4120.2 } Behavior of Two Big Rockfill Dams, and Design Aims orselay | VRB. de Mello Proessor Sc, Consulting Engineer, President BSMFE. S1WORSIS The case histories of two major compacted enbanksont dans are analysed with regard to ‘hee hroblen mast ananabie to, reacghinge ang eonpytatigne/f seatiaticn of sverajen, the {roblen of jeforhtations, discugsed regarding specific “laboratory testing compared with vse of generalized cor Felations." inproved nental motels for predictions are proposed: "in the oarthsore-conpacted rock. £11 section the provlen of erest cracking suggests the'intereat dna significant change, of zoned section in the topmost stratch- For the coneretecface Focktiil dam At ie suggestes that. one needs Sisigniticant revision Of instrumentation and monitoring orientation. Both dans twhaved extewordl~ Batily weil on questions of consequence and rerved co rhow that unfavourable observations, tf to5 Indirect,’ lead to\no bene€it, but say somotines prove the snexistence Of the Gonseyuencial #isbena- lor to bo! guarded againee. 1. mernopucrsot eae sm all probability the threshold of unde Stvapie behetior will fot be cromted: Most over the pont few yeaca 4 hve deepened my Stten thes fe fctape atorsel ust” sactety ten Gonictione, and repeatedly’ emphasised, that Dppostte limiter for instance, a compacted cla the baste concepts ef design of inportant civil core must ensure that it will not eurter adefer— engineering strctures congriza five steps Sntlal settiomenes higher’ than’ certain value, ‘SUmaarizable’aa folloves= Shereupon the design decision 1s based on the, ‘alesse cael aol onal eciaabanieds Hope Spetldance,tlnue' of compress tests Elos not Eunettonal need a'eype of structure that. phy= core pays in certain tones, be sought, to. ensure Sieally preciudes Behaviors of simniéieance tROE Beltetenese and rigiaity are sininizeds ubsect bo the tatiaties of extreme vals and, therefore, for much zones tho Compras’ Erolp unquantiriable, especially sf and wher STbiaGy"Tezeen coneidered to accompany. plastic, Capable" at progressive accelerative aeyener= derornability) may be spect fied not co fall ation tovarde fatlure, (Se Mello, 1977. Bh Stlow the lover" confidence Limit’ thugs the homena such ax tho weakest Link Ceneion failure engineering decisions may be aaid to be asad Ease should, in a good design, be presided: on prediction of woae will most probably not fet by’ Incedasing nominal computed factors. of Reopens zacher than on"the direct aim at Sefet}, nich alvays gonerace extranely. ine Compataeionally rasching more: accurace’ bre Stononieat condseiona ans often are try tl Gletion of what will preeunatay happen in Theory, aut rather by chosee of ‘change Se fealty (acternintaesel piysitan universe, oo an to sork sith Seer Bedtieetonl nistsgeans' or definable Laciting Guantification. 2,3) the baaic needs for design computations srey_therefores {0 improve’ the predictability on Conpatatlon, and to narrow the width of Our confidence bande, a2 rapidiy snd efficiently as possible 2) haying choson the functional model, whose Significant behavlore are acceated by’ the Statistica of averages, engineering soquires foe righe’o!neaningtal Saloulatione, ands apparent energie of engineering worker (2.2) the prediction of what 1s 1tkely to be For any forthconing job his 1s achieved on the Basse Se well eigested data Leon wonitared projects; and for any given peavect unser con Ee behavior ta atsociated with the statistical StFUCtLON, by rapidly, adauatnd terative Ge average behavior, oguatod, adjusted, and extra- — ELL10y"agtucetonte