October 18th, 2017 / pg 258-265

US POPULATION GROWS AND MIGRATES

+ Increased population, exhaustion of farmland along eastern seaboard caused people to
move to West and grow cities.
+ Native Americans forced eastward. 1800s - Shoshone (inhabited Great Plains) pushed to
Rocky Mountains by Indians moving into plains from Mississippi and Ohio valleys.
+ Cities were defined as people with 8,000 or more inhabitants.
+ Louisiana Purchase caused New Orleans to be a key commercial center.
+ Americans who headed west wanted liberal terms for land offered by federal
government.
+ Yeomen farmers wanted to feed families and grow crops for sale.
+ To expand into South: competed with sizable population of Spanish and French.
Chickasaw and Creek Indians in the South and Shawnee, Chippewa, Sauk, and Fox
communities up north.
+ Roads, turnpikes hastened movement of people and transportation of goods.
+ LANCASTER TURNPIKE - Pennsylvania - was important in cutting down costs of
shipping from a place such as Philadelphia to Pennsylvania.
+ People who lived farther west had bigger problems.
+ More states were added along Mississippi River (Louisiana to Illinois), more people
wanted transportation routes.
+ Albert Gallatin - Treasury in Jefferson’s administration. Wanted to have a “great turnpike
road”.
+ NATIONAL ROAD - Congress approved funds. From Western Maryland through
southwest Pennsylvania to Wheeling, West Virginia. Called Cumberland Road, finished
in 1818. Later extended into Ohio and Illinois.
+ Shipping by water was even faster. Rivers ran north to south, return voyage was slow.
Politicians wanted to create different canals, people wanted to build steam-powered
boats.
+ 1804 - OLIVER EVANS - Philadelphian machinist. Invented high-pressure steam engine
attached to dredge. Not enough funds.
+ ROBERT FULTON, NEW YORKER - improved Evans’s efforts. 1807 - launched first
successful steamboat: CLERMONT. Travelled up Hudson River from New York City to
Albany in 32 hours.

TECHNOLOGY RESHAPES AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY

+ MULTIPLIER EFFECT - a single invention spurred others and inspired additional
dramatic changes.
+ COTTIN GIN + SPINNING MACHINE - greatly transformed southern agriculture and
northern industry.
+ American development closely tied to Great Britain industry.
+ 1770s - British had built spinning mills, spun raw cotton into yarn. British made it illegal
for engineers to emigrate to maintain monopoly.
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+ SAMUEL SLATER - designed and built a spinning mill in Pawtucket (America). Opened
December 1790 began to produce yarn, woven into cloth in private shops and homes.
+ Factories offered wives and children of farmers who worked there a steady income.
+ Increased demand for cotton in New England.
+ To ensure steady supply of cotton:
+ ELI WHITNEY - COTTON GIN - from Yale. 1793 - in as little as ten days - built machine
that sped up process of deseeding short-staple cotton. Mesh screen, rollers, wire
brushes. Easy to duplicate design, no money from invention.
+ Whitney was told to produce 4,000 rifles in 18 months from U.S government. He said it
would be easier to have machines produce various parts of the musket, which would
then be assembled in mass quantities.
+ 1809 - With Jefferson’s support, Whitney’s New Haven factory started.
+ AMERICAN SYSTEM OF MANUFACTURING - was created by Whitney’s factory.
Water powered machinery and division of production into small tasks allowed less
skilled workers to make more of an item.
+ These factories were training grounds for younger mechanics and inventors. Affected
enslaved and free workers as well.

TRANSFORMING HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION

+ Slater and Whitney were some of the most influential American inventors.
+ 1811 - FRANCIS CABOT - invented power loom for weaving, important because mills
were producing more yarn than weavers could handle.
+ Domestic manufacturing became important after Embargo Act, imports of cloth and
other items fell.
+ People began to improve their resources, spindles, looms etc.
+ People began to think more about companionate marriage, emphasized mutual
obligations.
+ Mutuality continued - neighbors shared tools and equipment.
+ In wealthy households north and south, servants and slaves had to work harder.
+ Wives of south did not mind impregnated slaves because that meant more workers.
+ Owners made female workers spin, cook, wash clothes etc.
+ Mistresses engaged with household production, but expanded their roles as
domestic managers.

TECHNOLOGY, COTTON, AND SLAVES

+ Cotton Gin most affected agriculture. Caused expansion of agricultural production and
slavery in South.
+ Made sure the nation, North, South, or West, depended on those in other areas.
Southern planters relied on northern merchants to demand cotton. Merchants
depended on Western farmers to produce grain and livestock.
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+ Cotton quickly became more important crop. 1790 - 3,000 bales of cotton 1820 -
330,000 bales.
+ Increased burdens for southern blacks. Wealthy planters purchased more slaves. Slave
population increased from 700,000 (1790) to 1.5 million (1820). Price of slaves also
increased.
+ International slave trade banned in US, 1808 , planters smuggled in African and
Caribbean men and women. Planters depended upon enslaved women to bear more
children.
+ Smaller farmers believed they would be big planters one day Cherokee and Creek
Indians cultivated cotton, purchased black slaves, welcomed ministers, tried to embrace
white culture to retain their current lands. Admission of Louisiana, Mississippi, and
Alabama 1812-1819 - spread of southern agriculture farther west.
+ Heavy work of carving out new plantation caused planters to select young slave men
and women to move west, broke apart families. Slaves resister: worked slowly, broke
tools etc.
+ End of international slave trade = people wanted slaves to live longer, provided better
food, shelter, and clothing, more rights to fish, hunt, etc, to improve diet. Slaves
produced more children, more extensive kinship systems. Even if parents were pulled
away, people took care of children.
+ Southern Slaves established own religious ceremonies at night. Let people be relieved
of daily life burdens through dancing, shaking, shouting etc.