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    En 50522 (2010) - Earthing of Power Installations Exceeding 1 KV A.C.

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    HRVATSKA NORMA 1c: 28.2080 HRN EN 50522 veloc a2, Uzemijenje elektriénih postrojenja nazivnih izmjeniénih napona iznad 4kY (EN 50522:2010) Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. (EN 60522:2019) Na temelu lanka 9, Zakana o norniaegi (Narosine ravine br. 1632003) Hrvatski ravad za norme na prijedlag tehnigkog adbora HZNITO E99, Elokiigne instalacie iznad IkV izmjentine J 1,5 kV istosmjeme sire | provadane rasprave prtwata je eurepeku nomu EN 50522-2010 u 2varnku na englaskam jeziku haa hrvatski orm, (Obavjest o prtnwacanju objavijona je uHZN Glasilu 1/2012 od 2012-02-29. Europska norma EN 50522:2010 ima status hrvatske norme Rafeconeljckl broj: HRN EN 50522:2012 en - SE ZN trasesnresurname a Croan Svcd hese _Zabranene je uninatavane heath pam Hj ela HRN EN 50522:2012 A Napomena 0 autorskom pravu HEN 2012. ‘Sva prava pridréava HZN na temeliu Zakona © normizaciji (NM 163/203). Aka drugatije nije utvrdeno, ni jedan dia ovoga dokumenta né smijé $6 umnoZavali i upotrebljavati u bilo Kojem obliku ill na bilo Koji adin, elektronik’ ii strojno, ukljuéujuci fotokopiranje i mikrofilm, bez pisane dozvole H2N-a Gija je adresa nize navedena. Hrvatski zavad za norme (HZN) Adresa: Uliea gtada Vukovara 78 10 000 Zagreb, CROATIA Tel. ++ 385 1 61060 95 Faks: ++ 385 161093 21 e-potta: han@hen.br Web: waw.hen. hr Ijava 0 odbijanju odgovornosti za PDF PDF zapis moze sadrzavati ugradene ablike znakova. U skladu s Adobeovem politkam licenciranja, ovaj se apis smhje tiskati li pregledaval, all sé ne Smile Uredivatl osim ako na radunalu, na kojer sé obavlja uredi- vanie, posto licencirani | instalirari oblici ugradenih znakova. Preuzimanjem avog zapisa stranke prhvacaja odgovomost nekrSenja Adobeove politike licenciranja. Hrvatski zavod za norme ne pritwata nikakwa odgo- ‘vornost u tame podrudju Adobe je robni 2ig tvitke Adobe Systems Incorporated. Pojedinosti o programskim proizvodima upattijebljenim za stvaranje ovog POF zapisa mogu se naéi u opéim informaciiama povezanim s evim zapisom, Parametr stvaranja POF zapisa optimizirani su za Ispis, Paduze- te su sve mjere-da zapis bude prikladan za uporabu. U izuzetnom sluéaju otkrivanja problema povezanog 5 jin molimo izvijestite HZN na gore navedeno) adres HRN EN 50522:2012 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 50522 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM November 2010 ie ant pened HOE 6:18 pom English version Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. Prises de terre des installations Erdung von Starkstromanlagen mit électriques en courant altematif de Nennwechselspannungen uber 1 kV puissance supérieure & 1 kV ‘This European Standard was approved by CENELEC an 2010-11-01, CENELEC members are bound to comply wih the CENICENELEC intemal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of e national standard without any alterabon, Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concaming such national standards may be obtained on application te the Central Secretariat arto any CENELEC momber, This European Standard exsis in three offical versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by tranalaiion under the responsiblity of a GENELEC member inlo is Gwn language and roiled 16 the Central Secretarial has the samme sialus as the offical versions. CENELEC mambers aro the national slectrotachnical committees of Austra, Selgium. Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Franoe, Germany, Greece, Hungary, lesland, lraland, Waly, Latvia, Lihwania, Luvenbourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Nocway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Siovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Urited Kingdom, CENELEC Eurepaan Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Elactrotechniquée Europaisches Komitee flr Elektrotechnische Normung Management Centra: Avenue Mamix 17, B - 1000 Brussels ZOO CENELEC- All ights ofexpiotaton in ary form and by aay means reserved words for CENELEC members ef, No. EN 60822:2010 E HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 2 Foreword This European Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 99x, Power installations exceeding 1 kVac. (1.5 KV d.c). It was sutrnitted to formal vote and was accepted by GENELEC as EN 80522 on 2010-11-01 Together with EN 61936-1:2040 this document supersedes HD637 $4:1899, Attention ig drawn to the possiblity thal some of the elements of this document may bo the subject af patent rights. CEN and CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights, ‘The following dates were fixed: latest date by which the EN has to be implemented ai national level by publication of an identical national standard ar by endorsement (dop) 2011-11-01 — latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the EN have to be withdrawn fdow) 2013-11-01 NOTE The text identical with IEC 61996-1 fs written ln italics. HRN EN 50522:2012 3 EN s0s22:2010 Contents 1 Scope sync g a sca organs 2 Normative reference. nso wd: 3 Terms and definitions... once . aii 3.1 General definitions oon nrenn ae Pieotsoeeeey 3.2 Definitions conceming installations. 8 3.3 Definiione conceming safety mesdures againet lactic shock. - 3.4 Definitions conceming e6mthing....on om . 4 Fundatnerital requirements acon ae ae 41 Goneral require AMS o.oo nnonnn so os 4.2 Electrical requirements. 4.9 Safety cnieria.. 4.4 Functional requirements. 5 Design of earthing systems... 5.1 General ase 5.2. Dimensioning with respect to corrosion and mechanical strength - 5.3. Dimensioning with respect to thermal strength .. Sd 5.4 Dimensioning with regard to touch voltages ..... a 6 Measures to avoid transferred potential is : 6.1 Transterred potential rom Migh voltage systems to Low voltage systems... 6.2 Transferrad potentials ta telecommunication and ather systems 7 Gonstruction of earthing 8yBl0M18 cons a nm 7.1. Installation of earth electrodes and earthing conductors so 7.2 Lightning and transients. 7.3 Measures for earthing on equipment and installations Sn Measurements. Maintainer 8.1 Inspections . 9.2 Measurements. : : Annex A inormative) Methad of calculating permissible touch voltages tas Annex B (normative) Touch voltage and body current B.1 Calculation of permissible touch voltage sc sister B.2 Calculation of prospective permissible touch voltage eer OO Annex C (normative) Type and minimum dimensions of earth electrode materials ensuring ‘mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. Annex D (normative) Current rating calculation of earthing conductors and earth electrodes ..37 Annex E (normative) Description of the recognized specified measures Mo... a Annex F (normative) Measures on earthing systems to reduce the effects of high frequency interference SES ra eS PSE All Annex G (normative) Detailed measures for earthing of equipment and installations. AS G1 Fences around substation installations... A G2 Pipes ote pier eyo are ee; G3 Traction rails hi 45 G4 Pole mounted transforming andior swit ae”; G5 Secondary circuits of instrument transformers... veneer HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 4 Annex H (normative) Measuring touch voltages ........ een? Annex | (informative) Reduction factors related to earth wires af overhead lines and metal sheaths of underground cables... mo neuen 11 General... . 