Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Outpatient setting
• Therapy should be targeted toward coverage of the
most common organism, namely Str. pneumoniae (1A).
• Outpatients should be stratified as those with or
without comorbidities (3A).
• Recommended antibiotics are oral macrolides (e.g.
azithromycin and others) or oral β-lactams (e.g.
amoxicillin 500–1000 mg thrice daily) for outpatient
without comorbidities (1A).
• For outpatients with comorbidities , oral
combination therapy is recommended (β-lactams
plus macrolides) (1A).
Klompas M, Kleinman K, Khan Y, Evans RS, Lloyd JF, Stevenson K, et al. Rapid and reproducible
surveillance for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:370-7.
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) criteria are widely used
in the diagnosis of HAP
Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-
associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care
setting. Am J Infect Control 2008;36:309-32.
What is the approach to diagnosis of
HAP/VAP?
Singh N etal. Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary
infiltrates in the intensive care unit: a proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic
prescription. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:505–511.
What is the optimal duration of
antibiotic therapy?
✔
IDSA/ATS Guidelines
Minor criteria
✔ Respiratory rate ≧30 breaths/min
PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 250
✔
CXR: Multilobar infiltrates
✔
Confusion/disorientation
✔
BUN > 20 mg/dL
Leukopenia (WBC <4000)
Thrombocytopenia (platelet <100,000)
Hypothermia (core temperature < 36 ºC)
Hypotension (SBP < 90 mmHg) requiring aggressive fluid
resuscitation
Major criteria
Invasive mechanical ventilation
Septic shock with the need for vasopressors
Initiate antibiotics treatment?