Steve Taylore-Knowles

people and scanning for specific tense review: key topic vocabuJan
relationships information present (simple word formation (pref!Xeo-
(FCE Reading Part 3) a11d continuous) phrasal verbs with ur
Family Ties metaphors (people)
page 6

transpon scanning for sped fie tense review: key topic vocabulary
informarion past (simple and confusable words,
(FCE ReadiJlg Pan I) continuous) collocations (transpor
The Open Road
page 14

Show you know! units 1-2 page 22

f'ree time recog.n ising discou rsc tense review: key topic vocahu lary
act ivi1 ies, markers present perfc<.t idioms (time),
hobbies (FCE Reading Part 2) (simple and pbrasal verbs with
Killing Time continuous) down, metaphors (time
page 24

occu pa rions sca1ming for specific tcnst' review: key topk vocabulary
information past pcrfea word formation (sutfix~
(FCE Reading Part 3) (simple and confusable words
Work Wonders continuous)
page 32

Show you know! units 3 - 4 page 40

·(";. the media, scanning for specific the passive key topic vocabularr
5 communications inJormation phrasal verbs with on
(FCE Reading Part 2} idioms (the media)
The GlobaiVillage
page 42

the weather understanding main the future (I): key topic vocabulary.
concepts will, going to, collocations (weather
(FCE Reading Part 1) present (simple con[usable words
Come Rain or Shine and continuous)
page SO

Show you know! units 5-6 page 58

food and driJlk grammatiCal repor1 ed speech key tOpic vocabulary,

referencing phrasal verbs with ou
(FCE Reading Pan 2) collocations (cooking ,
A Matter ofTaste
page 60

1ravel and text type and infinitives and key topic vocabulary.
tourism function -in,q forms word formation
(PCE Reading Part 3) (irregular for ms),
Out and About metaph ors (life)
page 68

Show you know ! units 7-8 page 76

 talking about family stative verbs, selecting correct register.
(FCE Speaking Part I) word patterns inforrnallettcr/email
(FCE Use of English Part I)

comparing would, used to, be used to, presenting an argument,

(FCE Speakin g Part 2 ) word patterns essay
(FCE Use of English Part 2 )

making suggestions articles, awareness of target reader,

(FCE Speaking Part 3) synonym<; informal letter/email
(FCE Use of English Part 4)

expressing uncertainty comparatives and layout and text strucrurc,

(FCE Speaking Pan 4) St.l perlatives report
(FCE Use of English Part 3)

talking about experiences countable and uncountable using descriptive language,

(FCE Speaking Part I) nouns. story
homonyms
(FCE Use of English Part 3)

sp eculating question tags, selecting appropriate style,

n (FCE Speaking Part 2) cmmectors anide
tning Parr 2), (FCE Use o f En glish Part I)
.._. ___•c weak forms (1 )

a.~.3img roles agreeing and disagreeing indirect questions, using prompts,

cning Part 3), (.FCE Speaking Pan 3) prepositions formal letter/email
~ao::!b:1e: /k/, /g/ and /1)/ (FCE Use of English Part 2)

giving examples prefer, would rather, using set phrases,

(PCE Speaking Part 4) had better, letter of application
parts of speech
(FCE Use of English Part 4)
 science and scanning for specific conditionals (1 ): key topic vocabulary,
technology information t.ero, first. second collocations,
(FCE Reading Part 2) phrasal verbs with off
Lab Report
page 78

enterta inmen t tUstin!,'1Jishing fact modals ( I ) key topic vocabula ry,

and opin ion confusable words,
{FCE Reading Pan I) co Uocations
Let Me Entertain You (entertainment )
page 86

Show you know! units 9- I0 page 94

ed u ea tit'n1 lexical referencing relative clauses key topic vocabulary,

(FCE Reading Pan 2) phrasal verbs with 01·er
metaphors (the mind)
The Learning Curve
page 96

health and scam1ing for specific result clauses: key topic vocabulary,
fitness information so, .tuch, too, wiJocations: mt?ke I do,
(FCE Reading Part 3) enough metaphors (problems)
Fighting Fit
page 104

Show you know! units I I - I 2 page 112

the arts and understanding main the causative key topic vocabulary,
music points word fomJation (suffixes
(FCE Reading Part 2) metaphors (descriptio•
Art Attack
page I 14

sport understanding text modals (2) : modal k ey topic vocabulary,

stru et u re perfect collocations,
(FCE Reading Part l ) phrasal verbs with
Game, Set and Match other particles
page 122

Show you know! units I3 - 14 page 130

the environment grammatical the future (2): key topic vocabulary,

referencing [utu re perfect confusable words,
(FCE Reading Part 2) (simple and metaphors (ideas)
Up in Smoke cominuous),
page 132 future continuous

crime scanning for specific conditionals (2): key topic vocabulary.

information third word formation
(FCE Reading Part 3) (irregular forms),
On the Run word patterns
page 140

Show you know! units 15- 16 page 148

Writer's database page 150
Word pattern database page I 56
Phrasal verb database page I 57
Speaking database page I 58
GYammar oa'ta'Da~e page \ 'S~
 ....""
c
~

c
0
u

talking about hopes unless, in case, as long as, paragraphing,

(FCE Speaking Part I) woJ·d pallcrns informalletter/email
(FCE Use of English Part 2)

ing expressing attitLJde and parts o f speech, cohesion,

...:,tening Pan 2), opinion word formation (prefixes) essay
ite: /';!)/ (FCE Speaking Part 2) ( FCE Use ofEnglish Part 3)

:mg prioritising relative pronouns and selecting correct register,

... J'>tening Part 3), (FCE Speaking Pan 3) prepositions, informal leuer/email
.•ite: stress (1) word patterns
(FCE Use of English Part I)

discourse management infinitives of purpose, awareness oJ pmpose,

(FCE Speaking Part 4) word patterns repon
(FCE Use of English Part 2)

• "ing relationships ta1king about interests gradable and ungradablc making recommendatio ns,
Lbtcning Part l ), (FCE Speaking Part l) adjectives and adverbs, revjew
=dhne: silent letters (2) synonyms
(FCE Use of English Part 4)

comparing the unreal past, selecting corre<.1 regis1er,

.~njon (FCE Speaking Part 2) common mistakes article
:.h'le ning Part 2), (FC.F. Use of English Part 2)
•bite: stress (2)

l'ltanding purpose expressing attitude and tra nsfcrred negation, using prompts,
Li\tening Part 3 ), opinion word format ion formalletter/ernail
J bite: /o/ and /~;/ (FCE Speaking Part 3) (FC 6 Use of English Part 3)

seeking clarification wishes and regrets, pamgraphing,

-na tion (FCE Speaking Part 4) parts of speech letter of application
Li'itening Part 2), (FCE Use of English Part 4)
dbite: weak forms (2)
 ---------=------------=-· ~-­
'

Start thinking!
In this unit, we are going to Do you have a large family? How many of you are there?
read about different families, Does your family a]] Jive togeth er?
listen to teenagers Do you have many cou sin s?
describing their families,
speak about our famines,
write an informal letter and Reading ~
study present tenses.
I Read the magazine article. Which family sounds most like yours?

lt takes all sorts ... !

What's your family like? We ask each other this 'Well, it's good from one point of view. I
question because we know that families come in all have my own room and I usually get
shapes and sizes. Jay Pearson, our roving reporter, whatever I want, although I'm not spoilt.
interviewed five teenagers and asked them to tell On the other hand, it's quite lonely.There
him about their different families. are lots of times when I don't have
anyone to play with, so I spend my free
A time on my computer. I keep in touch with
The winters are cold in Canada, friends back home by email. My friends
but Joshua Palmer likes it are always complaining about their
that way. Josh and his brothers younger brother or younger sister, but I
(all seven of them!) have their think it's good to have someone who loves you like that.'
own ice hockey team and they
practise every evening. it's c
great fun, but it's not always Scott White lives with his father in New
easy being in a large family. York in the USA. Scott's parents are
'Of course, we help each other divorced and his mother has remarried.
with problems,' Joshua says, 'and my older brothers help me Scott says that he gets on really well with
with my homework sometimes. The best thing is that there his stepbrother and stepsister.
is always somebody there to play with or to go out with. 'Mum and Dad are still friends, which is
The worst thing is that I share a room with Tom. He's the great. I live most of the year here with my
youngest. He plays music when I'm studying and it really dad and spend every summer with Mum
annoys me.' in Chicago. lt's a bit like having two
families. I've got a stepbrother, David, and
B a stepsister, Janice. I love it, because I
Julia Botha is from South Africa and she's an only child. don't have any real brothers or sisters. Now, I've got people my
Her family is living in London at the moment because of her age who I know care about me.'
father's job. I asked her what she thinks about not having
any brothers or sisters.

O · ·•••••• ••••••••••••• ••• ·••• •• ••• •oooooo•• ""'""'"""'""""" ' " ' ' '•••••"" ' "" "'W"OO" ••••"•"'''"'"""""
............. ................................___, _________, _ __ - - - ___
, -
...........................................

-=<> at the article again, but don't read it in
if t he foll owing are t rue (T) or
Ge':al • Decide
Q:.se (F).
m • hua likes sharin g a room
• . ith his brother.
l J ulia sends messages to her family
back home.
3 Scon likes his new brother
and sister.
.:1 Elizabeth feels diffe rent from
L 1e others in her fam ily.
' M.aH is worried abou t th e problem s
in his fa mily.
JOpted is difficult for many
Elizabeth McCioud thinks
- ucky. She has a loving
c treat her and her brother
-:: a the same.
~es I wonder about my real
bt..~ not often. This is my family
t want to live anywhere
e my parents and my brother
-e"" People ask me questions
ng adopted, but it's just the way our family is.
ey all love me and I love them.'
'I've got a brother, a stepsister,
and a half brother,' says Matt
Connor of Australia. 'it sounds
strange and a bit complicated,
but it isn't really. My brother is a
year older than me. He and I are
from Dad's first marriage. After
my mum and dad got divorced,
Dad married Tina. She's got a
daughter, Liz.zie, who's our
·e· After a couple of years, Gavin was born. He
4 .e got the same biological father, but different
·) so we1re half brothers. Nobody really cares.
- = just kids together in one big family.'
Focus on FCE: Reading Part 3
3 Read the article again. For questions 1-1 0,
choose from the people (A-E). The people E
may be chosen more than once. :.
Which of the people ...
has fam ily members they
are not biologically related to? 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 .........
talks about disadvantages
of their famjl y? 4 ......... 5 .........
lives in ctiffcrent places at
different times? 6 .........
says their life is simpler tha n
it seems? 7 .........
has moved to another country
w ith thei r family? 8 .........
doesn't know their biological
parents? 9 .........
takes part in a group activity
with their family? 10 .........
Use words or phrases from t he article to
complete the sentences. You've been given
the first letter to help you.
1 l r would be fun to have a brother, in stead
of being an o ...............................
( ............................... .
2 Lisa gets what sh e wants. Sh e's becoming
very selfish and I think she's a bit
$ ............................... .
3 My parents are d............................... a n d I see my
dad every weekend at hjs house .
4 My mum met a man last year and sh e
[ ............................... .
5 My dad married Sarah's mum Jast month
so Sarah's my $ ............................... .
6 It's important to grow up as part of a
!............................... family.
7 I didn 't know you were a ............................... .
Do you want to find your real pare nts?
8 Kcvin and 1 have the same m oth er b ut
different fathers, so he's m y
h ............................... b............................... .
Did you e njoy reading t his article?
Did you learn anything? Why? / W hy not?
 Present tense review
-~~e> Look at Grammar database pages 159-161 before you do the exercises.

I Read these sentences and phrases from t he article on pages 6 and 7. Match each with an
explanation.
I The winters are cold in Canada ... a Th is is a regular habit.
2 .. . Joshua Palm er likes it that way. b Tllis is an annoying habit.
3 ... they practise every evening. c This is a temporary situation.
4 Her family is living in London at the moment ... d This is a general scientific truth.
5 My friends arc always complaining about ... e This is a feeling or situation,
not an action.

2 Circle the correct tense in each sentence. 4 Use the notes to make complete sentences.
I Our famil y goes/is going on holiday to 1 My brother/always/complain about/me to my
Spain every year. parents.
I 2 Did you say you stay/are staying with 2 In our house/we/always/eat dinner
friend s until your house is ready? together/and 1/like it.
3 My sister doesn't have a car because she 3 My stepsister/play/the piano and
doesn't drive/is not driving. she/know/hundreds of songs.
4 People live/are living in many different 4 !/think/Mum/have a shower.
kinds of family. She/usually/have a shower at this time.
5 Brothers a11d sisters often argue/are 5 My relationship with my sister/get/better.
arguing about unimportan t things. 6 1/not believe/everything my brother/tell/me.

3 Complete the sentences using the correct 5 Read what this boy says about his family. Six of
form of the verbs in the box. You may need the verbs are in the wrong tense. Correct them.
to use a negative form.

try · go· learn ·see • live· like

I My brother and I ..... ... ........ ... to the local

secondary school.
2 We ............................... here un til the n ew house is
ready.
3 I ............................. French for my trip to Paris next
month.
4 My grandparents .......... .... .. milks hakes,
but I do!
5 ' Waj t a second. I ................. to find my
keys.'
6 We ............................... our cousins every Christmas.

_p -......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·-·...· ··--·- · -· -· -· ·-·. ... ... . . . .... . . . ··-·-·····-·-· ·- ·-·-··--·. . . . . · ·-· · · ···-·. ·-··.· -·
 PhrasaJ verbs with up
E
3 Phrasal verbs wit h up often have :f.
:ectives to describe people meanings connected to making
things appear or things suddenly
iiiim:h the words in the box with the correct definitions.
appearing. Match t he words in the
n • popular· sensitive • arrogant· pessimistic • amusing box with t he definitions.
b ~1ous • considerate • generous • optimistic • modest
makes up • turns up • comes up
thinks up • brings up
are ...
- ······ , you want to be very successful. I If a person ............................... ,
......... , you think the future is going 10 be bad. they arrive unexpectedly.
......... , you have lots of friends. 2 If a problem ............................... ,
it appears unexpectedly.
....... , people think you are funny.
3 If a person ...............................
...... , you share what you have with other people.
an idea, they have it before
......... , you get upset very easily. anyone else .
........ , you trunk the future is going to be good. 4 If a person .... ................... .
.... , you only care about yourself. a story, they create il .
.......... , you care about other people's feel ings. 5 If a person ............
.. ... .. , you don' t Uke to talk about your a subject, they mention it in a
achievements . conversation.
.......... , you think you are better than other people.

rd formation: prefixes Magic metaphors

Complete the sentences with the correct When wde talk about people, we sometimes
-egative form of t he word in bold. use wor. s or phrases that have a
_se in, un, im, dis, if or ir. connection With temperature. Complete the
• sure Nigel didn 't mean to be ............................. .. sentences with words from the box.
en he spoke to you this morning. kind
warm . cool • icy . hot·tempered
t of people think it is ............................... to visit cold·hearted
·hou t calling first . polite
Jine thinks she's ............................... , but I think I I thought John was ver
.. ·s quite pretty. attractive he s~id he didn't ca re a~~~;- ~.. ~-~~·;;1~--~~~en
don 1 have enough money.
:1'1 be ............................. ! Let you r sister play w ith
u and your friends! fair
2 ~y grandfather was a very ...........
.Jnk it's very ............................... of you to lie to your kmd man who would do anyrhi;~~--i~; '
anybody.
~her like that. honest

! mum is ............................... of being rude to 3 o.~r h~adteacher is q uite ............ ..... ............ and
one. capable ge s v.ery angry about unimportant th ings.
enny is in trouble after doing something 4 Tony ~s really .............................. . He doesn'r let.
anythmg worry him .
......... ....... legal
n't include any ............................... points in your 5 When r asked Mrs Brown 11ow old she
was, she didn't answer me· she . .
cription. relevant
me a(aJ1) .... .... ..................... look i~stea~it;st gave

__ ....................................................................................................................................................- .......................................................................................................................................
 E ictDY'lina ~>
.rn
....ro
You are going to listen to five people talking Read what Julie says about he r family.
about members of their family. Before you listen,
read the questions and talk about what each
person might say in these situations.

Focus on FCE: Listening Part I

You will now hear five people talking about
members of their family. For questions 1-5,
choose the best answer (A, B or C).

I You hear John talk ing 4 You hear this

to his frknd. Why is teenager speaking
his dad angry? on the phone. Wh y
A because John was is she upset?
late home A becau se her sister Choose the most natural way of
B because John was uses her things expressing each idea.
not studying B because h er sister Useful
goes out a lot 1 a 'There are three of us PIU'ases
C because John broke in my family.'
something C because her sister
is always annoyed b 'My family consists of three
2 You bear this woman members.'
speaking on the radio. 5 You h ear your frien d 2 a 'I go to the second year of the
What job does her on the phone Second High School of my town.'
sister do? invitin g you to a b 'I'm in the second year at my
A doctor family par ty. Whose local secondary school.'
bi rthday is it?
B teacher 3 a 'I have one sister and one brother
A h is cousin's and I am older than them .'
C architect
B his brother's b Tve got a sister and a brother
3 You hear this C h is mother's and I'm the eldest.'
conversation on a bus.
Who does the boy Focus on FCE: Speaking Part I
miss?
A his father In pairs, ask and answer the
questions. Try to say as much as you
B his brother can. Use the phrases below to help
C his uncle you.

/r/ and /h/ • Do you come from a la rge fa mily?