1.2. Typical values of reduction factors of overhead lines and cables (50 Hz) sea sctiS Annex J (informative) Basis for the design of earthing systems JT SOI FOSISHIIY. entnnenninnnmnanin : 3 oO 4.2. Resistance ta earth ‘Annex K (informative) Installing the earth electrades and earthing conductors. rsh K.1__ Installation of earth electrodes... ooo SA K.2 Installation of earthing conductors .......-n.on ance eee: Annex L informative) Measurements for and on earthing systems 2 ene Lit Measurement of soil resistivities, iia zi 56 LZ Messuteinent of resistances lo earth and iinpedaroes 10 earth doo ue LS Determination of the earth potential rise 5T Lit Elimination of interference an disturbance woltages fr earthing measurerterts 58 Annex Ml (normative) Details on site inspection and documentation of earthing systems ......61 ‘Annex N (informative) The use of reinforcing bars In concrete for earthing purpose. 62 Annex 0 jinformative) Global Earthing System ...... Annex P (normative) Special national conditions. Annex Q informative A-deviBHIONS oe sich BB Figure 1 - Example for the surface potential profile and for the vollages in case of current carrying earth electrodes, secre sania mites Figure 2 - Example for currents, voltages and resistances for an earth fauil in a transformer substation with low impedance neutral earthing Figure 3 - Essential components of earth fault currents in high vottage systems... Figure 4 - Permissible touch voltage oon. — eps. Figure § - Design of earthing systems, if not part of a global earthing system (C1 of 6.4.2}, with rmgar to perme euch vaage Un by checking the serth poll ie Ui rte th wokage 15 u 26 Figure &.1 - Scheme of the touching circuit sie Figure B.2- Examples for curves Ui, = M4 for dterentaddonal esistances My = Rey* 38 Figure D.1 - Short circuit curent density G for earthing conductors and earth electrodes relative to he duration of the fault CURRENT Bann ns etatenese a Figure 0.2 - Continuous current fy for earthing conductars.. ensaunfll Figure J.1 - Resistance to earth of horizontal earth electrodes (made from strip, round material or stranded conductor) for straight or ring arrangement in hamageneous soil eT Figure J.2- Resistance to earth of earth rods, vertically buried In hamagenGoUS $6l oo BR Figure J.3 - Typical valuas for the resistance te earth of a cabla with earth elactrade effect ‘depending on the length of the cable and the sail resistivity. Figure L.1 - Example for the determination of the impedance to earth by the heavy-current injection method, stot suntelhcace | HRN EN 50522:2012 5 EN 50522:2010 Table 1 - Relevant currents for the design of earthing systems Table 2« Minimum requirements for interconnection of low voltage and high voltage earthing systems based on EPR limits enn ae anne Table B.1 - Permissible bady current la depending on the fault duration t is 32 Table 8.2- Toil human body impedance Zy related to the uch voltage Uefor« curent path hand to-hand., rn sone Table B.3 - Calculated values of the permissible touch voltage Uy, asa function of the fault duration t, eee ee a arpa ‘Table 8.4 - Assumption for calculations with additional resistances . 33 ‘Table D.1 - Material constants...... . sh Table D.2 - Factars for conversion of continuous current from 300 °C final temperature to another final temperature cs ntennnntnnnn oo nn Table E.1 - Conditions for the use of recognized specified measures M to ensure permissible touch voltages Ur, (S66 Figure 8}. oe Seanad Table J.1 - Soil resistivities for frequencies of alternating currents (Range of values, which were frequently measured), HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 6 1 Scope This European Standard is applicable to specify the requirements for the design and erection of earthing systems of electrical installations, in systems wth nominal voltage above 1 KV a.c. and nominal frequency vp to and including 60 Hz. 50 3-to provide safety.and proper functioning for the use intended For the purpose of interprating this standard, an elactrical power installation is considered te be one of the ‘following: ‘a subsialion, including substation for railway power supply: 1b} electrical installations on mast, pole and tower, ‘switchgear and/or transformers located outside a closed electrical operating area; ¢} one (or more) power station(s) located on a single site the installation includes generators. and transformers with all associated switchgear and all electrical auxiliary systems. Connections between generaling stations located on different sites are excluded. 4d) the electrical system ef a factory, industrial plant or other industrial, agricultural, commercial or public premises. The electrical power installation includes, amang others, the fallawing equipment rotating electrical machines: — switchgear; = transformers and reactors; — converters; — cables; = witing systems; = batteries; = capacitors: — earthing systems; = buildings and fences which are part of a closed electrical operating ares — associated protection, control and auxiliary systems; large air core reactor. NOTE — tr gener, a standard for an tom of equipment iakes precedence over this standard This European Standard does not apply to the design and erection of earthing sysiems of any of the following = overhead and underground lines between separate installations; = electric raiiways = mining equipment and installations = fluorescent lamp installations; —_ installations on ships and off-shore installations; — electrostatic equipment (e.9, electrostatic precipitators, spray-painting units}: = testshes; — medical equipment, e.g, medical X-ray equipment. This European Standard does. nat apply to the requirements for carrying out live working en electrical installations. HRN EN 50522:2012 7 EN 50522:2010 2 Normative references The following referenced dacuments are indispensable for the application of this dooument. Far dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document {including any amendments) applies, EN 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (1 Cade} (IEC 60529) EN 60909, Short-cireuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems (IEC 60909) HD 60364-1, Low-voltage elecirical installations — Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions (IEC 60364-1, modified) HD 80364-4-41, Low-voltage electrical installations — Part 4-1: Protectian for safety - Protection against electric shock (IEC 60364-4.41, modified) EC 60050(151};2001, Intemational Electrotechnical Vocabulary (TEV) — Part 151; Electrical ang magnetic devices IEC 60050(195}:1998, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (TEV) — Part 195: Earthing and protection against electric shock IEC 60050(601}:1985, Jofernational Electrotechnical Vocabulary (EV) — Part 601: Generation, transmission and distabution of electricity - General IEC 60050(602}:1983, Jofernstional Electrotechnical Vocabulary (EV) — Part 602: Generation, transmission and gisinbution of electacity — Generation IEC 60050(604)1987, Jnternational Electrotechnical Vocabulary (EV) — Part 604: Generation, transmission and distnbubion of éteetricily - Operation IEC 60050(605):1983, Joternational Electrotechnical Vocabulary (JEV) transmission and distabution af electricity — Substations Part 605: Generation, IEC 60050(826) 2004, Joternational Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) ~ Part 826: Electrical installations IEC 60287-3-1, Elaciric cables — Calculation of the current sating — Pan 3-1: Sections on eperating ‘conditions ~ Reference operating conditions and selection of cable type IECITS 60479-1:2005, Effects of current on human beings and fivestock — Part 1: General aspects IEC: 60949-1988, Calculation of thermally permissible short-circuit currents, taking into account non adiabatic heating effects IEGITS 61000-5-2, Electromagnetic campatibilty (EMC) - Part 5: Installation and amiugation guidelines — Section 2: Earthing and cabling HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 8 3. Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the fallawing torms and definitions apply. $4 General definitions Bat ‘electrical equipment stem used for such purpeses as generation, conversion, transmission, distribution or utilization of electric energy, such as eleciric machines, transformers, switchgear and controlgear, measuring instrements, Protective devices, winng systems, current-using equioment (EV 826-1601) Bh rated value value of a quantily used Jor specification purposes, esiablished lar a specified set of operating conditions 94.4 component, device, equipment, or system (EV 1519-16-08) a3 ‘high voltage voltage exceeding 1 000 ac. Bd Jow voltage voltage not exceeding 1 000 V ac. Bas operation call actives, including both electrical and non-electrical work activities, necessary to permit the power Jnstaifatian 0 funetion NOTE These actos incuds avitching, controling. mantoring and mainiensece 3.2. Definitions concerning installations 324 closed electrical operating area team of location fer eperation of electrical installations and equipment to which access is intended 1o be restricted to skied o¢ Instucted persans or to Jay personne! under the supervision of skiled ar instructed persons, e.g. by opening of a door or removal of protective barrier only by the use of a key oF lool, anal which is clearly marked by appropriate warning signs $22 substation ‘part of a poner system, concentrated in a given place, including mainly the terminations of transmission ar ‘distribution lines, swilchgear and housing anc which may alse include transformers. It generally includes facilties necessary for system security and contro! (e.g. the protective devices) NOTE docording othe nature o he system within hick the sustain i included, a pret may quay i EXAMPLES: tansmission subsiation fla ranemission system), cstrbution substation 400 KV aubeiation, 20 KV sudsiaiion HEV 605-01-01] HRN EN 50522:2012 9 EN 50522:2010 323 power station installation whose purpose is to generale electricity and which includes civil engineering works, anaray ‘conversion equipment and aif the necessary ancitary equipment (EV 602.01-01) a24 installations of open design installations where the equipnrent does not have protection agains| direct contact 325 installations of enclosed design installations where the equionrent has protection against direct contact NOTE. For degrass of enclosure protaction see EN £0529, 3.3. Definitions concerning safety measures against electric shock 3.3.1 brotection against direct contact “measures which prevent persons coming into hazardous proximity to live parts or those paris which could ‘camry a hazardous voltage, with parts of their bodies or objects (reaching the danger zone} 9.3.2 protection in case of indirect contact Protection of persons rom hazards which could arise, in event of fault, from contact with exposed ‘conductive paris of eleetcical equipment or extranoaus conductive parts 4.3.3 enclosure .parl providing protection of equipment against certain external influences and, in any direction, protection against direct contact 34 Definitions cancering earthing Bat (local) earth art of the Earth which is in elecitic contact with an earth elecirode and the electric potential of whici is not nocessaniy equal te Zero NOTE The conductive mass of the-eath, whase elec potential at ary eal fs Gonventanaly taken as equa 0 Zero. {EV 195-0-08, moditied) Bad relerence earth (remote earth) ar of the Eartiy considered as conductive, the electric potential of which is conventionally taken as zero, ‘being outside the zone of influence of the relevant earthing arrangement NOTE The concent Earth" mans the planeta a ts prysteat mar. {EV 195-01-01, modified] 343 earth electrade ‘conductive part, which may be embedded in a specific conductive medium, &.g. in concrete or coke. in elecinic contact with the Earth HEY 195-02-01) HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 10 ada earthing conductor conductor which provides a conductive path, of part of the conductive path, between a given point in a system ar in an instalation or in equipment and an earth electrode {lev 1958.02.03} NOTE Where the cormection between art of Une intalaion and the earth eischode is made vis = decarmecting nk, ‘Asconnecting swich, cargo arweter counter fuge arrestor contol gap ef, than any that par ofthe connection parte” dy ‘atisched io the esr alecbode isan aarti cantar 345 protective bonding conductor (protective conductor for ensuring equipatentiat bonding 346 ‘earthing system arrangement o! connections and devices necessary to earth equjament or a system separately or jointly HEV 604-04-02] 347 ‘earth rod arti electrode consisting of a metal rod afven into the ground {EV 604.04-03} 348 ‘structural earth electrode metal part. which is in conductive: contact with the earth or with water directly or via concrete, whose “original purpose is not earthing, but which fufis all requirements of an earth electrode without impairment ‘ofthe original purpose NOTE Examptes of stuctural earth electrodes ars plneings, shes! pling. conwvate reivoveemant bars i foundations and ne ‘eel strane of Busi, te 349 electric resistivity of sail, ye resistivity of a typical Santee oF Sout 3.4.10 resistance to earth, Re seal part of the impeciance- to earity Bait impedance to earth, Ze impadance at a given trequency between a specified point in a system or in an installation or in equipment and reference earth NOTE The impedance fo earth is dbtermined dy the drectly comecied earth elsctrades and also by connected overhead ear ites ane wires Buned M ean of overhead Mes, dy connosted cables wil) aah efechode effect and by other eating systeris tuhich see condactively conmactad tz tha ralovant eahing spsiom by conducive eable steatie, shite PEN conductore ov another way 34.12 ‘earth potential rise (EPR), Us voltage between an earthing system and reference eartty 413 potential vallage between an sbservation point and reference earth HRN EN 50522:2012 " EN 50522:2010 34.14 (effective) touch voltage, Ur voltage between conductive parts when touched simuttaneausly NOTE The value of the effective fouch voltage may be aperécialyiivenced bythe impedance af he parson in lactic contact wih these concuetve pats HEV 195-05-4, moaltiedy 4415 prospective touch voltage, U,. voltage between simultaneously accessible conductive parts when these: conductive parts are not being touched LEV 195-05-09, modified} 3416 step voltege, Us vottage between two points on the earth's surface that are 1m distant from each other, which is considered ta be the stride fength of a person {EV 1985-05-13] a417 transferred potential potential rise of an earthing system caused by a current to earth transferred by means of a connected cenducior (lor example a metallic cable sheath, PEN conductor, pipeline, rail) into areas with few or no potential rise relative to reference earth resulting in a potential difference oecurring ‘between the conductor and its surroundings (Figure 1). NOTE The deleon ase azoles whove conductor, which is canned fa elerence eat ls ino the ae of the pote vise BA18 stress voltage voltage appearing ducing earth fault conditians between an earthed part or enclosure of equipment or device and any other of is parts and whieh could affect its normal operation or safety 3.4.19 global earthing system equivalent earthing system created by the interconnection of local earthing systems that ensures, by the proximity of the earthing systems, that there are no dangerous touch votages NOTE 1. Such