Led Eterna). KCEHMM BJIAXKEHHOM PYCCKAS bi Se KPETIOCTHOE IIPABO: Pena tioeiinas a TLABHDIE MA@PbIJlopozue Opy3va! B wone 1917 2000 Gonbwesuxos ny6nuho oeunun 6 mo, umo onU saxsIOMea zepMancKuMU azenmamu. Hanomnro, umo Poccus sexa mo2da ¢ Fepmanueti eoiiy. Xoms soilHa sHeunan ace GarwWe npespawyanace 6 eotiny enympennoro - 2parxdancKyio. C mex nop we 3amuxaiom cnope 0, pou 2epamanicKux denee « pyceKoit peeomoyuts. B nocreduee pena ucmopureckue nyGnuyucmss sazosopuunt u 0 Opyeux Denbeax ~ arenuticKUx U ame~ UKaHCKux. Teckame, Hawu co¥sKuKU no Anmaxme oven Gosnucs yeurenua Poccuu nocne soiinsi. Mo- ‘omomy cmpeMuiuce K MOMy, umo6e! Kawa cmpana Us ‘smoit 6oitier eeiuta. Tlonyaaemcs, 6yKeaeno ce xomenu pasrxerb 6 Poc- cuu cnymy, A napmua Gorstuestikos oxomno npunu- Maza wHocmpannyio nomoUe. Tax stu 3m0? B cosemcxoe opens Goneweouru-nenunyor nped- cmaenanuce smaxumu peryapamu Ges cmpaxa u ynpexa. Tlomom Gonswesukos cmaru uso6paxame ucuaduamu da, zomosenu Ha 6ce, auue Goi dopaamoca x anacmu. B deiicmsumensnocmu TTenun u e20 copamnuku npe- xe acezo Gexiu npaemamuKamu. B dunaricoenx 6onpo- cax onu He nporszau ocoGotl wenemutenocmu. Bparu densew om Goeamex badpuxaxmos-skcnayamamopos, He zHywaruce pesaouuoHHeim pasGoem - 9xcnpoNpU- aqua. ‘Momo ocyxdame wx 3a 30. A momo noneimamecs nonsm® neuxonozu¥o pesanioyuonepos, Oaa KomopeLX xopowo 8ce, umo cnocoBcmayem yenexy pesomRoYtu. ‘Mo He cuumaem ce6a cydsamt. Mei npocmo paccka- sbeaeM 060 6ceM max, KAK OHO GeiNO Ha camo Gene. 3mo Haw npuruun. Yeeper, smo esi, opozue wuma- menu, 9mom npunyun pasdeaseme. [losmomy u wuma- ceme aeypnar «PyccKaa ucmopune. Traanvuii pedaxmop Fne6 Cmauixos MH® H PEAABHOCTD.........5 3ATAAKA CMEPTH. .16 YPOKH MCTOPHH...............30 Bpuio 1m Kpenocrioe Kro nory6un 10 repoes pa6crso? Vsana-yapesyua? OreuecrseHHoii BoiHbI MCTOPHYECKOE BOEHHAS TAHHA, PACCAEAOBAHHE ... 4 Henoxopusie uykun Hurxonae I npousaBon aBopsie BOBCIO Mpecenonates rOcy- gapersom. Vimenne mori es cyna oraate no xasert- nyio onexy. 370 osHavano pasopexe in osteo. B npanrente Hukoraa | ‘oneke HaxoMN0Cs @xerOIHO ‘Kono 1200 mers, soso 3a nzoxoe opaueniie noMte- luyekoB ¢ xpecrssiane. © 1854 no 1845 rox 10 swomy nlosoay mpasirren~ rao mpusseKsto x cyay 2838 ‘pops 1 ocyauino 630. B Tor Ske mepvon 3a HemtoBitHORe ne cya 2921 xpecrs tka, ocyxxneHb 254. B 18: roay 6su10 sanpeuesio npo- aban mone omenbxo oF cenelicr. Tlomeutne, Koneno, Mor courts KpecrssuiHaB CuGxps. Tax Beas n camoro FomeuwaKa uapb Mor ornpa- wre Tyna ke. Ho xpectisi- wuny 6in0 Komy noxano- BaYbes Ha BOpRHIAHA, & ABO- pasty Ha uiapa ~ HeKony. Bor u eyzsere cans, 6sino mt xa. Pycit xpentocruoe pat- creo. Bopuc Iapoa PYCCKAS MCTOPHS 3«Yepnasa Kacca» JleHnMHa Kak HY CTpaHHo, McTOpMky Nloxo NpefCcTaBnatoT ce6e, Kak opMMpoBanch 61oHeTbI peBONIOUWMi, B YacTHOCTH — OkTAGpeCHON. Ha Kake cpepcTBa GonbueBMKK Aonrve rope! BenM NoApbIBHy!o DeATeNbHOCTb, ‘4TO6bI NOTOM 3a HECHO/IbKO MeCALIes: copepuunTe « cnpwHTepcKnin PbIBOK K B Bnactu? 2 eae AON MATEHKOM KPACEH cual perynsipHo @rancH- Ha TyMOouKe nexavia saniicKa Braauomp Jenwn sceraa posanumii rasery eVicxpa>. «llonr— nnarexow. Kpacim, ormieiarea Geckomnpownee- Korraxrst min wepes Jleo- Or Mopososa coucop- Hocrs10 8 ommiveckiex Hiita Kpaciia, a TasHbiM ckyio acrapery momxsarin MUCKYCCHAX, HO B dbuHAHCO- CTHMYNON {IH CMONCOpA ero poncTHENMEK ~ MOCKOR- ‘BOIX eax’ MOAT rHG- GoVIM AACKOBHIE B3TMA cK MeGeNbHEI baGpHKAHT xocts. Bnpovem, aranorys- rornamieli — rpaxsiancxofi Huxonait Ulmur, apectosa- yo THBKOCTD MpomBARTN H >KeHEL Maxeuma Topsxoro — Hifi mocne —Gapprexagtans ero Menbinesicrexne onmo- axrpsicbi Mapiin Axpeesoii, Goes Ha Kpackofi TIpecke 3 HewTot, Korta peub tina 0 Tecko enssaiHoi ¢ Oonbine- exa6pe 1905 rona. 3a nsITh AeHBTaX, Ba KDSITa COUI- BHKANDE GIeRMH HaSHIBAT ee AHeMt NO BBIXONA Ha CBOGORY airnemoxparinieckoi nap- «rosapmuy benosen») {noon