Yom grescee ineenatey cost Polateds the ditieate aim’ vould be to'be able {ng and nonitoring right at the iottons for du polations require “lavs", that is, repetitive, Sekede Wan tive iota Souhead sal eblaneed sce Sate ah seas ee SG Ss mee trl ily elec i Soareeure, Romar seep ay reeSnotors of prototype to prototype comparison Vill yseld’ botear design decisions. and. behavior Setlnttes, Ghynes and Vanaarke, 19/7), than Specific new set of eeat data and/or’ dacisn 3) thus St As that the analysts of ease=histon Zlesiacquices significance tot only wien regerd Eo'tne sunsationslatuoneson to’ patent faiiur UinllGat ing’ phyaical moe bo be, gunrdea Silene majoriey of canes of varying dogroos of Rlabehevior witch will permit quantstying. the Gecision eheacholaa. ‘The intent herein iz to consider the case his forser of two recent dans of about 1600, In Relght (rigs, 1y 2) and impressive data. Tt may. De-accepted that both ehe dam eectsons are of Chosen physical models well conenived to avoid Senestionai failure, ard’ thoreforo 1 te Gplerstanebie thst attention har concentrated Shipechs’ of Stfocteticea alah hae tn ilihehavior. “berenseions rantle eran intosrat= Ga effects and are therefore well tneluged in theSgrocp dominated by the statiaticn of deciglons, and a8 leading t0 sugested revisions Untereeting daca regarding geout ing treatments and’ efficlencies in sealing horizons. of open~ Tetsctored’ rocks ana TEL recognised’ the the Foundation treataane problem te anctler one Of the'daminant ener in Buck Ganay however, for convenience Ln concunteating on a single, nes: SQgue the paper will not touch on those facets, GhISK COESPEBEE Shecenstul ly hanaites Showing ehae" obs agniticantly sealer than those predicted Fable I tumcizer the principal asta on the Gana ‘under coneideration and settiewent predictions based on owioneter tests,” Tt may be Femacked that the principal concern arises tron ou CEE] see | core: rma rara| BEE ota GE] m= | == relrtalen forlastelond soe | ET] sasnar boas fes-an feseanfis-se [aeesn Mon" aver | mur [ae | oe [Oo Le. rns [oon [Rms at oa be fatal » |» |—[e rn fw fn Sw ea = oe Pefel=| morons fee] ELE Tefecfecoteaefmelar| wef [ae]e [# Ene fo [MRE™ pafecedo =[=lele rraiea [oar | serveur f= afer aml ssolm -Pyge’fer ee] mee | ve . acme) © | aaee [eee sree =| mee =| =| (lle sa fowrs| Sm [aa ance ela oral vale] @l=le le coin orm awe ono] wnay [aos |oeeferenlaciafe so fornbared wr] [>|] Temnusoome [ET fe R[E eleenaalaa heel wbarel we, TT | str ny °°" Fecaer oar] SESE [= ea r= son anhon ss sora WN GBSERY.~ SPECS CONVENTIONALLY WRITTEN AS Se. 900m George cheeks Sabre nteowe ue COMPARATIVE STRANI ‘ar "Geman FOR 0-7 Kghnt = compressinilities, Unb. and rele, Salto santiago clay. #52"Sonewauence’ ia ae’ the toy" [iye)"oxaph se- preconsol idavion preseure. acondy, 18 must be mentioned that overburden fours of redistribstions ave’ to. inconpat ible Cores) and the pressure dats attributed to. the old tohavioralare well confirmed. inily Se'mast'be repeated that only one oF few points of Hola observation are represented in each ‘Shae Secause all of the other poines gave om “A Fla. sbLIittes. Neod to aimoat exactly the same indications: ehe scatter InUaboratory dats {e"spnarent hy yeoat bat the Generally 0 very clove as to be surpessing. (and torrender, Impossible packiny more curves Lito ‘the principal conclusions from these obser Of the routine test: procedures am Correspndlag Paramocers: Sedometee teat night be Co aol tha spectnens ty Eequire renearch and adjuctnent.. the ase of Flom the compacted fill offers some. lwprovemont