• Are you stili at school?
Look at the \i.s t
. ten wor ds. d • What do your pa rents do?
Listen to someone saymg ~.. number of each wor
'te down t ..e 1 • Would you like to do the sam e job
of words an d wn et ten-digit number. as they do?
Wh 1·5 the seer
s still
I
you hear. at .
il1 4 seat 6 ffil11 ,\ ly family's quite sm•tl ~
o bH 2 V . 7 beat 9 peel
There's me•...
1 meal 3 steal 5 sJt ber Say the Yes, I'm on~· fourteen. so J'm - ....
0 ur secret num . still at school. I go to ...
Now write down Y t find your secret M~father's a ... and m)·
ur partner o
words and as k yo a point! molher works as a ...
number! \f they can, score
See Speaking database
on page 158.
~.............................................................................................................................................................................~-·---
 of English Word patterns
·ve verbs 2 Complete the sentences using the
correct form of the verbs in the box.
!took at Grammar database pages 160-161 before
u do the exercises. look • accuse • deal • blame • care
Circle the correct tense in each sentence.
1 My sister is always ............................... me for
rhmklam thinking thal yo ur family is the most her problems.
1 nant thing in life. 2 It's hard to .... .... ..... ...... with people
\ Mum can see/is seeing my maths teacher who won't listen to you.
< rrow. 3 Mum ............................... me of lying, but it
u e isn't looking/doesn't look like her sister at all. was my broth er's fa ult, really!
e Rohinson family owns/is owning a lot of the 4 I try to ............................... about the feelings
d arou nd here. of the other members of my family.
m~ wi th all your cousins sounds/is sounding like 5 Auntie Pat usually ............................... after
o to me! us when my mum's at work.
I ok unhappy. What are you thinking/do you
·ns. about?

for questions 1-1 0, read the text below and decide

eh answer (A, B, Cor D) best fits each gap. There
an example at the beginning (0).

Do ou (0) ..... fo.t!L. . .

depressed? Do you and your work. Our trained counsellors deal
-:hers or sisters (1) ............................... to argue all the (7) ............................... people just like you every day.
and you don't understand why? Does your We are not always successful, but we
.,., .
. er or s1ster (2) ............................... you, or .IS
(8) ................. ............. help many families to live
e-rthing perfect? together again in peace.
_• • stacs show that there are times in every Our counsellors help you to stop (9) .............................
!<lr y when things just (3) ... ....... out of each other of causing the problem. You all want
~rol. lt's nobody's (4) ................ ..... ... , but to (10) ............................... a solution and sometimes
~ ... body's responsibility. At times
talking to somebody outside the family makes a
............... that, Family Helpline can help. difference. We're here to listen. Call our
eat Family Helpline, we care (6) ................. ... ......... operators on 555-26515. They're available 24
es. We want to help you make your family hours a day, seven days a week.

be B behave C feel D act 6 A over B about C with D of

seem B look C resemble D involve 7 A for B with C at Dby
ar~Ut~ B complain C annoy D mind 8 A do B arc c try D agree
A u B get C come D turn 9 A altacking B blaming C criticising D accusing
rauh B blame C cause D reason 10 A make 8 find C gel Ddo
Udl B as C similar o like

--......................................................................................................................_____..............................................................................................................................
VI
~
;::
.~ Writing Working model
E
:2
Read the answer to the writing task.
Focus on FCE: An informal
letter/email
"'""V Read about informal . Dear Titra,
lettersfemails on page 154 m the ll was f.jreal lo hew (ro~n you/ Hope
Writer's database before you do everlfl-hitrg's okay. Have you slarl-ed your
the exercises on this page. exa~ns yelP Good luck/
-Atryway, IJOU asked ~ne lo le// you all lr
1 Read this writing task. Why should (a~nily trews. We/~ 4 lots happetred sitrce ye
your let ter be informal? were here. The big trews is 1-ha.f. Utrcle Tom
Fnarried/ Catr you believe ii-P His wif"e is lo~.­
111117 -she's a doclor atrd she's req//y beaul-ifu! 1·
Your cousin, who lives abroad, has all wetrl- 1-o 1-he wedditrg atrd had a wotrder{t
~ recently written you a le tter. In it, 1-i~ne. Cr:atrdad datrced/ ll was so ~nuch futr.
she asked you to tell her all the Oh, atrd atrol-her lhi11gl Dad's gol a trew..
family news she has missed. Write Do you ktrow 1-he old shoppitrg cetrlre itr 1-ott
a letter. telling her what she wants They've hui/1- trew shops 1-here and Dad appl1r
~ to know.
for a Job as a ~nt:~trager atrd he go.f. m He's
rectify excil-ed. He slar.f.s trexl week
Write a letter of between 120 and
Otre lasl 1-hitrg. Do you reme~nber Fluffy,
lhe ca.f.P We/~ we catr .f. find her anywhere.
180 words in an appropriate style. 1

We've gol tro idea where shes (!Otre. l.f.s a bi,

sa~ really. We all ~niss her. We're hoping
she/// co~ne back sootr.
We all Fniss you, l-oo. Everybody sends
1-heir love. Catr'.f. wail- 1-o see you in 1-he
su~n~ner.

All ln[f love,

Marl-in

Match the formal language with t he informal language.

formal language Find these informal
infor mal language words and phrases in
I Dear Mr Smith I Dea r Sir/ Mada m, a Le t m e teiJ you about .. . I the letter.
2 I h ope you a re well. b Ten m e ... Anyway, ...
3 I am writin g to inJorm you . .. c All my love. All my love,
4 In addition, .. . Well. ...
d Can't wait to hea r all
5 I wonder if you could tell me .. . your ne ws! It was grea t to hear from
you!
6 I look forward to h earing from you. e Dear Tina, One last thing.
7 Yours sincereJy, 1 Yoms fa ithfully, f Oh, an d a nother thing! Oh, and another thing!
g Hope everything's okay. Dear Tina,
~i de if the statements are true (T) or false (F). .,.,t>- Now write!
In informal w r iting, 8 You are now ready to write your
letter. Use informal language and a
I ". e always use complete sentences. conversational tone.
2 \ \C use exclamation marks(!).
3 \ \C use contractions (it's, we're, etc).
4 l\c w rite as if we arc talking to the person.
.. .Je;> Check it out!
5 \\e use everyday vocabulary.
9 Check your work.
Tick what you have done.

~ady to write!
-~k at this writing task. Who are you writing to
--why?

au aYe stayinj withyouY fen-friend

.Yr Enjland Wn'te a /etteY toyouY
arothe~ Dean, tellinj him all about
tlte familyyou aYe stayinj with.
.\'rite a letter of between 120 and
180 words in an appropriate style .
. o nol write any addresses.

e a plan of your answer. Use your

~mation.

are you going to start your letter?

a !>ear Dean,
Dear Brother,
~ear Mr )ones,
Can you answer these questions?
:-~at's the name of the family you are staying with? If you can't remember. look through
the unit for the answer.
eh town are you staying in?
lWhat do we call someone who
,ou like it? Why? doesn't have any brothers or
~o are the members of the family? sisters?
at are they like? 2 What tense do we use to talk
about general truths?
at do they do7
• "'at do you want to ask your brother about home? 3 How would you describe
somebody who gets upset
- o N many paragraphs do you need? easily?
-oN can you end your letter? 4 What's the negative form of
~ow can you sign your letter? 'honest'?
5 What have you learned about
stative verbs?

................................... .................................. ............................................................................................................. ...............................................................................

 Start thinking!
In t his unit, we are How fast do you think a horse can run?
going to read about the Do you know who inven ted the aeroplane?
history of transport, Do you know when people first landed on
listen to people who the Moon?
work in transport,
speak about means of
•
transport, write an
essay and study past
Re ng
tenses.

TRANSPORT <noun):
the activity or process of moving things or
people from one place to another

Early humans dreamed of going faster and Richard Trevithick. In 1804, he took the first
further than they could on foot. They probably passengers, although they didn't have to buy a
first achieved this in northern countries before ticket. Unfortunately, they were travelling in the
3000 BC (before Christ) using skis. The wheel was train when it began to fall off the tracks and
invented around 3500 BC but carts were very slow Trevithick realised that the tracks were not strong
without roads. So for many centuries the fastest enough to take the weight of the train. The
and most popular means of transport was the passengers escaped unharmed, but it was another
horse, which can run at about fifty-five kilometres example of how dangerous the development of
an hour. This record for speed was unbroken until transport can be.
the end of the eighteenth century when the hot- Perhaps unexpectedly, the bicycle didn't appear
air balloon and the railway both began to develop. until around 1840 when a Scotsman, Kirkpatrick
The hot-air balloon made its first free flight in McMillan, created the first one to have pedals.
1783. Two Frenchmen, the Montgolfier brothers, were People rode bicycles without pedals before then,
working as papermakers when they had the idea for but they were slow and not very popular. It took
the balloon. Afire heated the air, making the balloon around 140 years for McMillan's design to develop
rise. During the first ft.ight, the two passengers were into modern mountain bikes.
admiring the view when they suddenly saw smoke! The twentieth century saw the development of
The balloon was burning but, luckily, they managed many other means of transport, including the
to put the fire out and land safely. hydrofoil and the hovercraft. The petrol-driven car
The railway developed gradually from carts on (invented in 1885 in Germany) completely changed
tracks. The first vehicle with an engine to run on the way people thought about transport, and so did
tracks was developed in 1803 by an Englishman, the aeroplane. People have always dreamed of

f t J··········«•··················«..................................... ............................................... ............................................................_, ____....._ ......._...................... .................. . -

 ~olete the sentences by writ ing a
;-w,oer in each gap. Look at t he article
_ fl but don't read it in detail.
ple first skied around ............................... BC.
1e first travelled by ran in ............................... .
•es with p edals didn 't exist before
~lain bikes developed around
: . One day, in 1903, that dream
:er.~ a reality. Two American brothers,
a'ld Orville Wright, managed to make
~ 9.ight in their aircraft, the Flyer.
-~re, a huge industry grew that
- and still allows, people to visit the
- orld, easily and cheaply.
~ auenge for the twenty-first century is
~"""""........ in space. Since the first Moon
_ · .. 1969, technology has developed to
-.-e space shuttle (1981) and even the
• .,.rist (2002). The future of transport
:.ably be as exciting as its past.
3 The invention Qf the train
A came as a complete surprise.
B gr ew out of things that came before.
C took longer th an anyone expected .
D didn't make Trevjthick m u ch money.
4 The writer is surprised by the fact that
A the inventor of the bicycle was Scottish.
B nobody had invented the bicycle earl ier.
C McMillan 's bicycle had pedals.
D we waited over a century fo r th e
mo untain bike .
5 What can we say about th e aeroplane?
A It h ad a gr eat effect on p eop le's
attitu des.
B It wasn't as popular as the car was.
C It came to the Wright brothers in a
dream.
D People rudn't want to allow it at first.

Match the words from the text in the box

with the correct definitions.
~ the text again. For questions 1-5,
cart · tracks • hydrofoil
O'COSe the answer (A, B, C or D) which vehicle • pedal • hovercraft
th'nk fits best according to the text.
;bt:el d idn't Lead to fast means of I This is a kind of fast ship that partly lifts out
--·~n because of the water.
ple could already t ravel fast. 2 Tllis is a gcneraJ word for a car, a bus, etc.
e} invented i t after sk is. 3 Tllis floats on a cushion of air on land or on
water.
roads didn 't exist.
4 Tra ins trave] on two of these, made of metal.
p.e p referred ro use horses.
5 Th is has fo ur wheels and m ight be pulled by
s-,engers discovered the fire a horse.
e they were checking the 6 You put you r foot on this on a bicycle.
o:m .
e th ey were in th e a ir.
ore they left the gr ound .
r they landed on the ground.
Did you enjoy reading t his text?
Did you learn anything? Why? I Why not?
 Correct t he sentences that have
mistakes in t hem. One sent ence has no
Past tense review mistakes. Which one?
1 As we were entering the train station
.....,!:> Look at Grammar database pages 161-163 I was noticing the train was late.
before you do the exercises.
2 I sat in a taxi when the acddent
happened so I saw the whole thing.
Read t he sentences and phrases from the text on 3 Mick was ridjng h is bike almost evcf)
pages 14 and 15. Match each one to an explanation. day over the summer.
4 People were enjoying the journey
1 The hot -air balloon made its first free flight in
when suddenly the ship hit an
1783.
iceberg.
2 ... the two 11assengers were adm iring the view 5 When you called, I watched a
when they suddenly saw smoke ... programme about th e history of
3 People rode bicycles without pedals ... transport.
4 ... 1he fas1cst means o[ transport was the horse ...
a Thi describes a repeated action in the past that Use the notes to write the story. Put
doesn't happen now. the verbs into the simple past or the
past continuous.
b This describes a past state.
c Th is describes an action in progress when
another action happened .
d Th is describes a single, completed ac1ion. Meeting Grandma
Thjs /happen/ last
winter. Deb /be/
Look t hrough the text again and find examples of: excited because she
!go/ ro her grandma's
a single completed action. house later that day. She
a repea ted action i n the past. I go/ to the station by
an action in progress w hen another action taxi a11d /wajt/ for the
happened . train. When it ;,1rrive/.
. she /get/ on it. The
a past state (a feeling or situation, not an action) . tram /leave/ the station when Deb /sec/
another train arrive. She /look/ at it when she
Co mplete the sentences using the correct form of su~denJy /see/ :.JJl old woman getting off it~ It
t he verbs in brackets. !bel her gr-andma! Her grambna /think/ it
/be/ her turn to visit Deb! Deb /try! to shom
1 We ............................... (1ly) by plane to Paris last year on
to her but her grandma IJlOt hear/ her. In the
holiday.
end, Deb /go/ all the way to the next station
2 We ............................... (fly) over the sea when one and .back. Whe~ she /get/ home, her grandma
engine suddenly stopped. /watt/ for her. The next time Deb /visit/ her
3 The pilot ............................. _ (tell) us that there was grandma, she /ring/ her first to check she
nothing to worry about. /be/ there!
4 While he...... ... (te ll ) us this, the second
engine stopped.
5 1 had my eyes closed when somebody ............................... Read your story t o the class. Compare
(shout), 'Look !' yo ur story with the others you hear.
6 I looked out of the window and ........................ .... (see) Has somet hing like this ever happened
that both engines had started again . Phew! to you? Tell the class.
 ,
0
Collocations: transport "'c:
Match the means of transport t o the co rrect
l
0
01
verb. .c
~
atch the words in the box with the correct
bus • car • train • plane • motorbike • ferry • taxi
_efinitlons. There is one word you do not
-eed to use.

COD n • taxi rank · fare • airline • underground

platform • terminal • ferry· coach

Ths is where you stand to wait for a train.

s is a company that flies passengers by

s is a building for passengers at an airport.

s is a system of trains in tunnels in a large

s is how much you have to pay for a

· et.
') is where you sleep on a ship.
is where you find taxis waiting for
.engers.
· is a bus that runs between towns and

get on I get off • get in (or into) I get out of

fusable words Match words in list A with words in list B to

make compound nouns.
-c e the correct word in each sent ence.
A B
nk that travel/journey really teaches you
m other people. express bus
• - aner has gone to Moscow on a business radio car
journey. double-decker plane
:;r. up, or we're going to miss/lose the jet taxi
sports train

Decide which of the means of transport from

get on/ in the train unless you know
·e it's going!
exercise 4 each person is talking about.
1 'Wow! This is so cool! ll's the latest model,
too! Let's see if we can do 200!'
2 'Come on! Let's go and sit upstairs so we can
see everybody getting off.'
3 'Call one now- and don't forget to tell them
we' re going to the airport.'
4 'I'm afraid the Inter-city doesn't stop at
Porton. You'll have to get a local one.'
5 'It's noisy during take-off, but you can't even
hear the engines after that.'
 Listening Soeakin
Which would you prefer to do, drive a train Make not~s of things that trains and
or a car? Tell the class. buses have in common.
You have to buy a ticket to travel on
them.
You are going to listen to an extract from a
job interview. Answer the questions.
Make notes of things that are
1 Where are the people ta lking?
different between trains and buses.
2 Where do es the ma n work?
A train travels on tracks but/while/
3 W h ere did the woman work in the past? whereas a bus travels on the road.

Focus on FCE: Listening Part 2 Answer the questions.

3 Listen to the whole job interview. For I Whkh means of transport do you
questions 1-7, complete the sentences. prefer, the train or the bus?
2 Why?

1 Focus on FCE: Speal<ing Part 2

The in\entiewer's name is
The candidate has appHe tor he position
4 In pairs, compare these photographs.
One of you should read the
2
of instructions and the other should talk
3 for one minute. Then swap.
currently, the applicant works as a
4 years old.
The app\icant is
5 "'t Norton College.
He studied
6 tar the last
He has been
utteen years.
7
His other hobbY ;s

. Ire! and le!

Cwcle two w .
sa ords m each r
me vowel sound in th m~ Which have the I
I 1 thank bed e~. ltsten and check.
2 head thmy cat rd UJat J01I w compue t1a11e hlo
had
3 apple said paid ~and tellu whlch aeau

I 4 per
ant
hm
ape
pat
arm
send
of Uulpon JOI1 prefer.

See Speaking database on page 158.

ft··· · ··. . ... . . ....... ... ...·· · · -· · · · · ··· · ...... . . . ... . ..... ....... ... . _.____
___ . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... . ... . ...... . . ... ._.....-
- of English Rewrite the sentences using the word in bold.
1 When he was a boy, my dad would watch the steam
Id. used to, be used to t rains go past. used
ook at Grammar database page 2 Flying a helicopter is difficult at first, but you'lJ soon
153 before you do the exercises. find it mu ch easier. get
3 When she was four, my sister used to ride h er bike
:. rde the correct word or phrase around the house. would
each sentence. 4 My grandfather took me for rides in his old car when I
was small. used
-old car would/was used to
a down ail the time.
d to/am used to going to Word patterns
I by bus every day.
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the
-e would/used to be an aircraft
verbs in the box.

er used to/wouldn't like work • insist • remind • complain • take

t ling by train.
ng is complicated, but you l John ............................... on gojng by bus as he's afraid of flying.
are/get used to it. 2 We decided to . ..................... about the delay to the ticket
id fly ing frigh tening because 1 inspector.
·, use to/wasn't used to it. 3 We have to .............. ............. into account the traffic at that
time of day.
4 To ..... ....... as a bus driver, you need a speciaJ licence.
5 This old bus ......................... .... me of the time we travelled
around India.