systems permit tho dvslon ofthe earth fault curent.n a way that results in a veaheton ofthe sath potental nse at the toca earning system. Suh eyste Cou be Sa a form quasi equpotentia surlace NOTES Tho axicionce of a global aanting sysiom may be determined by s2pie measurements or catcuaton Jor typical ‘sysiems. Tyatca! exams of global earthing systems ae in oly cantras; whan or indsinal areas with stnbuled low and high ‘tage earthing (sue Arex 0} 3.4.20 «mult-earthed HV neutral conductor neutral conductor of @ distribution fine connected 10 the earthing system of the source transformer and segularly earthed 24.21 ‘exposed-conductive-part ‘conductive part af equipment which can be touched and which is not normally ve, bul which can become ‘ive when basic insulation fails (EV 826-12-10} HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 2 3 ‘extraneous-conductive-part conductive part net forming part af the electrical installation and liable to introduce an electric patential, generally the electric potential of a iocal earth {EV 26-12-11, modilied) 4.29 PEN conductor ‘conductor combining the functions af both protective earthing conductor and neutral conductor HEV 826-13-25] 34.24 ‘earth fault fault caused by a conductor being connected 10 earth or by the insulation resistance to earth becoming Jess than a specified value MEV 151-03-40:1978] NOTE Garth fouts of te or sovwval phase conductors ofthe same system at erent locations are designated as double or ‘rape eat fats, 3.4.25 systom with isolated neutral system in which the neutrals of transformers and generators ore not intentionally connected to earth, ‘except for high impedance connections for signalling, measuring or protection purposes [IEV 601-02-24, moditfed] 3.8.26 ‘system with resonant earthing system in which at least one neutral of a transformer or earthing transfarmer is earthed via an anc Suppression coil and the combined inductanice of all arc suppression coils Is essentially tuned ta the earth ‘capacitance of the sysiem for the operating frequency NOTE + Ir case of no gettentinguishing arc fauk here are tac ctferent aparation methods usec sutceratic decannecton onlinaous eperstian diring fault localisation process, th eraar fects th faut oe bart tern easthing foe detection shart tar aasthing fer ing, + eparaton massures, such as disconnection of coupled busbar phage earning, NOTE 2 Are suppression col may nave high ohmic resistor in zara! fo fille faut eatetion jon and operatian tha ava erent cupporting prooe auras 38.27 system with low-impedance neutral earthing system In which at least one neutral of a transformer, earthing transformer or genetator is earthed directly or Via an impedance designed such that due to an earth fault al any location the magnitude of the fault ‘current leads to a reliable automatic tripping due to the magnitude of the fault curent HEV 601-02-26, 601-02-26] 3.4.28 ‘garth fault current, current which flows from te main eircult to earth ar earthed parts at the fauit fecatian (earth fault secation) (Figure 2 and Figure 3) NOTE 1 For single earth fut, tists fr syetamns mith goto neutral, the capacitive eath fault curt = sm systems wit igh resiews sacthng, the AIC composed ear faut cure, s fn Systeris mil esenant earthing, the ear Kut resis curt - 17 SyStorns with sa or fow impedance noua’ waving, the Ine: fo-eant shorter curren NOTE 2 Further earth tau cumect may resut Sram double earth lout and fae to fina io earth HRN EN 50522:2012 13 EN 50522:2010 3.4.29 ‘current to earth, fe ‘current flowing to earth via the impedance to earth (see Figure 2) NOTE The currantto cart is the part ef the cath faut current, hich causes the potential rise ofthe earthing system. For the ‘dstarmingtion of € sae also Annex L 3.4.30 reduction factor, F ‘actor rof a three phase line is the ratio of the current to earth over the sum of the zero sequence currents in the phase conductors of the main circuit (F = ip 3 4) al a paint remate from the short-circuit location and the earthing system of an instalation 3431 circutating transformer neutral current Portion of fault cument which flows back Ja the transformer neutral point via the metalic parts andlor the earthing sysiem without ever aischarging into soil 3.4.32 horizontal earth electrode ‘electrode which is generally buried at a depth of up to approximately 1 m. It can consist of strip, round bar ‘or stranded conductor and can be laid out to form 9 radial, ring or mesh earth electrade or a combination ofthese 34.93 ‘cable with earth electrode effect cable whase shealhs, screens or armaurings have the same effect as a strip earth electrode 34.04 foundation earth electrode conductive slructural embedded in concrete which is in conductive conlact with the earth via a large surface [EV 826-13-08, modified) 3.4.35 potential grading earth electrode ‘conductor which due to shape and arrangement is principally used for potential grading rather than for establishing a certain resistance ta earth HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 14 te Un Reference earth (in suffiient sistance) Lol Cable having 2 continous metalic ‘sheath insulated throughout but with Without with both ends exposed. Sheath is potential grading potential grading connected ta earth a the substation. E Earth electrode Earth petentialrise '$1,82,$3 _Pltontial grading oarin Us Prospoctive step voltage electrodes (eg. ring earth Us Prospective touch waltage electrodes), connected to A” Prospective touch waltage resulting the earth electrode E from ransferred polentalin case of ‘single side eabio sheath earthing 8 Prospective touch voltage resulting ‘om transferred petenval in ease of ‘cable sheath earthed on both sides Earth surface potential Figure 1 - Example for the surface potential profile and for the voltages: Ih ease of current carrying earth electrodes agrees Fes Fels HRN EN 50522:2012 16 EN 50522:2010 Bb nase conductor Equivalent circuit en ei (1-919 earth wre Earthing system ie ue Jz [Jas []z 1 fe Fete Fa3ht For equal earth wire tower ree — bu ‘cotna impedances of he geben tverhoad ines Three times zero sequence current of the line Curent via neutral earthing of the transformer Earth fault everant Current to earth (cannot be measured directly) Current via the resistance ta earth of the mesh earth elactrade: Reeduetian factor of the averhead ine Resistance to earth of the mesh earth electrode Resisiance to earth of the tomer Shain impedance (ear wretawer footing) of he overtoad line 2rsumed to be infita Impedance to earth Earth potential rise Number of overhead lines leaving the substation (here: n= 2) Figure 2 - Example for currents, voltages and resistances for an earth fault in a transtormer substation with low impedance neutral earthing HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 16 feede NOTE 4 may ines ohmic compensa a) Earth fault current in a system with isolated neutral b) Earth fault current in a system with resanant earthing fee Pas ¢) Earth fault current in a system with low impedance neutral earthing NOTE Iti the same orders Pas this cuentas o be considered! adlonally HRN EN 50522:2012 v EN 50522:2010 Ipes aflera short time 1" 43 <4) Earth fault current in a system with resonant earthing and temporary low impedance neutral earthing t Mee Fault location 2 ©) Double earth fault current in.a system with isolated neutral or resonant earthing ’ Earth faut current b Gapacive earth fault current (complex value, including ohmic component t Sum of the currents of the parallel arc-suppression coll (complex value, including ohmic component) 4 Hormanic curent (cfirant frequencies) ea anh fault residual current Fur teital symmetical short-etcuit