Lateral Force Resisting System: Shear Walls 1

Shear Walls
• Load Distribution to Shear Walls

• Shear wall stiffness
• Diaphragm types
• Types of Masonry Shear Walls
• Maximum Reinforcement Requirements
• Shear Strength
• Example: Single Layer Reinforcing
• Example: Distributed Reinforcing
• Example: Flanged Walls
Shear Walls 1
Cantilever Shear Wall
___________
Lateral Force
Resisting System
__________
d
h
h/d < 0.25 0.25 < h/d < 4.0 h/d >4.0
_____ stiffness Both shear and _______ stiffness

predominates bending stiffness predominates
are important
Shear Walls 2
Shear Walls: Stiffness
9.1.5.2 Deflection calculations shall be based on cracked section

properties. Assumed properties shall not exceed half of gross section
properties, unless a cracked-section analysis is performed.
ℎ = height of wall
Cantilever wall
𝐴 =shear area; (5/6)𝐴 for
𝐸 𝑡
Δ 𝑘 a rectangle
ℎ ℎ 𝐸 = 𝐺 = shear modulus
4 3
𝐿 𝐿
(modulus of rigidity);
given as 0.4𝐸
Fixed wall (fixed against rotation at top) (4.2.2.2.2)
𝐸 = 𝐸 ⁄ 2 1 𝜈 , where
Δ 𝐸 𝑡
𝑘 𝜈 is Poisson’s ratio
ℎ ℎ 𝑡 = thickness of wall
3
𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 = length of wall
Real wall is probably between two cases; diaphragm provides some

rotational restraint, but not full fixity.
Shear Walls 3
T- or L- Shaped Shear Walls

Section 5.1.1 Wall intersections designed either to:
a) ____________________:
b) ____________________
Connection that transfers shear: (must be in running bond)

a) Fifty percent of masonry units interlock
b) Steel connectors at max 4 ft.
c) Intersecting bond beams at max 4 ft. Reinforcing of at least 0.1in.2 per foot of wall
Metal lath or wire

screen to support grout
2-#4’s
1/ in. x 11/ in. x 28in.

4 2
with 2in. long 90 deg
bends at each end to
form U or Z shape
Shear Walls 5
Effective Flange Width (5.1.1.2.3)
Effective flange width on either side of web shall be smaller of actual

flange width, distance to a movement joint, or:
• Flange in compression: 6t
• Flange in tension:
• Unreinforced masonry: 6t
• Reinforced masonry: 0.75 times floor-to-floor wall height
Analysis: distinction between 6t and 0.75 times floor-to-floor wall

height in compression is not important. Assumed effective width only
results in a small shift of neutral axis.
Some people suggest increasing tension flange width by 1.5 for shear
capacity design and ductility checks. Reinforcement just outside
effective width can be participating.
Shear Walls 6
Cracked Moment of Inertia
• Rectangular cross-sections
• 𝐼 0.15𝐼
• T-shaped and I-shaped sections
• 𝐼 0.40𝐼
• Shear stiffness
• 𝐴 0.35𝐴
• Partially grouted walls
• 𝐴 total cross-sectional area of face shells plus area of
grouted cells
Seismic Design of Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

A Guide for Practicing Engineers
NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 9
Shear Walls 7
Example: Flanged Shear Wall
Given: Fully grouted shear wall
Required: Stiffness of wall
Solution: Determine stiffness from basic principles.
112in.
Net area
𝐴 7.62𝑖𝑛. 48𝑖𝑛. 7.62𝑖𝑛. 40𝑖𝑛. 671𝑖𝑛.
Centroid, from outer flange

7.62 48 3.81 7.62 40 20
𝑦 11.16𝑖𝑛. 40in.
671
Net moment of inertia Elevation
1
6𝑡=48in.
𝐼 48 7.62 7.62 48 11.16 3.81
12
56in.
1
7.62 40 7.62 40 11.16 20 86000𝑖𝑛.
12
Plan
Shear area 𝐴 ~𝐴 7.62𝑖𝑛. 40𝑖𝑛. 305𝑖𝑛.
Shear Walls 8
Example: Flanged Shear Wall

𝑃 𝑃 1
Stiffness 𝑘
Δ 𝑃ℎ 𝑃ℎ ℎ ℎ
3𝐸 𝐼 𝐴 𝐸 3𝐸 𝐼 𝐴 𝐸
1
𝑘
112𝑖𝑛. 112𝑖𝑛.
3 1800𝑘𝑠𝑖 86000𝑖𝑛. 305𝑖𝑛. 0.4 1800𝑘𝑠𝑖
Uncracked 1 𝑘
283
𝑖𝑛. 𝑖𝑛. 𝑖𝑛.
0.00302 0.00051
𝑘 𝑘
1
𝑘
112𝑖𝑛 112𝑖𝑛
Cracked 3 1800𝑘𝑠𝑖 0.40 86000𝑖𝑛 305𝑖𝑛 0.35 0.4 1800𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑘
111
𝑖𝑛.
Allowable seismic drift: 0.01ℎ = 1.12 in.

Shear Walls 9
Coupled Shear Walls
__________ __________ __________

shear wall shear wall shear wall

Shear Walls 10
Frame Models

Shear Walls 11
Frame Models

Shear Walls 12
Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Central pier carries about 85% of shear; can design for entire shear
Good practice would be to add control joints
Control Joint
Do not skimp on
end of wall steel
18’
5’
10’
7’
3’
3’ 8’ 2’ 8’ 18’ 8’ 3’ 3’ 2’
55’
1. Need to provide prescriptive seismic reinforcement everywhere.