actual. placement and compaction sa a field SGractlon test. for field sijustnents. and for Sitraction of undisturbed block, aanpieay one ESELEMpinee ona toutes aly Sntucted 9, Father than’ so-cilled undisturbed biock saaples: condition thst’ should retain soetdual serevees Gndisturbed gpectnens ffom bisek sanpies do Stier sone inprovenent. (of. the Kg torts and the Snisceroptetrineial compression gutn 91/23, Patio of ics); the predicted steaine (and x0 lisies higher than the Cield behavior observed, Te"hardly teess worth the trouble: moreoverthere in ne plausible theoretical reasoning in Envour af such sophistication. therefore, tn Sthor caer the comparison sould be either Tess favourable oF more #0, purely by coincidence Note that the recompression strain values from Geuontee tests on the undlatorbed block sanplew (Shavior’ "Thorefore, a cechnique hay well. be sijaneed for uein such einple teeta, but re Sorting to two, theecy er more oyoles of com Sppropelace recompeeceion # valu, much as bs ‘bho For building! settlements om Seucegare, ce Sonuteze "and stevering G37?) fone yory renarkablg observation is, of course, the fact that the clay econpeesaibiiity $8 not ds yas. early Foarod, "esgnifscantly greater thin tn0.8 to Lan Lifts, shich tallies censonably, STei"theobanreat ion that ateess dL. str liueLons [tech core and rortelit at the pointe of 2et Clement onservations wera not signicicant: bruncipal prodlen would derive from staeiettent ‘aM tena abers am mince evonpeeeage Shstmont. Iaborstory-torprotatype are of major Hisetlones most ofian Hut iTenove preferable TeTeSEISy tne’ ordtottine teedinaven! test and Seitbn henteetSe fetal react apt ard FesaenGs in igitelaua” Gees "sein aerate” meres thats Leh Neat et tondmetrie brat Sorse Sppilenite prostances, oe ineiate of weetE setae te ePatace ine tea}ostortes) miont TSrv"Rptebent p clayey ence Sonevlare’ antmuca Sek otusenect Skoescee wally ints ta SsSET* oP} "Uhe'ayetonaeae ester Satonan Tapo~ Srmry tell eleweit Sensriee und seeresponaing Hiete'ocil elesene’ S)"ehemome-nenttonen ENE Long 8 Che noniere Ge taste tench, heh eeLtperthonny which apfortangeeiy con often teTorestory the gftater the toraistior on! SeSameey ts nostare upctensrvarerreets Sheena the desived: tolerances, 1k Se recognized py the practising profession ale that the prineipsl source of information Should erive'srom field data fron caue histom Hl wclally iy the case Of Foeeill Te a Sipnmsiaad that "charaeteriseiee cantot! be Asterhined beforehand by laboratory eats” (Goydemir and Sjacenelsy 1979), Howovor, it 12tery important to recognize that fveld’ con prossiuility data have most often been. con PUSH, platted, interpreted, and’ pebliahed un- See ovefeinpl tied asvumptions. At the other Shd Finite slapent analyses, have been enploved, Hieuaing'valuanio, concoptanytmisestfone Wt Cina do hacksanalyses of questionably derived Tr ty the intent herein ta auggest to the peas Uelng professionals middle course chat may be os Belvelh dino within’ 9! widarately plausioie ‘Afalehing foreach ser projec, the moana not imorely ta reach more probable destyn estimaves, Mut alacy peinespaliy, to adjust sich estimates thrown a Squanth tLavie Obeervat onal, Hethod" Eeztepfiete'inepection testing and behavior monieoring: the inportant point to emphasize in that one ‘cannot’ backanalyse. published data fram past frokeces ithe fnguteing what, dat woke. ob Shoe agains the use of the most modern sophiat Gated goluéson, sithoush theorattealty much bet tery may find {teolf unable to establish the. Tink tith'the "experiences