curent for 3 lineto-earth short circuit Fico Double earth fault current NOTE els theahmic pant complak vals of (K+ 1), Figure 3 - Essential components of earth fault currents in high voltage systems HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 18 4 Fundamental requirements 4.4 General requirements This standard provides the criteria for design, installation, testing and maintenance of an earthing system such that it operates under all conditions and ensures the safety of human fife in any place to which persons have legitimate access. I also provides the critera to ensure that the integrity of equipment ‘connacted and in proximity to tha earthing system is maintained Installations and equipment shall be capable of withstanding electrical, mechanical, climatic and environmental influences anticipated an site. The design shall take inte account — the purpose of the installation, the users requirements such as power qually, reliabilly, avaitabilty, and abitty of the electrical retwork to withstand the effects of transient conditions such as starting of large motors, short power outages and re-energization of the installation. the safety af the operators and the pubic, the environmental influence, the passibiity far extansian (i required) and maintenance, 42 Electrical requirements 42.1 Methods of neutral earthing The method of neutral earthing sirongly influences the fault current level and the fault current duration. Further more the neutral earthing method is important with regard to the following selection of insutation level; — characterisnes of overvoltage limiting devices such a5 spark gaps or surge arrester selection of protective relays; design of earthing system. The following are examples of neutral earthing methods: = iBolated neutral: = resonant earthing; = high resistive earthing: ‘solid flow impedance) earthing. The choice of the type of neutral earthing is normaly based on the folowing cntria: — focal regulations (it ary); = continully of supply required for the network; — limitation of damage to equipment caused by earth teu = selective elimination of fauly sections of the network; = detection of fault location: = touch and step vollages; inductive interierence; = operation and maintenance aspects. HRN EN 50522:2012 19 EN 50522:2010 One galvanically connecied system has only one method of neulsal earthing. Different galvanically independent systems may have diferent methods of neuiral earthing I different neuiral earthing ‘configurations can eceur during normal or abnormal operating condinans, equipment and protective system shall be designed to aperate under these conditions, 4.2.2 Shortcircuit currant Installations shall be designed, constructed and erected ta safely withstand the mechanical and thermal effects resulting fram short-circuit currents. ‘The objective is to tfotermine: the Worst case fault scenario for every relevant aspect of the functional requirements, as these may differ. The following types of fault shall be examined at each voltage level present in the installation: a) three phases to earth: 1b} two phases to earth: ¢} single phase lo earthy; d] phase to phase vie earth (cross country earth fault) Faults within and outside the installation site shallbe examined te determine the worst fault cation, ‘Simultaneous faults in different voltage systems are not considered, Installations shal! be protected with automatic devices t0 disconnect three-phase and phase-to-phase short-circuits. Installations shall be protected either with automatic devices to discennect earth faults of to indicate the earth fault condition. The selection of the device is dependent upon the method of neutral earthing. The standard valve of rated duration of the short-circuit is 1,0 s. NOTE ia va other than ¥ 5s appropriate, recommended valves would be 0.$ 5, 2.0 8 end 3.05, NOTE 2 The eed cation should be determined taking io eansidaration the feul swing line 4.3 Safety criteria The hazard! lo human beings is thal a cuirrerl wil low through the region of the heart which is suffice to cause veninicular fibailation. The current limit, for power-requency purposes. is derived from the appropriate cue in JEC/TS 60479.1. This body current limit is translated into voltage Jims for -eomparison with the calculated step and touch voltages taking into aecount the following factors; proportion of current flowing through the segion of the heart; - body impedance afong the current path; - sesistance between the body contact points and e.g. metal structure to hand including glove. feet to remote earth including shoes or gravel = fault duration In must alsa be recognized that fault occurrence, fault current magnitude, fault duration and presence: af ‘human beings are probabilistic ix nature. For installation design, the curve shown in Figure 4 is calculated according to the method defined in Annex Aand Annex B. NOTE The curve based on cata extracted fom (ECTS 60479-1 body impedance rom Table ¥ oF IECTS Bn478+1{n0! exceeded by 50 % of the population: ‘permisstie pagy curent coraspanding (0 the GF carve n Figure 20 and Table 17 of ECTS 80478 1 yprobabuly of ventricular bellow less han 55 = hase eument lector accorelng to Table 12.0f JECTS 6047S: HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 20 The curve in Figure 4, which gives the permissible touch voitage, should be used. As a generat nile meating the touch voltage requirements satisfies the stop voltage requirements, ‘because the folorabie step voltage limits are much higher than touch volage liants due to the different ‘current path through the body. For installations where high voltage equipment is not located in closed electrical operating areas, ©.g. io .an industrial environment, a giobal earthing system should be used fo prevent touch voltages resulting from HV ‘auits exceeding the low vollage Jims given in HD 60964-4-81 (@.g. 80 V). 44 Functional requirements The earthing system, its components and bonding conductors shail be capable of distributing and discharging the fault current without exceeding thermal and mechanical design limits based on backup Protection operating time. The earthing system shall maintain its integrity for the expected installation Welime mith due allewance for ‘sorrosion and mechanical constraints, Earthing system performance shall avoid damage le equipment due fo excessive potential rise, potential differences within the earthing system and due lo excessive currents flawing in auxilary paths nat intended for cartying parts of the full current The earthing system, in combination with appropriate measures, shall maintain step, touch and transferred ‘potentials within the voltage limits based on normal operating time of protection relays and breakers. NOTE The wauremant to keep step and touch wollsges within permissible Javels dows not apply ta temporary earth connections portable earthing equipment) al work cabana, The earthing system performance shail contribute to ensuring electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) among electrical and electronic apparatus of he high-voltage system in accordance with IEG/TS 61000-5-2. 