❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽

■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ■♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛

❈♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽ Pá❣✐♥❛

✽✳✶ ❆♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✽✽
✽✳✷ ▲❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✽✾
✽✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷✾✸
✽✳✹ ■♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵✵
✽✳✺ ■♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵✾
✽✳✻ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶✹
✽✳✼ ❚❡♠❛ s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐♦✿ ❊❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧❡s ❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s s❡♣❛r❛❜❧❡s ✸✶✼
✽✳✽ ❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷✸

❊♥ ❧❛ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠✉❝❤♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ② ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧

♣r♦❝❡s♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❝✐ó♥❀ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿

❼ ❊♥ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ s✐ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❡♥ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ➽❝ó♠♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✉♥

✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❛❞♦❄

❼ ❊♥ ❊❝♦♥♦♠í❛✱ s✐ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ❧❛ t❛s❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❣❛♥❛♥❝✐❛s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❛ñí❛✱ ➽❝ó♠♦ ❤❛❧❧❛♠♦s ❧❛

❣❛♥❛♥❝✐❛ ✉♥ ❛ñ♦ ❞❡s♣✉és❄

❼ ❊♥ ❡❝♦❧♦❣í❛✱ s✐ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♠♦s ❧❛ t❛s❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡❧ ♠♦♥ó①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦✱ ➽❝ó♠♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❡❧

♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠♦♥ó①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦❄

▲♦s ❤❡❝❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ② ♠✉❝❤♦s ♠✐❧♦ ♥♦s ❧❧❡✈❛♥ ❛❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❝✐ó♥✳
✷✽✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ■♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛

❙❡❝❝✐ó♥ ✽✳✶ ❆♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s

❊♥ ❧♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s s❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛r♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳
❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ✭❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❝✐ó♥✮✱ ♦ s❡❛✱ ❧❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❛
♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛✳
dy
❊♠♣❡❝❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐♦✿ y = x4 − 3x2 + 2x✱ ❝✉②❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❡s = 4x3 − 6x + 2✳
dx
dy
❆❤♦r❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✿ s✉♣♦♥❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❧❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ = 4x3 − 6x + 2 ② q✉❡r❡♠♦s
dx
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ y = f ( x ) ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳

❘❡❝♦r❞❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛s♦s✿

❼ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ❡❧ tér♠✐♥♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t❡✳

❼ ❘❡st❛r ✉♥♦ ❛❧ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t❡✳

P❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ✕❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❝✐ó♥✕ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✐♥✈❡rs❛s ❡♥ ♦r❞❡♥
r❡✈❡rs♦❀ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✿

❼ ❙✉♠❛r ✉♥♦ ❛❧ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t❡✳

❼ ❉✐✈✐❞✐r ❡❧ tér♠✐♥♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t❡✳

dy ax n+1
❊♥ ❡st❡ ♣✉♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r✐❜✐r✿ ❙✐ = ax n ✱ n 6= −1 ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s y = ✳
dx n+1

dy
❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦✿ s✐ = 4x3 − 6x + 2x0 ✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s
dx

4x3+1 6x1+1 2x0+1

y= − +
3+1 1+1 0+1
4x 4 6x 2 2x 1
y= − +
4 2 1
4 2
y = x − 3x + 2x.

❆♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛✳ ❯♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡r✐✈❛❜❧❡ F ( x )✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ✉♥ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ] a, b[✱ ❡s
✉♥❛ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ f ( x )✱ s✐ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ x ∈] a, b[ s❡ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡

F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ).

P❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ✉♥❛ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ f ❡♠♣❧❡❛r❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ ♠❛②ús❝✉❧❛ F✱ ❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ G ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r
✉♥❛ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ g✱ ② ❛sí s✉❝❡s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❯♥❛ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ f ( x ) = 2x ❡s F ( x ) = x2 ✳

❖❜s❡r✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ F ( x ) = x2 ♥♦ ❡s ❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝✉②❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❡s 2x✱ ②❛ q✉❡ F1 ( x ) = x2 + 5 ②

F2 ( x ) = x2 − 100 t❛♠❜✐é♥ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ f ( x ) = 2x✳ ◭
 ▲❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✷✽✾

❚❡♥❣❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛
❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ s✐ F ( x ) ❡s ✉♥❛ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ f ✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s t♦❞❛ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ f ❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ F ( x ) + C✱
❞♦♥❞❡ C ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛r❜✐tr❛r✐❛✳

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❍❛❧❧❛r ❧❛ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ f ( x) = 3x2 s✐ s❛t✐s❢❛❝❡ q✉❡ F(0) = 2✳

❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❉❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✿
3x2+1 3x3
F(x) = +C = +C
2+1 3
F ( x ) = x3 + C.

❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ ❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛r ❡♥ x = 0 ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s✿ F (0) = 03 + C = C✳

▲❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ F (0) = 2 ♥♦s ❧❧❡✈❛ ❛ q✉❡ C = 2❀ ♣♦r t❛♥t♦✱ ❧❛ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛❞❛ ❡s
F ( x ) = x3 + 2. ◭

❚❡♥❣❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛
x n +1
❼ ❙✐ f ( x ) = xn ✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s s✉ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❡s F ( x ) =
n+1
+ C, n 6 = − 1✳

❼ ❙✐ f ( x ) = g( x ) ± h( x )✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s s✉ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❡s F ( x ) = G ( x ) ± H ( x )✳

❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣❛s❛r ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦s

✶ ❘❡s✉❡❧✈❡ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✭❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r y✮✿

dy dy dy
❛ ✮ = 2x❀ ❝ ✮= −7❀ ❡ ✮ = −3x2 ❀
dx dx dx
dy dy dy 1
❜✮ = 8x − 3❀ ❞✮ = 0❀ ❢ ✮ = − 2✳
dx dx dx x
✷ ❊♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❧❛s ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ✭✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✮✿
❛ ✮ x8 ❀ ❞ ✮ 6x−3/2 − 4x2/3 ❀ ❣
ds
✮ =√
1
❀
1 6 dy 6 dt 3
t
❜ ✮x + x −2 ❀ ❡ ✮ = − 3 − t1/7 ❀ du 1
8√ dt t ❤✮ = −√ ✳
x x −1/2 dy √ dy y
❝✮ + ❀ ❢ ✮ = −5 4 x ❀
2 2 dx

❙❡❝❝✐ó♥ ✽✳✷ ▲❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛

■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞❡ f ❡s ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❞❡ f ❝♦♥

r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ x ② s❡ ❞❡♥♦t❛ ♣♦r Z
f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C.
✷✾✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ■♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛
Z
▲♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s f ( x ) dx s❡ ❧❡❡♥ ❛sí✿ ✓✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡ ❡❢❡ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐s r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐s ✔✳
Z
❊❧ sí♠❜♦❧♦ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ s✐❣♥♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ ❧❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥ f ( x) dx ❡s ❡❧ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥❞♦✱ f (x) ❡s ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ s✉❜✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ ❧❛
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ x ❡s ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ② C ❡s ❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥✳

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦s
Z Z
1 √
✶ (2x ) dx = x2 + C✳ ✷ √ dx = x + C✱ ❝♦♥ x > 0✳
x

■♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛s

❙❡ ❧❧❛♠❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛s ❛ ❛q✉❡❧❧❛s q✉❡ s♦♥ ❢á❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦♥♦❝✐❜❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❛♥t✐❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✳
P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ 2x ❡s x2 + C ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ x2 + C ❡s 2x✳
❊♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛❞r♦ s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♥❛ sí♥t❡s✐s ❞❡ ✶❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❡st✉❞✐❛❞❛s✱ s✉s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ② ❧❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s
✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛s ♠ás ♥♦t❛❜❧❡s✳
Z Z
✶ 0 dx = C✳ ✽ sec2 x dx = tan x + C✳
Z Z
x n +1 csc2 x dx = − cot x + C✳
✷ x n dx = + C✱ n 6= −1✳ ✾
n+1
Z Z x
dx
✸
dx
= ln | x | + C✱ x 6= 0✳ ✶✵ √ = arcsen + C ✱ | x | < a✳
x a2 − x 2 a
Z Z x
ax dx 1
✹ a x dx = + C✱ a > 0✱ a 6= 1✳ ✶✶ = arctan + C ✱ a 6 = 0✳
ln a a2 + x 2 a a
Z Z  
x − a
✺ e x dx = e x + C✳ ✶✷
dx
=
1
ln   + C✱ a 6= 0✳
Z
x 2 − a2 2a  x + a 
cos x dx = sen x + C✳
Z  
✻ dx  √ 
✶✸ √ = ln  x + x2 ± a2  + C✱
Z x 2 ± a2
✼ sen x dx = − cos x + C✳ ❝♦♥ a 6= 0✳