be eweracved from Gheoriagble Improved-mental weet? Spptacable, Sapietabie . [At the extrome of the empirical une of as many Cason ae postibie one might vite much proposals Ty post-constvuction data were analyzed. Thus hefe" is‘ netial'Wdet "Ping dorifconatruc- Sonseuuoneosy vnien t= frustrating to the. sery Sone of tiginecrine," Croet mvonant, (sete uence, ‘but’ che engineer faces important ect Sons that ‘canvot te tied paretoriy merely £0 UNSRM the eStegorses OF compactor ve. dumped {ged baekranalyses by finite element programs, aajustante with evident -aocoss. There has bean satisfactory correction of tert results From ouionetrio. ana. tesaetal conditions” to. Plame strain conditions. forthe dan throbgh tn~ een inayéficient recognition oF, the influence Ghereia in adjusting sesunpeions. Comerehensibly Aoplied in enflier settlement analyses of earth ata to wnich the finite element analyses were ‘(Moptea did not. Incorporate. an incompatible Simplification aun as wa the Foutino accump~ Uoplot field vertical Stress oy cy Ghoumiton, ‘The routine asauption used to be that inero= Transmitted ae. if pertaining to infinite Londed Alan Conditions: T=" 1200; and yet_ are limites SEETetiy to the’ wereicat comes bing the one foreach settlement gauge, Tf slopes exe fat ini fae dan constriction Joes not Incorporate, Sarsed phasing within the section (longitudinal nd tronawerse) y such ah aseuspeton ay nat he~ Some patently whacceptable: in fact hevevor ae Ghevriil riage, a given midpoint. between ver = ealiy positionad settlement. gages within thedam body only receives fz pressure incraventas fd the test that can bs*done ie to use the glist made shares {rosiow and’ vavis, 1974) struct jonraettionent alta tether. St seer’ mone sede possi aes Ca es Gecurs in'aore cruchabie rocker in Coase OF eeee ations could be see aside ay negiigibiey and te felbetean'ta Unalyac"the sinpter ease of inatan interference of: 8) the Influence factor T (pre gently’ For honsieneous clastic bodes) b) folperaie” adjurt ing for’ ts inactance, and buch Lines. Fig. LT reproduces data, from recent Fesearch testing on modelled rockfiil. Welge Fipton 12697, wich Gaeent ly reinforce the indi Sites, even without peresptibte erushingy Sbvioaiay the" ertnct Spould be greater. Eerough Chlahing’ef eontacts during compaction. Finally ete Sym os J Fig. 17 ~ Labs Contismation, on Model Rockett, Simpactlon Tathontes"ometp. Weise intey 1983) “me ing Seif-welght Construction setele-4. 18 reproduces some recent, indications Aogdings For the reevaluation the average rhe projects Listed in uabte were used, for Sheorvationss tn all tases settlements wars Gheentialiy instantanoous wich incremontal 100% #692 102% Suggestions °Samps eme Geese s aoa gametes 5 = ie wh sssuned Us clipes yrirad | rma (ragga = OSHE 072 22 = Idoalized deduction of Straten wherein Compaction Pe Hetieces Host on Top 10 blacks, and Ct data, do not reflect adesuately the présumably ghee, tneernal 0"p prestre SSnditions that provatl inthe daney partly 1 Eninas by the Fg lateral compressions, ea portly retatned Sy suctions. incerunentation End! adnitoring efforts will nave te dedicate Sich'nore. attention to problons of in sith re~ MGlal stresses and braneverse sezainey [At prosont there seams to be no way to euch a Seales cna noaehy"senerauay apritcabie vie Clone of Pet and jdnae. Pig. 20-hes been pre fred €9 indicate the possibie trends of the Fnceeterence of the two basic parameters sdopt~ ed ag most significant tn the present mental poael.""BSbotously ene ereore. (and. necesary Pettections) inetenes wien