sanor)o# mpst monospH- Tne ymenH forosapHnarveh —B KAKOM-To.MowenTT TerBHBIX’ O6cromTeNbcTBEX pyr ¢mpyroM. Moposos npexparvsn aii~ CKOHSareR » MOPHNE: Kowewno, wieHersx sao- ciponarme, saxanmpier 1 Cocromie fepeiino no con mapriites-nponera- 8 Mae 1905 ronta aacmpe- acnenteray ero 6paty ies Ha OpraHiisaunonile mca, ipexbaprenHo —cecrpam, aee noctexonaia Ackoslb! He XBATaIO, HO 3aCTpaXOBAB CBOO ASHE Ha asaHTIOPHO-AeTeKTHBHaS BuIpyuanu re, c eM aT mpo- 100 Toca pyGreit 5 BONN MicTOpHA: GpaTa sacTaBATH slerapyit Gopomiick, ~ Mpo- cap nonsic Ha Auapeesy.Tlap- oTkasaTEen OT wacnegcrsa, Mpeccianbie Kamieranuerst. THM 9TH AHBTH MHL a cecTpsl MepenaIK CROW B 1905-1905 ronax eceMa KcraTH ~ nO MpHNMHe | aCTb >KEHUKAM, TIPACTAB- or sKoulenbKove naprint Gout pasropasulejicx — pesomo-neHHBIM KHIM lapraeii fais Baagenen —TeKCTHABITEIX we. A OTHOCHTEMHO ONO GombuLeBHKOB. TTocne OAT npeanpusriti Caana Mopo- spirrexssioro camoySuiicrna ckanwmanoa aeHHuIA TIony- 308, HOMHMO pasoRbIX cy6- Mopososa XOmeTHC CTYXI, 470 MMH 280 rsiest py6rtei 4 PYCCKAS MCTOPHAKABKA3CKME BOEBMKH Ha bone sti pas6o- pox npouum Tperii cvesn PCIIPTT p JTonzone (1905) 1 Uerseprait B Croxrombae (1906). @stHaxcnponanne V cuesna B Jlonnore (1907) Gbino yxe OcTaTOsHIO OcHO- BarenbHBIN: ——_ Sombutiyo acrs TpeGyemoii cymntnt = 1700 dyxros = orerersyn anDAiICKIA MpOMBHEITEHHHK Tbxosed) enc, saurpeisas- unit ¢ nefiGopucramm. Eute 300 ysros moixena Com an-memoxparitueckaa mapris Tepmarict, uMesnran com Hoe mpeicramirrenscrso 5 pelixerare 1 narpornpopas- as. cox poccuickans ext- HOMBILTeNHNKOR Ha mpasax «GoraToro poncTBeHHMKay. Ho ever sce paso ne smarano, mi Tora Zest ‘oBpaninien K raKonty opis anbio oTBepraemony MapK- ‘cHCTAMH MeTORY, aK 3KC- nponpuauun. Ocyiecrsasmics —peno- mouorHBe HareTs aei- Crmonanumiins KaK Gt 10 codersenHoft vrmuraTite Goeankann, Ho sipysKa mina » dyHxuoHmposaBuInit 3a rpanmueit. Bonsmensicreratit newrp, coctosmusi 3. Bna- auinpa Jlenma, AneKcaH~ ‘apa Boraanona 1 HaGusiiero Pywy B Temnbnx doutaniconunx senax Jleownaa Kpacia. Camax yaasumunbnx 6088- op ~ KaBKaSCKHX ~ KYDHDO- san Mocit Cran, a casasin esymsTaTHBHBIM | <3KCOM rato orpaGnenne xapers: xasnaveficrsa Ha SpMBaH- cxoft naomaait 8 Tadbmtce. Bupysxa cocrasuna 341 ‘rocay pySre (mown 4 Myuuiowa sonnapos 0 compemtestnony Kypcy). 91 Tetesuy B MenKx xymopax mycTi¥In Ha TeKy- pre Hyxqot BHYTPH POC cin, a 250 Tareas yun 3a rpanmuy. OnwaKo cvacrost Barbuiesctexomy _ueHTpy STA esr We Mpunectt. Poceniickoe npapurenscrBo pasociano HoMmepa Tox mene 500-pySenbrx Ganknor mo exporteiickuat Ganxam, M1 arenno1 Kpa ‘uma Gbias apectonarst mpi TonBiTkax Wx pasMeHa, ‘Sra Heynaya crana onxoit 3 mpweank passarta Bor ie- suerexoro weHTpa, a TaKKe Gocrpita 1 Ges Toro HeBADK: nine oTuowen Gomuestt- oR ¢ MeHBItteRHKamnt. K TOMY 2xe peBariouyes & Pocenn GsvIa pasrpomiewa it 06a _Kpsuia ‘apni ocratce Ges craGvnb~ oli drancosoli nogrwenias, BoraHos nlorpysqwich B -MapKcitcrexy1o TeopyA0,aKpa- mi cran paGorare 8 aextpo- ‘Texsumsreckoi pape «CaMtene ut Illyxxepr. Kora kro-To a GomlleaHKoR nonpo- wr y Hero ever Ha TapriAo, Tleorsg, Bopucoss nocrart 20 pyGreit 1 ckaaat, 70 act x Herouourrenbo 12 yeaKe- Husk cobecenHIKy, 2 Ha «6e3- enbyotKoB» Bpone Jlewma He ‘aan Got wit Korteixan, B 1917 roay Gonsurensnat pawns « Baacts, 1 Kpaciert K HUM Bepynca. Hi cHosa BaHMMaIC ——eHeKHBINI noToKamit, HO xe Ha rocy- aperseHtiom ypOBHe. POCT BIOKETA Haxanyrle Bo spema Tlepsoii muzposoii Bovixnt Guitanicosoe (KaK, Bmpoven, 1 mommiteckoe) nonoKe- He GombillesHKoR 8170 ‘OTKpoBeHHO yGormn. repre Cases Moposoea Tak, 3a ma mecania ~ ¢ 1 aexa6ps 1916 rosa m0 1 espana 1917 rona ~ 8 x Kacey mocrymiast 1 roca 117 pyGneli 0 xoneek. Mates 8 Tare monmceKon, seranias naprafiias rasera — Ganancuposana a Tpaiit perrra6enbitocn, 2 mione 1914 roga Boobuxe Guna sanpemera poccuti- ckMMH BACT, ‘Yauroibat —axTHBOeH- nyo osimi Gorbimei Kon, monMsi crapatensiio eka joKasarembcrsa 0% casa ¢ Tepmenneli, oniaKo avabHnk —_netporpaa- cxoit oxpannn Koneranri TroGaues — Konicraruposar: Tlenexnbie cpestcrna 0% opranvgauui —— Heakaui- ‘Tenbil, TO ena JH MeO 6s mecro B caysae nonyse- Hs HeMeUKoF oMou OnwaKo yxe 8 anpene 1917 roma, wepes aba mecaua Pesonouna ‘ozanpere ‘xenponpvauyi ipunviaer f noone csepxeni canconep- Zaps, nce pesko nsMet- rocb. Konitvecrso exenites- nue napridinne razer_ yne- rnrwnn0e 0 17, ane o6n0 exenHenitli THpaK cocTa- Bw 320 ToIcH4. Cron Heoxouraniilt pocr GiarococroaHHs cripoBourt- onan ntosuie pasronopst o HeMenkx eKorax, mporon- oxaIOUIMeCs M CeromHsl. MM~ rpavererni eropine Cepreit Tiymnapes npusowier dpacy i mfeuvia raanst repeat cxoro MIL Kratoaana Kai sepy Bunpreapmy Il: «isp roma, “xoraa Garbulesithit cram nomyors onic nocTo- sunt mpiroK Gorton vepes DasHie KaweN Ht TOK pa3- Hon spk, ont cant B cocroniii nocrabicrb. Ha trom cnovt_roantniiopran “Tpanay?, neers aieprisyio nponaranity 1 3as0rrebo pecuupiers repsowavansHo aku 6asnc cBoel naprim, Tipanna, roam 3r0r0 rteinia we o6napyxe ‘Upyrme vucropuKM non ‘cuMTaaM, ¥TO Ha «HHdbopma- turounyio Bo‘ mo. pas owen erpait Arrant nremust _sopacxoroaaint Gonee 300 MuIMOHOB MapoK (oxaao 3 visuntapaos sone POB B COBpeMeHHDIX EHX), fo mper tom exter via Tira” sno int Pyscanino Tparh- Roce Gone, west Ha Pacers. ‘Capyroii cropoxtbt, peskoe ysemmuenne — GombuleBucT- Koro. Gromkera‘Tpesoxar0 Mt TpeByeT KaKOrO-TO O6BsIC- fen. H-anecs smamte ncero Beruibipaer (urypa AneKcaH- supa Tlapayca. 3ATAJOUHbIM MAPBYC Expefi, ypoxewte, Poceui- cxolt souriepin, oH cKonoTiin coctosnite Kak OnpxeDoti cnexyaant um dyviancoBbtlt THocpeaink Mexkay repMai- exun ot TypeunuN. mpasst- reasersanit. Tpx sTow Tlap- yc SBAGUIER MapKEHCTOM. C mperensieli a pon reope- suka. 13 monn 1907 rosa: Tagmuecean sxcnponprayysJlewuu, npanna, ero reape- ‘Tmsyeckie mpereHsiyt oTsep- Tan i Hasbipan «MeqHbIMt ‘OOM 38 NOMBITKH «CIYANTH HaefinbIN sBeHOM MExAy BOOPYREHHAIM HeMeLKUIN. PeBOTOWOHHBIM PYCCKHM poneraparom.. Tpyroe e70, wr Tlapsyc ruraiies Guire ciue H 35¢HOM aeHexiin, — BRINpaUneBas Y Hemeukoro mpaswremb- rsa 20 miuuaoH0s mapoK Ha peBoMouxoHHoe pas- Tosopusu, 70 coBuparorcs yerpapars 8 Poccus mpo- slerapckyio_peBomioui, repmanckne xe anacTH, B cao10 ovepenb, He CHTat HYAHBIM CkpaIRaTD, TO Yeu eHHe pyccKoit cMyTsl uM [BbITOAHO. Xora 6 Hemeyxon npasi- TemberBe MuOrMe cHieTaIH ‘Takwe Merogst «orseorac- BIND, MepcneKTvBa BbIBe- crit POCeHO 113 BOFMBI BHO nepeseummana crpax pac- nomenne Poceru. Moxywnn (OH TOKO oH ABANUATYIO Toit cya Maenno Tlapsyca Has- paioT Taps opratisa: Topom mepeesaa Jenin Mo apyriec — Gonsuresixkos ‘yepes Teppuropio Tepma~ wnt 8 Poccino BecHoit 1917 roma. Ha caom ere sect prone Morn OGoiiTHCk 1 6e3 ero mocpemuuuectsa. Bonbuesixs, orpuuas cash © Hemmant, OTKpoBeHHO 1907- oa 1909 roaw \ rae ne33 wacnencrea ~ Huwonan 8 PYCCKAR HCTOPHA npocrpanenna penomouy- O#HOTO Nloxapa Ha Tepyta- Mo. Tlewns 0 raxux Hacrpo- eunax san, 1 27 neKabpa 1916 roma qaxe vaneganea B HeMenkoe MOcombCTRO B Bepxe (lllsefiuapus). Len BH3HTa — MewSBecTHa, HO MOXHO MpEAMOTOKUTD, TO Peub via o BosMoxuocTH noceruTs TepManiio 118 BOsOGHOBEHIEA KOHTAKTOR C ‘TaMOUIHMMKt counast-nemo- Aexaspe 1915 rona: fan ‘Anexcanap oe eI score BTW ta pesonouwa ey 8 Poccna kparamut. Bore ceppesinie Bonpocs! 3a ONIN BHSHT He peusaiores. ‘TPM «IIOMBMPOBAHHDIX. BATOHA» Peuiste riecuyrs GesiHa B_ poccniicknii pesomouy- owt KocTep, HeMust He eam cranky Ha OnHHX ‘rommko Ganbiiennxon. A FOBOPHTH HYKHO He 06 OaHOM , a 0 Tpex 2eNe3110- ‘AOpOXHIx cocTaRAN. CC Tlesnsnane exams ente 28 GomsurennKon, — Komeuecrao IPHOBIBUIMX 8 PoccHIO aHa~ _TOrHTeHBIN OGPasOM menbLIe- BKB cocrapitno 65 “eToBeK (ae cunrras tneHo8 1x cence). HoGanum cigna 33 6yHnOBLA, 17 acepos, 14 anapxo-KoM- Mynuctos, 7 nonce 1 MpuGamriickurx compan-ae- ‘moxparos, 4 npeycrasure- diel Memo MapkcHcTeKHx eapelicksnx rpymmmponox 1 18 eanxux» Gecraprlisix ccouprannicros, Ho sanommmnea TonbKo Test, ocKombky OHM ero —mpHGoim nepssinn, —yerent CHATS SCIMBKH, — TIpysrrapuinnecs ‘Beem no3ppamianumnMes Ha pommry «tepoam —pesomio- uD, a TTaBHOe = OpBAAHIC smo wracta. 