5 Design of earthing systems 54 General Parameters relevant to earthing system dimensioning are: = valve of fault current 1) ; = fault duration 1) soll characteristics, 5.2 Dimensioning with respect to corrosion and mechanical strength 5.2.1 Earth electrodes The electrodes, being directly In contact with the soi, shall be of materials capable of withstanding corrosion (chemical or biological allack, oxidation, formation of an electrolytic couple, electrolysis, etc.) ‘They have ta resist the mechanical influences during their installation as well as those occurring during normal service. It is acceptable to use steel embedded in concrete foundations and steel piles or ather natural earth electrodes as a part of the earthing system. Mechanical strength and corrosion considerations dictate the minimum dimensions for earth electrades given in Annex C. If a diferent material, for example stainless sieel, is used, this material and its dimensions shall meet the functional requirements, 1) hase parameters mainly depend on te mthod of earthing the netiral af tne high veitaga system, HRN EN 50522:2012 a EN 50522:2010 5.2.2 Earthing conductors (Due to mechanical strength and stabilty against corrosion minimum ¢ross-sections are = copper: 16 mm? {but see also G.5) — aluminiy 36 mmé = steot 50 mm? $.2.3 Bonding conductors itis recommended that the sizing of bonding conductors isin line with 5.2.2 NOTE Eemning and honding conductors mage of see! need appropriate ane sullable protactan against comtsan, 5.3 Dimensioning with respect to thermal strength 5.3.1 General The currents to be taken into account for earthing conductors and earth electrades are specified in Table 1 NOTE + tr some cases stescyesiate zero-sequence currents must be taker sarthing syste. NOTE 2 Fardesign pumosas, the currants uvad to talcuste the conductor size shoul take into account the Rossii offre ‘rue ‘The fault current is often subdivided in the earth electrode system; itis, therefare, feasible te dimension each electrode and earthing conductor far only a fraction af the faull current to aooaunt foe the dimensioning of tha relevant Final temperatures involved in the design and to which reference #s made in Annex D shall be chosen in order to avoid reduction of the material strength and to avoid damage of tha material surrounding, for ‘example concrete or insulating materials, Ne permissible temperature rise of the soil surrounding the ‘earth electrodes is given in this slandard because experience shows that soll lemperature rise is usually not significant. 5.3.2 Current rating calculation The calculation of the cross-section of the earthing conductors or earth electrodes depending on the value and the duration of the fault current is given in Annex D. There is diserimination between fault duration lower than § s (adiabatic temperature rise) and greater than $s, The final temperature is to be chosen, taking into account the material and the surroundings. Nevertheless, the minimum cross-sections of 5.2.2 have fo be considered NOTE The currart conying ospabilly ofthe Iype ofjinis used (especialy bolted joints} i o be taken into account. HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 22 Table 1 - Relevant cur nts for'the design of earthing systems Relevant far thermal Relevant for earth loading ** Type of high w ‘ype of high voltage system ah faving] mi ean ec elecirade | canductor ‘Systems with Isolated neutral: Pee fie . ‘System with resonant earthing Includes shorl lime earthing for detection Substations without arc-suppression . : ° an ee tee fear hes ‘Substations with are-suppressian coils Nae fear yd + aes Systems with low-impedance neutral earthing Includes short time earthing for tripping ® Substation without neutral earthing keeles ‘Substation with neutral earthing Ta ri ker (ahd® H several curent palhs are possible a split up may Be considered thera is no avtomatic disconnection of earth faults, the need le consider double earth faults depends on operalonal experiance. “The earthing conductor of the Petersen coll has to be sized according to the maximum call current has to be cheeked if external fault may be decisive ‘The minimum cross-sections of annex © are lo be considered, In case of not well compensated system the general approach of 10% f; can not be applied, The reachve/capacitive component of residual currant has 'o be considered additionally Short term earthing af systern wth resanant eaxthing starts automaticaly within $ s after earth fault sdatection, In case of a fault in the substation the capacitive earth fault current 4; has to be considered. In case of further colls exleenal to the substation they may be considered Legend: ‘Calculated or measured capacitive enh fault curent Earth fault residual current (see Figure 38) If the exact value is not available, 10 Sof le may be assumed. ‘Sum of the rated currents of the parallel are-suppressicn coils in the relevant substation [Double carth fault current calculated in accordance wrth IEC 80909, 6 % af the intial symmetncal short-circult current may be used as a maximum value Initial eymmelieal short-eveuit eurvent for a tine-lo-sarth shor-direut, caleulated if aeeoraanee wth EN 60303 Current io-earth (see Figure 2) ‘4 Gusrent via neutral earthing of the transformer (see Figure 2) Reduction factar (848 Anne) |W the tings and cables leaving the substation have diferent reduction factors, the relevant currant has to be determined (in accordance with Annex L) HRN EN 50522:2012 23 EN 50522:2010 5.4 Dimensioning with regard to touch voltages 5.4.1 Permissible values ‘Touch voltage limits are-given in Figure 4, as stated in 4.3 (safety criteria) Hamever Figure d is based only on bare hand to hand or hand to fest contact. It is allowable to use the ‘aloulations given in Annex. to take account of additional resistances .g. footwear, superficial nigh resistivity materials, Every earth fault will be disconnected automatically or by hand. Thus tauch vollages of very lang or indefinite duration do nat appear as a consequence of earth faults, 5.4.2 Measures for the observance of permissible touch voltages Application of the fundamental requirements wil give the basic design of the earthing system, This design hhas. to be checked with respect fo tauch voltages and could then be considered as a type design for similar situations. For the vaiues of the permissible touch voltages Uy, Figure 4 shall be used. These permissible values are considered to be satisfied if -sither one of the conditions C is satisfied: Ct: The relevant installation becomes a part of a global earthing system. C2; The earth potential rise, determined by measurement or calculation does not exceed double the value of the permissible touch vollage in accordance with Figure 4, - ar the relevant recognized specified measures M are carried out in accordance with the magnitude of the earth potential rise and the fault duration. These measures are described in Annex Additional rasistancas can be taken into account to determine tha praspective permissible touch voltage Ure acearding to Annex A and Annex B. ‘A flawichart ofthis design pracess is given in Figure 5. If neither the conditions C are satisfied nor the recagnized specified measures M are carried out, then the ‘stipulation for the permissible touch voltage Ur, of Figure 4 has to be proved, generally by measurements, Alamatively atype design may bé used that ensures the requirements in 6.4.4 are fully met, NOTE Asan aitsmstvs to using he conditions G and the recognized apecied measures Mths values of hs touch woitagss can be checks by bald meatunenants, ‘Transterred potentials are always to be checked separately, The earth potential rise and touch vollages of an earthing system may be calculated from available data (Goll resistivity, impedance to earth of existing earthing systems, see Annex J}. For the calculation all earth ‘electrodes and other earthing systems, which are reliably connected 19 the relevant earthing system wath sufficient current carrying capacity, may be considered. In particular, this applies to connected overhead earth wires, wires buried in earth and cables with earth electrode effect This also applies to earthing systems, which are