Pr♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛

▲❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s s♦♥ út✐❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❧❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s ❞❡ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✳

P❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ s✉♠❛ ✭♦ r❡st❛✮ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✱ s❡ ❤❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣♦r s❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ s❡ s✉♠❛♥ ✭♦ r❡st❛♥✮ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
Z Z Z
[ f ( x ) ± g( x )] dx = f ( x ) dx ± g( x ) dx.

❊st❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✜♥✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✳

 ▲❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✷✾✶

❯♥ ❢❛❝t♦r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡①tr❛❡r ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡❧ s✐❣♥♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✳

Z Z
k f ( x ) dx = k f ( x ) dx, ❞♦♥❞❡ k ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳

❚❡♥❣❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛
❙✐ s❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥ ❧❛s ❞♦s ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s s❡ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡✿
Z Z Z
[ a f ( x ) + bg( x )] dx = a f ( x ) dx + b g( x ) dx ▲✐♥❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✳

❙✐ F ( x ) ❡s ✉♥❛ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ f ( x )✱ a 6= 0 ② b s♦♥ ❞♦s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s✿

Z
1
f ( ax + b)dx = F ( ax + b).
a

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦s
Z

✶ ❍❛❧❧❛r 5x2 + x − 2 dx✳
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❆♣❧✐q✉❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❧✐♥❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✿
Z
Z Z Z
5x2 + x − 2 dx = 5 x2 dx + x dx − 2 dx ▲✐♥❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧
Z
x3 x2
5x2 + x − 2 dx = 5 + − 2x + C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✉♠❛♥❞♦✳
3 2
Z 
π √ 
✷ ❍❛❧❧❛r 7x3 + 2 − 3 x dx✳
x
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ P♦r ❧❛ ❧✐♥❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧
Z  Z Z Z
π √  1
7x3 +
2
− 3 x dx = 7 x3 dx + π dx − 3 x1/2 dx ▲✐♥❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧
x x2
Z   
π √  x4 1 x3/2
3
7x + 2 − 3 x dx = 7 + π − −3 +C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✉♠❛♥❞♦
x 4 x 3/2
Z 
π √  7x4 π √
7x3 + 2 − 3 x dx = − − 2 x3 + C. ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r✳
x 4 x
Z

✸ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r 10x4 − 2 sen x dx✳
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿
Z
Z Z
10x4 − 2 sen x dx = 10 x4 dx − 2 sen x dx ▲✐♥❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧
Z
x5
10x4 − 2 sen x dx = 10 − 2(− cos x ) + C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✉♠❛♥❞♦
5
Z

10x4 − 2 sen x dx = 2x5 + 2 cos x + C ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r
Z


10x4 − 2 sen x dx = 2 x5 + cos x + C ❆❣r✉♣❛r tér♠✐♥♦s✳
✷✾✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ■♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛
Z
✹ ❍❛❧❧❛r 12 cos(3x + 1) dx✳
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿  
Z
1
12 cos(3x + 1) dx = 12 sen(3x + 1) + C Pr♦♣✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✷ ② ✸
3
Z
12 cos(3x + 1) dx = 4 sen(3x + 1) + C ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r✳
Z

✺ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r x2 + e2x dx✳
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿

Z
Z Z
x2 + e2x dx = x2 dx + e2x dx ❙✉♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s
Z
x3 1 2x
x2 + e2x dx = + e +C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✉♠❛♥❞♦ ② Pr♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ✸
3 2
Z
x3 e2x
x2 + e2x dx = + +C ❘❡❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❧♦s tér♠✐♥♦s✳
3 2
Z √
✻ ❍❛❧❧❛r 2x − 5 dx✳
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿
Z √ Z
2x − 5 dx = (2x − 1)1/2 ❘❡❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧
Z √
1 1
2x − 5 dx = · (2x − 1)3/2 + C Pr♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ✸
2 3/2
Z √
1 2p
2x − 5 dx = · (2x − 1)3 + C ❘❡❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❧❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛
2 3
Z √
1p
2x − 5 dx = (2x − 1)3 + C ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r✳ ◭
3

❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣❛s❛r ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦s

✶ ❍❛❧❧❛ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❡♠♣❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❣❧❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❧❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛s✳
Z Z
❛ ✮ 3x2 dx❀ ✐ ✮ (3x − 1)2 dx❀
Z
Z
❜ ✮ x2 2x2 − 1 dx❀ ❥ ✮ sen πx dx❀
Z Z

❝ ✮ (4x3 + 6x − 2) dx❀ ❦ ✮ e5x + cos 6x dx❀
Z Z
1 4
❞ ✮y(y + 1)(y − 2) dy❀ ❧ ✮ dx x > ❀
Z Z 4 − 7x 7
√
√


❡✮ x + 1 x − x + 1 dx❀ ♠✮ e−4x + 6x − 8 dx❀
Z Z
1

❢ ✮√ dx❀ ♥✮ e2x e2x − e−2x dx❀
x x Z
Z
dx
❣✮ u2 ue du❀ ñ ✮ ✳
(2x − 1)2 + 1
Z 4
t −1
❤ ✮ dt❀
1−t
 ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ✷✾✸

✷ ❍❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ② ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ ❧❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛❝✐ó♥✳

Z
Z
❛✮ 6x2 − 3x + 1 dx❀ ❤✮ 9x dx❀
Z
Z
❜✮ x3 − 2x2 + x − 1 dx❀ ✐✮ (2u + 3 cos u) du❀
Z
Z

❝✮ 2x2/3 − 4x1/3 + 5 dx❀ ❥✮ csc θ cot θ − 3 sec2 θ dθ ❀
Z Z
❞✮ x2/3 ( x − 1) dx❀ ❦✮ sec u(tan u + sec u) du❀
Z   Z
2 1 sen 2x
❡✮ − dx❀ ❧✮ dx❀
1 + x2 x Z cos x
Z 2 cos 2x
❢✮
x +1
dx❀ ♠✮ dx❀
x2 √ cos x − sen x
Z
Z 2 dx
t −2 t+1 ♥✮ ❀
❣✮ dt❀ Z 1 − sen x
t2
ñ✮ cot2 x dx✳
Z
✸ ❍❛❧❧❛ ( x − 1)3 dx✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ Pr♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ✸✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❜✐♥♦♠✐♦✳
Z
u3 − 1
✹ ❍❛❧❧❛ du✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❡♠♣❧❡♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ♥♦t❛❜❧❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡✳
u−1

❙❡❝❝✐ó♥ ✽✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥

❆ ✈❡❝❡s ♥♦ ❡s s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♥ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s
❣❡♥❡r❛❧❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥✿ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s✉st✐t✉❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥ ❛
❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✳

▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s✉st✐t✉❝✐ó♥ ♦♥ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡

❯♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s ❡s ❡❧ ❞❡ s✉st✐t✉❝✐ó♥ ♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦
❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❡ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡
♣❡r♠✐t❛ t❡♥❡r ✉♥❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛✳
Z
P❛r❛ ✐❧✉str❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ❤❛❧❧❡♠♦s ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ (7x − 3)4 dx✳
Z
1
❙❡❣ú♥ ❧❛ Pr♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ✸ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s✿ f ( ax + b)dx = F ( ax + b)✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s✿
a
Z
1 (7x − 3)5 1
(7x − 3)4 dx = · = (7x − 3)5 .
7 5 35

❚❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✿

u = 7x − 3 ⇒ du = u′ ( x ) dx = 7 dx

du
P♦r t❛♥t♦✱ dx = ✳
7
✷✾✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ■♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛

❙✉st✐t✉②❡♥❞♦ ❡st♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡✿

Z Z
du
(7x − 3)4 dx = u4 ❙✉st✐t✉✐r ✭7x − 3✮ ② dx
7
Z Z
1
(7x − 3)4 dx = u4 du Pr♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ✷✳
7
Z
1 u5
(7x − 3)4 dx = +C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛
7 5
Z
1 (7x − 3)5
(7x − 3)4 dx = +C ❙✉st✐t✉✐r u ♣♦r 7x − 3
7 5
Z
1
(7x − 3)4 dx = (7x − 3)5 + C. ❖♣❡r❛r✳
35