2mapra 1947 ropa: orpevenne Hitonaa I. TloGena | Despansckon| esonioun ro Kacaetes Mlapsyca, 70 of GonbmesKon, BHAHMO, aeficreutrensHo butane posat, xoTa M B MacurTa6ax, OHO egocraTOH s118 caepxenns axe cTa6oro Bpewextioro npanirrenscrBa. Tears uit wepes nes cxoro coparsiixa —sixy6a Tanteuxoro, xoropsiti axrs- ‘ueckit GesBOSMe3HO TIPHOG- perar y lapayca 5 Tepmaiint lumpnonpes mm memHuvee- cxoe oGopyaosanne. Yepes Ceanannaino 9TH TOBApEt mocranasancs 8 Pocemto, rae peamionsimannice 3 MOTHO- eHHbIe 3OH1OTBIe YepBOHLt Tio crosam Arexcanzpa Kepentcroro, «Bpententioe papitTetbeTBo TOKO. ycra- opin, WTO jeHeKHEIE AeA Taneuoro cFlapaycom uatenm cave mpagonxenne » Terep- Gypre 8 CuiSupexone GaxKe, mle Ha MOMs poncTReHETttst Tanenkoro, nexoeli Cymex- con, xpaHBITHcH ONeHS Comb ‘ue ene xcbte Cy, KOTO pte sepes Hia-6anx 8 Crox- Tobe nepenpaBnsunrcs 13 Bepmunia aepes nocpemirse- cevBa Bice Toro ke FanentKOrO>. THE QOKASATENBCTBA? TipoSiema saKmovanacs B ‘ToM, 170, «TOUHlO YCTAHORIES ‘axe nonywexus exer, Bpe- MeHHOe MpasicTesbcTBO HE emror0 cobpar» HeoSxom ‘Mix noKagaTeNBCTD. Haire yx mbrrannes, xanpiMep, mocte nepsoro eynasnoro — Gaxpuiesiter= cxoro starexa, xora 5 won 1917 rona yerpovumH o6sicK b peaaxuu flpanasi>. U3 Quiancosiix —oKymeHTOB Penaxuvir crenoparo, To Tasera maageren Ha Wes cxate BaHoces uname MpsHO- corr seSoneuyio npuSeis UuctexHocrs — Gombure- Bucrexoit naprun ® 3ToT nnepnog cocrassna nopaaKa 25 Tc venoBeK, a cymMa ‘uioncxoro natioca ~ 1 py6n 50 xoneex 8 meesu. Hroro — 37,5 Thies pyGnefi exente- catino. Konexnio, anosaro, Sanpena 1947 roma: Bnaavenp Te apwesxaet Mlerporpaa,ecu ywecrs npuo6perexyio ‘ckope niocte espantcKoii enomous 3a 260 tuiea yGrel cobcrseHiyIo THnI0- pagpuio, - Horowicnesaste ragerst 1 npowwe oprasisa- ujroxte pacxon. apyrofi cropons, opra- usaupounbie ponpocst aauacryio pemanvcs "ec mario, a more ‘cocro- aTeMHBIe mo, BIO peanpramsareneli, cucre- manHvecio —nomKHNBIBAATE Gonsinenikam peur — KTO-TO «tia BEAKIM CYA, a xro-To ~ Gyaysnt oGnioxeHt *06pOKOM. TOMOLp OT TEHEPANOB Anon Zenuxitn 8 seny= apax ynowinan concen Vx apanokcanoimie —axres. Oxaseisaeres, —_ KoNanay= rouusit cpporrom revepan Anexceii Tyrop sbutenva xpeaurr 8 100 threat pyGneit na waganne —pporTonoit GonsulensicreKoriraseTBi. Ampex Jlaspa Kopat- OBA B AONKHOCTH KOMAH- ytouero 8-fi apnelt Bra faumap Yepensicon 1 nonce ‘cyScsiasponan Gomuresnicr- cxyio razery «Ham myrb», S258, WTO OTM 3TO 3a Hie HM «lenaeT OMHOKK, ostopax GonbumenrcreKne TOSYHIM, 0 Bem MBI Hae, ‘uro marpocet ~ cantsre pDIe SonDineBHikH, & CKOMDKO OWN obkapyavuint repowsMa —B ocnemHx Boxe. B Gombuuiensikax _mworne ke MHCTITHKTHIBHO Sys ‘erposanit Gyayutyio Bact 1 XOTeNM MOUPYRATBCA. Kenony, ocenbio 1917 roma us 170. ¢ppontossix raser Gonsmesncrexninn Osta ‘TomKo 20, HO Hx oxoTHeE cero 1 sHeTaIt. Ocennan penomonronny10 eripaio, nest NOTA W nononsirembaBtit AOcTyT x caMBim pasHoobpasHEin nerowikam — dynaHcpo- awn. M een wa nepsom BHEOM ZAMCKAX A1YXOB J ‘MyROK pagoBsie TepManciHe cyGenmn enocodersoxait PACKPYTKE Taprint, TO yxKe K ery KoHerpyuponars c HeMeuKHMat crleucmyxGamit , 1 aHIAK- wave, sautTepecopanHbie B craGwabHocta Bpenesoro papverenscrBa, peumsinse cia ‘wana mpoxOHcynbTispopaTEct © ogmunannibinn pocesti- ‘cKnmnt BaacTaiMit, Bo Beaxont cayuae, ecm Tako cro- coGom GpuraxuBi pemant MpMKpbITb cBoero arena, TO OKasaH emy MemBeXbIO yeryry. Bo-riepsbx, camo Tpwxperrue we GobHo-To yOenurensHoe, a BO-BTO- tx, npHOois’ Merporpas, B Hauare mas, TpouKit y>Ke Ht Y KOTO He BbISbIBA OCO- Goro usrepeca. Hi packpy- ‘THTECH OH cMOr GraromapA ‘TOMY, UFO BOBDEMa 3acKO¥ILA Ha T1ORMOD«K BAOHA, B KOTO om exaa ITewnt W tor paroH 6st orHon He TMoMGyposaHHbIM, 3aTO 8 wS06iWIH yBeMaHEbt ao3yarami: . Toma) mposezesoie niox Ta oxono 700 sontapon, Ho esis, wro Jen JaBnaoBi ‘Muxaur Zumpues 7 snpenn man I 7 wan 2 1917 roma: 3917 rons: 1947 roms: 4919 roma: eve sosbpauenne Spenenoe \ sonar nyenayer occ npaoirencer> \ rpicoar ( )eanencore ‘sc | meer npinas reenscra \ J tesco Tpouxoro (06 apecre ‘TlewiaM 0 @CKOPbICTHasA adepuicTKa JImunocts uryMeHbu Mutpodatnn fo cUX Nop BbI3bIBaeT Cnopbl. 