conductively connected to the relevant earthing system vie sheaths or screens of cables, PEN-conductors or in another way, For the proof by calculation with the help of Figure J.3 all cables with earth electrode effect can be considered, unless they are laid on more than four routes. These cables may belong to systems af different voltages NOTE — Ir the case of mare than four rautes thei mutual ivluance must nal be neglected: therafora au af tha existing routes enty four haw to bo selected. In case sevoral eaas ava laid ina contain raute he langth may be included enly once HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 24 For the determination of the earth potential rise and touch voltages the currents of Table 1 are relevant. For proof by measurement, Clause & (with reference to Annex H and Annex L) has ta be considered, 54.3 Design procedure Design of an earthing sysiam can be accomplished as fallaws: 4) data collection e.g, earth fault current, fault duration and layaut; 4) initia! design of the earthing system based on the functional requirements; 6) determine iti is part of a global earthing system: dif not, determine soll characteristics e.g. specilic sail resistivity of layers; @) determine based on earth favit current the current discharged into soil from earthing systenr 1 determine based on fayeut, soil characteristics and parallel earthing systems the overall mpedance to earth: a) determine earth potential rise; i) determine permissible touch voltage; J) if the earth potential rise Is below the permissible touch voltage and the requirements af Table 2 are mel, the design is carpe; NOTE The-Gosign i eo completa IEPA i mss ten 2 Ure accoring ta 542. J it not, determine if toueh voltages inside and in the vicinity of the earthing system are below the tolerable limits; .k} determine if transferred potontials present a hazard outside ar inside the electrical power installation. it yes, proceed with miigation at exposed focation; determine if tow voltage equipment is exposed io excessive stress vollage. If yes, proceed with mitigation measures, which can include separation of HV and LV earthing systems; mi) detenhine if the circulating transformer ceutral current can lead io excessive potential diférences between different parts of the earthing system. Jf yes, proceed with mitigation measures; Once the above entena have been met, the design can be refined, if necessary. by repeating the above steps. Detailed design is necessary to ensure that all exposed conductive parts, are earthed. Extraneous conductive parts shal be earthed, it appropriate. The structural earth electrode shall be bonded and form part of the earthing system. I! not bonded, ventication is necessary to ensure that all safely requirements are met. Metalic structures with cathoalé protection may be Separated trom the earthing sysiem. Precaulfons such .as labeling shall be taken to ensure that when such measures are taken, maintenance work or moaliications will not inadivertentiy nullity ther. HRN EN 50522:2012 -25- EN s0s22:2010 inaaain Pecmissibie touch voltage Up 1009 -—_— 200 200 700 650 0 400 200 200 10 ° . 100 11000 10.600 Tie in ms Fi Figure 4 - Permissible touch voltage NOTE Far ouration of curent fow-considersaly longer than 10 8 8vaius of 0 V may be used 36 parmissibis touch vata Up. HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 26 Basic Design Determination of Ip, Ze from this: relevant {from Tab. 1 Uc? lex 2g 2,880.3 Usp refers to Fig. 4 Determination of U;| (Caloulation | Ig, (permissible or or bbody current) Determination of f, | Measurement) | refers to curve c2 of IEC/TS 604701 (see Annex B) Additional measures Recognized specified measures M / Correct Design, Gary Figure § -Design of earthing systems, if not part of a global earthing system (G1 of 5.4.2), with regard to permissible touch voltage Ur, by checking the earth potential rise Up or the touch voltage Ur HRN EN 50522:2012 ar EN 50522:2010 @ Measures to avoid transferred potential 6.1 Transferred potential from High voltage systems to Low voltage systems 6.1.1 High and low voltage earthing systems Where high and lave voltage earthing systems exist in proximity to each other and do not form a global earthing system, part of the EPR from the HV system can be applied on the LV system. Two practices are presently used: 4) interconnection of all HV with LV earthing systems; .b) separation of HV trom LV-earthing systerns. In either case, the relevant requirements. canceming step, touch and transfer potentials specified below shall be complied with within 2 substation and at a LV insiailation supplied from that substation. NOTE interconnection is peered when practicable 6.4.2 LV supply only within HV substations Where Ihe LV system is tolally confined wilhin the arga covered by the HV earthing system bath earthing -sysiems shall be interconnected, even if there is no giabal earthing system. 64.3 LV supply leaving or coming to HV substations Full compliance is ensured if the earthing system of the HV insiatlauion is part ef a global earthing system OF connected ta @ mult-earthed HV neutral conductar in @ balanced sysiem. If here is no global earthing systarn the drinimum requirements of Table 2 shall be used ta identity these situations where interconnection of earthing systems with tow voltage supply outside the high voltage installation is feasible I high vatage anc! low voltage earthing systems are separate, the method of separating earth electrodes shall be chosen such that no danger fo persons or equigment cart occur in the law Vollage installation. This means that step, touch and transfer potentials and stress voltage in the LV installation caused by a high voltage fault are within the appropriate mits. NOTE Far installations with reted vitages Below SD ki a distance of 20 m hatwean Senarsted waning Systems has Deen Used in many cases, For cattam an strcloes other valine may be appropriate 6.4.4 LVin the proximity of HV substation Special consideration should be given to LV systems which are located in the zone of influence of the HV substation earthing system. For industrial and commercial instaltations a common earthing system can be used. Que to the close proximity of equjoment it is not possible ta separate earthing systems. HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 28 Table 2 - Minimum requirements for interconnection of low voltage and high voltage earthing systems based on EPR limits EPA Requirements ‘Stress Varage" ‘Type of LV system ** Touch Voltage avr awraven aut aurauen| babs bree 7 Not anaicabie PR et zm pas 260 ¥ ™ EPs Fu PRs 1200 Epas 250 ¥ Bireaieoanaa ‘Asper TN spake PRs 1200 EPAS 259 fa ~ Pra i er Net appieane cpr et env eA 280 ¥ Fordtinions of tha type of LV systoms, c00 HD 368.1 For talecarmunication equipment the ITU réconmmendasons should be used Limi may be increased f anpregrate LV aquinment Is insinled or EPR may be replaced by focal potential erences based on measurements ar calculations {the PEN er neuival conductor ofthe low vatape-eyslem is camectsd to earth anly atthe HV earthing system, the vale of Esha be 3. * thy feonvea trom Figura NOME Tha fypica vabe tor F ie 2 Higher Vales OF F may Os apes where hare are adstana! eonnecione af the PEN concoct fo earth. Far certain soi snictures, the vaive of F may be up fo 5. Gaui is necessary wher this rele is ape ia “S08 Wen gh vesistioly conirast where Ihe fop layer nas @ Ngner resstigy, The touch voltage im hs case can excBed SO ome EPA, 6.2. Transferred potentials to telecommunication and other systems Rules for telecommunication systams in or in the vicinity of high voltage earthing systems are outside the scope of