▲❛ ✈❡♥t❛❥❛ ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ Z ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ✸ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛r ❛❧ ✐♥t❡♥t❛r

2
r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✿ x3 + 2 3x2 dx✳

2
2
❼ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ f ( x ) = x3 + 2 3x2 ❡s ❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛ g( x ) = x3 + 2 ② ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥
h( x ) = 3x2 ✳
❼ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ h( x ) = 3x2 ❡s ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ g( x )✳
P♦r s❡r 3x2 ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ x3 + 2✱ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s✿

u = x3 + 2 ⇒ du = u′ ( x ) dx = 3x2 dx.
Z
❼ ❊♥ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ( x3 + 2)2 3x2 dx s❡ s✉st✐t✉②❡ ❧❛ x3 + 2 ♣♦r u ② 3x2 dx ♣♦r du✿
Z
2 Z
x3 + 2 3x2 dx = u2 du ❙✉st✐t✉✐r u ② du
Z
2 u3
x3 + 2 3x2 dx = +C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✳
3

❼ P❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛r ❧❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ x✱ s❡ s✉st✐t✉②❡ ♥✉❡✈❛♠❡♥t❡ u ♣♦r x3 + 2✿

Z
2 u3
x3 + 2 3x2 dx = +C
3
Z
3
3

2 2 x3 + 2
x +2 3x dx = +C
3

P❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❧❛ ✈❡r❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ s❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ x ② s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ♦❜t❡♥❡r

2
x3 + 2 3x2 ✳ ❊st❡ ♣❛s♦ ❧♦ ❞❡❥❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛s❡✳

P❛s♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s✉st✐t✉❝✐ó♥✳

❊✶ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s✉st✐t✉❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❡♠♣❧❡❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿

✶ ❙❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❝✉②♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❡s ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r✳

✷ ❯♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛ ② ❞❡❜❡ ❡①✐st✐r ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥❡r
❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦tr❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥✱ s✉ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛
 ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ✷✾✺

✸ ❙❡ ❤❛❧❧❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛✳

✹ ❙❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛✳

✺ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r s❡ ❡①♣r❡s❛ ❡♥ tér♠✐♥♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳

✻ ❙❡ ❡①♣r❡s❛ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❤❛❧❧❛❞❛ ❡♥ tér♠✐♥♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✳

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦s

❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s✿

Z √
✶ x2 5 − 2x3 dx✳
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ▲❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♥♦ ❡s ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛✳ ▲❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ r❛í③ ❝✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛✳

du
❙✐ ❧❧❛♠❛♠♦s u = 5 − 2x3 ✱ t❡♥❞r❡♠♦s q✉❡ du = −6x2 dx❀ ♦ s❡❛ x2 dx = − ✳
6
❆❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛s ❞❡❜✐❞❛s s✉st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

Z √ Z √

x2 5 − 2x3 dx = 5 − 2x3 x2 dx ❘❡♦r❞❡♥❛r ② ❛❣r✉♣❛r tér♠✐♥♦s

Z √ Z
√ du
x2 5 − 2x3 dx = u ❙✉st✐t✉✐r 5 − 2x3 ② x2 dx
−6
Z √ Z
1 √ 1
x2 5 − 2x3 dx = − u du ❙❛❝❛r ❡❧ ❢❛❝t♦r ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧
6 −6
Z √ 1 2√ 3
x2 5 − 2x3 dx = − · u +C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✳
6 3

❱♦❧✈❡♠♦s ❛ s✉st✐t✉✐r u ♣♦r 5 − 2x3 ② ❧❧❡❣❛♠♦s ❛ q✉❡✿

Z p q
1 2
x 2
5 − 2x3
dx = − · (5 − 2x3 )3 + C
6 3
Z p q
1
2 3
x 5 − 2x dx = − (5 − 2x3 )3 + C
9
Z
✷ sen x cos x dx✳
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❙❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ u = sen x s❡ t✐❡♥❡ du = cos x dx✱ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ s❡ r❡❞✉❝❡ ❛✿