3Ta KeHLMHa NpoBopa4uBana adepbi vB To He Bpema TpaTwna AeHbrM Ha GoroyrogHble pena. KCKOTO M jLe7IOBOTO ceraa, BO MHOTHX OTHOMIE~ uusx urequrero Bpaspes c ‘TPAMAUMOHHBIMI. 1 PyTiCH= BIN BBEAIAAMM, rocTIOA- craosanuimn B TO! cpene, B yakne paMxax xotopoli eft pHxoganocs Bpamarbcs OTKVAIA B3ATb EBT? Tipackosss, npymanuian onaureckoe "sas Mirrpo- anus, esimenszace » 8 uep- Kou Kpyrax. Tonys nacteseT#0, oHa_nycriia ero Ha HyAMIDL MePKOM st Gnarormopirerbuiocrs. 30 OKPaBivOcs -MOCKOBCKOMY urporiomery @uonapery, u 8 1861 roy ov exes e2 iry- ‘ettuefi Cepnyxonckoro Bra owioro Noviacratp. Suece Mirrpogaiin st nposmita ceou BbinaNoUN- ees opranusaropcKue cii0- coSiocrs. Tomoramit ef at opoune eusai mpH abope. B 1870 roay. urymenis npuerymina x rpanios- omy crpowTessHomy mpO- exry = nocrpofixe saan Braasiune-Moxposcxoit ‘oGuprbt 8 Mockse. Hycrst Suan gens B Cepmyxoscxom mow ccoipe Mirrporhasisa yereurno sawwinnach xosaiicrooM: sawena pentecremubie 1 XyR0- >ecraerbie —acreperue, nanan paspenenve wen osininnix Yepse. Ho 1peGo- amuE packoxoD OTKpLTTIe CxO Kom, Gobi mt MpHOT uw. cupor. Tax 470 mowacrstp- ‘om ever 1a MocKoBCKDe ctposrremscrso He xBarar0. Konestio, rymens, ora Gt Onyeritth PYM. Ht pacriacarsex m weynawe. Ho 270 Gbu10 He B ee xapaxrepe.Murpodana — nonprra- race sapaGorar», nitazst- Bag MOHACTHIpeKMe jeHErit B Kommepyeckwe mpesinpu- ATMs, WO yenlexa He 10GH- ace. Touck Gaarorsopite- efi Toe Wirsero He Haz. orga uryMeHBs TlowLIa “Ha paiinne mepst Cwawana ova covepuuuia oBaNbHo saypaaHoe Ht pac- Mpocrpariennoe 8 TO pest mpecrymiewe - —moate- Tana Rexcen Kyritia JTede- ena. TIpivem HencKyuien- Has 8 KPHMMHaMbHBDX enAK Murpodawns: —noenara Hx caMa, He cyMeB CKpBIT xapakrepxie ocoGenHocrt ‘csoero riovepka. 3ror nocry- OK BBITIANE —_ocoGeHHO Henpuensumeim 3-34 Toro, suro JTeGenes, nooGuye rowops, (6811 cnoHcopoM mowacrsIpa. BEKCE/IA HA NONTOPA MANITMOHA Tloaaenkori —_nexcenelt exo we orpanuuittoce. B Navane 1870 roa mockos- kas Goraska — MIpackonost Menpinesa, — crpanasiiaa anxoromaMon, GB11a_ pH Biaita WegeecriocosHoN, a ee yiiecTso ova orieKy.. ‘Megotsiesa sirata 0 Bm srvempttoctu w easxMoerpo- hare. M nonpocyira 70611 ova nobitnace chstTHs oneKH. Virymewssi ——mocenwna Meapinuesy y cea it roa Hoctbio noguiinina cooeMy snusiuido, CHT onlexy ona He emorna, 3aT0 Cymer npO- epxyrsacepy. Murnpopaina yronopiia Menoinuesy pacruscarses Ha SIMCTSIx mHCTaX. A TioToM a 9mm avers! Obi Br cans onrosste pacnickn a o6ulyio cymmy 237 Toioms py6neii. Tipe zo Mirrpo- awa npucaowia ene m sntanpte Benin Megstiuenof. Kak ckasat Ha_cye 1p0- kypop Koxcraxtun JKyxos, eace, WO HM MONaAaIO B PyKH MIyMeHbH, Hasan yiKe He nosppamtanoc. Baripene 1873 rosa Mierpo- (banns npemsapior xyrmy Bacuniso Cononoaiikony ‘mosronkie pacrizcxit ero 6para ‘Minxavita, ymepuuero w 3aKu0- ean sa norropa roa 10 Toro. «Cononopiinkonckne Bek- ens THAN Ha moTTOpa wnanona pyGel. Mirrpo- anna yrsepxaana, uro 31H eet AHOCTDOBCKHIT BOAK 14 OBLL BeKcenA Gpumt He Hem BN, aK O6poBOnEHBIM, — HO raifuonm oxeprnonannieM Mvoxanna —ConoxoninKona. Ha camom ere ero nonmicit nowyenam Mirrporbaniin it ee noenbitiky Bacuuniio CanonoBHHKoBy, ectecrsentio, He xoreoce ‘repr towropa munanoHa. Woon mpysnex x samurre coONX MHTepeCoB aNBOKATA ‘eqopa IlnesaKo. Eile paxbiue, & sHBape 1873 