~When we consider how the world has changed (0) ....$.1/Y..C.:.f..... our great-
dparents' time, it's important to take (1) ............................... account how transport
changed. Of course, people complain (2) ... ............... ·-······ traffic now, but even in
past people {3} ···-···--............. to think the roads were dangerous. When cars
~ a new invention, a man (4) ......,........................ walk in front of them with a red
warning everybody. Now, of course, we have (5) ....... ................ used to them.
Another thing we don't find strange (6} ............................... more is the range of products in
shops. As we go (7} ............................ our local supermarket, we see tea from China, bananas from south
ea and radios from Japan. All these products (8) .........-................... to be transported. EVery day, goods are
~ from one part of the world (9) .................. .. ....... another by all kinds of means of transport. One of the
ers of transport is that, (10) ········-·--······-··..·· ifwe stay in one place, the whole world comes to us .

_
................................................................................................................ ...., .. _____ --- -- - ~
.,
~ Writing ® 2 to introduce a further point
Q. Secondly, ... What is more, .. . In a_~di~~~n to
0
Ql Focus on FCE: An essay this, ... Another point t.o be made IS t . ..
3 t o express causes and results
.c
'"""V Read about essays 1·n thedWriter's database
the exercises Because of Lhis, ... This is du e to ... As a
on page 153 before you 0
result, . . .
on this page.
4 to express contrast
On the one han d, · · · 0 n the other
· hand, · · ·
However, ... Des pile . ..
5 to introduce a conclusion and express
opinion
.
To conclude, ·
... Jn concluswn, . . . Jam
h t
.
convmce d that ··· I would argu e t a ...

Working model
Read the answer to the writing task. Does t~e
w riter agree or disagree w ith the statement.

Thev-e is ~to .:A.ol..\bi- i-h.,._t tv-.,._.P.Pic .,._.:A..:A.s to poiii..\Fc

Pl..\blic tv-"'-1\Spov-t c-P-Pev-s "'- possible soll..\tio~t to ~e
pv-oblell-\, si~tce ""'"'-"-Y people c"'-"- be tv-"'-"-Spov-te..t
o~te vehicle. The 8ovev-"""'e"i- h.,..s .,._ v-espol\sibili.....
to e~tcol.\v-"'-8e i-he pl..\blic to 1..\Se bl.\ses "'-1\.:A. i-he
•
Read this writing task. £ 1 r informal? I..\I\.:A.ev-8v-olf\I\.:A. 11-\ov-e. Howevev, thev-e .:>\v-e .,._ ""'""'~
• Should your answer be torma o o.P ch"'-"<8es which 1\ee.:A. i-c be co"<si.:A.ev-e.:A..
• Do you agree with the statement? '" i-he .Piv-st pl.,..ce, pl..\blic tv-"'-"<Spov-t shol.\I.:A. be
""'"'-.:A.e -Pv-ee. The 80Vev-"""'e"t shoi..\I.:A. v-.,._ise i-0\Xes
studying transp ort. Your i-c P"'-Y .Pov- the sev-vice. l.P it w"'-S .Pv-ee, !Ao\ost peop <
Your class has been u to write an essay . wol.\I.:A. ..leci.:A.e i-o le.,..ve theiv- c"'-v-S .,._t ho""'e "'-1\..t
her has asKed yo disagree With tv-.,._ye) by bl.\s Cv- tv-.,._il\.
teac . . h ther you agree or
explammg w e nt·
Wh.,..t is IA-\ov-e, i-he sev-vice 11-\1..\Si- be cle"'-"- "'-1\..l
the following stateme . ~ed to use public
People shoutd be encouraE>. v-eli.,..ble. People "<ee.:A. to "k~tow th.,..i- they c"'-" ~e­
to wov-"k Ol\ M!Ao\e, They .,..lso 1\ee.:A. to "k~tow ~"'-t
transport more. 1" between 120 and 180 theiv- jol.\v-1\ey will be co!Ao\.Povt.,..ble.
Write ~n ess:pyp~opriatc sryle. To Sl.\!Ao\ 1..\p, I wolf\l..t .:>\V"~I..\e i-h.,._i- .,._ cle"'-1\., v-eli.,..ble
words m an
sev-vice which w"'-s .Pvee woi..\I.:A. e~tcol.\v-.,..~e """"-"Y
people i-c 1..\Se pl..\blic tv-"'-1\Spov-t. The 8CVev-\\""'e"t
shol.\I.:A. t.,._"ke "'-ctio't Ol\ this to pv-eve~ti­
In an essay we use phrases t o i~tr~J~~et~:; e~tvivo~t""'e"i-"'-1 .:A."'-""'"'-~e.
.d and to connect them tot e I
I eas
are commg. next. Add to these lists of phrases.
1 to introduce your first point Find words and phrases in the essay which
mean:
To b egm. Wl'th , ... In the first place,
. · · · The
first thing to take into account IS . . •
because • but • f.IfStlY • in addition • in conclus c-
 ead the essay again and circle the
--'Tect answer.
1e rirst paragraph, the writer
a "'troduccs the subject and
~enerally agrees or disagrees
.th the statement.
~s all the r~asons why she
::recs or disagrees with the
.:~ement in detail.
r second paragraph, she
.z a~ lains some points against her
:n of view.
er'lains some points in favour
ber point of view.
the th ird paragraph, she
roduces her conclusion and
•t:s her opinion.
~lains more poin ts in favour
~er point of view. ...,!:> Now write!
e second and third
::raphs,
fi rst sentence of each
-agraph expresses the main
e .as1 sentence of each
ragraph expresses the main
e linal paragraph, she
mmarises her argument.
uoduces extra points.
~ady to write!
c.OOK at this writing task. Do you
~ or disagree with the
'l:l~ment?
~.ass has been studying the history
'1Sport. Your teacher has asked
tea you
- ~ essay explaining whether you
or disagree with the following
ent:
ention of the car changed the
an e~sa y of between 120 and
rds m an appropriate s1yle.
Make a plan of your answer.
Do you think the invention of the car changed the world?
•
Why? I Why not?
What are you going to write in your first paragraph?
• . t lk bout in your second
Which point(s) are you gomg to a a
•
paragraph? h. 0 r
Write the first sentence of your second paragrap my u
exercise book.
Which point(s) are you going to talk about in your third
•
paragraph? h.
Write the first sentence of your third paragrap m your
exercise book.
Which phrase are you going to use to
•
a introduce your concluding paragraph?
b introduce your opinion?
You are now ready to write your essay.
. .aC>
Check it out!
Check your work. Tick what you have done.
I \.\"'ve tAseJ. .PoviM"'\ \"'\\8"'"'8e· 0
1 \.\"'ve tAseJ. soiMe 8ooJ. co\\\\ect\\\8 p\.\v"'ses. 0
1 \.\"'ve e:><p\"'\\\eJ. w\.\y I "'8vee I J.\S"'8vee
w\t\.\ t\.\e st"'teiMe\\\-. 0
1 \.\"'ve tASeJ. f"'Y"'8v"'p\.\s
0
1 \.\"'ve SIA"""""'v\seJ. IMY "'v81AIMe\\t \\\ t\.\e
\o•st f"'Y"'8v"'p\.\.
0
1\.\"'ve c\.\ec\:.eJ. IM'( spe\\\\\8 "'\\J. IM'( 8v"'IMIM.:I\Y. 0
1-'\y ess"'y \s t>et-wee\\ I2.0 .:1\\\J. I8'0 wovJ.s \o\\8· 0
Can you answer these questions? If you can't remember.
look through the unit for the answers.
I When did people first invent the wheel?
2 Who were the first people to fly a plane?
3 What tense describes an action in progress at a
moment in the past?
4 What's the difference between would and used to?
5 What is a good phrase for introducing your opin ion?
 Choose t he correct option. Complete the sentences using the
verb in brackets in the co rrect tense.
I People say my brother's ............................... . He likes giving gifts
to his friends. My sister ........................... (stay) at her I
friend's house for a few days.
A brave B modest C genero11S D optimistic
2 I ............................... (do) my homework
2 The cruise was wonderful! And our ............................... was really when suddenly I heard a loud
comfortable. explosion.
A cabin B pedal C terminal D fare 3 We ............................... (eat) together as a
family about three times a week.
3 I've always been quH.e ............................... . I want to make a
4 l ............................... (get) better at
success of m y life.
remembering words in English
A depressing B amusing C considerate D ambitious these days.
4 Emily is really ....................... ... ! She seems to think she's better 5 In the winter, many birds
than everyone else! ............................. (fly) south to warmer
countries.
A loving B arrogant C sensitive D caring
6 'Hello? No, Tom .......................... (have)
5 Many ........... .............. children want to learn something about a shower at the moment. Can I take
their real parents. a message?'
A adopted B divorced C selfish D on ly 7 I ............................... (swim) almost every
day last summer.
6 Did you hear that a train came off the ...............................
8 My mum wants to learn to use a
yesterday?
computer, so she ............................... (have)
A vehicles B carts C bars D tracks lessons.
7 We wa ited on the .......... .................. for over an hour! Finally,
the train arrived. Complete t he se ntences using the
A terminal. B ra ils C platform D airline correct preposition.
8 We should be ............................... about the future. Things are 1 Roger still keeps ............................... touch
getting bt>tter all the time. with all his old schoolfricnds.
A amusing B op timistic C shy D pessimistic 2 When Jilllaughs, she really
reminds me ............................... her mother.
9 Let's take the ............................... to an island and spend some
3 You can't blame me .....................,......... all
time on the beach!
these problems!
A ferry B underground 4 Our teacher insists ...............................
C fare D coach giving us homework every day!
10 My dad's reaHy looking forwa rd to his business 5 The police accused the man
..-.......................... to Amsterdam. ............................... stealing the money.
A trip B journey C travel D excursion 6 I usually have to look .................... ......
my brother when my parents are
out.
7 When planning a party, take
............................... account th e cost of food
and drink.

(22) . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _,_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

1 .. _/->
 ~
0
c:
...¥
::s
0
Make these words negative. Circle the correct word or phrase in each >-
sentence. ~
posit ive negati ve 0
..c::
_;al ............................... 1 Is that Eminem in that car, or do I see/am I en

- lair
nest
.......................
..........................
seeing things?
2 I do-n't believe/am not believing what Caroline
told me about what happened.
lire ...............................
3 Anybody w ho doesn't understand/isn't
;,d ............................... understanding can ask me for help after the
re evant ............................... lesson .
- ca:1able 4 What's in this soup? It tastes/is tasting
delicious!
tractive ...............................
5 Wby arc you smiling? What do you think/are
you thinking about?
Complete t he sentences using an
mpropriate word.
Complete the following passage using one word
• our parents get ..................... .... , they end
in each gap.
eir marriage .
. ou are ............................... , you have lots of
ends. Hi, Wendy! Just a quick em ail to let you know that I'm back
A ................. is a kind of last ship t hat lifts from my business (1) ______ _________.......... to Paris. I had a great
· of the water.
time, but I (2) ............................... think that Paris was a bit dirty!
a bicycle, you put your feet on the
Everybody was complaining (3) .............................. the traffic and
the pollution. I'm not used (4) ....... ........ . such big cities,
·is wa it fo r passengers at a taxi
so it was a bit difficult to find my way around. I kept getting
(5) ·--------- ............ the wrong bus and going to the wrong place!
A .................... is a kind of bus that travels
~veen towns and cities. And the weather was awful! One day, I was waiting at a taxi
ou only care about yourself and your (6) ............................... for an hour in the pouring rain! In the end, I
n problems, you are .. ..................... .. . had to call a (7) ................. .......... taxi to come and get me. When
it finally turned (8) ..... ........... .... , I looked like a drowned rat!
Complete the sentences using the co rrect
Anyway, I hope you dealt (9) .. .................. everything at work
nn of the phrasal verbs in the box.
while I was away. We'll have a meeting on Monday and you
think up • bring up · turn up can (10) .... ......... ..... . up any problems you had.
come up • make up

ate it when people ........... .................. at my Take care,

ries without an invitation.
Jackie
:!u mber of problems ............ ...... . in the
eting yesterday.
\ 1en we see Mary, don't ......................... .... her
'lfCe.

1nder who ............................. the idea of

.;ng games on computers .
.... m is always ............................... stories about
(.<lJnS no,( 3J'!f (.P?4M OZ-0 jlj00Jl <l410U'l' l Oj 3W!I S,l! aqkew 0 '1-IZ
· .er people that just aren't true. Jdn l! daa)l jlt'3.L6 s,lt'41 oS- I'r iiJnls mo,< MOU)j All'l'<ll no A jauop naM 09-IS

............. ..................... ----·······-·· - ....... ··-··-· ... ................_____ _________ _____ -····-·· ........................................ ········-·-··. ······--··········-~
 ~-----------
1

Start thinking! I
I
I
I

In this unit, we are going to read Do you have any hobbies? Do you collect I
I
I

about different hobbies, listen to anything? I

I __,_ , _,_
I
people talking about their What sort of t hings do people collect? I
I

I
hobbies, speak about an I
I
after-school club, write an I
I

informal email and study Reading I

I
I
present perfect tenses. I
I

I Read this art icle about hobbies. I

Underline all the hobbies which are

I'
.
I
I

During the twentieth century, more
and more people found that they
had leisure time - time when they
didn't have to work or study. This
raised an interesting question.
What do you do when you are free
to do anything you like? Many
people took up a hobby, and it's
in teresting to compare the hobbies
people, particularly young people,
choose today with the hobbies
people chose, say, fifty or sixty
years ago.
Stamp collecting is one of the first
things that come to many people's
minds when they think about
hobbies. Organising your collection
seems like the perfect way to relax for
a few hours. It seems that people
have been collecting valuable things
since ancient times. 1
stamps appeared jn the nineteenth
century, they were cheap
colourful and children \
started to keep them. By the ··............. ·········and girls built plastic models of
middle ofthe twentieth century,
collecting stamps was a popular
pastime for both children and adults,
with some stamps worth a large
amount of money - far more than
most children could afford.
There are still many people today
who collect stamps, but technology
has had an impact. £mails can be
sent instantly and freely around the
world, which means that people
aren't buying stamps like they used
to. 2 Rare stamps are still in
demand, and probably always will
be, but fifty years ago the number of
collectors was higher. lt seems that
stamp collecting as a hobby of millions
of young people has had its day.
Another hobby that has changed
When because of technology is building
models. In the 1950s and 6os,
....,_.;.;;--
·······...
~\ ·\
'/"<eSe __. . .../
a.'f\G . . · · · · ·
... ·········
..··········generations of young boys
.
planes, boats and cars. 3
Young people are still making and
showing off these models, but the
nature ofthem has changed. In the
past, they were simply made of
wood or plastic, with few moving
parts. Modern models have all kinds
of electronic and computerised
parts, in some cases making them
more like robots than traditional
models!
Of course, we can't ignore computers
when it comes to free time.
Computers have had a huge impact
on leisure since they were invented
in the middle of the twentieth
century. 4 Gradually,
however, the computer has become
a part of almost every home, where it
provides entertainment and a whole
set of new hobbies that people fifty
years ago would have thought were

ftJ ... . .... ..... . . . . . . .·· · ··-··· ·-·····-·· · . ... . . ... . . . . . . ............ . . . · · -· -·-· ··-· ...... . ...... ... . . . . .... ....

"1atch t he words and phrases with the
explanations.
o t.alk a bout what
a ppened in th e
"eginning
J b w hich means .. .
in trodu ce a r esul t
1 introdu ce a contrast c However, .. .
to im roduce an exa mple d At first, . ..
eird. Today's teenagers use their computers
, 'ng computer games, running websites,
... "kating with friends around the world - all
es chat were impossible until quite recently.
... •ers have changed hobbies in other ways,
--ese days, no matter what hobby you are
·:S ed in, you will almost certainly find a huge
:of information on it on the internet.
Today's teenagers are instantly in touch
- :ne clubs that tell them all they need to
;Jeople have produced webpages on almost
~obby you can think of You can get advice
ezperts and easily buy equipment to take
bby to the next level. Taking up a new
or developing one you already have, has
:;een easier or more fun.
obbies, though, haven't changed much.
~ung people fill their free time with activities
'! r parents and grandparents enjoyed.
Fishing is as popular as it ever was.
_ :Jeople with good balance do gymnastics.
-ers play sports and games like they always
c-:Jne. A teenager from the past might be
:.-sed by a video arcade or a CD player; but
·~ ngs haven't changed, and perhaps never
~ . your parents what they did with their
· me and you might be surprised at some of
- erences, but also at some ofthe similarities.
-- ~~- ............................................................................ ...........................................-........................................................ ................................................ ................ ........................ ................ ..
Focus on FCE: Reading Part 2
3 Read the article again. Six sentences have
a For instance, . .. been removed from the article. Choose
from the sentences A-G the one which fits
each gap ( I -6 ). T here is o ne extra sentence
which yo u do not need to use.
A Hobbies seem to have become less
importanT as time has passed.
B Young people in the past h ad to rely on
people they knew, or perhaps the local
library, to lea rn abo ut their hobby.
C They proudly put these on display in
their bedrooms, or wh erever else their
parents wou ld let them.
D However, m ost people in the past w ere
too busy and too poor to bu y expensive
works of art or coin s.
E At firs t, they were seen as strange
m achines u sed by big busin esses.
F That in turn means tha t fewer children
are becom ing inter ested in the hobby.
G For instance, people still go dancing,
even if tb e rhythm of the m usic has
changed.
4 Use words and phrases from the article to
complete the sent ences. You've been given
the first letter to help you.
1 One day, my collection of butterflies
might be quite v............................... .
2 I don't know if I can a ............................... to buy
any new stamps Jor my collection.
3 I prefer t ............................... songs to modern pop
songs.
4 It might smmd a bit w ............................... , but in
my free time I like to study grammar.
5 I like music that has a strong r.. ............................. .
6 I' d like to try gymnastics, but I know I
would keep losing my b............................... !
7 Let 's go dow n to the v...............................
a ............................... an d play Alien Invasio11 .
Did you e njoy reading this article?
Did you learn anyt hing? W hy? I Why not ?
 3 Correct the sentences that have
mistakes. One sentence has no
·:;:c Present perfect tense review mistakes. Which one?
1 I've seen Matt last week, when we
. ..,e> Look at Grammar database pages 164-165 before were at th e karate club.
you do the exercises.
2 1 have a long tim e to play
Monop oly.
I Read t he sentences and phrases from the article on
3 Sarah hasn't played football since
pages 24 and 25. Match each one to an explanation.
she broke h er leg.
1 Computers have had a huge impact on leisure .. . 4 Th is is the first time I built a model
2 . . . people have been collecting valuable th:ings plane.
since andent times.
3 People have produced webpages on ... 4 Complete the sentences using the
a This is a series of actions continuing up to now. verbs in brackets in the present
perfect simple or continuous.
b This is a situation which continues up to now.
c Th is i s a completed action at a time in the past 1 I ............................... (play) tennis, so I'm
w hich is not mentioned. qu ite tired.
2 Luke says he ............................... (never
meet ) anybody wh o plays the
2 Decide if t he statements are true (T) or false (F). xylophon e.
3 ............................ (you follow) th e new
I I've been studyin g English for about six years.
series that's on TV at th e moment?
This person is still studying English now.
4 My fingers are sore beca use I
2 Peter Johnson ha s written five books (practise) the guitar all
about fishing. morning.
We know that Peter Johnson is still alive. 5 We .......................... (w ait) for an hour
an d our dance
3 T ve been sorting ou t m y stamp collection, '
teacher still isn't
said Candy.
h ere!
Candy finished zhis action a long time ago.
6 My dad .........................
4 Jan has read Snowboarding for Beginners. (take up) a new
Ask h er abo ut it. hobby - cooking!
Jan 's present knowledge is the important thing.