2. Need drag strut/collector to get shear to solid portion.
Shear Walls 25
Shear Walls: Building Layout
1. All elements either need to be isolated, or will participate in

carrying the load
2. Elements that participate in carrying the load need to be
properly detailed for seismic requirements
3. Most shear walls will have openings
4. Can design only a portion to carry shear load, but need to ca
detail rest of structure
5. Can use control joints to isolate piers
Shear Walls 26
Diaphragms
• Diaphragm: _____________ system that transmits
____________ forces to the vertical elements of the lateral load
resisting system.
• Diaphragm classification:
• ______________: distribution of shear force is based on
tributary ________ (wind) or tributary _______ (earthquake)
• ____________: distribution of shear force is based on
relative ______________.
Typical classifications:
__________: Precast planks
without topping, metal deck
___________ without concrete, plywood
sheathing
Lateral Force _________: Cast-in-place
Resisting System concrete, precast concrete with
concrete topping, metal deck
__________
with concrete
Shear Walls 27
Rigid Diaphragms
𝑘
Direct Shear: 𝐹 𝑉
∑𝑘
𝑘𝑑
Torsional Shear: 𝐹 𝑉𝑒
∑𝑘 𝑑
Total Shear on Wall: 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹
𝑉 = total shear force on building

𝑘 = relative rigidity of lateral force resisting element i
𝑑 = distance from center of stiffness
𝑒 = eccentricity of load from center of stiffness
Shear Walls 28
Example: Diaphragms
Given: The structure shown is

subjected to a 0.2 kip/ft horizontal 50 ft 50 ft
force. Relative stiffness values are
given.
Required: Distribution of force
k=4
k=1
k=5
assuming:
• flexible diaphragm
• rigid diaphragm.
0.2 kip/ft
PLAN VIEW
Shear Walls 29
Example: Flexible Diaphragms
Solution: Flexible diaphragm – wind 50 ft 50 ft

Distribute based on tributary area
For seismic, the diaphragm load would
k=4
k=1
k=5
be distributed the same (assuming a
uniform mass distribution), but when
wall weights were added in, the forces
could be different.
PLAN VIEW
Shear Walls 30
Example: Rigid Diaphragms

50 ft 50 ft
Solution: Rigid diaphragm
Wall x k x(k)
Wall 3
Wall 2
Wall 1
k=4
k=1
k=5
1
2
3
Total
x
Center of stiffness = 350/10 = 35 ft
Wall k d (ft) k(d) k(d2) Fv Ft Ftotal

1 4 -140 4900 3.9
2 5 75 1125 12.2
3 1 65 4225 3.9
Total 10 10250 0.0 20
Shear Walls 31
Example: Diaphragm Design Forces
0.2 kip/ft
Solution: Forces are shown
for a rigid diaphragm.
50 ft 50 ft
The moment is generally 3.9 k 12.2 k 3.9 k
taken through chord forces,
which are simply the moment
divided by the width of the 3.9 6.1
diaphragm. In masonry
V (k)
structures, the chord forces 19.5 ft
-3.9
are often take by bond -6.1
beams. 38 38
M (k-ft)
-55
Shear Walls 33
Drag Struts and Collectors
• Shear forces: generally considered

to be uniformly distributed across the
width of the diaphragm.
• Drag struts and collectors: transfer PLAN VIEW
load from the diaphragm to the
lateral force resisting system.
w
v v
L/3 L/3 L/2
vL/2 vL/2 vL
WEST WALL ELEVATION EAST WALL ELEVATION
Shear Walls 34
Diaphragm Behavior
Three lateral force resisting systems: Length=20 ft; Height=14 ft

W24x68 W16x40
E = 1800 ksi
W14x68
W14x68
Face W16x40
shell bedding
End cells fully grouted
L 4x4x5/16 L 4x4x5/16
Moment Resisting Frame Braced Frame Masonry Shear Wall

𝑘 = 83.2 kip/in. 𝑘 = 296 kip/in. 𝑘 = 1470 kip/in
Lateral force resisting systems at 24 ft o.c. Diaphragm assumed to be

concrete slab, 𝐸 = 3120 ksi, 𝜈 = 0.17, variable thickness, load of 1 kip/ft.
Diaphragm
Lateral Force
Resisting System
24 ft 24 ft
Shear Walls 35
Diaphragm Behavior
Shear Walls 36
Diaphragm Behavior
http://skghoshassociates.com/SKGAblog/viewpost.php?id=19
Shear Walls 37
Diaphragm Behavior
Shear Walls 38
Shear Walls: Types
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.2): Unreinforced wall

_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.3): Unreinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement.
Within 16 in. of top of wall Structurally connected floor and roof levels
40db or 24 in.
≤ 8 in.
≤ 8 in. ≤ 16 in.
Corners
Control
and end
joint
of walls
≤ 10 ft.
Joint reinforcement at 16 in. o.c. or bond beams at 10 ft.

Reinforcement not required at openings smaller than 16 in. in either vertical or horizontal direction
Reinforcement of at least 0.2 in2
Shear Walls 39
Shear Walls: Types
_____________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.4): Reinforced wall with

prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall.
______________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.5): Reinforced wall with

prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall. Spacing of vertical
reinforcement reduced to 48 inches.
___________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.6):

1. Maximum spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcement is min{1/3 length of
wall, 1/3 height of wall, 48 in. [24 in. for masonry in other than running bond]}.
2. Minimum area of vertical reinforcement is 1/3 area of shear reinforcement
3. Shear reinforcement anchored around vertical reinforcing with standard hook
4. Sum of area of vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be 0.002 times gross
cross-sectional area of wall
5. Minimum area of reinforcement in either direction shall be 0.0007 times gross
cross-sectional area of wall [0.0015 for horizontal reinforcement for masonry in
other than running bond].
Shear Walls 40
Shear Walls: Special Reinforced
Reinforce- 8 in. CMU wall 12 in. CMU wall

ment Ratio As (in.2/ft) Possibilities As (in.2/ft) Possibilities
#4@24
#4@32
0.0007 0.064 0.098 #5@32
#5@56 48
Max spacing 48 #6@48
#4@16
#4@24
#5@24
0.0010 0.092 #5@40 0.140
#6@32
#6@56 48
#7@48
#4@8
#4@16
#5@16
0.0013 0.119 #5@32 0.181
#6@24
#6@40
#7@40
Use specified dimensions, e.g. 7.625 in. for 8 in. CMU walls.
Shear Walls 41
Example: Reinforcement Spacing

56’
12’ 12’ 8’ 12’ 12’
9’‐4”
3’‐4”
22’
9’‐4”
Is the reinforcement spacing based on 1/3(3ʹ-4ʺ)?
Control Joints Expected Diagonal Cracks in Piers
Opening Opening Opening Opening

Displaced shape
Isolated Piers
Shear Walls 42
Special Walls: Shear Capacity
Minimum shear strength (7.3.2.6.1.1):