increasing # (ard Shoraneing predictable settlements) eae ameat sai a hte Ts Bact retta tea Beet bles weehehing’ a meetin at about midchorht) and tf seen nadee” that the only settlements. (and. ait Forential settlements) thae natter (co the tp Egrenettare) are’ those Suffered by the top, me eases than the first intaition needs tnweds— seer a alone a'aore couprersibie aver aattors Ske! Mhere Coutionence are greatert, close t2 Marnetgne (rig. i) tn tact, by use of the mental model proposmd, ££ 6 Stouker that attention concentrate of he {oP Toa" {earery could tension cracks descend, below) Lit s"poreloie to "Ueorizet on ae sand Peipected ae important, (Fi91 22)~_ nt great HOSERSTRS At iePinteian ov ibefore adding the {ikai ibm of dan) and the Soy. (1ez corresponding {smthe ada Cional funal heighe) Lie. im the Co EeekUGneLine-and the compression should be sp~ seeaetely tngopendent. oF Pe, Also at tho, Go Boenoet ‘slevations, both initial ov and ov # fev Bema tie inthe precompressed range Fors Given yerdua ‘the importance Gf the incremental com Préction would be secondary, Tt iny therefore, Specifications and inapection have to be of mere is af present sufficiently wide, recogntt— Ton that field moduli B (computes with 2 values ug gosuming constants) present a. atoady vari- fSejor dane abe plotted sn Tig. 23." soneuhat Slayer. £1li dia sot prove disparaginaly compres ShNSYcompared eo. ehe soundest clean rock! 1136: Of courses the T valucs need to bo corrected Because of the not-constant. Et comuber, sole— Cione changing E by steps would be the typical oder, appronse, bowver, one gn eaet ly see" ‘Ekeage stresses Inthe. center ana increase then See’ the homogeneous elastic body Tat luence. Velucss by superpositions, to revise, the erst= Mile Getinated stresses.” Fig. 24 shows how this was done assuming but two zones and a ratio Of moduli of 2, the fact ts that inevitably the Ghue"eurve of H ves drops wore rapday: 1 has been repeatedly published, and 1s by so Anal Recognised that che most shcompressi ble weld taia7in'on’oarth-rock’ am section are those Ofinterwedlate graineize, the typloal stranei~ ee aetelpet uoed for filéeredrainage. slorvaver , theveppeeclobly: different bonavior of rovnded vel ee. angular crusted rook agprepaten fone observes, therefore, that problems of hang oe eee vateccrentiated settlements tond 10‘depend very much on the transition sections. feedless tS fay conaitions are worsened 1? che llneign requires sider trangitions, broader ‘ind compaction: such Gadety oF the dam,can frequenthy be concluded, ta be” exactly the’ opposiee- Rock Uevpeedicling and avoiding deleterious US-Ds Statking across the core.) The dan in case. gave Ghe'bect of indseatione o€ predictable satts~ Factory design and nonitored behavior. to the ends. domever, Shortly after the crest was Gaptaly! paved, while ceservosr tilling wae Seourring’ tat an snexpected rate. corresponding fo 1s100°ye recurrence flows) two longitudinal Eracke developed along the OS and 0S. tramitions his remarkably howogensoue. manner al0%g Aeaely Bsot the tenath of the ceene. A Towugrtort iheldan'rose very gapidly, with compacted clay Ellu"stitter than deeszed; and che hurried Einish of crest arading and paving served to Re the cracking more saivent.. fn short, the Teopitudes of dnterred fovecents that witl, oft PcSkEGE SE telenents even in pounee on the Seimatcam elope {aithouph fn test nous) + novomants would have been attenuated if the Tockcfill had beon watered during compaction In a practical sense the case merely repeated the’ ePEguoted platitaecr she tension