Why to study this topic?


Co- existence of separate political units necessitates a certain degree of
contact among them.


Communication between the governments to ensure smooth
international process.

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Instrument of foreign policy

Use of soft power instead of all out chaos.

Thus diplomacy has become co-manager of all international relations
A country's foreign policy, also called the foreign relations policy,
consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard
its national interests and to achieve its goals within international
relations milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to
interact with other countries. In recent times, due to the deepening
level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will
also have to interact with non-state actors. The afore mentioned
interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize
benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since
the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are
designed by the government through high-level decision making
processes. National interests accomplishment can occur as a
result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or through
exploitation. Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the head
of government and the foreign minister (or equivalent). In some
countries the legislature also has considerable oversight.

Geography

History and Culture

Economic Development

National Interest

National character and National Morale

Political Structure

Social Structure

Ideology

Public Opinion

Power

Management of international relations by negotiations

-Oxford dictionary


The application of Intelligence and tact to the conduct of official
relations between governments of independent states.

-Sir Enest Satow in ‘guide to diplomatic practice’


Represents the accumulative political, economic, and military
pressures upon each side formalized in the exchange of demands
and concessions between negotiators.

-’The theory and Practice of International Relation’

Diplomacy can be taken as-

Synonym of foreign policy,

negotiations,
 
machinery by which such negotiations are carried out, branch
of foreign service, or ....

An abstract quality or gift, which, in its best sense, implies skill
in the conduct of international conduct; and in its worst sense,
implies the more guileful aspects of tact

Nicolson

Diplomacy is the political process under which political
entities are interconnected with official relations in the
framework of international environment to formulate policies
and strategies centred around their own national interest and
thus results in maximization of profit for the state.

Greece, Byzantium and renaissance Italy made the most notable
contribution to the evolution of Diplomacy.


Byzantine Diplomacy

Italian diplomacy: The practice spread from Italy to the other
European powers. Milan was the first to send a representative to the
court of France in 1455


Diplomacy in Europe: Peace of Westphalia

Post Westphalia Diplomacy

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Diplomacy in India

The origin of Modern day Diplomacy.
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of
European states chaired by Austrian statesman K W Metternich,
and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. The objective
of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the
French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the
dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire

This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political

map, establishing the boundaries of France, the Duchy of Warsaw,
the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German Kingdom of
Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres
of influence through which Austria, Britain, France
and Russia brokered local and regional problems.Thus the
concept of modern day diplomacy arose

The two treaties i.e. The Aix-la-chappelle and the Congress of Vienna
ultimately established the diplomatic services and representation of the
powers on agreed basis.


Four Categories of representatives were defined, namely

Ambassadors, papal legates and papal nuncios

Extraordinary envoys and plenipotentiary ministers

Ministers resident

Charge d’ Affaires

IT is an international treaty that defines a framework for
diplomatic relations between independent countries. It
specifies the privileges of a diplomatic mission that enable
diplomats to perform their function without fear of coercion or
harassment by the host country. This forms the legal basis for
diplomatic immunity. Its articles are considered a cornerstone
of modern international relations. As of June 2013, it has been
ratified by 189 states


The treaty is an extensive document, containing 53 articles
According to Hans J Morgenthau;
(1)Diplomacy must determine its objectives in the light of the
power actually and potentially available for the pursuit of
these objectives.
(2) Diplomacy must assess the objectives of other nations and
the power actually and potentially available for the pursuit of
these objectives.
(3) Diplomacy must determine to what extent these
different objectives are compatible with each other.
(4) Diplomacy must employ the means suited to the pursuit of
its objectives.
To him a Diplomat fulfills three basic functions for
his government: Symbolic, Legal and Political
Failure in any one of these tasks may jeopardize the success
of foreign policy and with it the peace of the world.
According to Palmer and Perkins a Diplomat has five
Functions:

Representation

Negotiations

Reporting

Protections of national Interest abroad

Maintenance of International peace and promotion of peace and
cooperation


Role of Diplomacy In Foreign Policy
Diplomacy rooted community of Interest of a small group
of leaders.
Old diplomacy was a variant of secret diplomacy.
Diplomacy pre 19 century is termed as traditional
 
diplomacy Features of Traditional Diplomacy: Europe
centric: Concert of Europe

Monopoly of Aristocratic class and of professional
diplomats

Based largely on Bilateral basis and was usually undertaken in
secrecy.

Agenda of traditional diplomacy was parochial and narrow in
comparison.

Emerged together with the Balance of Power system, as at
the heart of the transition lay the suspicion of then public
about the whole system of balance of power which they
identified as the main cause of the First world war.

Role of Diplomacy merged with secrecy and espionage.

Presidents Woodrow Wilson :Diplomacy to thrive in public view

rather in private international understandings. Integration of
Public opinion Into Diplomacy and formulation of Foreign Policy

Change in The structure of the International society: rise of
Multilateral Diplomacy and Role of UNO.

The Stage of diplomacy now shared with other Non state actors.

The agenda of New Diplomacy Also includes Economic and social
welfare as well as military issues.
THE post cold war period the role of Diplomacy has taken a
huge turn. It is seen under a new light

Previously During the cold war the Diplomatic concept was

looked upon with doubt and suspicion.

But in the new world order Diplomacy has thrived and thus helped
in getting out of many exigent circumstances.

Diplomacy in its current form helps not only in maintaining

International peace and security but also promotes Inter
national cooperation and helps in maintaining global stability.
SHOPKEEPER VS WARRIOR METHOD

the “warrior,” diplomacy is aggressive, intransigent,

recalcitrant stubborn, rigid, impolite, and undiplomatic and
usually is found among nations which share a tragic history
of conflict and War Like that of DPRK and ROK.