• Design shear strength, 𝜙𝑉 , greater than shear corresponding
to 1.25 times nominal flexural strength, 𝑀
• Except 𝑉 need not be greater than 2.5𝑉 .
Normal design: 𝜙𝑉𝑛 has to be greater than 𝑉𝑢. Thus, 𝑉𝑛 has to

be greater than 𝑉𝑢/𝜙 = Vu/0.8 = 1.25𝑉𝑢. This requirement
doubles the shear.
Shear Walls 43
Seismic Design Category

Risk Category Risk Category
𝑆 𝑆
I, II, or III IV I, II, or III IV
𝑆 0.167 A A 𝑆 0.067 A A
0.167 𝑆 0.33 B C 0.067 𝑆 0.133 B C
0.33 𝑆 0.50 C D 0.133 𝑆 0.20 C D
𝑆 0.50 D D 𝑆 0.20 D D
Seismic Design Category Allowed Shear Walls

A or B
C
D and higher
Allowable seismic drift:

Masonry cantilever shear wall structures: 0.010ℎ
Other masonry shear wall structures: 0.007ℎ
Shear Walls 44
Seismic Design Category
Bearing Wall System Building Frame System

Shear Wall
𝑅 𝐶 𝑅 𝐶
Ordinary plain 1½ 1¼ 1½ 1¼
Detailed plain 2 1¾ 2 1¾
Ordinary
2 1¾ 2 1¾
reinforced
Intermediate
3½ 2¼ 4 4
reinforced
Special
5 3½ 5½ 4½
reinforced
Response modification factor, 𝑅:

Seismic design force divided by response modification factor, which accounts for
ductility and energy absorption.
Deflection amplification factor, 𝐶 :
Deflection under seismic design loads multiplied by deflection amplification factor.
Shear Walls 45
Maximum reinforcing
Yes No
Design with Boundary Elements?
Is Design with TMS 402 Section 9.3.3.2.

Area of flexural tensile reinforcement ≤ area
1 OR 𝑉 3𝐴 𝑓 AND 3
required to maintain axial equilibrium under
the following conditions
AND
A strain gradient corresponding to 𝜀 in
𝑃 0.10𝐴 𝑓 : Geometrically symmetrical walls masonry and 𝛼𝜀 in tensile reinforcement
Axial forces from loading combination D +
𝑃 0.05𝐴 𝑓 : Geometrically unsymmetrical walls 0.75L + 0.525QE .
Yes No Compression reinforcement, with or
without lateral restraining reinforcement,
No boundary Design boundary can be included.
elements elements per TMS
required 402 Section 9.3.6.6.2 Yes No
Is 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 1?
Ordinary reinforced walls: 𝛼 = 1.5

Intermediate reinforced walls: 𝛼 = 3 𝛼 = 1.5
Special reinforced walls: 𝛼 = 4
Shear Walls 46
Maximum reinforcing (9.3.3.5)
Uniformly distributed reinforcement
𝜀 𝑃
0.64𝑏𝑓
𝐴 𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝑑
𝑑 𝛼𝜀 𝜀
𝑓
𝜀 𝛼𝜀
Compression steel with area equal to tension steel
𝜀 𝑃
0.64𝑓
𝐴 𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝑡 𝑑
𝜌
𝑡 𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 min 𝜀 𝜀 𝛼𝜀 , 𝜀 𝐸
𝑑
Shear Walls 48
Maximum reinforcing
Consider a wall with uniformly distributed steel:
𝛼𝜀 𝐶 𝐶 𝑇 𝑃
𝜀 𝜀
𝐶 0.8𝑓 0.8 𝑑 𝑡
𝜀 𝛼𝜀
𝛼𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝜀 1 𝜀
Strain 𝜀 𝑇 𝑓𝐴
𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝛼𝜀 2 𝛼𝜀
𝑓 0.8𝑓 Portion of steel Yielded Elastic

in tension steel steel
𝜀 𝜀 𝜀 1 𝜀
𝐶 𝑓𝐴
𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝜀 2𝜀
Steel in tension
𝜀 𝜀 0.5𝜀
𝑓𝐴
𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝜀
Stress Steel in
𝜀 0.5𝜀
compression 𝑓𝐴
𝜀 𝛼𝜀
𝐴 is total steel
𝑑 is actual depth of masonry
Shear Walls 49
Maximum reinforcing
𝑇 𝐶 𝐶 𝑃
𝛼𝜀 0.5𝜀 𝛼𝜀 0.5𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝜀
𝑇 𝐶 𝑓𝐴 𝑓𝐴 𝑓𝐴
𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝜀 𝛼𝜀
𝛼𝜀 𝜀 𝜀
𝑇 𝐶 𝑓𝐴 0.8𝑓 0.8 𝑑 𝑡 𝑃 𝐶 𝑃
𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝜀 𝛼𝜀
𝜀 𝑃
0.64𝑡 𝑓
𝐴 𝜀 𝛼𝜀 𝑑
𝑑 𝛼𝜀 𝜀
𝑓
𝜀 𝛼𝜀
Shear Walls 50
Maximum reinforcing, εs = 4εy
Shear Walls 51
Maximum reinforcing, εs = 3εy
Shear Walls 52
Maximum reinforcing, εs = 1.5εy
Shear Walls 53
Shear Strength (9.3.4.1.2)
𝛾 = 0.75 for partially grouted
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝛾 𝜙 0.8
shear walls and 1.0 otherwise
𝑀 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 need not be taken > 1.0

𝑉 4.0 1.75 𝐴 𝑓 0.25𝑃 𝑃 compressive axial load
𝑉𝑑
𝐴 Vertical reinforcement shall not be less than one-third

𝑉 0.5 𝑓𝑑 horizontal reinforcement; reinforcement shall be
𝑠 uniformly distributed, max spacing of 8 ft (9.3.6.2)
𝑉 6𝐴 𝑓 𝛾 0.25
𝑉 4𝐴 𝑓 𝛾 1.0
Interpolate for 0.25 1.0
𝑉 5 2 𝐴 𝑓 𝛾
Shear Walls 54
Partially Grouted Walls
𝑉 ⁄𝑉
Method
Mean St. Dev.
Partially Grouted Walls (Minaie et al, 2010; 60 tests)
2008 Provisions 0.90 0.26

