Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• The greater the mass (m1 and m2) of the bodies, the
greater the force (P or F).
• The greater the distance (d) between the bodies, the
weaker the force (P or F).
─ This equation derives from the law previously studied:
𝐹 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑎 , where the force is the weight (𝑃) and the
acceleration is the acceleration of gravity (g).
─ On the Earth’s surface, g = 9,8 m/s2, so a body of 62 kg
of mass would weight:
𝑃 = 62 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 9,8 𝑚/𝑠 2 = 607,6 N
Can you calculate
the weight on every
planet?
As a cannonball fired at enough speed (E) from the top of a mountain, the Moon (M) orbits the
Earth forever because it has the appropriate speed for the distance to the Earth. This is why the
gravity is responsible for celestial objects keep moving on their orbits around other celestial
bodies.
b) Frictional force
─ It is the reason why when you ride a bicycle and stop
pedaling, you will eventually stop moving. The wheels in
contact with the asphalt experience a friction.
─ Friction is a force that acts against movement at the
surfaces where objects are in contact.
─ The vector of friction has a direction that is always
parallel to the contact surface and an opposite
orientation to the object movement.
c) Electricity
─ It is the presence and flow of electric charge (mainly
electrons) in one direction.
─ Charges: in a neutral atom (where nº electrons = nº
protons), the electrons with a negative charge can be
transferred to another atom, causing them to change
their charges. The atom loosing electrons will have a
positive charge, and the one gaining them, a negative
charge.
─ Electrification: is the phenomenon in which a body
acquires electrical properties because of the transfer of
electrons from another.
─ Forces between electrical charges: are the forces of
attraction or repulsion between two bodies with a net
electrical charge, and similarly with gravity:
• The higher the charges, the more intense the force.
• The greater the distance, the weaker the force.
d) Magnetism
─ It is the property of certain materials or the flow of an
electric charge to attract certain metals (mainly iron).
We call these materials magnets.
─ Magnets have two poles where the magnetic forces are
stronger, they are known as north or N and south or S.
─ Magnets put together by the same poles repel. Poles
with different signs attract one another. This means that
the magnetic forces can be repulsive or attractive.
─ Magnetic forces: are the forces of attraction or
repulsion between two magnets or the flow of an
electric charge.
• The forces exerted by the two poles of a magnet are
equal in quantity.
• Similarly with electrical forces, the greater the
distance, the weaker the force.
─ Electromagnetism studies how electricity and
magnetism are closely linked:
• An electrical current behaves as a magnet because
the movement of electrons or any other electric
charge produces a magnetic force and vice-versa.
• An electromagnet consists of wire wrapped around
an iron core and the higher the amount of electrical
current, the strongest the magnetic force.