5 Use the verbs in the box to complete the gaps. Use the present perfect simple or continuous.

give • join • plan • order • say • think • arrange • decide

We ( 1) ....................__ to start an after-school club for ages! The idea is that pupils join and come to the club
twice a week. About forty people (2) .......... . .. .. .... so far, so it's very popular already. Our headteacher, Mrs
Hughes, (3) . .. .. ..... ... us about €1 ,000 and we've got a list of things we want to get for the club. The
most important thing is to have fun and play games, so we (4) ............................... a table tennis table already. We
(5) ............................... of getting a TV as well, but we (6) ....... ..... .. ...... yet. Lots of people (7) .......... .............. that they'll
give us games they don't want any more. We'll be ready to start as soon as we (8) . . .. ............... everything!

. .............................................................................................................................................................................._....... · - - - -...............................................................................................
 C»
E
·.::
tJ'I
Magic metaphors ~~ c
-
~
4 When_ we talk about time, we
I Match t he free t ime activit ies with t he verbs go, do o r play. sometimes use words or
phrases that have a connection
ballet · basketba ll • video games • camping · horse-riding with money. Complete the
karate • swimming · judo • skiing • gymnastics · fishing sentences with words from th
volleyball • the piano • canoeing ~~ e

I go/do/play .... ......... ........ in my free time.' valuable • save • spend • waste

dioms:time
Match to make sentences using idioms about time. What
do t he idioms mean?
Since m y mum retired,
don 't really like TV so much, b
J io..now you're very busy
ith yom hobbies these days,
\\'hen you're working
\ ith valua ble stamps,
I hope the programme starts
\ . e got Lo the pool j ust
a you have to take
your time and do it
slowly.
on time because I've
set the video to
record it..
1 To ........... ........ .......... llme,
· we decided
c she's got a lot of time
on her hands. to get everytbjng ready first.
d in time to see Robert 2 Stop ....................... ...... time watching
w in the race. TV and get your homework
done.
e bu t I watch it when 3
I want to kill time. I_ .................. .......... most of my free
llme playing volleyball.
f b ut you have to
make time for me I 4 As a _senior manager, Mr
Harnson's time is very
................................

rasal verbs with down

::»ttrasal verbs w it h down often have negative meanings. Match
tile phrasal verbs in the box with the correct defi nit ions.

get down • look down on • turn down

come down with • put down

I \'ou ........... ................ an offer, you refuse it, or don't accept it.
'ou .............................. someone, you think you are better than
lbey are.
If , ou ............................... a minor illness, you start suffering from

f a vet ............................. an animal .... ..................... , they kill it

be(ausc it is old or ill.
something ............................... you .............................. , it depresses you.
 Listening
You are going to listen to two people talking about
ords in each line
their hobbies. What do they say? Cirde t he two w I
. h samevowe
l In the beginning, Speaker 1 felt that this hobby was that contain t e
sound . L·tsten and check.
a enjoyable b difficult c boring put
1 come though luck
2 Speaker 2 feels that this h obby is won rule
2 ran run
a uninterestin g b embarrassing c entertaining iuU fuss
3 run far
track true
trust
Focus on FCE: Listening Part 3 4 truck
2 Listen t o t he same two people and two other people talking
about their hobbies. For questions 1-4, choose from the list
(A-E) what each person says about their hobby. Use the letters
only once. There is one extra letter you do not need to use.
A Tt teaches you about o ther cultures. Speaker 1 .........
B You learn to work with others. Speaker 2 ........
C It demands a lot of free time. Speaker 3.
D It can be stressful at times. Speaker 4 .........
E It helps you to stop worrying.

Focus on FCE: Speaking Part 3

Speaking
2 In pairs, do the task. Use the phrases from exercise I
Match t o make suggestions. to help you make suggest ions.
1 Why don't WC . . . ~ • How much do you think pupils would enjoy these activities?
2 Getting a games consok .. . • Which things are you going to buy for the club?
3 l'd like to suggest that ...
4 I suggest ...
5 A good idea might be ...
6 What do you think about ...

a would be a good idea, wouldn't

it?
b getting a TV and a video player?
c we should get some art
materials.
d buying a table tennis table for I'd like you to imagine that you are planning to start an
the club. after-school club for pupils at your school. Here are some
of the things you are thinking of getting for the club. You
e get a chess set, since it's quite have €600 to spend. Discuss how much you think pupils
cheap? would enjoy these activities and decide which things you
f to get some books for pupils to are going to buy for the club.
read.
See Speaking database on page 158.

<4- ~oo o o • .. ••• H •••••••oo•oooo•oo• •oo •" " H ••••••••• •••oo•"•"• "•• .. ••••oo•o"oo•••••••oo•• .. •• " • oooo••• oo• •••••••• •ooooooo .. •• •ooo oo••oo••oo•oo••••••• •••• •••••••• •••••••• •• ••••••••- - - - - · · - -···••••• ••••••••• •••••••••••• ••• ••••••• ••oo•• ••• ••• ••• ••• •• ••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - - - - 1

Use of English
Articles
v Look at Grammar database pages
165-166 before you do the exercises.
Circle the extra word in each sentence.
l In my free time, I listen to the music, go
ro the cinema and play the guitar.
2 The Head gave the Class 7 permission to
organise an after-school dub.
3 I go to the chess dub at the weekend by
the bus.
;;. Jenny loves the swimming and she'd like
to swim the English Channel.
5 We went to the USA and saw the Grand
Canyon and the Mount Rushmore.
You need a hobby, like playing the flute
or collecting the stamps.
Correct t he sentences. Add articles where
necessary.
I Oscar bad lot of time to start new hobbies
when he was in prison.
- I like comedies, whether they are on
television or on radio.
J James ha s taken up new hobby and
-;pends whole evening making models.
Hang-gliding is great fun, but you need
hills or even mountain nearby.
My hobby is drawing so when I grow up
l d like to be artist.
nonyms
"1atch t he expressions which mean t he
same.
'""egret
\ant to do
1 age of 12.
ok forward
) doing
~ect to
~--··· · ·· ········ ..··································································..··········..·························..···········--······----···-······························································································································
Ql
E
·.::
~
·--c
·~
Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 4
4 For questions 1-4, complete the second
sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence, using the word given. Do not
change the word given. Use between two and
five words, including the word given.Write the
missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
1 My parents asked me if 1 wanted to have
ballet lessons.
fel t
My parents asked me if I ........ ............................................... ....
ballet lessons.
2 The teachers object to our playing football in
the corridor.
of
The tea chers ....... .. ············-······························· our playing
football in the corridor.
3 I regret giving up the trumpet at the age of 12.
a feel like doing wish
b not approve of I ... ......................... ......... .... ............ up the trumpet at the
c wish you hadn't
4 I am really looking fo rward to joining my
d can't wait to do local basketball team.
wait
I really.......... . ........ ...... ..... ..... my local
basketball team.
 2 Decide if t he statements are true (T)
or false (F).
1 You should always use formal
language in an email.
. ..,V Read about informal letters/ emails in the 2 We normally ask each other
Writer's database on page 154 before you do the
about our news in informal
exercises on this page.
Jcucrs/cmails.
3 You have to include all the
I Read this writing task. W hy sho uld your email be information from your notes.
informal?
4 You can add extra relevant
Craig, a friend of yours, is thinking of visiting information not in the notes.
you and he warns to be able to go to a concert
while staying with you. The local tourist office
ha s given you this leaflet and you have made
these notes. Write an cmail giving him the choice Working model
of two possible concerts.
Write an em ail of between 120 and 150 words
3 Read the answer to t he writing task.
in an appropriate style. You must use eo a
grammatically correct sentences with accurate 0
spelling a nd punctuation in a style appropriate
for the situation. To Cralg Smith
St•r l2lhMay-.....::==~=======~~;;
Sub.~K~. Your visit
f!·
Dear Craig,

Washington Hall
We've got some great concerts
lined up for you this season at
Washington Hall. There's
something for everybody.
Tickets are available at the
box office.
June 12th-18th
June 20th-21st
Ropl Old' t a For
cla.$i.rel music bveiS. the
Royal Orchestm is back.
ron.gtng you oome okl
c)assia>. and a few DfN'I
piere>
~€20
June 22nd-29th
'1118 'WI&GDIIICJllall
CouniiY music's lllC6t
famous brothers are here
witl1 their guitarS! If you
b"ke your music witl1 a goOO
melody and gra:~t singing.
then let me W:Jlson Brotl1ers
entertain you.
]lqke!S: €25-40
Hi!. Have your exams finished? I can't wait for
am~! ~u~
You said you want t
' . . o go to a concert while you're here.
You ~e arnvrng on the 19th, aren't you? The Robbers are
playrng up to the 18th, so we'll miss them. lt's a shame
because they're great!
So really you've got h .
a c Olce of two concerts. The first is
the Royal Orchestra on the 2oth or 21St. I've seen them
and they were very d r·
goo . rckets are €2o each.
The Wilson Brothers are playing after that H
heard of them"? Id ' k . ave you
. . . on t now what they're like. Still,
might be rnteresting. I don't have m h
h uc money so we'd
ave to get the cheapest tickets. They're €25 Dec'd
which o · I e
. ne you want to see and let me know. I' !I get the
tickets before you come.
Got to go! Mum's calling me.
See you soon
'
Kelly
 Ql
E
~
Underline where Kelly does these things in her ..,.,.e> Now write! 0)
c
email on page 30.
asks a friendly question about her friend's life
7 You are now ready to write your email.
Use informal language. Include all the
-·-·-
~

- checks a piece of information information you have to.

~ tells Craig what tbe first choice is
tells Craig what the second choice is .,.~e> Check it out!
- tells Craig what she wants him to do next 8 Check your work. Tick what
gives a reason for closing the email you have done.

Ready to write!
Look at this writing task You are going to write a
similar email.

Tmagine your friend, Tom, is coming to stay with

·ou . While he is staying with you, he wants to
so to a concert. Use the leaflet on page 30 and
the notes you have made to write a letter to
Tarn, offering him the choice of two concerts.
Write an email of between 120 and 150 words
.n an appropriate style. You must use
;rammatkally correct sentences with accurate
pelling and punctuation in a style appropriate
_"~r the situation.

Can you answer these questionsl If you

can't remember, look through the unit for
the answers.
6 u our imaginat ion.
Make a plan of your answer. se y l When did people first start collecting
stamps?
"\?
rtow are you going to start your emat . . \"fe? 2 What's the difference between 'He's
• . t 0 k Tom about hts own ' ·
Nhat question are you gomg as ? been to India.' and 'He's gone to
. . do you want to check. lndia.'?
what piece of mformatton .
• · g to offer htm? 3 Which phrase using the word 'time'
• What's the first choice you re gotn
means 'do something slowly'?
What's your opinion of this choice? . ?
. , going to offer htm. 4 If something 'gets you down', what
What's the second chotce you re does it do?
What's your opinion of this choice? 5 Can you think of the name of a
Why is money not a problem? country we use 'the' before?
• What do you want him to do next?
When does he have to do it before?
·t?
• How are you going to end your emat .

- - - · -··························································································••••><•••········--··················--·- - -····-····..······..............................................................................................................._. .... _..

 ----------
•

Start thinking!
In this un it, we are Wh at job would you like to do in the
going to read f uture? Why?
advertisements for Which is more important, mon ey or
jobs, listen to a radio j ob satisfaction·?
interview, speak about
Wou ld you like to do the same job as
employment, write a your pa rents?
report and study past Why? I Why n ot?
perfect tenses.

Reading
I Read the job advertisements. Which
job would you rather do? W hy?

Sales M.
eBabysitter want~d,
We are at
stores all ov
anager
op company In th
evenings only. A profess10nal
Ea~tern Euro~~ the World. Due to ~emusic industry With couple are looking for someone to
bemg created V:,new post of Sales~opportunities in
take care of 5-year-old Nathan.
~orked in sa/~s r. e are looking for so anager: EGst Is This position would suit a
~ e chance to maor at least five yearsme~ne who ha.s teenager or young woman. If
2S.Ooo. nage a team ber. an who has had Nathan likes you, that's more
ore. The sa/
IfYou are lo . ary starts at important than qualifications and
prepared to t okmg for a challe experience. All applicants~ be
Europe. conrar::~~ frequently to o;g~f~;d Y?u are interviewed. Please apply m
Noise Music Ltd to request an applica~es m Eastern writing to Dr Conrad, The Elms,
· P.O. Box 7. L ton form. Chelmsford. A photograph would
' ondonNJ
be appreciated.

Great opportunity
zr the right person. Work

€
om home and earn up to
500
Help a Granny
· . per week'· Full tra·1n1ng
·
lS g~ven. This job involves
The charity Help a Granny, which organises trips for old
calhng carefully chosen clients
people in the local area~ has just been given a second mini-
a~d telling them about special
o ers from a number of bus. Help a Granny is looking for a driver to work two days a
comp · All expenses are
. ames. week. The successful applicant will bold a clean driving
paJd by us. Whether you want licence and be at least 35 years of age. Please note that this
to_ work full-time or part-tim post is voluntary work~ although expenses will be paid and
thJs could be the chance youe, the charity covers all insurance and petrol costs. Contact Mrs
ha~e been looking for. Call our O'Grady for an application form on Chelmsford 834672.
offices on 0775-884345 now.,
 :::>ecide if the statements are true (T) or Focus on FCE: Reading Part 3
~se (F).
3 Read the jo b advertisements again.
I Noise Music want the applicant For questions 1- 10, choose from the
to phone them. advertisements (A-F). The advertisements may
2 The babysitter would be be chosen more t han once.
working for a doctor.
Which job(s):
3 Help a Granny have two
could definitely be done
mini-buses to use on trips.
part-time? I ......... 2 ......... 3 ······-·
4 Fun TV broadcasts to th e w hole
do you need a qualification for? 4 ......... 5 .........
country.
would not suit someone
afraid of flying? 6 .........
do you not get paid to do? 7 ........
do you have to have experience for? 8 .........
would interest someone
who can use a computer? 9 ........ .
G would suit a 16-year-old girl
in Chelmsford? 10 .........
New restaur .
ant
Centre Of tow . In the
staff. We are a~'s now looking for
O..Ja/ity restauran~xpanding chain of
acancies for eh f s and we have
"o d a Safe Coo:. s. All chefs must
.a ~ough pr . mg Certificate
ev,ous rest ,
t necessary Un·f aurant Work is
-a · · 1
ntng provided. A
orm and f
. u~/
4 Use words o r phrases fro m the advertisements
Es.ro ltd Pudd" pp/y m wnting t
to complete the definitions. You've been given
' _ mg Lane, London. o t he fi rst letter to help you.
rw,..______
I The amount of money you get paid every
year to do a job is called yours ............................. .
2 An a ............................... !............................... is something you
fill in when you apply for a job.
Speak to the Stars! 3 If a company pays your e ............................... , they
pay for taxis, meals, traveL etc.
Ha· e you ever wanted to work i~
• n? Local channel, Fun~· ts l
4 When you write a letter to apply for a job,
.. ..J • Th · · b mvo ves you apply L ............................ w............................... .
" for researchers. ts JO. .
.. I' · g mtervzews 5 A person applying for a job is called an
~ phone calls, arrangtn. d
.::.d. g out any informatton w e nee a................
. tt zn l l"b ry Who 6 Work which you do for a charity an d which
the in.ternet and loca t ra .
• s? You might be t~e per~ on to you don't get paid for is called v ..................,......... .
-~ ...ge the next intervtew wtth '
W ............................... .
~ · B · Spears 7 The s............................... arc all the people who work
•.Jrdo DiCaprio or rttney .
. Id be your chance to start for a company.
scou h
·tin in the m edia. Call ]o n on . t
-,-8~323 and get your career gomg.
Did you enjoy reading t he advertisements?
Did you learn anything? Why? /Why not?
 ~
Cl
"'0
c
0
3:
.:¥
0 Past perfect tense review
3:
..."'1> Look at Grammar database pages 167-168 before you do the exercises.
I Read the sentences and decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F).
I I had already worked as a waiter so J had some experience when I applied for the job.
This describes an action bdore the main time in the past.
The action was completed before the main time in the past.
2 Sarah needed a hol iday because she had been working too hard.
This deso·ibes a continuous action before the main time in the past.
The action was completed before the main time in the past.

2 Circle the correct tense in each sentence.

I By the time Claire retired, she worked/had been working the re Jor 20 yea rs.
2 Before I filled in th e applicati on fonn, I had called/had been calling them to ask for more
information.
3 It was the first time John was working/had worked on a computer.
4 The boss phoned before I had finished/hadn't finished the letter he asked me to write.
5 Mr Turner worked as a chef for while and then decided/had decided to apply fo r a job as a
Jireman.