Multiply shear strengths by 𝐴 ⁄𝐴 1.53 0.43
Using just face shells 1.77 0.78
Fully Grouted Walls (Davis et al, 2010; 56 tests)
2008 Provisions 1.16 0.17
0.90/1.16 = 0.776; rounded to 0.75
Shear Walls 55
Shear Friction Provisions
𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉𝑑 0.5 𝑉 𝜇 𝐴 𝑓 𝑃
Linear interpolation for
intermediate values
𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉𝑑 1.0 𝑉 0.42𝑓 𝐴
𝐴 = area of masonry in compression at nominal moment capacity

𝐴 = reinforcement within net shear area
Coefficient of friction
• 𝜇 = 1.0 for masonry on concrete with unfinished surface, or concrete with a
surface that has been intentionally roughened
• UBC (1997) required concrete abutting structural masonry to be
roughened to a full amplitude of 1/16 inch.
• 𝜇 = 0.70 for all other conditions
Shear Walls 57
Design: Single Layer of Reinforcement

Calculate
2𝑃 𝑑 𝑑 ⁄2 𝑀 𝑎
𝑎 𝑑 𝑑 𝑐
𝜙 0.8𝑓 𝑡 0.8
Is 𝑐 𝑐 ? 𝜀
𝑐 𝑑
For CMU, Grade 60 steel 𝜀 𝜀
𝑐 0.547𝑑
YES NO
0.8𝑓 𝑡 𝑎 𝑃 ⁄𝜙 0.8𝑓 𝑡 𝑎 𝑃 ⁄𝜙
𝐴 ,
𝐴 ,
𝑑 𝑐 𝑓
𝜀 𝐸
𝑐
Tension controls
Compression controls
• Check axial capacity

• Check maximum reinforcement
• Check shear
Shear Walls 58
Example: Single Layer of Reinforcement
Given: 2 ft long, 8 ft high CMU pier; Type S masonry
cement mortar; Grade 60 steel; fully grouted. 𝑃 = 11
kips, 𝑉 = 7 kips, 𝑀 = 28 k-ft
Required: Required amount of steel
20 in.
Solution: Choose/determine material properties.
23.625 in.
𝑓 = 2000 psi; 𝑓 = 60,000 psi
2𝑃 𝑑 𝑑 ⁄2 𝑀
𝑎 𝑑 𝑑
𝑎, depth of 𝜙 0.8𝑓 𝑡
stress block
0.8𝑓 𝑡 𝑎 𝑃 ⁄𝜙
𝐴, , req’d 𝐴 ,
𝑓
area of steel
Shear Walls 59

Try #4 bars
Consider second layer of steel:
20 in.
Solve for 𝑐 such that 𝑃 = 11k/0.9 = 12.2k 23.625 in.
𝑃 𝐶 𝑇 𝑇
𝑑 𝑐
𝑃 0.8𝑓 0.8𝑐 𝑡 𝐴 𝑓 min 𝜀 𝐸 ,𝑓 𝐴
𝑐
4𝑖𝑛. 𝑐
1.2𝑘 0.8 2.0𝑘𝑠𝑖 0.8𝑐 7.62𝑖𝑛. 0.20𝑖𝑛. 60𝑘𝑠𝑖 min 0.0025 29000𝑘𝑠𝑖, 60𝑘𝑖𝑠 0.20𝑖𝑛.
𝑐
𝑐 = 2.986 inches; 𝐶 = 29.14kips; 𝑇= 12kips; 𝑇 = 4.92kips
𝜙𝑀 , design moment
0.8 2.986𝑖𝑛.
𝜙𝑀 0.9 29.14𝑘 12𝑖𝑛. 12𝑘 20𝑖𝑛. 12𝑖𝑛. 4.92𝑘 4𝑖𝑛. 12𝑖𝑛.
2
334𝑘 · 𝑖𝑛. 27.9𝑘 · 𝑓𝑡
Ignoring the second layer of steel resulted in 𝑐 = 2.482 in., and 𝜙𝑀 = 27.2 k-ft
(2.5% decrease)
Shear Walls 61
3. Check axial load
Radius of
𝑟 0.289𝑡 0.289 7.62𝑖𝑛 2.20𝑖𝑛.
gyration, 𝑟
.
Slenderness,
ratio, ℎ/𝑟 43.6 99
. .
Nominal 𝑃 0.80 0.80𝑓 𝐴 𝐴 𝑓𝐴 1

strength, 𝑃 .
0.80 0.80 2.0𝑘𝑠𝑖 7.62𝑖𝑛. 24𝑖𝑛. 0 0 1
230.6𝑘 0.903 208.2𝑘
Design
strength, 𝜙𝑃
𝜙𝑃 0.9 208.2𝑘 187.4𝑘
11k < 187k OK

Applied load is 6% of axial capacity
Shear Walls 62
4. Check maximum reinforcement: .

𝜌
Fully grouted with equal tension and ,
compression reinforcement
Assume axial force is from 0.9D, so 𝑃 for maximum reinforcement is 11k/0.9

= 12.2 kips. For an ordinary wall:
. .
. .
. . . . . .
𝜌 . 0.0245
. . . . , .
.
𝐴 , 𝜌𝑡 𝑑 0.0245 7.62𝑖𝑛. 20𝑖𝑛. 3.74𝑖𝑛. 2 0.20𝑖𝑛. 0.40𝑖𝑛.
OK
Shear Walls 63
Maximum Reinforcement
Axial Force, Pu As,reqd
Ordinary Intermed. Special
0 kips 0.32 in.2 4.35 in.2 1.47 in.2 0.91 in.2
11 kips (6% of 0.21 in.2 3.74 in.2 1.15 in.2 0.66 in.2
axial capacity
19 kips (10% of 0.13 in.2 3.30 in.2 0.92 in.2 0.48 in.2
axial capacity)
38 kips (20% of 0 2.24 in.2 0.36 in.2 0.06 in.2
axial capacity)
Shear Walls 64

5. Check Shear:
𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉𝑑 𝑀 28𝑘 · 𝑓𝑡 Use 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 = 1.0