roga, B nerep6yprcKoli GarnxnipcKoit xorrTope “e6a- posa Goin apecrosat weKitt Beitmmn, mpemssmirnuntic ex cena JTeGestena, ynocrosepes~ ote Mirpoannel, eGenes OKaSaT, 470 ero MOmMNCe Ha excensx monyenara. Ha, of Tomoran MoHACrsIprO. Mare- puananin, HO KUKAKiGX OO Bork OORSaTEMECTE HMKOTIA HE oamcerpa. TIpoxypop Caxxt-Mlerep- SypreKoro oxpyxHOrO cysta Avaromt Koxn so3Gymi0n yrowioBHioe eno. Paccreno- Bamme ropysvunn cyeSHOMy ‘leonarerto PyestHoBy. Cnenonarem ne cran ape- CTOBBIBAT —-BIMSTENBHYO rymenbi0. OH xoTeN noMme- crt ee 8 netep6yprcKisi Mouacrips, 0 Mirrpocpa- Hil samporecrosaiia. Ona sasBwa, To Aye nofineT B TiopEMy, em rlog Haano Apyroit sryMexbyt. Murpoanua oxasanace Hoa AOMAuHMM apecroM B rocnmume. Tipanaa, vepes HeKoTopoe npema Ge Bce- ‘Tak TiocamwnK Tom, peamb- tli apecr, Ho yoke R Mockse. K stomy | momewry cram anecTHMbt icTOpHit ¢ noArO~ Bhim pacnucxamn Menu eBoit 1 BeKcenanst Cono- mosuuKona. a BVHOBHA, HO 3ACITYSKMBAET CHMCXODKEHMA Osiwecrnentoe — mnene ocyawio Marrpodainio ene Ao BbineceHHa cyge6HOrO npxrosopa. OnaKo wepKos- we amacrit samuruant ee. Ba irynienbio orkpstro Bry Intes MockoReR NiITpO- nonirr Mntoxenrti. tii mpasayMK, Koa WAKA ox aelicresit nponsnonnT Hemaar. Murrpocanust ne mpyeta- ana BMY, ONHaKO OBO. OGsuneHt eotrnsment Gec- cnopieint. 19 oxta6pa 1874 roa mpxesaiie movie ‘eTBipexaconoro covenant pss urysensio Mirrpo- ani0 BHHOBHO! To OCHOB- HIM MyHKTaM oGpraermss. Ho mps atom ormerians, To no BoeM STM MyHKTaN OH saoTyAMBaeT CHACKONTIEHIS. Ga nocraxosin suuuers MTyMeHDO caKa ¥ coctaTs B Ewncelicnyio rySepriio Ha 14 ner. Bnpowen, ® CuGups Murrposbanns: Tax i He yexaa, Ee Tafinpte potcoxomocraanert= ore sacrymmunat n06WAHce ‘Toro, tro BitecTo Exicelickolt rySepmm ocpxewyIo omMpa- ivi & HoakHo-Mapioicxiti ‘owacroipe B Craponane, Tloene cyaa Mirrpospavnia Mpoxwa eitie 25 zer, apa He vinx ~ Mepycanume. Conpe- MeHAMKH OTMeNaM, TO SoiBmaR HryMeHDR 7HLNAB npanemnocrit n Gnarovecri. Ho Gsitoro panaHits oa ye we nocrura 1 pouuta B CTO" ito KaK aipepuicrka, HecMo- ‘Tpa Ha Boe cBox Gare mena. Uro Tyr MOKHO cKasaTb? C onHioi cropoitsr, ryatertst Morrpocansist — momenionua C apyrolt cropoxtsi, Mowses- Hitaza ova He KOpBICTH pa. Haseproe, —_Kakyl0-To ‘act eHer, momyseHHEns oOmanneit ryren, Mitrpo- aut —pacxonopana Ha ee6s, Bee-raxn ona Guna Cya nocraHoBun MMTD UryMeHbI0 CaHa VM CociaTb B Ennceiicxyto ry6epHuto na 14 ner. Braguixa orp » kave- crpe sauATHiiKa apxuntan- pura Craco-ANaporn- Koga mowacrtipa Mogecra. Apwimanapi, He Oana HeoGxomumsint ropuqnye- KHIM OSHAHHAMN, aul ila noacyuMyio AOROMBHO kypsesHo. Hanpuep, on ‘34BMIL, 4TO 9KCTIEPTH3a BeK- ceneii HIeGenena Osa Hesa- KOHHOMl, rlocKamIBKY —Mpo- Bomwiacs 25 Mapra, B AeHb Brarosewjenua, — KoTop sift BoBCE He eCTD HEH, & BEN apuicroxparkofi_ no poke tte i pocmirranito. Boisas 3 Carncrllerepoypre, iry~ Netiba ocravanmtsaracy B oporix rocrieiax, a Ha Yannax tosmanace xapere, fa sanaxax KoTopof Cros rakefin xpacioii mumpee. Wace ie mantyio sacrs ener Mirrpodanna pa ‘ina na Goroyroamte ena, A mogo6uoe, ecto roBopa, erpevaeren Hewacro. Eon Boosie erpevaercs. One iTozunoe PYCCKAR HCTOPHA 9Pear) dpa HeywauHMka Topopat, 4To A6noko oT A6NOHM HeganeKo nayjaetT. Bo3MOHKHO, 370 BEpHO, Ho He Bcerga. Bo BcrKom cnyyae, oT Metpa | «faneko ynanv» He TONbKO CbIH, HO M4 (IBa BHYKa, KOTOpbIM CYHJeHO 6bisI0 3aHUMaTb POCCHICKMM Npecton. JNOBOBb K TETYUIKE Eom Terpa 1 snoaue cnpasegniso Massisaor Benxi, To 06a ero BHyKa ~ Tletp I x Terp Ill ~ eanera- vores enna 1 He XyMUHIMIE MoHapxamM —B_ HicTopsBt umneparopeKofi Pocus. Hx puniaro ROcHpHHMMaTD KAK gTaKiex apell-neynauunKon, ‘Tax mu 970? Tletp Il m Tlerp I Goins cosepuienHo —_pasHbinut aonb, Ho Koe-"To o6utee y MUX Bce-raKH ects. O6a paHo ocrauch cHporaMit 'Y oGonx Gbv10 He ONeHE-TO caacrnnsoe AeTcTBO. ‘Mars Gyzyutero snepa~ ‘ropa Terpa Il — Ulapnorra Bpayxmselir-BonmpexGior- ‘remtbekal ~ yMepa vepes HecKomKo axeti octe pogoE. Oren, ~ uapesirs AneKceit ~ Gexan 3a rpannuy, RepHysics 1 TIOrMG, Korma ero cbiKY He enioninan0ce -Tpex ner. ‘Manennati Herp Anexce- epi okagares Ha 3agBopKax 10 PYCCKAS HCTOPHS unmmeparopexoro ssopa. Bo ‘Bpewsi noxopox Ilerpa Benit~ KOTO ef0 BHYK ~ 3axoHHBsit HacegHnK mpecrona — wren Bxpaypuoii npoueccia nv Ha ROChMOM mecre. OxnaKo_@opryia _nepe- mesma, Exarepuna 1 npa- Bywia Henonro. A nepex emeproio Haauauna crouM -HactemHHIKoM 1NteHHO TleTpa. L-nernti Terp Anexceesits ccran umariepetopon Ferpont Il Ha ero xanauaatype across Anekcaap Mei- uptKos. OH paccusrsina, ‘sro maonerHsit nnaleparop Gyner nocryuiolt mapuoner- Koti B ero pykax. Beat Tlenp Il OKeH Obit -KeHITSCR Ha owepit Meximtkora. Coerneyiunit Kiss» TpO- curranca. Tlerp I aeficreit ‘TeNbHO cReTaNeR MapHoKer: Kofi, Ho concem n apyrisx pyxax. Onexa co cropoxsi Mex- iixosa Goicrpo_Haqoera Mowapxy. _ Cretnefinnsii ‘AMMINES| Beex HHHOD 1 3B HUH yroniin B ceButKy. ¥ Tlerpa II nospntcs HoBbilt aoGsime, = Mat Jlonropy- Kos. TIpo Jlowopyxosa mp BceM HKENTAHUKE HeTBIS CKa~ Sars Huero xopouiero. 370 Goun TiEHELA NOBECA, pO- >asraTeT 2«K9KH, sOBrrTeR oxorat m xkenmyen. OnHaKo Terp I cmonpen wa Hero sockiuenient. Jlosiropykos, Guten Ha cemb ster crapune ustmeparopa, OBO TbITO Guicrpo cran ero. AYA Xpyrow, TlonsrHo, ro Merp It crpemmics ‘Bo BceM Toxo: ‘Ay(T» Ha crapurero Towapyana. Hago cxasars, uro uwnepa- Top Gwin paswirr He Ti onaM. K coxanenmo, ronpxo (pu3it- ‘veckit, a He YMcTBCHHO. Tonropyxos He mpony- (ckast Hit onHOit 106K. Flerp It TOE 3aHeM ceGe MOORE, npsiem eli craa ero Tera Ennsageta Tlerposiia, 0% Tletpa I. Sra ckaniaansias cash wokuponana 4 uap- ‘asi Bop, M MHOCTpAHHDIX aGmoaareneit cKAPMAHHbIM LAPb» Ho Tlerpa I Mano sre- pecosasio obitecraennioe tee. Caanun sstonyep- sxaBHoro wacrensias Mex- lstkona, yamieparop Tosa ccrsonan’Bkyc acti, «Llapb OXOK Ha CBOerD eM B TOM comiomenns, 470 oO crouT a cuoex, He repnier no3pa~ xen neqaer, sro xover, = ncaa cakconekutH noc” xx Jedopr. Mexpie Boero mangxomy veaneparopy NoTenOce Ht Mareen rocypapernerase evant, OH 1 HE 22H. Boe sanpanwino ceneficrso Blrropyxoos, a erp Tl [HpoRRutexaphauinbaM Taper. Vosnepatop —erpactuo omo6y oxoTy. OH. aaxe nepenec cromuuy i Tlerep- 6ypra_B Mockay — 1 ne oToMy, ro xoveN RepHYTHCHx gomerponcofi crapune, a noromy 70 ron Mocksoit syste oxoTHTEca. Tlerp Il wegetana npo- naga Ha oxore. Bo spews ‘oxorsi on GecnpoGyao nasi crnona. Verianekitii nocon ne Tbtpua mpoci orospat» ero 119 Pocesar: ofl He TOXBKO anecs Gecrionesex, Ho naKe porno ecr aero Kopona ocrasasT Mena ‘anecbr. Hlockonpxy «monapxa MB te sia} HAKOra». Baro. -MoHapxa — Biixen Monropyxonst. Oust nouvn no cronam Menuuskoaa: Deunsnn ¢ HOM NOpORHNETECE. erp I o6pysnnca ¢ Eka ‘repinoii — Janropyxosoit, cecrpoit Vinava, Ha 19 snaps 1730 rona HasHasiuin cBanDOy. Coap6a ne coctosmacs. erp I sa6onen ocr 1 yMep Kak pas & Tor sleHs, Koma 1OmDKeH GIN KEHHTECR. On mast — Poccweti osTHt Tpst roma. A ckasaTb 06 stom npapresi wevero. Tlerp Il ocranesi 8 Metopiit nycraim mectom. Tlocie vero Ha npecrone ocean xeHIs - ABHA Moatioowa 1% Envsanera Tlerposia (Koporkoe pan seme Maanextia Hoantia AnToniosiaa ne s exer). Enusasera Tletposiia ne mimena gereli. M nasnasiia MacreHMIKOM. TUIeMSHHHKA, xoropsift craHeT mnaneparo- pow Terpons Il. TbAHHUA H CONAGOH Tierp I niiaan crapmiyio ow Any 38 ronbulTii- cxoro repyora Kapaa ®pu- apuxa. B enpane 1728 rona yy mex pontiea coun ~ Kept Tretep. Bexope Anna yep. A.B 1739 roy cKoHYalca H Kapa opnapiex. Tomitmickoro repiora Kapaa Tlerepa nocmmsinan ropwapiian Bpiowep ~ ve10- ek TpyOui Mt HeBexecTHEH- mt. Tlo cosant coppenten- ‘xo, BproMep snoweaater am apeccipoRidt NOLEN HO ‘He yu nocmirrastx Mpa. Todmapuian 611 maneHb- oro repuora 4 pesecks ero yunoxan. Hanpumep, newian ina mew Kapzy Tlerepy Kap- rniixy¢. va06paxeneM focna, EcrectienHo, rakoe Bocmirraniie ckasaoch 1a xapaxrepe pe6eri. 