Correct the sentences that Complete the sentences using the verbs in
have mistakes in them. One brackets in the past perfect simple or
sentence has no mistakes. continuous. You may need to use a negative
Which o ne? form.
I The sraJf were quit<:' tired 1 When I started working here, it was the fi rst
because customers had been time I .............................. (work) in an office.
coming in all morning. 2 Luckily, we ........... .............. (already write) th e
2 Because he had never been report wh en the boss a rri ved.
working from home, my 3 I ............................... (wait) for t he bus to work fo r ha lf
brother didn't know what to an hour when it finally turned up.
expect.
4 Hclen decided to speak to h er manager
3 Somebody else got lhc job because she ............................... (h ave) problems with
before I hadn't had a chance the others in the office.
to send in my application
fom1. 5 Alex ........................... (work) in a superma rket
before, so he knew exa ctly what to do.
4 Dad had been driven all day
so be was really tired when 6 My u ncle ...... ............ .......... (try) to find a job for
he got home from work. months when he finally found wh at h e was
looking ror.

..0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -..___,__,,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 ·.uch t he jobs from the box with t he
~nitions .

3XOUntant · journalist ·electrician • plumber

sales rep • civi l servant
. engineer · labourer • architect • miner

.erson . ..
.e hard physical work, such as repairing
ads.
ign s houses and other buildings.
als with the income and the expenses of a

ernes articles an d reports for a newspaper.

rks in a government office, for example
a tax office.
~~ coaJ or gold, etc from underground .
.:als with the water system in buildings.
· igns and builds roads and bridges, etc.
als with the electrical system in buildings. Word formation: suffixes
~ls products to businesses.
3 Make the words into nouns using one of the
suffixes in the box. Be careful with spelling.
Complete t he explanations of the words and
:'-rases in bold with one word. -ness -ment -tion ·ity

1-ten you are on strike, you don't l active 6 employ

................ in order to try to force your enjoy 7 attrac.1
2
enployer to change something.
3 kind 8 pay
·hen you get the sack, you .............................
ur job, often because you did something 4 major 9 promote
'-:-ong. 5 polite 10 lazy
hen you work overtime, you work
................... hours th an usual.
Confusable words
hen your employer promotes you, you
re given a ..................... . job than before. 4 Circle the correct word in each sentence.
·. hen you retire, you ............................... working l I want a job I enjoy and I don't mind how
1-(:nnanently because yo u are old enough to m uch money I earn/win .
d that or because your health is bad.
2 Never mind! Let's h ope we earn/win some
money next time we buy a lottery t ick et!
3 The salary/wage for this position is €30, 000 a
year.
4 1 have logo to the m anager every Friday to
pick up my salary/wage.
 s a ing ~
You are going to listen to an extract from an int erview Complete the words and phrases
w ith two careers officers. As you listen, complete the to express uncertainty.
sentences with a number.
1 l don 'i know . ..
1 Cralg has been working as a careers officer for l'm not s......................... .. .
............................... years. I'm not c......................... ...
2 He visits approximately ............................... schools every year.
2 ... butl think . ..
3 Susan talks to about ............................... pupils about ca reers
each year. ... bu t Is ........... ............ .. .
. .. but l i... ..................
4 Each careers in terview lasts about ............................ m inutes.
3 . .. may .. .
Focus on FCE: Listening Part 4 ... m...................
... c......................... .. .
2 Listen to the whole interview. For questions 1-5. choose
the best answer {A, B or C).
Focus on FCE: Speal<ing Part 4
1 What does Craig say about the work of a careers
officer? 2 In pairs, choose four or more of
A It has changed completely over the years. the questions to talk about. Use
the phrases from exercise I to
B It is similar to what it used to be.
help you.
C lt's better than the other jobs he's done.
• What do you think is important
2 Only one in ten of the people who want to become when choosing a career?
doctors • Do you thjnk people work too
A succeed in their ambition. hard nowadays?
B become lawyers. • How do you think the world of
C are successful in other professions. work is changing?
• What do you think it would be
3 Craig suggested the air force to the young man like to work from home?
because he
• What prohlems do people face
A wanted to change his mind about being an when they are unemployed?
astronaut.
B thought it was probably the best way to achieve I haven't really thought
his aim. about that. Tsuppose ..
C was sure that astronauts started in the air force. The salary is important,
and so is •••
4 Craig's advice is that you should
A be ready to choose a completely different career.
B only talk about your ambition if you really
mean it.
C become a doctor ii you can't become an architect.

5 Susan's advice is that you should Read the words and underline any silent
A become a lawyer if you like helping people. .st.en and check.
letters. L'
B get legaJ advice before choosing your career. b pneum•
\amb colD . h
listen climber tomb kmg t
C find out more about the job you want to do.
plumber
See Speaking database on page 158.
 of English 2 Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the
first sentence. Use the words given without changing
mparatives and them. Use no more than five words.
rlatives I I've n ever read su ch a boring book about being an actor.
:.Ook at Grammar database pages interesting
:68-169 before you do the Thi s is . ...... .. ... .......................................... about being an actor I have
-!Xercises. ever read.

: omplete the sentences using either
· e comparative or the superlative
-~ of the adjective in brackets.
job is much ............... .. ....... . (easy)
n my last one !
agine th e life oJ a law yer is
- ·······(challenging) than that
a !~hOp assistan t.
rh should m ake a good actor
use he's ............... ........ (confident)
~I know.
ors are gen eralJy ............ ..............
~I paid than nurses.
2 I had expected the job to be m ore difficult th an it was.
as
The job .......................................................... I h ad expected.
3 Everyone in the office took much longer to finish their
work than Kim .
quickly
Kim fin ished her work ........ ................................ ............... everyone
else in th e office.
4 I got more satisfaction from m y old job.
less
I am ....................... ................................... I wa s in my old job.

Focus o n FCE: Use of English Part 3

for questions 1-10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
r,es to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
n te your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

One thing that people get from their (0) Qc.fr!.f..AT.!r?.N is, of course, OCCUPY
money. Most people wouldn't do the job they do if it wasn't for
the (1) ............................... at the end of each day, week or month. However, PAY
the (2) ............................... of people want more than just a good salary. There MAJOR
are many other things which add up to 'job satisfaction', the
feeling of (3) ............................... you get from doing a job that makes you ENJOY
happy. What people in (4) ............................... want from a job varies greatly EMPLOY
from person to person. For some, the chances of (5) ............................... make a PROMOTE
big difference. For others, working in a creative environment with
other people makes them (6) ............................... than they would be working HAPPY
alone. When planning your career, you should consider all the
(7) ............................... involved in a job and decide how each one suits your ACTIVE
personality. If you're considering becoming a (8) ............................... , for JOURNAL
example, do you like meeting members of the public? If you're
thinking of becoming an (9) ............................... , do you enjoy detailed work ACCOUNT
with numbers? Just because one job is (10) ............................... paid than WELL
another, it doesn't mean it's the job for you.
 ..
Ill
CIJ

g Writing ~ Working model

~

0
..
==
focus on FCE: A report
. ,
3 Read the answer to the writing task.
:= '""'V Read about reports in the Wnter s
database on page 151 before you do
the exercises on this page. To: Mrs Smtth
From: Lisa Ro6erts
I Read this writing task. Who is the report Su6ject: Puftls' am6itt"ons
to and what is the subject?

Imagine you work as a careers officer. INTRODUCTION

Your manager, Mrs Carter, has asked
you to write a report for the As reruestetl, I havefYeparetl a re;;ort on the am6t'tions c-
headteacher of a local school, Mrs
fUfllS at Merlon Secondary School. I Sfoke to 12SfUftl.S at-
Smith. She wants a report on the
the results arefYesentetl6elow.
ambitions pupils at ber school hav_e so
that she can decide what school tnps
to organise.
PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS
Write a rep o rt of between 12 0 and
180 words in an appropriate style. A larye num6er ofstutfent.s, about six!yfer cen; stated th-
tho/ intended to follow fYofessional careers as doctors,
lawyers, architects antiteachers. Allfuptls in this catf?Jo?
seemed to 6e aware ofthe needfor a university tlt?jree.

SERVICE POSITIONS

AroundtwentyfeY cent ofthe fuptls would!t"ke to leave sc/u;.

at ei_jhteen and work in hotels, .shofs, restaurants andother
services. ~ry few fuptls in this cafejory hada realistic Ulea
ofthejo6 tho/ wantedto do.

OTHER PU!>ILS

Ten feY cent ofstudents hadsft/1not tleceiletlon a career; ami

Decide if the statements are true (T) another fen feY cent wereflanmH_j to train as electricians,
o r false (F). flum6ers andother sti-sdar occupations.
The aim of a report is t o presenl
information in a clear way. CONCLUSION
2 You should never give your own
opinion in a report. To sum up, some fUftls seem well-ti-sformetl whele others need
3 Reports are usually quite iniormal. more advice about their chosen career. I wouldreC<Jmmentl
4 It's us ually a good idea to give oryanist'nj a visit to a larye localhotel tojt've allfUftls a
each paragraph a heading. 6etter eilea ofwork tHthe service t'ntlustry.
5 The last para~raph often contains
suggestions.

n
~ ··············· ······· ..········································..···············..·····················..················..············ .... ......... .... ..·-·-· -- · - - -······-·············· ................................... ....................................... _~
 =~ formal phrases in the report on
pge 38 that mean the same as these
-:ormal phrases.
~ asked me to, so I have ...
..ere is whar I fou nd out.
..aid tha t they plann ed to ...
and jobs li ke these.
J should organise .. .
lieady t o write!
~k at this w rit ing task. W ho is the
:port to and what is t he subject?
gine your teacher has asked
t:.w write a report on ymu
..m ates' ambitions. She wants
t.<;c the information to choose
meone to invite to speak Lo the
r a~
a report of between 120
180 words in an appropriate
Jo your research. Co mplete
6e notes.
bcr of pupils in my class: ... .....
be r of pnpi1s who
• ,, ant to follow a professional
career. .........
• ,,ant to work in the service
1:1dusuy.. ......
• .·.ant to do something else or
uon't know. .........
Make a plan of your answer. Use your notes.
• How are you going to start your report?
To:
From:
Subject:
• What's the title of your first paragraph?
• How are you going to start it?
• What are the titles of your other paragraphs?
• How are you going to start your final paragraph?
which group of pupils do you think needs advice the most?
•
who would be a good person to invite to give that advice?
•
• Write a formal sentence making your suggestion .
'-'oil> Now write!
8 You are now ready to w rite your report. Use fo r mal
language and present your info rmation clearly. Make a
clear reco mmendation.
...~C> Check it out!
9 Check your work. Tick what you have do ne.
0
0
0
0
0
0
Can you answer these questions? If you can't
remember, look through the unit for the answers.
1 What do you fill in to apply for a job?
2 Who does a civil servant work for?
3 What's the noun from 'lazy'?
4 What do we call the person who gives us advice
o n choosing a job?
5 Which of th ese words has a silent letter?
mumble c/hnber grumble
 Choose the correct option. Complete the sentences using the
correct form of the verbs in
I All the ............................... for the job seem to have a lot of brackets.
experience.
1 1 suppose I ............................... (know)
A expenses B applicants C staff D applications Tony for six years now.
2 My aunt's reaJJy worried that she's going to get the 2 By the time Ian got to the station
............................ . and be unemployed. the train .. .................. ... ... (leave) .
A sack B strike C post D vacancy 3 Diane ............................... (cook) since 5
o' dock and she still hasn 't
3 Why don't you send in an application ............... .. ....... for the finished dinner!
job? You might get it!
4 We ............................... (see) this
A paper B form C report D list programme before.
4 Diane's really successful! She's just been ............................. to 5 I ............................... (learn) English for
Senior Manager. about five yea rs now.
A employed B placed C promoted D applied 6 I was tjred when you saw me
yesterday because 1 ......... ....................
5 Greg's a waiter, and his ............................. isn't really very high. (work) an day.
A expenses B payment C salary D wage 7 My dad .......... ........ ....... (visit ) China
twice and India once.
6 Imagine how exci ting it m ust be to be a . .......................... and to
interview famous people! 8 Let's go to the dnema when you
.. ......................... (finish) your
A sales rep B journalist C miner D accountant
homework.
7 This might sound a bit ............................... , but I love doing
exams! Circle the correct verb in each
A weird B valuable C traditional D balanced sentence.
8 Have you ever thought of doing ............................... w ork, maybe I Last summer, I went/did/played
for a charity? fishing almost every day.
A expensive B worthless C voluntary D priceless 2 My sister goes/does/plays
gymnast ics three times a week.
9 My grandfather used to be a teacher but he ...............................
3 Going/Doing/Playing swirnmjng
years ago.
is p robably my only hobby.
A afforded B prom oted C balanced D retired 4 Some people spen d too much
10 I'd like to be a ............................... because you have a lot of time going/doing/playing video
security working for the govern ment. games.
A sales rep B dviJ servant C plumber D labourer 5 I'm really looking forward to
going/doing/playing camping
next month.
6 I think more boys should think
about going/doing/playing ballet.
7 Have you ever been/done/played
skiing? It looks really dHficult.

:,P-· . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ·· -·... . . . . . . .... . . . ... . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-------·-·-··- · ··· ··. . . . . ..... . ....... .... .· · ·-·
 Complete the sentences using an appropriat e word. Circle the correct article in
each sentence. If no ar ticle is
D rush! ... .. ........... ........ your time and you'll do a much
n't
r:er job. necessary, circle the hyphen H-
Pe .~ple who are un employed often have more rjme on tbci r 1 During a/the!~ 1980s, many
people used computers at work
for the first time .
to school just ............. ... ...... time for the start of the lesson.
... ,t
2 In a/the!~ Untted States,
r quite busy, but I try to .. .. ..... ........... .... time to do my
professional people work very
L•bies.
long h ours.
3 I hope to go to a/the/-
C'"loose the correct option. university to study
1\ ~ny teachers leave the profession . ..................... the long engineering.
.us. 4 Ermna was off work last
A ecause B because of Monday with a/the!- cold.
:\t.Jny people ............................. that working overtime is a good 5 'Hello? No, Mr Green is at
'") of making more money. a/the/- work . Can !take a
message?'
:\ think B think so
6 1 hate th is job. I work all week,
t's a11 hide and surprise Janett.e when she ............................... back and then I have to work on
m the shop!
r a/the!~ Sunday morn ing, too!

A gets B will get 7 My car broke down so I went

home on a/the/- foot.
\' 1.1need to .... ......................... a degree in architecture to become
... architect.
'\ get B get to

~ead t his text. For questions 1- 10, use the word given at the end of each line to form a word that fills
:.'le gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). You will get two marks for each correct answer.

~any
people, perhaps even the (0) .':!H!j(!.r.Jfj., are not particularly MAJOR
"'PPY in their job. They go to work, get paid, and (1) ................. ......... for EMPLOY
em is just a way of paying the bil ls. This leads 10 (2 ) ............................... at LAZY
rk and unhappy workers often don't show enough (3 ) ..... .................... PO LITE
customers or (4 ) ...................... ... . to their fellow workers. Many people KIND
t:d that they have no chance of (5 ) ............................... and tl1ey arc PROMOTE
,happy w ith the (6 ) ............................... condit.ions. WORK
•. ou want to get (7) ............................... from your work, make sure that ENJOY
· .nvolves doing an (8) ............................... that you like. Ask yourseU whether ACTIVE
~job wiU have the same (9 ) ...................... .... .. after five years. A careful ATIRACT
--oice now can save you a lot of (10 ) ............................... in the future. HAPPY

t<llns noi\ 31V c'.li?4M o~-o jljOOjlll4lOlll? lof awn S.ll aqkew o<r-•z-
jdn ll daa)l jl\?31.13 SJ114! oS-1~ ilfnls lnOA /0\0U~ Alll?al nOA j3UOp U3M 09-1S

- ·······..·················..·············..·····..·······.......................................,..............................-------- -- " " " " " -~

-=----
 Start thinking!
In this unit, we are going What does the word 'media' mean to you?
to read about the history How much TV do you watch?
of television , listen to What kinds of TV programme do you like?
extracts from different TV
programmes, speak
about past experiences, Reading
write a story and study
the passive. I Read the magazine article.What is
surprising about what it says?

radio in 1901 that suddenly people were capable of

sending messages through the air over long distances
The first radio shows were alm ost twenty years away.
The idea of sending images along with sound seemed
to be an impossibility. Although cinema had been
invented in 1895, there seemed no way to get these
moving pictures to fly through the air. At first, inventors
such as John Logie Baird in Britain worked on
mechanical systems. This used spinning discs inside
the television which allowed light through small holes.
Without even thinking about it, we click the remote to 2 In order to develop, television needed to be
turn our TVs on. Then we turn over to find a channel we electronic, and the story of electronic television goes
want to watch and sit back to enjoy full colour back to the small town of Rigby, Idaho, in 1922.
entertainment, news and sport. Television is a global
Philo T. Farnsworth was a very clever student. He was
success story. How did it all begin? Amazingly, it first
fascinated by electricity and built electrical machines to
took its modern form in the mind of a thirteen-year-old
make the work on his parents' farm easier. He read an
American boy ca1Jed Philo T. Farnsworth.
article in a magazine that described mechanical
The basis for modern telecommunications was created in television and realised that it could never be fast
the nineteenth century. The telegraph, which was enough to produce good pictures. 3 Gradually
invented in 1837, meant that messages could be sent an idea formed in his mind. Magnets could be used to
round the world. The telephone followed in 1876. For the control electrons to make a picture.
first time, people's voices could be sent over long
He went to the only other person in Rigby who he felt
distances. 1 lt was only with the invention of the
might understand the ideas- his chemistry teacher, Justin

....... _.........................................................................................................................................................---···-···-··-···-················· ..······················..···········..................................................- --11

 Focus on FCE: Reading Part 2
atch these dates to what happened.
3 Read the article again. Six sentences have
-,
.Q
J 7 -········· 0
been removed from the article. Choose
- 6 ··-····· from the sentences A-G the one which fits "'....
Ql
.c
each gap ( 1-6). There is one extra sentence
4 90 1 which you do not need to use.
s 22 A Televisio n became a part of everyday life,
as it still is.
27
8 It finall y came when he got a job wit h
two rich investors, George Everson a n d
• e t."1ronic TV was first explained. Lesli c Gorrcll.
• The telephone was invented. C However, wires we re needed to connect
c The radio was invented. people who wanted to communicate .
D Nobody und e rstood how it worked, but it
4 The telegraph was invented.
was very impressive.
e The first pictures were seen on electronic TV. E Over the next few weeks, th ey developed
The cinema was invented. the ideas together until they were
convinced it could su cceed.
F Although images we re sent, they w e re
v ery basic.
-ie drew diagrams on the blackboard
G As he worked in the fields, his bra in
how it would work. 4 There was
played with the idea of television.
~ ey could build a working model, though, and
o's family was forced to move to find work.
=a 'I Farnsworth went to Brigham Young
_ ty. where he continued to develop his ideas
_;ronic television. After university, he set up 4 Find words or phrases in the article that
mean the following. You've been given the
business repairing radios. All the time he
first letter to help you.
_ ng this, he was looking out for the chance
1 chan ge chan nels on a TV
=money to develop his world-changing 1............................... ()...............................
on. 5 After work one day,
2 worldwide
orth explained his idea and the men agreed g..............................
... de some of the money and raise the rest.
3 electronic means of communication
orth finally registered the patents for his idea t ..............................
_- Later that year, he managed to see the first 4 pictures
i...............................
s on his system. lt was still many years before
: -on became the force it is today, but it was on 5 send (a programmt•) through the air
b...............................
• Shortly after the end of the second world
6 informed about the latest news
-. pictures were being broadcast into homes u ............................... t............................... d ...............................
America and, soon, across Europe and the 7 titles of news stories
_• the world. 6 Billions of us every day h ...............................
: the world stay up to date with the news
.. es, follow our favourite sports team or laugh Did you enjoy reading this article?
... "'ledy show. And it's all because of an idea in Did you learn anything? Why? I Why not?
'""' nd of a young boy nearly a hundred years ago .