2.00
ratio 𝑉𝑑 7𝑘 2.0𝑓𝑡
𝑉 4.0 1.75 𝐴 𝑓 0.25𝑃

Nominal
strength, 𝑉 4.0 1.75 1.0 7.62𝑖𝑛. 24𝑖𝑛. 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 0.25 11𝑘
18.1𝑘 2.8𝑘 20.9𝑘
Design 𝜙𝑉 0.8 20.9𝑘 16.7𝑘

strength, 𝜙𝑉
7k < 16.7k OK
Shear Walls 65
Design: Distributed Reinforcement
2𝑃 𝑑 𝑑 ⁄2 𝑀
𝑎 𝑑 𝑑 Approximate 𝑑 0.9𝑑
𝜙 0.8𝑓 𝑡
0.8𝑓 𝑡 𝑎 𝑃 ⁄𝜙
𝐴 , Assume tension controls
𝑓
𝐴, Approximate required
𝐴∗,
0.65𝑑 distributed reinforcement
Spacing of intermediate reinforcing bars often controlled by out-of-plane loading
Shear Walls 66
Example: Distributed Reinforcement

Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel, Type S
mortar; 𝑓′𝑚 = 2000 psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane seismic load
of 50 kips. 𝑆𝐷𝑆 0.5 (just less than 0.5)
Required: Design the shear wall; ordinary reinforced shear wall
Solution: Check using 0.9D+1.0E load combination.
• 𝑀 50k 10ft 500k ⋅ ft
• Axial load, 𝑃
• Need to know weight of wall to determine 𝑃.
• Need to know reinforcement spacing to determine wall weight
• Estimate wall weight as 45 psf
• Wall weight: 45psf 10ft 16ft 7.2k
• 𝐷 1 k⁄ft 16ft 7.2k 23.2k
• 𝑃 0.9 0.2𝑆 𝐷 0.80𝐷 0.80 23.2k 18.6k
Shear Walls 67
Estimate 𝑑 𝑑 0.9𝑑 0.9 192in. 173in.
2𝑃 𝑑 𝑑 ⁄2 𝑀
𝑎 𝑑 𝑑
𝑎, depth 𝜙 0.8𝑓 𝑡
of stress
2 18.6k 173in. 192in.⁄2 6000k ⋅ in.
block 173in. 173in. 3.96in.
0.9 0.8 2000psi 7.625in.
0.8𝑓 𝑡 𝑎 𝑃 ⁄𝜙
𝐴 ,
𝐴, , 𝑓
area of 0.8 2ksi 7.625in. 3.96in. 18.6k⁄0.9
0.460in.
steel 60ksi
𝐴, 0.460in. 12in.
𝐴∗, , 𝐴∗, 0.044 in. ⁄ft
0.65𝑑 0.65 192in. ft
dist. steel
Try #4 @ 48 in. (0.050 in.2/ft)
Shear Walls 68

Interaction diagram: Illustrate with 𝑐 = 54 in., 𝑎 = 0.8(54) = 43.2 in.
T1 T2 T3 N.A. T4 C2 C1
8 in.
43.2 in.
52 in.
92 in.
140 in.
188 in.
𝜀 0.0025
Strain
. .
𝜀 0.0025 0.00176 𝜀
.
. .
𝜀 0.0025 0.00398 𝜀
.
. .
𝜀 0.0025 0.00620 𝜀
.
Shear Walls 69
Interaction diagram: Illustrate with 𝑐 = 54 in., 𝑎 = 0.8(54) = 43.2 in.
T1 T2 T3 N.A. T4 C2 C1
8 in.
43.2 in.
𝐶 1.6𝑘𝑠𝑖 8𝑖𝑛. 7.62𝑖𝑛. 97.6𝑘
52 in.
𝐶 1.6𝑘𝑠𝑖 43.2𝑖𝑛. 8𝑖𝑛. 2.5𝑖𝑛. 140.8𝑘
𝜀 0.0025
Strain
𝜀 0.00176
𝑇 0.00176 29000𝑘𝑠𝑖 0.20𝑖𝑛. 10.2𝑘
𝜀 0.00398
𝑇 60𝑘𝑠𝑖 0.20𝑖𝑛. 12𝑘
𝜀 0.00620
𝑇 60𝑘𝑠𝑖 0.20𝑖𝑛. 12𝑘
Shear Walls 70
𝜙𝑃 𝜙 𝐶 𝐶 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
0.9 97.6k 140.8k 12.0k 12.0k 10.2k 183.8k
Sum moments about middle of wall (8 ft from end) to find 𝜙𝑀

192𝑖𝑛. 8𝑖𝑛. 192𝑖𝑛. 43.2𝑖𝑛. 8𝑖𝑛.
𝜙𝑀 0.9 97.6𝑘 140.8𝑘 8𝑖𝑛.
2 2 2 2
192𝑖𝑛. 192𝑖𝑛. 192𝑖𝑛.
12.0𝑘 188𝑖𝑛. 12.0𝑘 140𝑖𝑛. 10.2𝑘 92𝑖𝑛.
2 2 2
18430𝑘 · 𝑖𝑛. 1536𝑘 · 𝑓𝑡
This is for determining interaction diagram; for determining maximum

reinforcement could also include compression steel.
Shear Walls 71
At 89% of capacity
Shear Walls 72
Example: Dist. Reinf.; Shear
Section 9.3.3.2 Maximum Reinforcement

Since 𝑀 / 𝑉 𝑑 1, strain gradient is based on 1.5𝜀 .
Strain c/d, CMU c/d, Clay

1.5𝜀 0.446 0.530
3𝜀 0.287 0.360
4𝜀 0.232 0.297
𝑐 = 0.446(188in.) = 83.8 in.
• Calculate axial force based on 𝑐 = 83.8 in.

• Include compression reinforcement
• 𝜙𝑃 = 323 kips
• Assume a live load of 1 k/ft (often 0; this is live load, not roof live load
• D + 0.75L + 0.525QE = (1k/ft + 0.75(1k/ft))16ft +7.2k = 35.2 kips OK
Shear Walls 73
Example: Dist. Reinf.; Shear
Net Shear 𝐴 2 1.25in. 192in. 5 8in. 7.625in. 2.5in. 685in.