cracks {tp fo iden wile) ‘one down only up £0 about 3hn‘and: teanafornod into sheer cracks” (sone of than Me the corel’ these was, of course, 90 ‘Sonsoquence to: the dan from such. lonettudinal Seocker which, moreover, parely moved back, and ostly were. treated by appropriate Filiing” Te Mis tdgashabio' that noe a haveLine Fissure de welose EN the os-ae direction across the. creat Bavenent, wnien indixectly carved as an excel= [ene visial index for conperative monitoring: the! specific differential settlements longi todinsliy ranged in the oeder of 17600 0. {2e00e whieh are atrains too minute for design estinates hut have been dlacusses with regard {Stchoiges of appropriace materials for avoud~ Ing crest tranevorse erscking. hat would have Bten‘Ehe inportane transverse behavior 11 total Settienente had bean significancly Digger as Sredtctabie, and eepeeintiy se inthe final up~ Berigtretes 9°" submit thse ie ts-much. to Epeglous co discuss different tenstle strains Seraeeietng af achayable by macentate oF crane plasticity iadiees and compaction spect flentiohe:" Por yeaeat lsak cenctic,copatttons Sfexchea ai too'dsngerous. one practical design decision (for a subsequent projeet) afore bot tron the desire to sinimite Sieleronelated nastow strips of paceman ane Compaction near the cop, and fon the theore— {iUal desire to employ’ ae homogeneous a section as possible in the upper 20 meters, Pig. 26 Thketeates one! such ense wherein. the only. do~ nant feature to be Fetained iz the chimney, Etter; the upstream riperap and teamed tion Enos Gould well be narrowed. "ideally. any att— Ferential settlements of the difterently sup~ ported, sonee should bo ahsorved slong modesty Bonpactes chimneys of (alluvial) sera So REGS fo Roncconaeauentia, fone eadin~ 1 Cracking and tho. transverse cracking. thar Soula he critical, points to the need for clos Ge attention to lgteral.geresses, 12 or.0"y 38 Seeparizon ath cPS%or ofa! that nas contnated iysess Fig. 27 schematically. conpares, on Eheybaala of Siagtic tehaciors ie’ pargeeters) "losing. a given crack, either longitudinal oF Eranaverse’, ‘Beosuce of sotciemune, and asstin~ Ing'that longitudinally the day's crest, nae to Goapeess az it descends inta the wedge between the’ two. abutnonts, the transverse crack can be closed by a very small incremental. o"y. (res Gael’ strésses die ta compactson wore not con forthe case in question, bo of the order of 33 Eines higher. "Par both éarer another rough com patation that some to bear Incerese 4a what Relgnt of added sili (end consequant incremental Cigar gry) would cause the strain to counter tnd Crack?” The additional heights of fill re~ Guired for the two ‘seo even moro blatantly Atrerent because of different 1 coefFicients Shy inverting the reasoning euch indication oF Slaitional fill reflects how deep tensile Grack can propagate. An important infecence from the case tz that Uhatrimentation needs on such dant have £0. be significantly reconsidered. Across the shell~ Eedtcore trahaltions st wosbibe of interest 9 splay profi iers for aimvitanesus Vartical and BEELSUatal displacements, bue one must guard iy. 26 - suggested Design Revision Near CrestCoosenveo cacxs) curme rncnues {Si mae oral = 0 cust emer e2( 9-109 Oa GY iss e408 Pig, 27 ~ Comparison of tateral stresses ro- ‘quired to close longitadinal va. ‘Taneverse cracks ayaine® the great danger of guen instrvmonts themselves being conducive. to concentrated Jeske and piping. tuch wore attention. should fe given tb defaired scttlenents affecting the Copland £0 Behaviors ae ene top. ieee alae at