............................................................................................................................-............................................................................................

1'0
~ The passive
u
..
~ .~t> Look at Grammar database pages
.... 169-170 before you do the exercises.
I Read the sentences and phrases
from the magazine article on pages
42 and 43. Tick the reasons why
we might use the passive.
The basis for modern
telecommunications was created
in the nineteenth century.
For the first time, people's voices
could be sent over long distances.
Although cinema had been
invented in 1895, ...
We might use the p assive when
a we don't know who did
something.
b it's not important who did
something.
c we want to emphasise
something.
d we think our reader doesn't
understand.
Now underline all the examples of the
passive you can find in the article.
2 Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
1 Someone first suggested the idea of
the imernet in the 1960s in
America.
2 They deliver our newspaper t.o the
house every morning.
3 Someone told me that the BBC is
planning a new channel.
4 People say that the internet is a
great way to receive international
news.
5 Jill gave me a great book about
working in the media.
3 Choose the correct passive version of each sentence.
1 They broadcast rhe news report by satellite.
a The news report broadcasts them by sat eiH~­
b The news report was broadcast by satellite.
2 Satellite television is bringing people closer to
each other.
a People arc being brought closer to each oth
by satellite television.
b People are bringing satellite television clost.>n
to each other.
3 They showed that new Spiclberg film on cable
last night.
a Cable has shown that new Spielbcrg film la
night.
b That new Spielbcrg film was shown on cabs..
last night.
4 Somebody has stolen our television, so r missed
the big match.
a Our television was being stolen by someone
so I missed the big match.
b Our television has been stolen so I missed
the big match.
4 Read this short article about making a news report.
Then rewrite it in the passive.
'How do we put
together a story? Well
to begin with, we '
receive a caH at the
news centre. Then, we
send one of our
:eporters l.o get more
mformation. The
reporter imervkws
anybody who knows
anything about the
story and the
~ameraman records the
mterviews. The reponer
also checks the facts . 1 . .
the studio ·~"' edJ.t t!W:lt1 offioal sources. Back at
' .,... 1e stor}' r 1 t
news buHetin w b d ea< Y or rhe next
· e roa cast 11 "
hour, 24 hours a d ay., le news on the
 Cl
en
Phrasal verbs with on "'
>
3 Phrasal verbs with on often have "'0
.Q
meanings connected to starting Cl
w:>mplete the sentences with a word or phrase from something or continuing something. Cl
.s:
tr'e box.
Circle the correct phrasal verb in 1-
each sentence.
documentary • sitcom • game show l Do you think you could open on!
reality show • soap opera • chat show turn on the TV for me, please?
2 Sorry, but l can't hear the radio if
you carry on/put on making so
A --················ is funny much noise.
- d each program.m c
Jally lasts for half an 3 I hated this programme at first, but
ur. Every show has now it's coming on/growing on me .
~sa me characters. 4 I'm going to bring on/log on and
.................... is a factual see if I've got any email.
r·ogramme and it 5 There arc two people on Life in the
ght be about the House who just don't take on/get
environment or on with each other at all!
lirics . 6 put on/
1 don't think they should
l :1 a .............................. , come on violent programmes in the
.::mous people arc interviewed about early evening .
l'leir careers and their recent work.
Now match each phrasal verb with a
A .. .... is a show about different characters who
definition. Put the phrasal verbs into
e in the same area or who work together. They
u ually have very dramatic problems and the story
t he infinitive.
minues for a long time.
have a good relationship
- C :1a ..............................., members of the public play games or
broadcast on TV
""Swer questions to try to win prizes.
start something working
C n a ............................... , we watch members of the public
ing together. We follow their relationships and one of cormect to the internct
L,em leaves each week. continue
become more attractive
:..- you name one of each type of programme? Which types to you after some t ime
=rogramme do you prefer to watch?
Which other phrasal verb means
'continue' ?
"1atch the people with the descriptions of what they do.
............................... on
·esenter a tries to w in prizes on a game show
C:lntestant b tells people watching about important
events Idioms: the media
\iewer c films the show so that people at home
can see it 4 In pairs, talk about what you think
t hese idiomatic phrases might mean.
roducer d watches a TV programme
.:amerama.n e decides which TV programmes should be front-page news hit t h e headlines
be made a coud1 potato be on the air
ewsrcadcr f introduces the show and the people be on the spot
on it
 e kin
You are going to listen to extracts from five Make notes to answer the questions.
different programmes. As you listen, match each Have you ever been on television?
extract to a programme type.
When? What was it like?
Ex tract I a documenta ry Would you like to be? Why? I Wh y not?
Extract 2 b sitcom
Extract 3 c gam e show Focus on FCE: Spealcing Part I
Ext ract 4 d chat show
Extract 5 e so<lp opera 2 In pairs, ask and answer the
questions. Try to say as much as you
Focus on FCE: Listening Part I can. Use the phrases below to help
you.
You will now hear the extracts again in a different
• Have you ever watch ed TV
order. Fo r questions I -5, choose the best answer
programmes in English?
(A, B or C).
• Have you ever been on televis ion?
1 You hear this woman spea king on the TV. Wh at is
Wo uld you like to be?
she say ing?
• Has anybody you kn ow ev er been
A She is planning to get divorced .
in t he news?
B Brad isn't who people th ought he was.
• Do you like phone-in
C Brad's cousin isn ' t really her son. programmes? Have you ever called
2 You hear this man speaking on the TV. What does one on TV o r o n th e radio?
the government say?
A The n umber of unemployed people has gone
down.
B The numbe r of businesses dosing has gone
down .
C The n um ber of people missing has gone down. Yes, and it was a great
3 You hea r t his conversation on the TV. What does experience. I ...
Chriswant? No, luckily, and I
A to take the dog with h im think that ...
B to get somethjng he left behind
C to prove that the woman is wrong
4 You hear this speaking on the TV. What
ma11 /3/
does th e man say abou t his guest?
h the same vowel
A The sh ow she is in has made h er famo us. Circle the words that ave
B She was a failu re in films. soun d
·,n them · Listen and check. .
fear bird
C She is enjoyin g success at th e moment. 1 word sorry
heard murder bread
5 You hea r th is ma n speaking on the TV. What does 2 bard
first far
the man tell Amy? 3 fair [ur
team burn
A lf she is nervous, she won't win the p rir.e. roeam
4 mean sour
B If she loses, she will still get some money. occur part
5 sir
C If she wins the ca r, she'll also win some money. \ -
See Speaking database on page 158.
Use of English
Countable and uncountable nouns
7 Look at Grammar database pages 170-171 before you do the exercises.

Are these nouns countable, uncountable or both?

advice • sheep • equipment • furniture ·wood • chicken • paper· hair • news • luggage • chocolate
clothes · information • fact· interest· jeans · money· journey • trousers • bone • rice

Correct the sentences that have mistakes in t hem and tick the correct ones.
• Any television stud io has a lot of va luable 4 I used to write for a paper and give advices to
equipments in it. readers with problems.
.., The programme was in terrupted to bring the 5 Most of us get a great deal of information
viewers an important news. through the media.
Most people w ho read the news on TV wear a
su it, rather than a jean.

H omonyms
Match each verb with two definitions.
1 ·ealise ......... ......... 2 run ......... ......... 3 feel ......... ......... 4 order ......... ......... 5 suggest......... ......... 6 argue ..................
.:;uarrel, row e sudden ly u nderstand i comma nd
move quickly f manage (a business) j experience an emotion
c ·cmind you of g propose k ask for
d Ju ch with your hands h make a point 1 make (a drea m) come true

Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 3

For questions 1- 10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Love them or hate them, (0) .RfA.?.lTY... shows are very popular. REAL
Why are we so interested in the (1) ...................... ... and in the RElATION
(2) ............................... of ordinary people? It's because they are just like ARGUE
us. We see ourselves in tl1em and in their daily struggles with each
other. We all have strong (3) ............................... towards the people we live FEEL
and work with. Often, we find it hard to get (4) ............................... on any ADVISE
problems we are having. We thjnk other people might tl1ink less
of us because of our problems. By watching the (5) ............................... they DECIDE
make on our screens, we gain (6) ... . ................... about how other people KNOW
react to tense situations and what the results of their actions are.
It's almost like a (7) ............................... experiment, with the house and the
people in it as a laboratory. We can see when they are (8) ... ...........................
and make the situation worse. We can also see when they manage to
solve their problems with each other. This (9) ............................... helps us in our IWORM
own lives. As always, 'IV is much more than just (10) ............................. . ENTERTAIN
~- ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .
 ~
0\
.!!
> Writing ~ Working model
-;;;
.Q Focus on FCE: A story 4 Read t he _an~we r to the writing task. Underline all
~
thhe descnptlve adject ives and adverbs the w rl· ter
C»
~ ...,JV Read about stories in the Writer's as used.
t- database on page 152 before you do
the exercises on this page.

I ~ead. this writing task. W ho do you t hink

IS gorng to read the story?

A loca l :~d io station is h oldinga

~ompetrtJon for stories w ritten by
hsteners. The w inning stories w ill be
read on th e radio. The competition
ru_lcs state that aU stories mu st behrin
wnh these words:
l had never imagined l would see my~elf
on the news. ·
w·nte a story of between 120 and IT WASN'T M£!
180 words in an approp ria te style.
I had never ima!Jinedl wou!rl see myselfon the news. /t
2 When you write a story, descriptive was awful! The newsreader was talkin!J about a
~anguage is important. Put t he adject ives robbery and there, on the screen, was a picture ofme.
rnto the_correct column. Some of them
may go rn more than one column.
'Mum! I'm on television!' I shouted, and she ran into
the livin!J room.
terrible • excited • wonderful d
terr·f· • epressed 'That's !Jreat!' she said and then suddenly stopped She
I IC • nervous • dreadful • awful • great
cool • horri ble • perfect • amazing looked at me, and then back at the screen.
'!didn't do it. I'm innocent!'! said'fuickly. 'what
've ry good' 'very bad' fee lings
shou!rll do?'
MJ mum SU!J!Jested that we!JO the police station. I
wasn't sure. I didn't want to!JO to prison for a crime I
hadn't committed! Mum said that I had to convince
them that they wanted the wron!J person.
We !Jot to the police station and/ went inside nervous~
I explained who I was and they asked me lots of
A dd more adjectives t o the boxes and
compare your ideas. 'fuesttims. I answered them honestly. Eventually, they
believed/ was innocent. /t was a wonderful feelin!J
3 ~nderline any adject ives from your lists
when I finally walked out ofthe police station!
t a~ can be made into adverbs by The next ni!Jh~ they said on the news that the police
addrng -/y. had cau!Jht the person who committed the robbery. h!
looked a little !t'ke me. MJ ni!)htmare was finally over

ft··· ....... . . . . . ..... .... . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . ........ ........... . . . -.. . _. . . . . .······-···..... .... __
.............................. ..,.
Decide if the statements are true (T) or ..,..)C> Now write!
false (F).
7 You are now ready to write your story. Make
l The writer starts with the sure you use good descriptive language. Try
to create drama by using direct speech.
right words. 0
2 The writer sometimes uses short
sentences for dramatic effect. :=1 . ..,~C> Check it out!
3 The writer uses direct speech to 8 Check your work. Tick what you have done.
tell us w hat people said.
4 The writer uses exclamation marks
to add drama and excitement.
5 The story doesn 't have a beginni ng,
a middle and an e nd.

Ready to write!
0
You are going to write your own story to
enter the competition. Make a plan of your 0
answer. Use your imagination.
.vhere do you have to put the sentence you have 0
oeen given?
.,0 w did you feel when you saw yourself on the 0
"'ews? 0
..Vhy were you on the news?
Hho else was involved?
. ?
0
r!ow did they feel? Did they say anythtng ·
• ..vhat happened after you saw the news? 0
• Then what happened?
What happened in the end?
• How did you feel in the end?
Can you answer these questions? If you
can't remember, look through the unit for
the answers.
l How old was PhJlo T. Farnsworth when
he bad the idea for electronic TV?
What do we call the tit1e of a news
story?
3 We make the passive using which
auxjJiary verb?
What is a 'couch potato'?
Which noun is countable?
jeans news facts
What two meanings of 'argue' do you
know?
 Start thlnlfing!
In this unit, we are going to What's the weather usually like
read about forecasting the in each season in your area?
weather, listen to an Think about:
interview with a scientist,
• spring • summer
speak about the weather, • autumn • winter
write an article and study
h ~
ways of talking about the
future.
Read this extract from a
book. Would you like to do
what the writer suggests?
Do-It-YourselfForecasts
"When the wind is in the west, the weather is always best.
"When the wind's in the south, the rain's in its mouth.
Have you heard sayings like these before? Or have
you heard that when cows lie down it's going to
rain? Maybe you've heard that a sunny Christmas
Day means we're going to have a warm Easter.
Many cultures have traditional ideas about how to
forecast the weather and they all have one thing in
1 common: they are not very accurate. Most of them
are about as accurate as saying that the weather
tomorrow will be more or less the same as today.
The weather is too complicated to be forecast easily
and simply.
How do meteorologists go about trying to
forecast the weather? The first thing they need is
information, and lots of it. Data is constantly
collected from weather stations around the world.
Weather balloons tell us what is happening at high
altitude. Satellites give us images of cloud cover and
wind direction. All this information is processed by
computer and combined with information about
the normal climate of a region to produce the
forecast. Even so, we can only accurately forecast
the weather for the next couple of days.
Can't we amateurs forecast the weather at all,
then? Yes, we can, but to be a great amateur
Read the sentences. Do you think
the writer of the book agrees or
disagrees with them?
1 Traditional wisdom isn't very
reliable.
2 The professionals rely on the
amateurs.
3 You should know the usual
weather patterns.
4 You can benefit from
your forecasts.
meteorologist you need to do some of the things
the experts do. First of all, collect your
information. You need to know about the climak
in the area where you live. What's a typical
summer like? How much rain normally falls in
October? If your area never gets fog in the
summer, then a forecast of fog in July is unlikely
to be accurate.
The next thing you need to take into account
is local geography. Are there any mountains
nearby? They could affect the wind. Are you by
the coast? That could affect rainfall. All these
factors need to be considered when you are
trying to understand what the weather is going
to do next. You '11 also need some basic
equipment: a good thermometer, a barometer h ..
measure pressure in the atmosphere and, if
possible, a wind meter. Start to keep records of
the temperature, pressure and wind speed and
direction each day.
Then it's a question of using your eyes, and
even your ears. Listen to the radio. Is there a lot
of static? Together with falling attnospheric
pressure, that probably means that the weather:·
going to get worse. Go outside and listen. Do
sounds seem clearer than usual? Is there a kind
of ring around t11e Sun or Moon? It could mean
 ~

Focus on FCE: Reading Part I
3 Read the text again. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A. B, C or D) which you think fits
best acco rding to t he text.
l What does 'them' in line 7 refer to?
A d ifferenr cultures
B trad itional ideas about the weather
C most weather forecasts
D the weather on different days
2 The writer does not mention that
forecasters collect information about
A the weather very b.igh in the atmosphere.
B the accuracy of forecasts in the past.
C the amoum of cloud over an area .
D the way the wind is blowing.
3 What does the writer say you need
to know about your area?
A the forecasts of the experts
B the general patterns of weather
Chow rain affects local people
D how sum mer fog is cau sed
...
V)
0
c
IV
a:
Cil
e0
4 The writer suggests that the amateur u
forecaster should
A buy a lot of accurate equ ipment.
B get a good map of the area.
C make notes about changes in the weather.
D live in a fl at area away from the sea.
5 You might be able to forecast good weather
w h en
A the reading on your ba rometer is failing.
B you can hear sounds very clearly.
C low clouds start to disappear.
D the moon is very bright in the sky.
6 To make accurate forecasts, you need to have
A experience of forecasting.
B good plann ing.
C time to watch the weather change.

that it's going to rain. Is your

barometer rising and do the
clouds seem to be getting Match t he words with the definitions.
higher? It probably means
I forecast a unwanted electrical noise
that the weather is clearing (paragraph 1) (on a radio)
up.
2 meteorologist b the general wcarher pattern of a
With a little practice, your
(paragraph 2) place
forecasts will become more
accurate. Soon, you'll be able 3 data c (of the weather) become better,
to plan your day better. Are (paragraph 2) less cloudy, etc
you playing football 4 climate d person who studies the weather
tomorrow? Well, a quick look (paragraph 2) e predict
at your equipment and a few 5 amateur f information, espedally in the form
minutes spent outside will (paragraph 3) of numbers
tell you whether it's going to 6 barometer g device for measuring atmospheric
rain or not. Are you going (paragraph 4) pressure
skiing next week? Maybe you 7 static
should forget it if there's no h person who does something for
(paragraph 5) pleasure, without being paid
chance of snow.
8 clear up
Making your own forecasts
(paragraph 5)
can be a lot of fun, and who
knows? You might even beat
Did you enjoy reading t his extract ?
the experts!
Did you learn anything? Why? I W hy not?
 Choose the correct option in each sentence.
1 A hurricane is going to hit Florida in the next few
:. The future (I) days.
Ql
a This is an arrangement.
...,)~ Look at Grammar database pages
0 b This is a prediction.
171-172 before you do the exercises.
2 Shall we ched< the weather forecast before we p1an
the picnic?
Look at the book extract on
a This is a suggestion.
pages 50 and 51. Find as many
examples as you can of these b This is an offer.
ways of referring to the future 3 I'm sorry, but I'm not carrying your umbrella for
and underline them. you.
• be going to a This is an arrangement.
• will b This is a refusal.
• could/might
4 If the weather's okay, we're visiting your grandma
• present continuous th is weekend.
a This is an arrangement.
b This is a suggestion.