The “shopkeeper,” diplomacy is characterized as

practical, open-minded, candid, and compromising. This
characterization was put forth by some scholars and
diplomats who either observed or participated in North
Korea-United States negotiations and in the inter-Korean
summit. In fact, Kim Jong-il’s practical, candid negotiating
style surprised many people who had held a different image
of him and other North Korean officials.
SECRET VS OPEN

A secret treaty is a treaty between nations that is not

revealed to other nations or interested observers. An
example would be a secret alliance between two nations to
support each other in the event of war. The opposing
nations would be unaware of the treaty and therefore
unable to add it to their calculations, which could
obviously result in a difficult situation for the party that
declared war when suddenly confronted with the troops of
two or even three nations. Secret treaties were common
before the First World War, and many blamed them for
helping spark that conflict.
DEMOCRATIC DIPLOMACY


Participation of People in the politics of state and Importance of
public opinion led to democratization of diplomacy.
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Governments no longer domain of Aristocrats and sole affairs of
Diplomats or ministers.

Major shortcoming: failure of common people to understand
the intricacies of Foreign Policy

Strong public opinion may pull down a diplomatic negotiation or
dog it with delay and impression
TOTALITARIAN DIPLOMACY

Rise of totalitarian states such as Germany, Italy, the Soviet
union after WWI introduced this negative form of Diplomacy.

The states used techniques such as Military, Political and
Psychological power to expand their spheres of Influence.

For this they Invoked doctrine of racial superiority, Mysticism,
materialism and militarism to further their national

interest. Diplomacy used as an instrument of National

policy. Rendered traditional diplomacy methods useless
SUMMIT DIPLOMACY


Involves direct participation of Foreign Ministers, Heads of
State and Heads of Governments in Diplomatic negotiations.


Atlantic Charter Summit,Yalta conference,

Operate through regional organization as well
PERSONAL DIPLOMACY


Use of normal channels of diplomacy are limited.

Heads of States use personal agents to settle delicate
Problems in IR.

Example- Roosevelt reliance on Harry Hopkiss

Direct approach to the counterpart .

Though it provides a secrecy to the affairs of the world it does
tend to make the process a bit undemocratic .
 DIPLOMACY BY CONFERENCE


International conferences held to discuss joint

interest Foreign offices and consular's has helped in
making the structure of Diplomacy more federal.

It involves periodic meetings of regional and international
organizations

Has had many positive results like signing of various
disarmament treaties and also related to sustainable
development and environmental issues
ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY


Trade and Aid Diplomacy

Carrot or stick theory

Used and Evolved during and in post Cold war period

Role of UNO
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Economic sanctions against Cuba
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Iraq

ASEAN Boycott of Myanmar
 NUCLEAR DIPLOMACY


Has Different form and meaning depending on the
nuclear capability of the state.

Options available are deterrence or compel lance or
coercive diplomacy.

Only problem a crisis situation may escalate and put the world
on the threshold of Nuclear war.

Diplomacy is a technique to implement foreign policy.

But it is not the substance of Foreign policy .

Foreign policy is What you do; and diplomacy is how you do .
Diplomacy is considered as the Central Technique as:


It involves direct government to government interactions
so that a particular state can draw inference from such talks
or negotiations while formulating its foreign policy.


Diplomacy Leads o better cooperation and helps in
resolution of conflict.


Diplomacy is Used to mould the FP of Other parties: The
carrot/stick Theory

Use of Economic measures and embargos and sanctions
to influence the events or actions of a aggressor state.

Sub Version Techniques

Post cold war diplomacy has become more complex

And also has emerged as foremost weapon in modern day

IR. The INDIAN Scenario: Panchsheel

Global Governance:The basic nature of Diplomacy has evolved post
globalization,


Contribution of Non –state actors: privatization of Diplomacy

Authority beyond the State: Regional co-operation and
formation of Regional alliance


Role of Economic status of A country on Diplomacy.

In the levels of diplomatic activity, from the local through the
domestic national

to the bilateral, regional and global;

Helps in Arbitration and mediations

Use of Soft power methods ensure international peace

Promotes Universal Brotherhood.

Helps in formulation of foreign policy taking into
account various factors necessary for a successful

relationship. Dispute resolution

Represent the national interest in international forum.

The overall picture that emerges from this presentation is one of
an institution characterized by great resilience and adaptability.
Within the essential dimensions of communication, representation
and the reproduction of international society, diplomacy has
adjusted to changing circumstances and has sometimes been
instrumental in affecting these changes. Given its long history of
adaptability, then, diplomacy does not seem a likely candidate for
obsolescence or decline in the future.


There is no need of reinventing diplomacy every few decades, with a
succession of one “new diplomacy” after another. The basis ingredients
are as old as the hills, although differences in their “mix”
result indifferent types of diplomacy. If a diplomacy emerges that
appears different from that of the recent past, it would be risky to
call it “new” or “modern,” for it is likely to be best a reincarnation of
an earlier type
Introduction: Diplomacy and Global Governance: Locating
Patterns of (Dis)Connection: Andrew F. Cooper, Brian
Hocking, and William Maley

Essence of Diplomacy: Palgrave Macmillian:Christer

Jönsson, Martin Hall

International Relations, Peu Ghosh

International Relations: Girish malhotra

http://www.ediplomat.com/nd/history.htm

http://www.diplomacy.edu/resources/general/history-
and-evolution-diplomacy