of Pasticles: Wave Nature of M and its Localizations in Space the Atom: Hydrogen Correspondence Pr Guay vector ea actos Seeslngs Independent Sg os co" Recommended 1 SopThe Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation and MatterElectromagnetic Radiation—Photons (THEORY OF PHOTONS eto quantum interpretation, electromagnetic radiation consists of particle-ti nergy celled photons or quanta, Each photon has an energy E that depends only on the of the rediation and is given by : ; 26 >» 10-* J-s is Planck’ constant. at the speed of light, they must, according to relativity theory, hive zero rest mass; 5 rely kinetic. If a photon exists, then it moves at the speed of light, c; if it ceases to 1, it ceases to exist. For nig = 0, the relativistic momentuin-energy relation (Szction 8.5) ¢. Thus, each photon has a momentum of ons travel number of photons urea x lime energy of one photon) x = 4.136 x 10-8 eV-s = 124keV-A 1.602 x 10°?) and-1A = 10°!m. 59CHAR 9} ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION—PHGTONS 6 ‘A wave picture of light can explain only result (2), the increase of current with intensiny, since the OFS intense the light, the more energy transmitted by the weve, ard the more electrons that should be emitted. ‘The other results, however, are completely inexplicable in terms of a wave picture (see Problem 9.9) ‘The quantum interpretation of light consisting of photons expleins all the experimental results. In quantum picture the energy carried by a photon is absorted ty a single electron. Ifthe electron is © from the material, the difference between the energy absorted by the electron and the energy sith the electron wes bound to the surface appears as Kinetic energy of the electron. The electrons are bound 10 the surfece with varying energies, but the binding energy of the least tighthy bound electrons depends 0" the material of the emitter. The energy required to remove these least tightly bound electrons is called the work function, 6, of the material. Hence, the electrons will be ejected with various kinetic energies Fenging from zero to a maximum value given by Maximum kinetic energy of emitted electron nding energy of the least tightly bound electron) = (energy carried by photon) — V7, the maximura-energy relation becomes thereby explaining experimental result (3). Since Kg eV, =hv-o where @ = elf. Hence the linear relation of result (4) is explained, along with the existence of ¢ thresho'd frequency (result (5)) given by ivy, = ey Below this threshold frequency the incident photons will not kave sufficient energy to release even the least ty bound electrons, no matter how intense the light. The short delay time of experimental result (1) is also explained, because the absorption of a photcn occurs almost instantaneously. Finally, the more interise tho Hight, th hoton deausiiy, and hence the more electrons that wilh be ejected, thereby explaining result (2), js scagtered by sn Clectray Foonen phere? BA fie N 9.3 THE COMPTON EFFECT Te frequme} of scat P Rees es ‘The wave intcrprctation predicts that shen electromagnetic radiation is scatteed from a charged Th eh doug fartele the scared radon will have the same ffequeney asthe incident radiation inal recions. Pret eu, Arthur H_ Compton, in 1922, demonstrated that if the quantum interpretation of electromagnetic radiation is accepted then the sated radaton will have a fequency tht is smaller tan that of he incident FE radiations’ and also depends on the angle of scattering. Compton's analysis involved, in effect, viewing the scattering of electromagnetic radiation from © * charged particle as 2 perfectly elastic, billiard ball type of collision between a photon and the effectively) “>A free charged particle, as shown in Fig. 9-2.,Even though the details of the interaction are not known, conservation of energy and momentum can be applied. It is found that the scattered photon undergoes a in wavelength, AZ, given bj ? shift in wavelength, A7, given by 4 oa ch Et cos) Pitdn X (1 ~ cos: : moc Sa ee ecm LU ; pres (Gee Problem 9.27). The quantity A/nigc is usually called the Camprou wavelength; its value for an electron j is 0.0243 A. Note that the shift in the wavelength depends only on the scattering angle 0 and is independent photon’ energy. é theoretical relationship experimentally by scantering X-rays (4 i fev) rs of maaninudle laraer than ating these electrons.as flee pacticles is « good approximations Ax Waveloy of ‘nu dul. pratt son electrons, sot energy of the-ouCHAR. 