this standard, Existing interational decuments (e.g, ITU recommendatians and directives) are to bbe taken into accaunt when dealing with transferred potentials to telecommunicatian systems. Cables and insulated metallic pipes going into or out of a substation can be exposed to voltage differences during an earth faull inside the substation Depending on the way the cable screen and/or armouring are earthed (at one or beth ends) significant stress voltages or currents in the screen and/or armouring may occur. The insulation of cables or pipes hhas to be: dimensioned accordingly. In-case of earthing at one end this may be done inside or outside the substation. Attentior the possible touch voltages at the insulated other end, to be paid to Precautions, as shown by the following examples, may be taken where necessary: ‘ecruption of the continuity of metallic parts where they leave the area of the earthing syste = insulation of conductive parts or areas: = installation of suilable barriers around conductive parts or areas to prevent their being touched; = installation of an insulated barrier between parts connected ta different earthing systems; = suitable potential grading; = limiting overvaltages by using suitable devices HRN EN 50522:2012 29 EN 50522:2010 If a high vollage earthing system becomes part of a global earthing system, where normally no dangerous: potential differences appear, problems may arise f conductive parts of insulated pipes, cables, etc. connected to 2 ramole earth potential and earthed conducive parts of the high voltage instalation are simultaneously accessible. Ibis therefore necessary for this equipment to be placed at @ sufficient distance from the areas influenced. by earth electrodes. If this is not possible, suitable measures have to be taken, A general distance cannot be specified, the degree of danger has to be determined for each incividual case. 7 Construction of earthing systems 7.1 Installation of earth electrades and earthing conductors ‘An earthing system is generally composed of several horizontal, vertical or inclined electrodes, buried or riven into the soll by force. The use of chemicals to reduce Soil resistvly is nol recommended Horizontal earth electrodes are preferably buried al a depth of 0,5 m to 1 mibelow ground level, This gives sufficient mechanical protection. It is recommended that the earth electrode is situated below the frost line, Inthe case of vertical driven reds, the top of each rod will usualfy be situated below ground level. Vertical fr inclined driven rods are particularly advantageous when the soil resistivity decrease's with depth Metal frameworks, earthed in accordance with this standard, whieh form a constnaction unit, may be used ‘ag an earthing conductor to earth parts which are directly fixed lo this framework. Consequently, the whole framevrork shall have a sufficiently conductive cross-section and the joints shall be conductively and mechanically reliable. Precautions shall be taken to avoid part of the framework becoming disconnected from the earthing system when lemporary dismanliing takes place. Large frameworks shall be connected tothe earthing system in a sufficient number of points. Where construction work involves an existing earthing system, protective measures shall be taken to ensure the satéty af persons dung fauit conditons. ‘General installation details can be found in Annex K, 7.2. Lightning and transients Lightning and switching operations are sources of high and iow trequency currents and voltages. Surges typically occur when switching fong cable sections, operating GIS discornectors oF carrying out back-lo- ‘back capacitor switching. Suceesstu! attenuation requires suificient elecirode density at injection points to ‘deal with high frequency currents, together with an earthing system of sufficient extent to deat with law frequency currents, The HV earthing system shall form part of the lightning protection system and additional earthing conductors may be required at injection points. Relevant electromagnetic compatibility and lightning standards shall be used to address specific aspects: elated to the transient performance of the earthing system and its components. When an industrial of commercial installation includes more than one building: of iocation, the earthing system of each shall be inierconnected. Since during surges such as lighining strokes, there will be a Jarge difference in potential between the earthing systems of each bullaing and Jecation in spite of the Jnterconnection, measures shall be taken fo prevent damage fo sensitive equipment connected between diferent buildings or fecations, Where possible, ron metalié media, such as fibre eptic cable, should be used for the exchange of low-level signals between such locations. HRN EN 50522:2012 EN 50522:2010 30 ‘Annex F gives information for the design and construction of earthing systems to reduce the effects of high frequency interference, 7.3. Measures for earthing on equipment and installations All exposed conductive parts which are parl af the electrical system shall be earthed: in special cases insulated zones shall be created Extraneous conductive parts shall be earthed if appropriate, e.g. due to arcing, mechanical failures, ‘eapacitive and inductive coupling. Detailed measures for earthing on fences, pipes, traction rails, @to, can be found in Annex G. 8 Measurements Measuremenis shall be camied out after construction, where necessary, to verily the adequacy of the design. Measurements may inciude the earthing sysiem impedance, prospective touch and step voltages at relevant locations and transferred potential, if appropriate. When measuring touch and step voltages under test condltions, ¢.g. Curent injection fest, two choices are possible. EMther measure the prospective touch and step voltages using a high impedance voltmeter or measure the elfective touch and step voltages appearing across an appropriate resistance which represemis the human body. (Details are given in Annexes H, Land M, 9 Maintainabttity 3.4 Inspections The construction of the earthing system shall be carried out in a way that the condition of the earthing system can be examined periodically by inspection. Excavating at selective locations and visual inspection are aporopriate means which shall be considered 9.2 Measurements Design and installation of the earthing system shail allow measurements to be canted out periodically or folowing major changes affecting fundamentat requirements, or even for continuity Jest. HRN EN 50522:2012 a4 EN 50522:2010 Annex A (normative) Method of calculating permissible touch voltages Formula: Usp = ; Uy) BF ip = Fale) ZU) Factors: Touch vetlage ub Permissible tauch voltage Ut Fauit duration 4 Body cuureent tent att 62 iv Figure 20 and Table 11 of JECITS 0479-1, where probability of ventricular tibsilation Is lass than 5 % J depends on fault duration Heart current factor HE Table 12 of ECTS 60475-1, Le. 1,0 for left hand to test, 0.8 far right hand to feet, 0.4 far hand to hand Body impedance Z1U;) Table 1 and Figure 3 of ECTS 60479-1 Zr not exceeded by 50% of the population 2; depends on fouch voltage. Therefore frst calculation has to start with assumed love! Body factor BF Figure 8 of IEC/TS 60479-1, i.e. 0,75 for hand to both feet, 0,5 for both hand to feet NOTE 1 Oilerent ouch voliage conettions, e.g. le bane io Jeet, hand o hand, fee to alllerentiierablelouch volages. Figure 4 ‘of tis sanaiar ig Bazed on a weighted average faen fram four effarant touch voitage configura, Touch vaitaga Jet hand fe Jeet fweiied J.0), (ouch vomage night hand to fee

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