Area:
𝑀 𝑉ℎ ℎ 120in.
Shear Span: 0.625
𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑑 𝑑 192in.
4 𝑀
𝜙𝑉 , 𝜙 5 2 𝐴 𝑓 𝛾
3 𝑉𝑑
Max Shear:
4 OK
0.8 5 2 0.625 685in. 2000psi 0.75 91.9kip
3
𝑀
𝜙𝑉 𝜙 4 1.75 𝐴 𝑓 0.25𝑃 𝛾
Masonry 𝑉𝑑 OK
Shear:
0.8 4 1.75 0.625 685in. 2000psi 0.25 18600lb 0.75 56.2kip
Shear Walls 74
Example: Shear Friction Design

Specify an unfinished surface: 𝜇 = 1.0
Since 0.5 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉𝑑 1.0 use linear interpolation
Area of reinforcement
crossing shear plane, 𝐴 𝐴 5 0.20𝑖𝑛. 1.00𝑖𝑛.
For 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 0.5 𝑉 𝜇 𝐴 𝑓 𝑃 1.0 1.0𝑖𝑛. 60𝑘𝑠𝑖 18.6𝑘 78.6𝑘
For 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 1.0 From interaction diagram spreadsheet, 𝑐 = 7.04 in. @ 𝜙𝑃 = 18.6k

𝑉 0.42𝑓 𝐴 0.42 2.0𝑘𝑠𝑖 7.62𝑖𝑛. 7.04𝑖𝑛. 45.1𝑘
1.0 0.625
Linear Interpolation 𝑉 45.1𝑘 78.6𝑘 45.1𝑘 70.2𝑘
1.0 0.5
Design Strength 𝜙𝑉 0.8 70.2𝑘 56.2𝑘 𝑉 50𝑘 OK
Shear Walls 75
Example: Shear Friction Design
For 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 0.5 𝑉 55.0𝑘
If 𝜇 = 0.7
For 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 1.0 𝑉 45.1𝑘
1.0 0.625
1.0 0.5
Design Strength 𝜙𝑉 0.8 52.5𝑘 42.0𝑘 𝑉 50𝑘 NG
Change dowels to #5 bars (still #4 in wall) 𝐴 5 0.31𝑖𝑛. 1.55𝑖𝑛.
For 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 0.5 𝑉 78.1𝑘
𝑐 9.74𝑖𝑛.
For 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 1.0 𝐴 7.62𝑖𝑛. 8𝑖𝑛. 2.5𝑖𝑛. 9.74𝑖𝑛. 8𝑖𝑛. 65.3𝑖𝑛.
𝑉 0.42𝑓 𝐴 0.42 2.0𝑘𝑠𝑖 65.3𝑖𝑛. 54.8𝑘
1.0 0.625
1.0 0.5
Design Strength 𝜙𝑉 0.8 72.3𝑘 57.8𝑘 𝑉 50𝑘 OK

Shear Walls 76
Example: Special Reinforced Wall
mortar; 𝑓′𝑚 = 2000 psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane seismic load
of 50 kips. 𝑆𝐷𝑆 0.5
Required: Design the shear wall; special reinforced shear wall
Solution:
• Flexural reinforcement remains the same
• Shear friction strength remains the same
• Shear capacity design: Design shear strength, 𝜙𝑉 , greater than shear
corresponding to 1.25𝑀
Shear Walls 77
• For #4 @ 48 in., 𝜙𝑃 𝑃 =18.6 k; 𝜙𝑀 = 552 k-ft; 𝑀 = 613 k-ft

• 1.25𝑀 = 766 k-ft;
• Design for shear of 76.6 kips
• But wait, need to check load combination of 1.2D + 1.0E
• 𝑃 = [1.2 + 0.2(𝑆 )]𝐷 = 1.3𝐷 = 30.1 k, 𝑀 = 709 k-ft ,
• 1.25𝑀 = 886 k-ft
• But wait, Section 7.3.2.6 has maximum spacing requirements:
• min{1/3 length of wall , 1/3 height of wall, 48 in.} = 40 in.
• Decrease spacing to 40 in.
• 𝑀 = 778 k-ft, 1.25𝑀 = 972 k-ft
Shear Walls 78
• Bottom line: any change in wall will change 𝑀 , which will change design
requirement
• Often easier to just use 𝑉 = 2.5𝑉 , or 𝜙𝑉 = 𝜙2.5𝑉 = 2.0𝑉 .
• Design for shear of 100 kips
Shear Walls 79
Shear Area: 𝐴 2 1.25in. 192in. 6 8in. 7.625in. 2.5in. 726in.

(6 - #4 bars)
4 𝑀
𝜙𝑉 , 𝜙 5 2 𝐴 𝑓 𝛾
3 𝑉𝑑
Max Shear: 4
0.8 5 2 0.625 726in. 2000psi 0.75 97.4kip
3
Options:
• Design for shear from 1.25𝑀 = 97.2 kips
• Increase 𝑓 to 2100 psi, 𝜙𝑉 , = 99.8 kips
• requires a unit strength of 2250 psi
• Grout more cells
Shear Walls 80
𝑉 4 1.75 𝐴 𝑓 0.25𝑃
Masonry
4 1.75 0.625 726in. 2000psi 0.25 18600lb
Shear:
99.0kip
Required 𝜙𝑉 𝜙 𝑉 𝑉 𝛾
Steel 𝑉 100k
𝑉 , 𝑉 99.0k 67.7k
Strength: 𝜙𝛾 0.8 0.75
𝐴 0.5𝐴 𝑓 𝑑
𝑉 0.5 𝑓𝑑 ⇒ 𝑠
Determine 𝑠 𝑉 ,
spacing:
Use #5 bars 0.5 0.31in. 60ksi 192in.
𝑠 26.4in.
67.7k
Use #5 at 24 in. o.c.
Shear Walls 81
Since horizontal bars are closely spaced, consider fully grouting wall
81psf 10ft 16ft 12.96k
Wall weight: 𝐷 1 k⁄ft 16ft 12.96k 28.96k
𝑃 0.80𝐷 0.80 28.96k 23.2k
Shear Area: 𝐴 7.62in. 192in. 1464in.