'A peGeniox 6au1 Henpocrott Kap Herep stononvine.iny Sore er eens om poceaiicnomy nnaneparopy Tlerpy I 1 Buyuatbin ruiews~ ‘MiKoM mBencKoNy KOpormO Kapry Xil. Ero 4 wasnan B ‘wecTs 06010 ~ Kapa Terep. Emy cserwm 8a mpe- crona — poceniicistit mmpenceati. On He BBI6Mpa. BuiGpan 3a Hero. Emisasera Tlerposia sa6paiia Kapa Terepa ua Tonurrnann 1 crenata cpomm acaeat- Kom. Llnenbi Tox? BuGpamit ero HacienHUKoM, HO o7103- man ~ Kapa Tlerep mpiisit pasocrasie M npesparwica B. pemKoro Kuss Terpa ‘®enoposia, a saTeM WB usnepatopa llerpa Ill Tlerp beaoposis HeoaHo- kparHo ate 0 cHerIaHHOM 3a nero neiGope. On xoren 661 npassrrb B OTHOCHTeNBHO crroxofino# Hinewisn. On4aKO orcyab6ui ne yiizewts. Tlerpy Ili oxyrKo ne nnopesio, KaK 6st MBI celiac ckasami, ¢ miapom. Henexe- crnennbifi conadox. Tops xi misita. HeHasncTHHk ‘cero pyccxoro. CnaGoyn- pif wmmepatop 4 cna6o- Count cynpyr. Histo OCCHIICKHX MOHApKOB He Yyocransaten TaKsIX yA >MTENBHBIX XapaKTepHCTHAK, xaxTlerp IIL. Tipodrenta m ron, #70 nce on sprsiKi HaBeMneBanM va yinmiepaTopa ero Bpara ~ Exarepyta Il, xxsarinit Zou 08a, 1pad) Tannin. AUTO ete Mori cKa3aT» MOMs, KOTO- pie ero caeprii? Ha camom ene Herp Il 6011 ropasno Gonee cxoxstbIM vuenosexom. la, oH THT, HO Bead TRHCTRORAT mO6HN wero Benvkiet nem ~ Terp I. Koropstii, Kerats, ToKe He »xas10BaN «Bce PyccKOer. KPYTOM BPATM cam Terp Il we unrepe- coparica rocyapcrbeHHbIMM mena, To Herp III passa Sypylo_jestenbHocTs. 3a 186 Heit ero HapersonaHNs suo mpusisro 192 3aKoHO- JATENbHDIX aKa. Vimmepatop san Mann- ect 0 BombHOCTH BBOpAH- crna, OGBABH ANHKCTHIO JMAKBMUMpORAL OpraH NOK ‘T¥ecKoro cbicKa ~ TaiittyIo xanuenspinio. Tp 910M oH 6.in crpamHo HenonyaspeH. Bpicillee YKHOBHHYECTBO HeHaBHeO —-MmmepaTopa, TIOCKonBKY on GxiT cropor- HMKOM —>kecTKOMi CLL minut. Batee toro, Herp III aaa yka3 0 «Geccepe6pe- HOCTH CIYkObIr, —KOTOpDIi Sanpemar gapsrs wtHos~ HMKaM KpecTbAH 1 TOcyap- crmennnie semis. autimpycekoit Koaamunt. K Mowertry ctepri Ennsaverst Tlerponsi Tipyeesta waxonst~ ‘race Ha rpani Karacrpobst. erp IIL, noxnoainx Ops apixa TI, cpaay Ke 3aKT10- ‘snr c Tipyceneit aanp. Pocens ‘Tepsza ce CBOM SaBOeRAHIA. Dro 6bin ynap no narpsoTs- Secu wyBCTBAM PyCCKOTO Hapona. immeparop wa rom He Yyenoxowica. 3aKOH'MB OMFY Boiiny, on pemman pasnasaTs Apyryio. MIporss Jaws, Koropat saxnarina sent, npmnagnexasume — Toxs- lurtunexomy repuorerBy. Ha soitry ¢ Hanvelt monxsia 68112 oTMpanrTocs rpapms. VimeHto Ha — Bapmen ~ v4 crana rapier, sparom Mlerpa Ill immepatop soo6ute rpap- elinen He xanonan. Hasbi- a HX aMBLUApANt HL XOTEN pacdopmmposar — pycckvie roapnejicxne rion. Tipit sToM 6oxtran 06 aToM MHOTO, a we cneran Hmuero. Bcero i 3amtexv0 meTpOBCKHE MyHanper Ha mpyccire B o6wem, sstriepaop wax coe “MHOTO. BIH Tenbahx panos. STHM it BocrionbsoBaach ero >KEHa, copepunrpniax rocyaap- ccrpenbiii mepenopor. Camoe mirepecioe, 70 Exarepina If nor BO BoeM mpogamxazia nawaTiKy Myxa: mogTsepacia _aBopaucxie BONBHOCTH, —_MmpoROTAGITA WaMIMaTh eM Y WepKBH, axuouna cows c TIpyecnelt. Ho ona oxasaace ynnee xumTpee ~ Apyxknna, € KeMt ago, He ccopunacs, ¢ KeM He Hajlo, ecTKO Tiana Huxto v3 poceniicknx MOHapxoB He yfocTavMBasica TaKMX YHUUDKMTeIbHBIX xXapakTepXCTUK, Kak [erp III Tyxonencrao 6Bi10 Heqo- BOnbHO TeM, ¥TO MTIepaTop oroGpan sem y MoHacrs- peli. Kpome toro, xomvs cayxx, uro Tlerp Ill co6upa~ eres sect 8 Pocenn moTe- aHCTBO. Ho masnste —ounGrt ummepatop conepuinn BO BHeumelt mometuKe. Poc- cus yuacrsoana n Cem neTHei BofiKe Ha cropoKe susta moSoe HenosomcrB9. Wi pomima B ncropiio Kak semmxas unueparpiua. A ee ‘ceepryroro 1 yOrrTor Mya [HO IRE Top CHIFTAIOT KAAM-TO eropasyienvtem Ha. TPOHE. On octanes nocaesuun poc- conic moKapxon ¢ soe- new Tlenp — Sorbie natkT0 13 vesmepaTopos He sasbibar Tax caov0s eres Bopuc Capnuncnutt PYCCKAS MCTOPHA 11