8} annihilation can take place in empry space and both energy and momentum pi that nua En ot mg Ky Kaa iy + he = Pees hot” im, vyrh ine where k is the photon’s propagation veetor, [k| = 2/2. (0) Before pair annihilation Both pair production and pair annihilation can occur with other particles and antiparticles, such as @ proton and an antiproton (see Problem 9:92) 95 ABSORPTION OF PHOTONS The intensity of a beam of radiation will be reduced as it passes through material because photons will bbe removed or scattered fiom the forward direction by some combination of the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, and pair production. The reduction in intensity ote ‘exponential attenuation law 1 le (9.1) Here fy is the intensity of the radiation incident on the absorber and (the linear absorption coefficient) is, for a given photon energy, a constant that depends on the particular absorbing material, For any given material, ¢ will vary-with-the energy (or wavelength) of'the radiation because different predominate at different energies. Solved Problems THE THEORY OF PHOTONS 9.1 Find the wavelength and frequency of 9 1.0keV photon, ane he _ (dev A Ans. de Bee 2AELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION—-PHOTONS. Find the momentum of 12.0MeV’ photon. brought to rest in one Caleulate the frequency of the photon preduced when an electron of 20 keV is collision with 2 heavy nucleus. Ans, Assuming all the kinetic energy of the electron is used to produce the photon, we have < Ena = Feet K tang = he nee 20 x 10 eV = (4.136 x 10 eV sv v= 4.84 « 10" He 9.9 Show that momentum is not conserved in Problem 9.3. Ans. The intial momentum of the electron is found from. t ESE! = G8 +E) or (OMRMEY + 0.511 Mev) = (7.07 +(0511 Mev)? whence p, = 0.144 MeV/c, But Fynacn _ 0.02 MeV Porat = Pre Yi ‘much more massive than the electron, its change in energy could be neglected in Problem 9.3. “The excess momentum is absorbed by the nucleus that stops the electron, Because the nucleus: td Ans. From hefty 9.6 What energy does @ photon have if its momentum is equal to that of a 3MeV electron? Ans, The momentum and energy of an electron are related by. Eos (pecl + By? of (MeV + 0.511 MeVI? = (pQc} + (0.511 MeV? whence pe = 3.47 MeV/c, The energy of the photon = pe = pec = (347 MeV/c)e = 3.47 MeV 9.7 Monochromatic light of wavelength 3000 A is incident normally on a surface of area 4cm*. If the intensity of the light is 15 x 10-? W/m?, determine the rate at which photons strike the surface Ans. ‘The energy per photon is he _ (6.63. 107 J 33. 108 m/s) — 6.63 x 10-7) 0mELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION—PHOTONS ‘ total energy fox is ‘ 15 x 10-2 W/miX4 x 10-tm!) = 6 x 16 ce, the rate at which photons strike the surface is = 9.05 x 10"? photors/s 9.8 A radio station operates ata frequency of 103.7 MHz with a power output of 260 kW. Determine j rate of er ns. ‘The energy of each quantum is E = hy = (6.63 x JO -5)(103.7 x 108s") = 6.88 « 10-7) se Number of quanta J 1 quantum po quanta ee or auant = 200 x 1022 x Laverne _ 2.9) x 19” SE time 200% 101s * Se x 10-T s ‘THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 9.9 Consider a potassium surface that is 75cm away from @ 100-watt bulb. Suppose that the energy’ radiated by the bulb is 5% of the input power. Treating each potassium atom as a circular disk of diameter 1 A, determine the time required for each atom to absorb an amount of energy equal to its work function of 2.0eV; according to the wave interpretation of light. Ans. Treating the bulb as a point source, the intensity at the location of the potassium surfece is 0.707 W/m? 4n(0.75 my" “The oer idea Gat se Power per stom = intensity (area pee storm) = (020 3) ORO 56 x 10-2 Ww fi q ‘The time interval to absorb 2.0 eV of energy is then found from __ energy ime = £0088Y _ (2.00VXI.6 x 10-147 POM = inet AN OE apes ae eee ERAT os ah In this calculation it has beer-assumed thatalltheTncident energy has beerrabsorbed. Since, with a wave picture, much of the incident energy would be reflected, the actual calculated time would be in excess of $7.68. Thus a wave picture of electromagnetic radiation predicts an emission time many orders of magnitude larger than the experimentally observed time of les than 10-*s. 9.10 When phtoelectic experiment is performed using calcu asthe emits, the Following stoping, potentials are found: . * 2A Hz x 10'5 Vv