4 𝑀
𝜙𝑉 , 𝜙 5 2 𝐴 𝑓 𝛾
3 𝑉𝑑
Max Shear:
4
0.8 5 2 0.625 1464in. 2000psi 1.0 261.9kip
3
𝑉 4 1.75 𝐴 𝑓 0.25𝑃
Masonry
Shear: 4 1.75 0.625 1464in. 2000psi 0.25 23200lb
196.1kip
Design OK
𝜙𝑉 𝜙 𝛾𝑉 0.8 1.0 196.1𝑘 156.9𝑘 𝑉 100𝑘
Shear:
Shear Walls 82
Shear Reinforcement
6.1.7.1.1 Except at wall intersections, the end of a horizontal
reinforcing bar needed to satisfy shear strength requirements
of Section 9.3.4.1.2 shall be bent around the edge vertical
reinforcing bar with a 180-degree standard hook.
ASD: 𝑠 ≤ min{𝑑/2, 48 in.} = min{94 in., 48 in.} = 48 in.

Code 8.3.5.2.1
In strength design, this provision only applies to beams
(9.3.4.2.3 (e))
Suggest that minimum spacing also be applied to shear
walls.
Special Reinforced Walls

Section 7.3.2.6(d): Shear reinforcement shall be
anchored around vertical reinforcing bars with a standard
hook.
Shear Walls 83
Example: Special Wall
• Prescriptive Reinforcement Requirements (7.3.2.6)

• 0.0007 in each direction
• 0.002 total
• Vertical: 6(0.20in.2)/1464in.2 = 0.00082 > 0.0007 OK
• Horizontal: 5(0.31in.2)/[120in.(7.625in.)] = 0.00169 > 0.0007 OK
• Total = 0.00082 + 0.00169 = 0.00251 > 0.002 OK
• Note: for fully grouted wall, would need #5 @ 32in. = 0.00127
Shear Walls 84
Section 9.3.3.5 Maximum Reinforcement

Since 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 < 1, strain gradient is based on 1.5𝜀 .
Strain c/d, CMU c/d, Clay

1.5𝜀 0.446 0.530
3𝜀 0.287 0.360
4𝜀 0.232 0.297
𝑐 = 0.446(188in.) = 83.8 in.
• Calculate axial force based on 𝑐 = 83.8 in.

• Include compression reinforcement
• 𝜙𝑃 = 297.8 kips
• For 4𝜀 , 𝜙𝑃 = 160.4 kips
• Live load = 1 kip/ft; wall weight = 12 kip
• D + 0.75L + 0.525QE = 16k + 12k + 0.75(16k) = 40 kips OK
Shear Walls 85
• Section 9.3.6.5: Maximum reinforcement provisions of 9.3.3.5 do not

apply if designed by this section (boundary elements)
• Special boundary elements not required if:
𝑃 0.1𝑓 𝐴 geometrically symmetrical sections
𝑃 0.05𝑓 𝐴 geometrically unsymmetrical sections
AND
1 OR 𝑉 3𝐴 𝑓 AND 3
For our wall, 𝑀 ⁄ 𝑉 𝑑 <1

𝑃 0.1𝑓 𝐴 0.1 2.0𝑘𝑠𝑖 1464𝑖𝑛. 293 𝑘
OK
Shear Walls 86
Special Wall: Summary
• Prescriptive Reinforcement Requirements (7.3.2.6)

• 0.0007 in each direction
• 0.002 total
• Spacing Requirements (7.3.2.6)
• Shear Capacity Design (Section 7.3.2.6.1.1)
• 𝜙𝑉 shear corresponding to 1.25𝑀 .
• 𝑉 need not exceed 2.5𝑉
• Maximum Reinforcement Requirements (9.3.3.5; 9.3.6.5)
Shear Walls 87
Detailing Suggestions
Add 90° corner bar
Tension Steel
Tie
Moment
Conventional Model Diagram Strut and Tie Model
Elevation of Shear Wall
Partially grouted shear walls

• Use two grouted cells at end
• Use 9 gage joint reinforcement every course with high shear
Shear Walls 88
Shear: Joint Reinforcement

 9.1.9.3.2 Maximum specified yield strength of 85,000 psi
• Typical yield strength is 70,000 psi
 9.3.3.1 (b) Minimum diameter of 3/16 in. diameter.
 9.3.3.3.2.3 Anchor around edge reinforcing bar in the edge cell
• by bar placement between adjacent crosswires, or
• 90° bend in longitudinal wires with 3-in. bend extensions in mortar or grout.
 9.3.3.7 Seismic Requirements
• Seismic Design Categories (SDC) A and B
 At least two 3/16 in. wires; Maximum spacing of 16 in.
• SDC C, D, E, and F; partially grouted walls
 At least two 3/16 in. wires; Maximum spacing of 8 in.
• SDC C, D, E, and F; fully grouted walls
 At least four 3/16 in. wires; Maximum spacing of 8 in.
Shear Walls 89
Shear: Joint Reinforcement
Equivalent Joint Reinforcement Options: Bar reinforcement yield stress = 60 ksi
Joint reinforcement yield stress = 70 ksi
Equivalent Bar Replaces this

Joint Reinforcement
Reinforcement Reinforcement
2 - 3/16 in. wires at 16 in. 0.0472 in2/ft #4 @ 56 in.; #5 @ 80 in.
2 – 3/16 in. wires at 8 in. 0.0945 in2/ft #4 @ 32 in.; #5 @ 40 in.
4 – 3/16 in. wires at 8 in. 0.189 in2/ft #4 @ 16 in.; #5 @ 24 in.
7.3.2.6 Special reinforced masonry shear walls —

(b) The maximum spacing of horizontal reinforcement
required to resist in-plane shear shall be uniformly
distributed, shall be the smaller of one-third the length of
the shear wall and one-third the height of the shear wall,
and shall be embedded in grout.
Shear Walls 90
Shear Reinforcement
6.1.7.1.1 Except at wall intersections, the end of a horizontal
reinforcing bar needed to satisfy shear strength requirements of
Section 9.3.4.1.2 shall be bent around the edge vertical reinforcing
bar with a 180-degree standard hook.
6.1.7.1.2 At wall intersections, horizontal reinforcing bars
needed to satisfy shear strength requirements of Section
9.3.4.1.2 shall be bent around the edge vertical reinforcing
bar with a 90-degree standard hook and shall extend
horizontally into the intersecting wall a minimum distance at
least equal to the development length.
Special Reinforced Walls

Section 7.3.2.6(d): Shear reinforcement shall be anchored
around vertical reinforcing bars with a standard hook.
Shear Walls 91
Example: T-Wall
mortar; f’m=2000psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane seismic load
(from ASCE 7-10) of 100 kips. SDS = 0.4; intersecting wall on one side.
Required: Design the shear wall; ordinary reinforced shear wall
Solution: Check using 0.9D+1.0E load combination.
16ft
1 k/ft Effective flange width:

6t = 6(8in.) = 48 in. compression
0.75h = 0.75(120in.) = 90 in. tension
Shear Walls 92
Example: T-Wall
Flange in tension: Approximate as a single layer of reinforcement.

