HESI MED SURG STUDY GUIDE

and slow development of resistance; adverse reactions & monitoring : monitor for side effects/what to
monitor that occur with the individual drugs

Antiinfectives - Atovaquone (Mepron), Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

Atovaquone (Mepron) - Used for PCP in those unable to tolerate Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

(Bactrim)

Antivirals - Acyclovir sodium (Zovirax), Ganciclovir; used for herpes simplex CMV retinitis; adverse
reactions: granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia; monitor liver function tests

Antifungals - Ampherotericin B (Fungizone); IV: crytococcal meningitis; PO: Oral candidiasis; adverse
reactions: nephrotoxicity, hypotension, hypokalemia, febrile reaction, muscle cramps, circulatory
problems; vesicant:: monitor IV site closely; premedicate with antipyretic, give slowly; swish as long as
possible before swallowing PO form

Antoprotozoals - Pentamidine isethionate (Pentam 300); prophylaxis & treatment for PCP; adverse
reactions: leucopenia, ECG abnormalities; Give IV or aerosol, not orally

CMV (Cytomegalovirus) - Caregivers who are pregnant may refuse to care for a client with this

Pediatric HIV infection - Infection with HIV in infants and children; perinatal transmission of children
born to HIV-positive mothers will be infected unless the mother is treated with Zidovudine during
pregnancy and the neonate is treated after birth ; HIB infected blood products, breast milk, sexual abuse

Pediatric HIV infection S&S - Failure to thrive, lymphadenopathy, organomegaly, neuropathy,

cardiomyopathy, chronic recurrent infections, unexplained fevers

Pediatric HIV infection interventions - Administer NO live virus vaccines, IGG administration, avoid
exposure to persons with infections

Pediatric HIV Client - Evidenced by lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia,
and opportunistic infections

Gate control theory - Pain impulses travel from the periphery to the gray matter in the dorsal horn of the
spinal cord along small nerve fibers; substantia gelatinosa either opens or closes off the transmission of
pain impulses to the brain; stimulation of large, fast conducting sensory fibers opposes the input from
mall pain fibers, this blocking pain transmission

Endorphin theory - Naturally occurring compounds that have morphine-like qualities; they modulate pain
by preventing the conduction of pain impulses in the CNS

Enkephalins theory - Specific neurotransmitters that bind with opiate receptors in the dorsal horn of the
spinal cord; they modulate pain by closing the gate and stopping the pain impulse

Oral route for analgesic - Preferred method of administration; drug level peak: 1-2 hours

Intramuscular route for analgesic - Acceptable method of managing acute, short-term pain; onset 30 min;
peak effect 1-3 hours; duration of action: 4 hours