Aluminum alloys for aerospace

Features - Materials
A brief introduction (or refresher) on the lightweight metal’s history, applications, and future.

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October 4, 2018
Ben Smye

Aluminum has a long and successful history in aerospace. As far back as the 19th century, Count
Ferdinand Zeppelin used it to make the frames of his iconic airships, demonstrating aluminum’s light
weight, strength, and high resistance to corrosion. More than a century later, it is the most-used metal
in the air. Marta Danylenko, marketing manager at online materials database Matmatch, explains
common aluminum alloys used in aerospace engineering and their applications, as well as some less
well-known ones, and what the future holds for aerospace materials.
A brief history
The Wright brothers chose aluminum for the cylinder block and other engine parts on their first
manned flight in 1903. It was also the first time an aluminum alloy had been heat-strengthened, a
discovery that positioned aluminum’s dominance in aerospace engineering.
Throughout the years, the aerospace industry has become more demanding in material requirements.
The advent of jumbo jets and long-haul international flights meant that the shell and engine parts had
to be extremely durable and resistant to fatigue, leading to the development and use of many different
aluminum alloys.
Commonly used aluminum alloys
Second only to aluminum alloy 2024 in terms of its popularity in aerospace engineering, 2014 is a
strong, tough metal suitable for arc and resistance welding. However, it has poor corrosion resistance,
so it is often found in the internal structure or framework of aircraft rather than the shell.
Probably the most widely used alloy for aircraft, 2024 was developed after experiments allowing small
amounts of cold deformation and a period of natural aging led to an increased yield strength. A high-
grade alloy with excellent fatigue resistance, 2024 is used primarily in sheet forms such as for the
fuselage and wings due to its high tensile strength of roughly 470MPa.
Of the non-heat treatable grades of alloy, 5052 provides the highest strength and is highly ductile, so it
can be formed into various shapes. It is also highly corrosion resistant.
The 6061 aluminum alloy is common in light aircraft, especially homemade ones. Easily welded and
manipulated, 6061 is very light and fairly strong, making it ideal for fuselage and wings.
Alloy 7050 has high corrosion resistance and maintains strength in wide sections, making it more
resistant to fractures than other alloys. It’s commonly used in wing skins and fuselage, especially in
military aircraft.
The strongest alloy available today, 7068’s strength and low mass make it perfect for military aircraft
that must stand up to tough conditions and attacks.
With similar strength as steel due to its high levels of zinc, 7075 has excellent fatigue resistance. It can
be machined easily, which made it a popular choice for fighter planes in World War II, including the
Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter used by the Japanese Imperial Navy on their carriers between 1940 and
1945. It is still used frequently in military aircraft.
Less common aluminum alloys
The 2219 aluminum alloy provides maximum
strength at elevated temperatures. It was
used for the external fuel tank on the first
successfully launched space shuttle,
Columbia. It has good weldability, but the
welds need heat-treating to preserve
resistance against corrosion.
Found in the finer details of an
aircraft, 6063 is mainly used for aesthetic and
architectural finishes. It is used primarily for
intricate extrusions. Highly resistant to
fracture and fatigue due to its
strength, 7475 is sometimes found in
fuselage bulkheads of larger aircraft.
The future
Industry experts have a positive outlook
about the future of aluminum alloys in aerospace, projecting demand for aluminum will double during
the next decade.
By the year 2025, there will be a global demand of 80 million metric tons, so, the aerospace industry is
increasingly looking at recycled alloys to satisfy the high demand. There is also a push for innovation
in the materials used, as well as the design structure of aircraft.
For instance, newly developed aluminum-lithium alloys could reduce the weight of aircraft and improve
their performance. Aluminum-lithium alloys are advanced materials because of their low density, high
specific modulus, and excellent fatigue and cryogenic toughness properties.
As developing countries become more involved in the aerospace industry, and with increased
investment, there will be further innovation in aluminum alloys throughout the years to come.
Matmatch
https://matmatch.com
About the author: Ben Smye is head of growth at Matmatch. He can be reached
at ben.smye@matmatch.com.