Z Z
sen x cos x dx = sen x (cos x dx ) = ❆❣r✉♣❛r tér♠✐♥♦s
Z Z
sen x cos x dx = u du ❙✉st✐t✉✐r sen x ② cos x dx
Z
u2
sen x cos x dx = +C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛
2
Z
(sen x )2
sen x cos x dx = +C ❙✉st✐t✉✐r u ♣♦r sen x✳
2
Z
1
❊st❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡①♣r❡s❛r ❝♦♠♦✿ sen x cos x dx = sen2 x + C✳
2
❊st❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡❧✐❣✐❡♥❞♦ u = cos x✳
✷✾✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ■♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛
Z
ln(2x )
✸ dx✳
x
dx
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❙❡❛ u = ln(2x )❀ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s du = ✳ P♦r t❛♥t♦✱
x
Z Z
ln(2x ) dx
dx = ln(2x ) ❘❡❛❣r✉♣❛r tér♠✐♥♦s
x x
Z Z
ln(2x ) dx
dx = u du ❙✉st✐t✉✐r ln(2x ) ②
x x
Z
ln(2x ) u2
dx = +C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❞❡ u
x 2
Z
ln(2x ) (ln(2x ))2
dx = +C ❙✉st✐t✉✐r u ♣♦r ln 2x✳
x 2

Z
ln(2x ) 1
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝♦♠♦ dx = ln2 (2x ) + C✳
x 2
Z
dx
✹ ✳
1 + e− x
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ Pr✐♠❡r♦✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦✿

1 1
=
1 + e− x 1
1+
ex
1 1
= x
1+e − x e +1
ex
1 ex
= .
1 + e− x ex + 1

❙✐ s❡ s✉st✐t✉②❡ e x + 1 = u✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s e x dx = du ②✿

Z Z
dx e x dx
= ❘❡❛❣r✉♣❛r tér♠✐♥♦s
1 + e− x 1 + ex
Z Z
dx 1
= du ❙✉st✐t✉✐r ex + 1 ② e x dx
1 + e− x u
Z
dx 1
= ln u + C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❞❡
1 + e− x u
Z
dx
= ln (e x + 1) + C ❘❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛r u ♣♦r e x + 1✳
1 + e− x

❖❜s❡r✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ✉s❛r ❡❧ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛✳

Z
cos(e− x )
✺ dx✳
ex
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❙❡❛ u = e− x ✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r✐❜✐r✿

du = −e− x dx
dx
du = − x
e
dx
−du = x .
e
 ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ✷✾✼

❙✉st✐t✉②❛♠♦s ❧♦ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✿

Z Z
cos(e− x ) dx
dx = cos(e− x ) ❘❡❛❣r✉♣❛r tér♠✐♥♦s
ex ex
Z Z
cos(e− x ) dx
dx = cos u (−du) ❙✉st✐t✉✐r e−x ②
ex ex
Z
cos(e− x )
dx = − sen u + C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❞❡ cos u
ex
Z
cos(e− x )
dx = − sen e−x + C ❘❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛r u ♣♦r e−x ✳ ◭
ex

▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡s

❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❡s ✐❣✉❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✱ s✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡
✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛✱ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡s✳
❙✐ u ② v s♦♥ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s t❛❧❡s q✉❡ u = f ( x ) ② v = g( x )✱ q✉❡ s♦♥ ❞❡r✐✈❛❜❧❡s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛✿
Z Z Z
d(uv) = v du + u dv ② d(uv) = v du + u dv.

Z
❉❡s♣❡❥❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ u dv✱ ② ♣♦r ❧❛ Pr♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ✷✳ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡✿
Z Z
u dv = uv − v du.

❊st❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ s❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡s ✳

P❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r✱ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ r❡❣❧❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r q✉✐é♥ ❡s u ② q✉✐é♥ ❡s dv✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s
r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❛❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❝✉á❧ ❡s ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛✱ ést❛ s❡❛ ❢á❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❜❧❡✳ ❙✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱ ❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r s♦♥ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ út✐❧❡s ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❡s✿

✶ ◗✉❡ dx s❡❛ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ dv✳

✷ ◗✉❡ dv s❡❛ ❢á❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❜❧❡✳
✸ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❡s ❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❡❧✐❣❡ ❧❛
❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛♣❛r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♥ t❛❧ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛rs❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ dv✳

❊❥❡♠♣❧♦s

❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s✿

Z
✶ xe x dx✳


u=x ⇒ du = dx,
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ P♦♥❣❛♠♦s
 dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ex .
✷✾✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ■♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛

❆♣❧✐q✉❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡s✿

Z Z
u dv = uv − v du ❋ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡s

Z Z
x (e x dx ) = xe x − e x dx ❙✉st✐t✉✐r u✱ v✱ du ② dv
Z
x e x dx = xe x − e x + C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❞❡ ex
Z
x e x dx = e x ( x − 1) + C ❋❛❝t♦r ❝♦♠ú♥✳

Z
P♦r t❛♥t♦✱ x (e x dx ) = e x ( x − 1) + C✳
Z
✷ x2 e x dx✳


u = x2 ⇒ du = 2x dx,
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡s❝r✐❜❛♠♦s✿
 dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ex .
❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱

Z Z
x2 ( ex dx ) = x2 e x − e x (2x dx ) ❙✉st✐t✉✐r u✱ v✱ du ② dv ❡♥ ❧❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ✐✳♣✳♣✳

Z Z
x2 (e x dx ) = x2 e x − 2 e x ( x dx ) + C ❙❛❝❛r ❡❧ ❢❛❝t♦r 2 ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧

Z Z
x2 e x dx = x2 e x − 2 xe x dx + C ❘❡♦r❞❡♥❛r tér♠✐♥♦s✳

▲❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ q✉❡ q✉❡❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠✐❡♠❜r♦✱ ❧❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s

❡s❝r✐❜✐r✿

Z
x2 e x dx = x2 e x − 2e x ( x − 1) + C
Z

x2 e x dx = e x x2 − 2x + 2 + C.

Z
✸ x sen x dx✳
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❙❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ u=x ② dv = sen x dx✱ s❡ t✐❡♥❡✿ du = dx ② v = − cos x✳ P♦r t❛♥t♦✱

Z Z
x sen x dx = x (− cos x ) − (− cos x ) dx ❙✉st✐t✉✐r u✱ v✱ du ② dv ❡♥ ❧❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ✐✳♣✳♣✳

Z Z
x sen x dx = − x cos x + cos x dx ❘❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s

Z
x sen x dx = − x cos x + sen x + C ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❞❡ cos x✳

Z
❘❡♦r❞❡♥❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s tér♠✐♥♦s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r✐❜✐r✿ x sen x dx = sen x − x cos x + C✳
Z
❖❜s❡r✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ s✐ s❡ ❡❧✐❣❡ u = sen x✱ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ v du r❡s✉❧t❛ ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❞❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡

❡st❛ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡✳

Z
✹ ln x dx✳
 ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ✷✾✾

dx
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❙✐ s❡ ❡❧✐❣❡ u = ln x ② dv = dx✱ s❡ t✐❡♥❡✿ du = ② v = x✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥
x
♣♦r ♣❛rt❡s✿

Z Z
u dv = uv − v du
Z Z
ln x dx = x ln x − dx
Z
ln x dx = x ln x − x + C.

Z
✺ x2 cos x dx✳

❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❙✐ s❡ ❡❧✐❣❡ u = x2 ② dv = cos x dx✱ s❡ t✐❡♥❡✿ du = 2x dx ② v = sen x❀ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡✱

Z Z
2 2
x cos x dx = x sen x − 2 x sen x dx.

Z
❉❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✸ s❡ s❛❜❡ q✉❡ x sen x dx = − x cos x + sen x + C❀ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s✱

Z
x2 cos x dx = x2 sen x + 2x cos x − 2 sen x + C.

❆sí✱ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r t❛♥t❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❝♦♠♦ s❡❛ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛❧ r❡♣❡t✐r ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ s❡ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡

♠❛♥t❡♥❡r ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❞❡ ❧♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ s❡ ❧❧❡❣❛ ❛ ✉♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞✳

Z
✻ e x cos x dx✳
❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ ❙✐ s❡ ❡❧✐❣❡ u = ex ② dv = cos x dx✱ s❡ t✐❡♥❡✿ du = e x dx✱ v = sen x✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱

Z Z
e x cos x dx = e x sen x − e x sen x dx.