Use design procedure for single layer of reinforcement with Pu = 18.4k, Mu =
1000k-ft., b=7.625in., lw=200in. (16 ft + 8 in. flange); d=196in.
Required reinforcement: a = 5.9in., As = 0.87in2 or 3 - #5.
Flange in compression: Reinforcement will be approximately the same as for

a non-flanged wall. Increase in compression area will only slightly reduce
required steel.
Axial load on just the web creates a moment with a small tension in the flange
and compression in the web.
Shear Walls 93
Example: T-Wall
Trial Design
Tension: 3 bars total; assume spacing of 48 in. for OOP

90 in. flange
Compression: 3 grouted cells within flange
Compression Width
Tension Width
All reinforcement #5 bars
Flange compression area:

(48+48+7.62)(2.5) + 3(8)(7.625-2.5) = 382in2
Equivalent thickness of flange = 382in2/7.625in. = 50.1in.
Shear Walls 94
Example: T-Wall
Check design: conservatively use P =18.4 kips from before

(wall weight changes slightly for different loading directions due to different flange widths)
Flange in
compression:
Shear Walls 95
Example: T-Wall
Flange in
tension:
Shear Walls 96
Example: T-Wall
Check maximum reinforcement with

flange in tension:
c/d = 0.446 (α = 1.5)
c = 0.446(196in.) = 87.4 in.
𝜙Pn = 344.3 kips
Pu = D+0.75L
= (12.4+16) +0.75(16)
= 40.4 kips
Perhaps should include steel just

outside effective tension flange:
𝜙Pn = 310.8 kips
Shear Walls 97
Example: T-Wall
Shear strength is based on

the web, and similar to
previous example.
Use #5 @ 24 in.
Shear Walls 98
Example: T-Wall
Check shear at interface. Check using intersecting bond beams.
Min. reinf. 0.31in 2 12in.
#5@24in.  0.155 inft OK
2
0.1in2 per foot 24in. 1 ft
 
Shear at interface:
V = tension force in V  T  As f y  flange  3 0.31in 2 60ksi   55.8kip
reinforcement in flange.
Shear area, Anv Anv  2.5in120in   58in 7.62in  2.5in   505in 2

5 bond beams
Vnm   2.25Anv f m
Shear strength NG

 0.82.25 505in 2
 2000 psi 1kip
1000lb  40.6kips
If used 𝛾 = 0.75, 𝜙𝑉 30.5 kips
Anv  7.625in120in   915in 2

Fully grout interface:
Vnm  0.82.25915in 2  2000 psi 1000

1kip
lb  73.6kips
OK
Shear Walls 99
Example: T-Wall
Additional cells to be grouted
Summary of intersecting walls

• Little savings in reinforcement
• Interface difficult to design
• Suggest isolating intersecting walls
Shear Walls 100

Lateral Force Resisting System: Shear Walls 1

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Lateral Force Resisting System: Shear Walls 1

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Shear Walls

• Load Distribution to Shear Walls

Cantilever Shear Wall

_____ stiffness Both shear and _______ stiffness

9.1.5.2 Deflection calculations shall be based on cracked section

Real wall is probably between two cases; diaphragm provides some

T- or L- Shaped Shear Walls

Connection that transfers shear: (must be in running bond)

Metal lath or wire

1/ in. x 11/ in. x 28in.

Effective flange width on either side of web shall be smaller of actual

Analysis: distinction between 6t and 0.75 times floor-to-floor wall

Cracked Moment of Inertia

Seismic Design of Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

Centroid, from outer flange

Example: Flanged Shear Wall

Allowable seismic drift: 0.01ℎ = 1.12 in.

__________ __________ __________

Seismic Design of Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

Seismic Design of Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

Seismic Design of Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

1. Need to provide prescriptive seismic reinforcement everywhere.

1. All elements either need to be isolated, or will participate in

Total Shear on Wall: 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹

𝑉 = total shear force on building

Given: The structure shown is

Solution: Flexible diaphragm – wind 50 ft 50 ft

For seismic, the diaphragm load would

Example: Rigid Diaphragms

Wall k d (ft) k(d) k(d2) Fv Ft Ftotal

Drag Struts and Collectors

• Shear forces: generally considered

L/3 L/3 L/2

WEST WALL ELEVATION EAST WALL ELEVATION

Three lateral force resisting systems: Length=20 ft; Height=14 ft

Moment Resisting Frame Braced Frame Masonry Shear Wall

Lateral force resisting systems at 24 ft o.c. Diaphragm assumed to be

_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.2): Unreinforced wall

Joint reinforcement at 16 in. o.c. or bond beams at 10 ft.

Reinforcement of at least 0.2 in2

Shear Walls: Types

_____________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.4): Reinforced wall with

______________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.5): Reinforced wall with

___________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.6):

Reinforce- 8 in. CMU wall 12 in. CMU wall

Example: Reinforcement Spacing

Is the reinforcement spacing based on 1/3(3ʹ-4ʺ)?

Control Joints Expected Diagonal Cracks in Piers

Opening Opening Opening Opening

Minimum shear strength (7.3.2.6.1.1):

Normal design: 𝜙𝑉𝑛 has to be greater than 𝑉𝑢. Thus, 𝑉𝑛 has to

Seismic Design Category

Seismic Design Category Allowed Shear Walls

Allowable seismic drift:

Bearing Wall System Building Frame System

Response modification factor, 𝑅:

Is Design with TMS 402 Section 9.3.3.2.

Ordinary reinforced walls: 𝛼 = 1.5

Uniformly distributed reinforcement

Compression steel with area equal to tension steel

𝑓 0.8𝑓 Portion of steel Yielded Elastic

Maximum reinforcing, εs = 4εy

_ stiffness Both shear and ___ stiffness

__