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Konspect1 3
Konspect1 3
STP
After the Max Age time (20 s by default) elapses, each switch will assume that it is a root bridge, all port
roles will become designated ports, and the ports will transition to the listening state.
By default, a switch’s STP function is enabled. If STP is disabled, use the stp
#On S1, set the spanning tree operating mode to STP. Use the stp mode {mstp|
rstp|stp} command, from which you can set the mode to MSTP, RSTP, or
<Quidway> system-view
[Quidway] sysname S1
2.VLAN
# Configure S1.
<S1> system-view
[S1] vlan 10
[S1-vlan10] quit
After the VLAN is configured, run the display port vlan command to view the VLAN configurations and
types of the ports on switch.
The Generic Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP) defined by IEEE effectively reduces the manual
workload in VLAN configuration. GARP includes two protocols:
GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) and GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP). Manually
created VLANs are called static VLANs, and VLANs created by the
GVRP are called dynamic VLANs. GVRP allows VLAN attribute transmission between switches to
implement dynamic VLAN registration and deregistration on
switches. After configuring GVRP, you only need to manually configure VLANs on a few switches, and
then these switches deliver VLAN configurations to other
switches.
Configuration Roadmap
2. Configure Layer 2 connectivity between switches by configuring required ports as Trunk ports,
allowing frames from VLAN 1000 to pass through.
Run the gvrp command in the system view of a switch to enable GVRP globally.
<Quidway> system-view
[Quidway] sysname S1
[S1] gvrp
Configure the Related Ports
1. Enable GVRP on a port. (Note: GVRP must be globally enabled on a switch before it is enabled on a
port of the switch.)
2. Configure the related ports as Trunk ports and allow frames from VLAN 1000 to pass through. (GVRP
can be configured only on Trunk ports.)
[S1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] gvrp
[S1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] quit
VID -12 bits –VLAN identifier- Specifies the VLAN that the frame belongs to with value ranges from 1 to
4094 (values 0 and 4095 are
3.IP BASIC.
4.TCP and UDP.
TCP Session Setup
To check the routing table, run the display ip routing-table command on R1.
Route Preference
Deciding which of the three routes is to be injected into the IP routing table for packet forwarding
depends on route preferences.
Route Cost
Each route to a destination/mask is attributed a cost. If a routing protocol discovers multiple routes to
the same destination/mask, the route with the smallest cost is
selected and injected into this protocol’s routing table.
If a router concurrently runs multiple routing protocols and each one discovers one or more routes to
the same destination/mask (for example, z/y), each routing
protocol will select an optimal route based on the cost and inject the optimal route into the protocol’s
routing table. Then, the optimal route with the highest preference
among the optimal routes of all routing protocols is injected into the router’s IP routing table. If the
router also has direct and static routes to z/y, these routes are
included in the route selection process together with the optimal routes discovered by routing
protocols. Only the route with the highest preference is injected into the
IP routing table.
• Added functions. RIP-2 supports classless routes and VLSM and CIDR, whereas RIP-1 supports only
classful routes.
• Consumption of fewer processing resources. RIP-2 can use multicast to advertise messages, whereas
RIP-1 cannot.
RIP uses three timers: update timer(30), invalid timer(180), and garbage-collection timer(120).
Routing loops disrupt network operation. To address this problem, RIP provides triggered update, split
horizon, and poison reverse.
Split horizon prevents routes being sent from a RIP interface back to the interface from which the routes
were learned, thereby preventing routing loops.