ieee he, “consequence to the slab. The very Ear Stetter aoninth ate ‘the donign aolution for such dans has otveady: a well-conpacted. Finer-graded transition in the Upstream sone.” Doubtless this isa factor of doy" insta’ ciaments) + aids there Slghe’ be ineulticlent.intezertcr. ned the"ineernai hortsonealdisplaccrants socom fying the conseruction aettlenente, bepending uch of the difference. (favorable). in behavior Guelag racesver saltweighe movements and sare ents’ nay be explainabie by the vory Figetfieant Changes of v for compacted rockfi1l under the parcial Stross reversal, the, basie need ah slon of the geomechanical behaviors st pisy. Of Sourse, Lf" the proportional benefits duet the Winesjeadd sone. sve bevter suacssed, there, this special cruehed-roek zone fron teshnigal ‘and ceenomic considerations Y so scarce Fig. 28 - Conceate face displacenents due to‘the road to knowledge ahead of us stretches ever further and wider, “There is a natural {Shlency 2 atop St tho oases, and’ poosibiy, to delay to. lone before proceeding onvardy, The Rilestones of gatistactory engineering tect ‘ions have to be anead of our trekking tn Gotlecting quantifiable. data: for digestion of tho Lave ofthe behaviors that nave proven ade~ uate. ze 4'strongiy suggested thatthe nost frofiiabie directions and advances requtze”a Eelance’becveen the extronee of sophirtieatea theoretical developments applied to sinale. Specisl carers and’ the attempt to aigest.nomin- @hohavioral ‘information tse sonseleuees Speectical expert oughton, 12970) matic Agatyets for ex Pound. Biviaion, ASCE, vol, 96, ne M5, Sept. clowh; Ra. & Moodward, R.J., (1967). Analysis Df bibaikiene strenses and boforeation®y Sournel soll techs and Pounds Divison, ASCE, Sets"53, ne shy July 1267s actfeitey "vr. Br 0397) Refivetions on Deatan Exbanknent Dana, Geotechnique, wale 2, a 3 2nse355-, ae'Meiley v.00, (2980), Comparative sonaviors, | Geology in Brazil, international. Synposium on Prablepe tnd’ Practice of Gan Enptncering, do Hello ¥.F.8, (1963) Design Trends on Large ‘nocktiii ‘bans and. Purposesui Nenitoring Needs, International Conference on Inctruneneatson, Ueichy Sept, 1983, hynes, ACE 8 Vanmarke, fll. (1977) Reliability OE inbcnineat Pos Forhance’ Poadictione, her Shanice in Engineering, Cnlveraity of water terganea ‘by gedonater oni Selastal veatey ijeLinany Woot Saesthbe, ne’ 958) Sone Re~ fittons Botwoen Sezess eit Steeda. in Conrse~ Missin Gokestonioss watessstay hoya swedish cesth inst ne’ 9y stockholm 355 rifts: Avis” (ta) reviado do comportanen:e ‘Zuttubural a ‘basragens se bnvacenentoy unt, ishter'Pomcnt. Seino 1983. pouloe lors Rookery 38. (1872), Sinplstéag ‘Ztitotation of txhankaeat “betormations, Univ, St sydney, Research Mepost #8152, Pay 1972, vouloe Wot a Dookes, JR. (1973) tabankent Fogerty utr sept 1995, Onis. of Syoney, Poulor MG" « varie, Bua. (1970) siastse so- if ) Roz do Aveta SRero- cela Método doo’ Eleneneon Finstony eee de Hovtredoy Sess 2985) Pic, R20 Se Ganes= schaitee, BE. & Slevecing, W. (1977), statistical valuation of gevtlenshe™ obeervadione, 9h Ent'Gong? Sp soit nach: aod'Rounds"Eng. 1.20.2 oye, wf nLeT. sonebit,"@y'aTigaetaalty 9. (1979) voformation ‘st "nsnbrane Faced Rookehil. Dane, Teh EESHPE, Besghtany Caren way gy aBtcaaty sntenet 28S, ae Sa "US7oh, Gencral aatton of Setadntiai Rontinear, Analysis = h seedy of TORRE bm UitN" Galt eideene 3, "2nd tpeseont ranaka, fet Nakano, R- (1976) Tinlte Blenent. ‘onijsis of Miyand Rock#410 baw, tna’ tnescont Entttmericer sthogs, in Geonechanies, ASCs Geginies Gant seks uty esocsely Jone 1976.