Correct the sentences that have mistakes in them.

1 We shou ld take coats with us. The forecast says it's
raining later today.
2 I hope it stops snowing! I meet Ben at the cafe at s:
3 It's getting very windy! We will have a storm!
4 Shall I turn the central heating on? It's getting a bit
cold, isn't it?
5 That was lightning! It starts ra ining in a m inute, I
bet!
6 I think that in 100 years' time we a re able to contr
tl1e weather.

Read this email message. The writer has made some mistakes in referring to the future. Correct
the mistakes.

IBTo:
Date:

Hi Zoe! Thanks for your message. This has to be a quick note because I will meet my mum
at the library in a few minutes. Do you still go to Sally's party? I think we're having a great
time! What do you think the weather will be like? If it's cold, I wear my new jacket. I'm going
to call Anna this evening to ask her about her plans. Aren't you seeing her tomorrow? Got to
go. We'll talk later when I'll get back from the library. See you. Jackie

._ft)··· · . . . . .... . . . ..... .. ........ .... . ... . . .. . . ...... . .... . ....... .... .. .. . ·-· ·-· -· ·····-··· . . . . . ... . .... . .... . . . . . .... . . . . . .
 61
c:
..c
, Vocabula~ Collocations "'0...
The weather Cho ose the co rrect opt ion in each .,c
sentence. Gl:
61
Match the words in the box wit h t he correct 1 We didn't go to the concert in the end e0
definitions. because it was ............................... with rain . u
a dripping b showering c pouring
hurricane • heatwave • blizzard · shower · hail
frost • mist 2 1 heard that there were really
winds in France last night.
1 This is frozen rain. a strong b heavy c wet
! This is a short period when it rains. 3 In our area, we usually have warm
3 Th is is a heavy snowstorm. summers and ............................... winters.
This is white ice, like a powder on the ground. a light b mild c easy
- This is light fog. 4 1t looks like a .................... ......... shower, so we'll
This is a very strong storm w ith powerful winds. just wait for it to stop raining.
- Th is is a period of very hot weather. a moving b travelling c passing
5 Don't go out without your coat. It's
raining
·e can make adjectives by adding -y to t hree of t he
"Ords in exercise I. Which ones? a hard b greatly c powerfully
nat other adjectives e nding in -y do you know fo r
::.escribing the weather? Make a list. Confusable words
Complete the sentences using t he correct
Complete the words and phrases using the words fo rm of t he words in the boxes.
·n the box.
look • see • watch

~// t// ·/ I We were ................ ............. the match when

/// I/ ; suddenly it started to snow!

>~~'
2 I love ............................... at all the trees when it's
been snowing.
,.,
. \.: / . I I
.. 1 ._ ••• . 3 It was the first time Lee had ever
rain . .. ... .... .. .............. snow.
nervous • upset

4 Daisy will be really ............................... if we cancel

the trip because of the weather.
5 I get a bit ............................... when I have to speak
in public.
have • spend • pass

6 We always ............................... our holidays in hot

countries.
7 D:id you ............................... a good time playing in
the snow?
stone • gust • flake • puddle • flash • drop
8 If we can't play out because of the rain,
let's play cards to ............................... the time.
 You are going to listen to an extract from an
interview about rainbows. Answer the questions.
0
u 1 What's Lhe programme ca!Jed? weak forms (I)
2 What does Nicola want to know?
need differently
3 Where does Kate work? Some words an~ prono~d Listen to how
they aren t stress ·
w hen d r d words in these
we say the un er me
Focus on FCE: Listening Part 2 sentences. . ._
. d when there s 1ot.
2 Listen to the whole interview. For questions 1-7, and 1 get a b 1t scare .
of thunder an d !ightrun g.
complete the sentences.
" an umbrella.
an Don 't rorget to ta k e - . . "J
The sun 's en ergy is composed of
lt's not ~ cotd ~yesterday, lS l t.
microwaves and light. as . t 10 o'clock
Light reach ing the Earth is bent by 2 at It started snowmg fL
in the air. and didn't stop.
Kate suggests looking closely at a 3 can U it's warm, we can go to the
We don 't see rainbows in winter because the rain drops beach. f
·ke
u seems 1J 1\'s been raining .Jll
arc 4 for ·
days.
You can create a rainbow by 5 into the air.
To do Kate's experi ment, you need a mirror. the sun, a Now try saying the senten:es in the same
bowl of water and a 6 way. If necessary, listen agam.
Th e next question is about the causes o f 7

Soeakina ® Focus on FCE: Speaking Part 2

2 In pairs, compare the photographs. One of you
Here are some pictures of unusual should read the instructions and the other should
things. Talk about what you think they talk for one minute. Then swap. Use t he phrases
might be. Use the phrases given. from exercise I to help you.

I'm DOt really IIUI'e, but

I thiDk lt could ...
~·
Phrases

it's not clear, but I

suppose it might ...
Do you think it could be ...
One possibility I'd like you to compare these two
1 guess lt is that it's .•• photographs and tell us where you think
might be ... they were taken.

See Speaking database on page 158.

e of English Focus on FCE: Use of English Part I .
.s::.
"'0
c
estion ta2s 3 For questions 1-1 0, read the text below and decide ~
ea:
Look at Grammar database
which answer (A, B, Cor D) best fits each gap.There is .,
;1age 17 3 before you do the
an example at the beginning (0). e0
~ercises.

Complete t he questio ns. SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER

";mning usually means there's
Have you {0) .......(!..~~r... ... thought, 'Oh
ng to be a storm, ............... ........ ?
no! Not another grey rainy day!'? Ba,d
ere's been a lot of unusual weather can really affect your mood
eather this year, ............................... ? (1 ) .... - ................ _ it? Most of us get '
..'ody said we were going to depressed at some point
ea storm, ....................... ...... ? {2 ) ....,. ........................ the winter, and we can't
e\' should put the weather on watt for spring to come. For some
re the news, ............................... ? p~ople, {l ) .... . .. -..-.......... , those dark, cold
... haven't heard what they're wmter days can cause real medical
problems.
·~cast ing for tomorrow,
........... ? Doctors have ,.'4) ...................... .. .. a condttton
.. which is {5)
as SAD (Seasonal Affective D. d . ...............................
. tsor er) and lt can be a bi
problem tn countries in northe E g
nectors are Ion
6
rn urope where the winters
g and dark. SAD sufferers find it difficult to
( ) ............................ , often feel depressed .
Complete the sent ences using the
co-nectors in the box. behaviour affects the people (J ) ._........~'... ~.:.:~~~:~~d their
The whole problem is caused b I .
- ·J-.ough • however • despite affects the chemistry of the b ~ a ~c~ of sunhght. Bright light
since • so • in spite ~nderstand (B) ............................... ho~~;h:r: a~~~scien~ists don't
ftrst is to travel to a country that h o matn cures. The
weacher affects us all, with bright sunn . t as a warm {9) ---..... ............. ,
......... we can protect r .: Y wm ers. The second is to use {10}
tght. So, tf tt's raining and yo , d ...........................
elves from some of i ts effects. you had a holiday in the ' u re epressed, perhaps it's time
sun.
e t.an never protect ourselves
~ extreme weather
:1lerely, ............................... nature is
~werful. 0 A hardly 8 ever Csoon D every
rr·canes will always be a 1 A doesn't B wouldn't C can't D isn't
:reat. .............. ............ aU our efforts. 2 A during Bwhile C into Dof
ists have made progress in 3 A despite B although Cyet D however
-,)li ng the weather, 4 A invented 8 developed C discovered D produced
....... of the difficulties.
5 A called B known C regarded D named
t.an't make rain fall in desert
6 A imagine B consider C wonder D concentrate
........................... drought is still a
!em. 7 A around B among C nearby Dby
trol over the weather could 8 A accurately B mainly C closely D exactly
e :nany lives . ............................... , we 9 A weather 8 sunshine C climate D season
have the technology yet. 10 A false B artificial Cfake D pretend
Q>
c
.c
...0 Writing
~

JJ Working model
·-c
10 Focus on FCE: An article Read the answer to t he writ ing task.

..."'V Read about articles in the Writer's

database on page 153 before you do the
exercises on this page.
Is your idea of fun lying on the beach, or is
skiing more your style? In my area we are
doing both! I live on the east coast of Greece
Read t his writ ing task. W ho ·IS gol·ng to read and we have a Mediterranean climate. We do
this article? have cold days, but the sun is never far away.

You have been asked by an inlern? ti on~
students' magazine to write an article a out
your local clirnal~ and bow iL affects
people's way of hfe.
Write an article oJ between 120 and 180
words in an appropriate style.
Choose t he correct option in each sentence.
1 Your readers are ···· ········· ·you.
a about the same age as b much older Lhan
2 This kind of article ............................... be very forma] .
a should b shouldn't
3 Your main purpose is to ... ........................ your
readers.
a persuade b entertain
4 Your style of writing should be quite
The summers are warm and dry. Temperatures
can reach at 400 Celsius, although it's not
usually so hot. The days are sunny and bright
and most people spend their time swimming or
sitting in cafes.
Autumn can be wet and windy. We have great
storms, with lots of thunder and fightnings,
and people usually visit friends or stay at home.
The winters are mild and sunny. lt might snow
in February or March, but it doesn't last long.
Everybody loves to go for the lunch in villages
in the mountains and play in the snow.
Spring finally arrives and the days get warmer
again. Some people like going for picnics in a
countryside.
My area has a wonderful climate, which is why
we get such many tourists. Everybody enjoys
themselves, whatever season it is.

a conversational b formal

5 . . ................ ··· ... have a title.

This kind of wr1tmg
a sh ou Id b shouldn't
 The writer has forgotten to give t he article on . . . r:> Check it out! ..
0
oage 56 a t itle. W hich of these would be a good Check your work. Tick c
title? W hy?
what you have done. 10
a:
\1eteorological Phenomena and Humans Ql

... How I Spend My Holidays

e
0
V
J Fun All Year Round

0
.,_he w riter has made a few mistakes. Read t he
article again and fi nd o ne mistake in each 0
paragraph. Correct it.

Ready to write! 0
0
Look at this writing task. W ho is going to read
your ar ticle?
0
\ou have been asked by an international
~tudents' magazine to write an article about
;uoblems caused by the weather in your
'-ountry.
Write an article of between 120 and 180
,·ords in an appropriate style.

Make a plan of your answer.

• What might be a good title for your article?

lt's often good to start an article with a qu:stion
d . attention. what questiOn
to get your rea ers
could you start with?
• · g to
What's the first kind of weather y~u re g~n
talk about? What problems does lt cause .
d kind of weather you ·re gomg
· to
what's the secon . 7
talk about? What problems does lt cause. Can you answer these questions? If you
• · to can't remember, look through the unit for
Wh t's the third kind of weather you re gomg the answers.
tal: about? What problems does it cause?
1 What are th e signs that it might rain
. to use formal or soon?
what style are you gomg '
informal? 2 What does a barometer measure?
3 What tense do we generally use to
talk about future arrangements?
4 What is a bl izzard?
Now write!
5 We use question tags to invite
You are now ready to w rit e your article for the someone to agree with us
magazine. Use an appropriate style. Answer the and ............................... .
question!

. ........ ... .............................. ...·········· ......... ······· ........ ······· ....................................-----............... ....................... ..................... ................................................... . --~
 I Choose the correct option. Complete the questions with
an appropriate question tag.
I This area has a very comfortable ............................... all year round .
A weather B climate C barometer D data I Joanne's very kin d,
............................... ?
2 About a hundred trees were destroyed in the ............................... . 2 Tom 's party was a lot of fun
A static B shower C hurricane D mist ............................... ?
3 There's some butter in the
3 Watch you don't st:cp in that great big ............................... of water!
fridge, ............................... ?
A flake B gust C flash D puddJe
4 Ron's been to Washington .
4 On Win A Million, th e game show, four .... ......................... answer ............................... ?
questions to w in money. 5 You won't tell Sam what I
A producers B presenters C contestants D cameran1en said, ............................... ?
6 Let's get a pizza tonight,
5 We might have to cancel the trip because it's starting to rajn ..............,.......... ?
7 Lisa seems to know a lot
A tough B hard C badly D wetly about footbalL ............................... ?
6 Put the news on. 1 just want to see the ......
A head]jnes B titles C head ings D labels Circle the correct word in
each sentence.
7 Let's hope the weather ................ ......... up before the wedding.
1 My mum was quite upset/
A dears B cleans C comes D goes nervous w h en she heard J'c
8 Last year it sn owed, but this winter has been quite ............................... . broken h er new vase.
A mild B soft C gentle D smooth 2 Let's have a game of chess 1
spend/pass the time.
9 J don't like ............................... at all. The stories are too dramatic and 3 Have you seen/watched the
the characters aren't real. new exhibition at the
A cartoons B game shows C sitcoms D soap operas m u seum yet?
4 I always get a bit
10 Can 1 borrow your umbrel la? lf's ............................... with rain ou tside. upset/nervous before l havL
A dropping B pou ri ng C runn ing D flowing to speak in front of people.
5 Po ll y spends/passes a lot of
Writ e nouns derived from these words. time watching her favouri te
programmes on TV.
1 real (adj) ............................... 5 know (V) ...............................
2 argue (v) ............................... 6 decide (v) ...............................
3 in form (v) ............................... 7 relation (n) ...............................
4 entertain (v) .................,............. 8 advise (v) ·······························

I _fi!) . . . . ......... .... ... .. . ... . . . . .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . ..... . . ... . . .----·--·· ·- -.. . .. ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . ·--
 Complete each sentence so t hat it Complete the sentences using phrasal verbs with on.
means the same as the first 1 I never used to ............................... with my brothe r so well, but
sentence. Use the words given, now we have a great relationship .
.Yithout changing t hem. Use no more
2 The channels ............................... a lot of violent programmes
than five words.You will get two
late at night, don't they?
marks for each correct answer.
3 You know, I didn't like this song at first, but it
\ storm damaged the church near ............................... you after a while.
ur house.
4 It's so hot! Could we ........ ...... ....... .. the air-conditioning?
by
5 The soldier was too tired to ............................... so he started to
The church near our house look for a place to spend the night.
............................ a storm .
6 Why don't you find someone your own size to
- .' was very noisy here while they ............................... , instead of bu !lying small k ids?
•. ere building the new road.
being Write a word or phrase to match t he definitions. You've
·' hilc the new road been given t he first letter t o help.
......... ... ..... .. .. .. .................. . , it was very
)isy here. 1 worldw1de g..................................
2 frozen rain h...............................
""'eopJe think that TV news ls very
3 a programme where famous
-!locking. people arc interviewed c.......................... s......... .. ...................
thought f.. ...............................,.
4 predict
7\ news ......................................................... very
5 someone who introduces a TV show p ..................................
,hocking.
6 person who stud ies the weather m................. e .............

~>mcone has taken my b<)oks out 7 person who does something for
~my bag! pleasure, without being paid a..................................
have 8 a period of very hot weather h...............................
'.\\' books ...... ........................................ ..... out 9 make (a dream) come true [ ...................................
~my bag!
10 a heavy snowstorm b..................................
I :hlnk South Africa will probably
nin the match.
be
:!le match .................... . ................................
1uth Africa.

wld everyone about the changes

the timetable.
been
=··
cryone ................................................ .
~bout the changes to the timetable .

. ty mum gave each of us €100 to

pend at the fair.
given
ve .......... ......... ............. ............ .... €100 to
Score: /6o ~
t.ams no.< a~v lJ"4M oz. o i'1001J34!0U11JOj 3W!! S,!! aqh11W O'r -lZ'
pend at the fair. jdn I! daalt jtl?a.Lii s,l1141 o5. r'r jljn)S Jno,( MOU'I hlf113J nDA j3UOp 11 3M 09-15

.......................................................................................................................................~........- · - -····· . . ~
 In this unit, we are going
Start thinking! Reading
to read about the history Where do you thin k potatoes came from? I Read this magazine
of chips, speak about article to check your
Who do you think invented chips?
planning a special meat, answers.
listen to opinions of a When do you think crisps were invented?
restaurant, write a formal
email and study reported
speech and indirect
questions.