❖❜s❡r✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❛❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛ ❧❛ ❞❛❞❛✳ ❙✐ s❡ r❡♣✐t❡ ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦✿

u= ex ✱ dv = sen x dx✱ du = ex dx✱ v = − cos x✱ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡✿

Z  Z 
x x x x
e cos x dx = e sen x − −e cos x − − cos x e dx
Z Z
e x cos x dx = e x sen x + e x cos x − e x cos x dx,

❞❡ ❞♦♥❞❡

Z
2 e x cos x dx = e x sen x + e x cos x
Z
1 x
e x cos x dx = e (sen x + cos x ) + C.
2

❊♥ ❡st❡ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❧❛ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ u ② dv ♣✉❞♦ ❤❛❜❡r s✐❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡❀ ♦ s❡❛✱ u = cos x ② dv = e x dx✳ ◭
✸✵✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ■♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛

❊❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣❛s❛r ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦s

✶ ❊♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❧❛ s✉st✐t✉❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✳

Z Z
sen x
❛✮ (3x dx✱
+ 4)6 u = 3x + 4❀ ❢✮ dx✱ u = cos x❀
Z Z cos2 x
√ √
❜✮ x2 x3 + 2 dx✱ u= x3 + 2❀ ❣✮ sen u cos u du✱ v = sen u❀
Z
x Z √
❝✮ √ dx✱ u = x 2 + 1❀ cos x √
❤✮ √ dx✱ u = x❀
Z x2 + 1 x
Z 2
❞✮ e−3x dx✱ u = −3x❀ csc 3x
Z
✐✮ dx✱ u = cos 3x❀
Z cot3 3x
❡✮ tan3 x sec2 x dx✱ u = tan x❀
❥✮ x2 sec2 x3 dx✱ u = x3 ✳

✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛ ❧❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡s ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❧❧❛r ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❡s✳
Z Z Z
❛✮ x cos 4x dx❀ ❡✮ arctan 6t dt❀ ✐✮ et cos t dt❀
Z Z Z
❜✮ zez/2 dz❀ ❢✮ r4 ln r dr❀ ❥✮ e− x sen 2x dx❀
Z Z Z
❝✮ t sen 2t dt❀ ❣✮ θ sec2 2θ dθ ❀ ❦✮ x csc2 x dx❀
Z Z Z
❞✮ ln(3x + 1) dx❀ ❤✮ y2y dy❀ ❧✮ x sec x tan x dx✳

❙❡❝❝✐ó♥ ✽✳✹ ■♥t❡❣r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s

❚♦❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ r❛③ó♥ ❞❡ ❞♦s ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐♦s f m ( x ) ② gn ( x )✿

f m (x) B0 x m + B1 x m−1 + · · · + Bm
= .
gn ( x ) A 0 x n + A 1 x n −1 + · · · + A n
| {z }
❢r❛❝❝✐ó♥ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧

❙✐♥ ❧✐♠✐t❛r ❧❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ r❛③♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦✱ s✉♣♦♥❞r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡st♦s ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐♦s ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ r❛í❝❡s ❝♦♠✉♥❡s❀ ♦
s❡❛✱ ♥♦ ❛❞♠✐t❡♥ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥✳

❋r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ❡ ✐♠♣r♦♣✐❛✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♥✉♠❡r❛❞♦r ❡s ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r
❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦r✱ ❧❛ ❢r❛❝❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ♣r♦♣✐❛❀ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ ❧❛ ❢r❛❝❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛ ✐♠♣r♦♣✐❛✳

❙✐ ❧❛ ❢r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✐♠♣r♦♣✐❛✱ ❛❧ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❡❧ ♥✉♠❡r❛❞♦r ♣♦r ❡❧ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦r ✭s❡❣ú♥ ❧❛ r❡❣❧❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐♦s✮
s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❧❛ ❢r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐♦ ② ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ♣r♦♣✐❛✿
f m (x) Qk ( x )
= Pm−n ( x ) + ,
gn ( x ) | {z } gn ( x )
| {z } ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐♦ | {z }
❢r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ✐♠♣r♦♣✐❛ ❢r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ♣r♦♣✐❛

Qk ( x )
❞♦♥❞❡ P( x ) ❡s ✉♥ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞♦ m − n ② ❡s ✉♥❛ ❢r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ♣r♦♣✐❛✱ s✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❣r❛❞♦ k ❞❡ Q ♠❡♥♦r
gn ( x )
q✉❡ ❡❧ ❣r❛❞♦ n ❞❡ f ✳