Plenge” and “thank you", for instance? Or are there alternative methods they could use? Most parents still (2)... sos that teaching good manners to their children is essemtial. However, it does seem ironic tha! the methods (3) alten include bullying, pleading and threats, Onithe (4) ou o. hand, there are some schools which have a completely dierent attitude. Thee philosophy is (5) ..... ‘on the idea that @ small child will copy adults, In other (6) vans. should seta good (7) oo» ang the children will follow, In addition, adutts should (8) more tolerant, Children should not be expected, for instance, to sit perfectly stil (8) .... waiting for food ina restaurant. The good manners of Britain today date (10) . ‘considered to be animals (11) .. aciult society. Yat in countries (12) ........ and their behaviour 's nothing to be ashamed (13) ‘ (14) -nscmnnensnnne allowed 19 be Seen more in public, they Would be (45) to the last century when children were needed to be trained before they coukd be accepted into: ‘as Gradil, chiddren can be seen everywhere with adults ‘So, perhaps if children in Britain ... better behaved, EDD Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the space provided. WEATHER PREDICTION Predicting the weather has always been (0)... 10 our lives since (1) .... changes can seriously affect craps and therelore ‘he (2)... of food, Today, forecasters use modem tech! in order to increase their (3) ..... . Knowing what the weather ‘wil be like is not only interesting to farmers, its also relevant to sports enthusiasts such as (4) ..and people wha live in (5) .... areas. Despite improvernents in forecasting, the ‘weather often remains (6) ..... and this has given forecasters bad reputation, However, the climate is aften 30 (7)... that ‘even experts with the latest (8) ... find it impossible to make ‘accurate forecasts, Until further (9) ... are made in this feid, it is lkaly that forecasters wil be (10) .... to be 100% certain of tomorrow's weathera ED Read the text carefully. Some of the lines are correct and some have a word which should not be there. Ifa line is a tick () in the sj led. Ita line has word which should not be there, write it in the space provided. MY HOBBIES | was never very good at knitting as a girl, It saemed the mast boring thing in the world. Despite of my prejudices, | went on to an evening class with my friend Ruby, who she was looking for practical ways of expressing her creativity To having her for inspieation really helped me. Now | love making clothes for my husband and grandchildren, Sometimes | design my own patterns, but if| will sea a good ‘one in @ shop or magazine, | usually use it. Ruby, on the other hand, always designs her own and has even had won awards, She telts to me her success is thanks to ma, Knitting is great fun, but gol it is better. Many people seem to think itis a sport tor the rich, but the equipment 41 isn’t really all that so expensive and the clubs can last a 12 lifetime. Goll combines with tresh air, skill, relaxation and walking 413. in beautiful countryside. Although it is traditionally a man’s Seodwaneeni8e a 14 hobby, I've become very much good at it In fact, I'm as good as 15. the most bes! of the men at the country chub, ae A. sth one particularly ane hat A. extremely tired esi 6 A search for sth with no result B hunting wild animals t A. too high to reach B ton difficult to understand 8 all ears A listening eagerly B listening without hearing . 9 allfingers and thumbs = A_warking with one’s hands B very clumsy 10 all in A. exhausted B lively EP) ‘Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. ve lost...... (lose) my wallet. 2) .... {you/see) it anywhere? I'm sure | (hava) fn my packet when | 4) een (i848) home today. | can't believe i Rs the third time | 8) --- (h088) my wallet this month. B George asked me to go to a party with him on Saturday but | 4)... sesecnenns (aint) fit into the dress that | wanted to wear. So, | 2) (decide) to go on a diet. Tomorrow it 3) - be) three days since |4) (start) and | 5) (starve) .... (notbe) on a diet for years. Tw forget) what a nightmare itis. Yesterday 18)... (have) fwo salads and a jacket potato with no butte. I don't think | {last) until Saturday, I'd betier go and get some chocolate now and start again tomorraw. . (walk) down the street the ather day when | 2) sencesssene (ORAM) i an old tend af mine. We 3)... .. (be) fiends at university but we 4) “i (lose) touch, We 5)... (talk) for a few minutes when he told me that he 6) (work) in computers for the past hwo years, | could hardly baliave it; he 7)... fa drama degree at university and B) .. (act) in several films when he was younger, i 9) ..... (be) funny how things times,- ah ee Adverbs / Comparisons ‘3 amazing. He looks Just lke mel (Oh, he's the best baby In \. the world. He's as good a6 gold, If dilever titi An tong aa 'é heathy. | seen. fim a very iucky man, Adjectives describe nouns. They had a nasty experience. (What kind of experience? A nasty one.) They can be factual (big, square. red efc) or opinion ones (beautilul, nice etc). Adjectives are the same in singular and plural, the litte girithe litle girs They normally precede nouns. He is @ good boy. After linking verbs: appeer, be, become, get, feel, look. seem, smell, sound, stay, taste we use adjectives, not ativerbs. The soup tastes delicious. (nat: eevierowaty) Many comman adjectives (pretty, saci etc) do not have particular endings. There are some commen endings, however, for adjectives formed trom nouns and verbs. The: re: sable comfortable -ent dependent ical historical ike businesslike believing parents can go out. ‘Ato have looked after B ta looking after dane finished her maths homework and went Cto look after D looking afterPD Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. ‘The Red Balinon Nursery School 1} cn (OPEN) last year, in an old building which 2)... (be) empty for years. | 3)... wor har for he ti meri Now My doy usa 4 (start) at 8 o'clock. This week | 5) = } twenty-five toddlers whose parents 6) (a Soo nis dng ey By next year | hope the numbers 7)... (rise) 10 neay forty. Then maybe W BY ous ncnunen fOmploy) anether ehiideminder to hal Us. AD Pot the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, Mc McDermott 1) _... (work) as a doctor. When he first 2). 1990, he 3) \just/leave} medical school. He surgery in 1992 and since then he 5) job and, at the moment, he 7) that in the future he 8}... =» Using the word given complete the sentences so that the second sentence has a similar mea ‘similar meaning to the first sentence. (begin) his career in ‘Smoking on trains is not allowed, mustn't You ren On trains. 2 Shel wo oo othe party lonight? " the party tonight? 3 Tae yw co mang must They i _. something up, 4 Ee nach te ai ty ‘The children ... .... thelr room. 5 Br ort ening hero wishes her job. o Teed bya iia a smart suit for the interview. ought 7 Take an uinel might rain later. case Take an umbrella... 8 A poset aa ts a ave in the traffic. 8 Toy slated restoring the church a year age, been T advise you to take more exercise. should You ... 15 je haart contacted me shoe sha ge ante, 16 Perniaiteaesy Gee te hin dace can't tt 417 Ha paid £900 for his holiday abroad. cost His .. 18 The hospital in when twas bem is being een where Tha hospital ...