Imagine a tasty plate of chips, fried

in hot oil until golden-brown,
topped with a little salt and served
with ketchup. Think of a hot jacket
potato, filled with butter and
cheese. Imagine a packet of
delicious crisps that leave the
flavour on your fingers to be licked
off when you've finished.
Wherever you go. you can't get
away from them. They are
everywhere. eaten by everyone with
practically every meal. 1
But have you ever asked yourself
where they came from? (And I
don·t mean the supermarket!)
It all started in Peru. There, they
grew potatoes over 2.000 years
ago. They weren't like the ones
we know today. 2 The first
Europeans to try the potato were
the Spanish. In 1537. Spanish
explorers discovered people eating
what they called papas. They
brought this strange vegetable back
to Spain in the 1550s.
People generally didn't like the
potato. Lots of other vegetables
were introduced into Europe at the
same time, like tomatoes and sweet
potatoes, and people preferred
those to the unattractive potatoes.
3 Very slowly, they spread
through Europe. although many
people still thought potatoes were
poisonous for quite a long time.
There is a story that King Louis XVI
(that's 'the sixteenth' to me and you)
of France liked the potato and
wanted to encourage people to eat
them. He planted them in the royal
gardens. since he knew this would
make them seem valuable and
desirable. 4 Once they got
used to this strange plant. it became
a popular part of the French diet.
So. what about chips? Well. the
Belgians dalm that they invented
fried potatoes, although nobody
really knows for sure. The first
mention of ·chips· in England is ~
the writer Charles Dickens in
1859. 5 The Americans
call them 'French fries' because
soldiers from America went to
France during the First World War
and loved the dish. Now, the
Americans eat over 20 million
tonnes of chips a year. (That's
altogether, not each!)
 What do the words and phrases refer Focus on FCE: Reading Part 2
to? Choose the correct option.
the ones (paragraph 3) 3 Six sentences have been removed from the
people in Peru/potatoes article. Choose from the sentences A-G the one
! those (paragraph 4) which fits each gap ( 1-6). There is one extra
attractive potatoes/other vegetables sentence which you do not need to use.
J he (paragraph 7) A He menOons 'chips of potato' fried in oil in one
the customer/George Crum of his books.
.. them (paragraph 8) B He kept sending them back to be sliced again.
your friends/the chips C Ordinary people stole them and planted them
in their own gardens.
D The original potatoes were smaller and tasted
bitter.
E They are a good source of vitamins,
surprisingly.
F They were given to slaves and prisoners
because they were so cheap.
G We seem to love potatoes however they arc
cooked.

4 Use words or phrases from the text to complete

t he sentences. You've been given the first letter
to help you.
1 Doctors say that eating too much food
f............................... in oil isn't very health y.
Crisps are an American invention,
although they call them 'chips' (don't get 2 They se:U lots of different ice-cream and my
favourite L ........................... is banana!
confused!). Everybody agrees that a
3 In fast food places in Britain, they ask for
!'lative-American chef. George Crum.
c............................... , but in America they ask for
made the first crisps in 1853. One day, a F............................... f............................... .
difficult customer wanted fried potatoes,
4 When I went to New York, I asked for a packet
sliced thinly. When they arrived, he said of c. ....... ......... ........ as a snack, but they said they
they weren't thin enough. 6 In were caUcd c............................... .
the end, Crum got annoyed and sliced 5 Try to s............................... the bread more thinly next
the potato as thinly as he could and fried time, so it fits in the toaster!
it. then added lots of salt. The dish was
6 Aj ......... p......... ....... is one that has been
an immediate success. baked in the oven with its skin on.
So now you know. Next time you're in 7 I don't like b ............................... tastes like coffee and
your favourite fast food place with your dark chocolate. I prefer something sweet.
friends eating chips. amaze them with
your potato knowledge! Who knows? They Did you enjoy reading this article?
might even share their chips with you. Did you learn anything? Why? /Why not?

~----············ ..········...............................................................................................;·.....................................................................................................................................................................................
..
<»
Ill

-
;!
0
~
<»
4 Match t he reporting verbs with the
correct meanings.
~ Reported speech 1 refu se
a say that something is
~ true without proof
<C ·~"I> Look at Grammar database pages 17 3-17 5 before 2 deny b say that you won't do
you do the exercises. something
3 suggest c say that you did
I Read this sentence from the magazine article o n something wrong
pages 60 and 6 1. 4 admit d say that you didn't do
When they arrived, he said they weren't th in something you are
en ough . accused of
What did he actually say? 5 claim e offer a plan or idea to . .
considered
a T hey weren't thin enough.'
b 'They aren't thin enough.'
5 Complete t he sentences using the
verbs in t he box.

2 Choose the correct reported version of each sentence.
l Tm making chips for lunch,' said Linda.
a Linda said she will make chips for lun ch.
b Linda said she was making chips for lunch.
2 'What have you been doing all day?' my father
asked me.
a My father asked me what had I been doing all day.
b My father asked me what 1 had been doing aU day.
3 'You must be more careful in the kitchen,' Mum said.
a Mum said I had to be more careful in the kitchen.
b Mum said me to be more careful in the kitchen.
4 'We'll be happy to keep a table for you,' the waiter
said.
a The waiter said we should be happy if they kept a
table for us.
b The waiter said they would be happy to keep a
table for us.
3 Rewrite the statements using reported speech.
1 'We ate in a great restaurant last night,' George said.
2 'I'll have chicken and another glass of this wine,' Mr
Brown said.
3 'Don't put your knife in your mouth, Tom,' his father
said.
4 'Are you having chips?' asked my friend.
5 'What have you cooked for dbmer?' she asked her
husband.
refused · denied • suggested
admitted • claimed
I 'We serve the best food in town.·
the owner said.
Th e owner ............. ......................................-·-
the best food in town.
2 'Yes. I ate the cake in the fridge,'
she said.
She .............................................................. the ca ke
in the fridge.
3 'No. I won't cook your dinner wh. e
you watch TV,' Sally said to her
husband.
Sally ............................ ................................ her
husband's dinner whiJe he watche
TV.
4 'Don't look at me! I didn't drink a
of the orange juice!' shouted Olive
Oliver .................... ............................. ........ all of
the orange juice.
5 'How about all of us meeting
outside BurgerBar at nine?' said
Ron.
Ron ........................................................ outside
BurgerBar at nine.
 Phrasal verbs with out
4 Phrasal verbs with out often have meanings
connected to something stopping or
t1atch the ways of cooking with the definitions. disappearing. Read the sentences and match
the correct phrasal verb to each definition.
·T)· a cook in the oven with oil (meat, etc)
I Firemen have been trying for hours to put
- hoil b cook in hot water
out the nre in the kitchen.
ake c cook under direct heat
2 It was so hot in the classroom that I felt
_rill d cook in hot oiJ like I was going to pass out.
1ast e cook in the oven (bread, a ca ke, etc) 3 But you sajd you would help with the
party! You can't back out now!
Complete the paragraph using the words in the 4 Mum was going to make a cake, but we've
X>X. run out of eggs, so she can't.
5 My brother isn't happy at university and I
S'lack • recipes • meal • ingredients • cooker think he might drop out.
chefs • saucepans • raw· dishes • dairy
6 My mum and dad often fall out when they
try to cook together.
err books are usually written by famous 7 You can cut out the sugar from the recipe
to make it healthjer.
~ ..... ...... . These books are fuU of (2) ·············-······,
~yo u how to cook different (3) .............................. . a not have any left
b faint, lose consciousness
usually tell you what (4) .............. ....... . . you
c argue
.~rst. These might be (5) ... .......................... meat,
d not include, remove
.Jbles, or (6) ....................... products like milk
e leave a course before the end
o..~Hcr. Then, they tell you what equipment f extingujsh, stop something burning
t:"ed, such as (7) .............................. or bowls. When g decide not to do something you had
t. got everything, and you've turned the agreed to do
............. on, you just follow the instructions
book. Anybody can cook! Whether it 's a Collocations: cooking
de (9) ......... ..... ........... or just a (10) .......................... ,
have to do is fo1Jow the advice of an expert.
5 Match to make
phrases.
·. with the right book. I frying a tray
2 mjxing b spoon
3 serving c bowl
C rcle the correct word to describe each taste. 4 carving dpan

r ng coffee, dark chocolate spicy/bitter 5 baking e knife

moo sour/salty
;ps, peanuts, sea-water salty/sweet
~ar,
st rawberries, cake sweet/spicy
.ctllLi, Mexican food, curry spicy/salty

---··································································································· ··· ··· ············~················-··-·····~················································································ ········································· ········ ··1

 listening Speaking
I You are going to listen to four people talking Match to make useful phrases ~
about a new restaurant. Decide who each for agreeing and disagreeing.
person is. Write numbers from one to four. 1 Yes, I totally a a good p oint.
The owner is speaker ......... . 2 You' re absolutely b djsagree.
The waiter is speaker ......... . 3 Yes, I th ink that's c I agree w ith you
The customer is speaker ....... . 4 I'm not sure d agree w ith you .
The chef is speaker ......... . 5 I'm afraid T have to e right.

Focus on FCE: Listening Part 1 Focus on FCE: Speal<ing Part 1

2 Listen again. For questions 1-4, choose from the 2 In pairs, do the task. Use the phrases
list (A-E) the opinions each person expresses. from exercise I to help you agree and
Use the letters only once. There is o ne extra disagree.
letter you do not need to use.
A He/She likes being left to work • How much do you think your family
in his/ her own way. Speaker J would like to eat these meals?
• Which t wo choices would you like to
8 He/She thinks the waiter
suggest t o your families?
could do a better job. Speaker 2
C He/She thinks the restaurant
is in a good location. Speaker 3
D He/She would like to work
in a restaurant like this. Speaker 4
E He/She thinks the time of day
affects his/her job.

. lk!, I g/and !IJ/

Ltsten to these words p
the Words. . ay attention to the ends of

bag • bang . back • bank

Now listen to th
ese sets of d
order you hear th wor s. Decide in wh
t e words by . . at
o c next to the words. wrrtmg the letters a
I [hing . .....
think ........ I'd like you to imagine that you are planning a
2 sang........ thick ......... special meal out for your families. Talk about eadl
sank .........
3 sick......... . sag ......... of these choices and say how much you think yc:u-
smk ........ families would like to eat these types of meals.
4 bring ......... brick sing .........
Then, choose which two choices you would like
~------_ _ _._........~~brin~
k -=
........ ~j suggest to your families.

See Speaking database on page 158•

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ -~=
Use of English
direct questions
Look at Grammar database pages 175-176 before you do the exercises.

Read the questions. Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F).

direct questions indirect quest ions

'.Vhat is a fortune cookie? Could you tell me what a fortune cookie is?
.Vhat do they have inside? I wonder if you could tell me what they have inside .
.\'here was the fortune cookie invented? Do you know where the fortune cookie was invented?
a The word order in indirect questions is the same as in direct questions.
b All indired questions need a question mark at the end.

2 Change the questions into indirect questions 4 Read this passage a bout fortune cookies and
using the words in bo ld. answer the questions in exercise I .
o yo u like Chinese food? wonder
ave you ever been to China? could , Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 2
"ha t is th e capital of China? know 5 Read the passage again. For questions 1-1 0,
mv m uch does a fortune cookie cost? like think of the word which best fits each gap. Use
\"here is the nearest Chinese restaurant? tell only o ne word in each gap.There is an example
at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN
CAPITAL LETTERS.
positions
::omplete the sentences using the prepositions
the box. Use some prepositions more than
:)nee. C
A~ ~ou interested (0) ..../N.... wortd
UISine 1
about· on • during • back • to • at · in Do you know anything (1) ..... ·-.....
Chinese fOOd? I wonder (2) ··· .......-.. you have ever heard of
~e traditions, like eating lamb at Easter, go 1
ortune cookies. Fortune cookies are small bisc its tha
__ tc a long way ............................... . are traditionally served (I ) u t
Ch' ............... the end of a meal in a
~ like to welcom e you he re ............................... this me~ restaurant. They are sweet and have a piece of
paper mslde them. Written (4)
rv special occasion.
..._.. ····· the P1ece of paper rs.
.. the end of the recipe, the chef says your fortune. They often say things like 'You will write a
c=at it should be served cold. book one day' or 'You Will be lucky (5) ·········· .... love'.
Tote the nu mber of th e restauran t Do you. know how far (I ) ............... th e tradition goes?
Th
............. a bit of pa per, but I've lost it. e Chmese have always given each other sweet M
Cakes (7) . oon
\ much do you know ............................... the . . .:···· ··. special occasions. When the Mongols
>ry of your country's food? occupied Chma '" the 13th century, the Chinese needed a
way to send secret messages to each other: They put th
always been in terested ............................... food messages Inside Moon Cakes. · e
~ diffe rent count ries.
ryften cat special food ............................... W~en gold was discovered in California in 1849
.tiona l celebrations. Chmese people went (8) ..... ·-··· America to work many
(I ) ···..·····:···· the railway. Ufe was hard, but (10)
parents went ....................... .... an expensive
aurant for their wedding anni versary. :lebrations they ~ut messages of hope inslde..bi~~~its.
hen th~y settled '" California and opened restaurants
they contmued the tradition. '

- - · - • o o o o o o o o o oooo••••••••••••ooooooooooooooo.,ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooOOOOoOOoooOoooooOoooooooooooo•••• • ••••oo • • - • • • • • • - - - · - - • o O o O o o o o oooo•••• •••• • •••• • • •• • •• • •••••••• •••oOOOoOoo .,OOOOOOoOOooooooooooooooooooooOO •o •••"•••••••·• ••·•• U• .. • • •• • ••oooooooo.. •
-s Writing J!J Working model
........
ell

IU
Focus on FCE: A formal letter/email 2 Read the answer to the writing task.

~ ..."'C> Read about formal letters/ emails in the 6

~Me.>sage

F
(')
c( Writer's database on page 150 before you _:__ ._-;;!;;, ~... r...,,. .-.
do the exercises on this page. To: ~Denise Jordan
c.o.o..s..,...,Dtal!
- --
Senc February 19th
I Read this writing task. Why should your r--. Sub;ecc Your interview
email be formal?

You work for your school magazine. A local

r " .Dear Mrs Jordan,

chef has agreed to do an interview hut wants ~ workd!or my school magazine, 'Talking in Class'
more information. The editor of the school ur e 1tor has asked me to i . ·
I about the int · g ve you more mformatior
magazine has sent you this article from the J ervlew you have agreed to do.
local newspaper and asked you to write an
email to the chef. Using the information in
Wear~ ve~y interested in your new series. Would
you mmd If we asked yo f
the article and the notes you have made, We would als l'k u a ew questions about it?
write your email. . o I e to ask you about your
expenences working in a hotel.
Write an e mail of between 120 and 150
words. You must use grammatically correct
sentences with accurate spelling and
::e~~~e;/~:eo~h~~uld be available on either the
lr eenth of March. The interview
punctuation in a style appropriate for the ~~ul~ take place at about ten o'clock in the
situation. rnmg, because of the school timetable.
;?uhr new series is about learning to cook easy
IS es. I wonder if you c Id b ·
to sh ou nng some examples
ow us what you mean. Would you mind if we
took photographs during the interview?

Please contact me if you need more information.

Denise Jordan, chef at the Yours sincerely,
Grand Hotel, has finally made Maria Zerva
it to the top. Next week, her
new series, Full of Flavou~,
. Cb e1 6 Demse .
begms on ann . early to start cookmg
believes that it's _ne~er ~oo d at children. She
and her ne~ senes ~~ al~:dvice to get them . 3 Underline sentences in the email w here
hopes t~ gtve t~e~ go~roro sandwiches to,pieS, Maria:
started m the kttc en. d food doesn t
she'll be showing us how goo 1 tells her what she'd like to ask her about
have to be hard work. 2 suggests possible days for the intervi ew.
I J. rY-e f-O e>\S~ \.\ev Ol.'oOIAf-
- re\\ \.\ev w\.\1?\r we l . 3 a sks her to bring examples of easy fo od.
• Ll·ev \2.\-\.\ OV \')r\.\ t-\OI.V'C\.\, l\\ r\.\e
-
L
SIA~~eS• etrV\
4 asks if t hey can take photographs.
\.V\Ov\\i.\-\~ ~ooJ.7
- CO\\-\ s\.\e t>vi.\-\~ so~Me e><"'""'rles o~ ee>\S'f . Wh ich of these are indirect q uestions?
L-Le so\.V\e p\.\oto~v"'p~s.
- CO\\\ \1.1 e >v,f.

.. -
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................
-~~
 i eady to writ e! ...,Jf> Now write!
_ook at t he extract from an article 6 You are now ready to write your
uout another local chef. email to Peter Murphy. Include all
the information in t he notes. Ask
him all the questions you have to.
Write between 120 and ISO words .
... e all learn how to cook at school?
, 'S Peter Murphy, a local chef, wh~se
....,t> Check it out!
~~ Fit for a King, is published thls . 7 Check your work. Tick
"1e 'believes that schools should pro~de what you have done.
s 1n healthy cooking and healthy e~ting
oupils. Peter thinks that fast food lS
out young people can also make other .
I """""e S+'"'-vt-eJ. """"J. ~'i.....i.sV.e.A
~ ...s dishes. Customers at his restaurant m 0
t-V.e e"""'-l'\ ·\11\ u.e covvect W"'-'f·
~.,tre of town certainly agree that he knows rV\

I """""e \11\c\v..Ae.A 01\\ +-V.e

'1e's doing! i.111.~ov""""t-i.ov. i.v. +-V.e v.o+-es. 0
I ~""ve ""s~e.A ""'"" 01\\ ~e
a Murph y has agreed to do an in terview w ith you r ..,L;
qv.e~,.o111.
s I 1,.<.0\J. t-o OI.S~ 1,.<.\1'-\. 0
,oJ magazine and you have been asked to give h im . '. et "'v.est-\olii.S
I """""e v.se.A \11\oo.lve '
re information . Here aTe the notes you h ave made: t-o be ro\H·e.
0
fOIV"'-~vOifV.S.
I """""e v.se.A
0
_...Id hi."" wkt'\t we'J. li~e to i\\tevview lt\i."" t'\bo11.t
~si- we i.\\tevview lt\i"" t'\t lt\i.s Yesi-t'\1.\Y't'\"t
I Y.Oive cV.ec~eJ. ""'I sre\\\111.~,
~VOI.I'-\1'-\<'I.V 0111\J- fV.V.ctV.Oit-\0111. . 0
..sk "'i"" to pveft'\Y'e o"e OY' two et'\sy Yeci.pes ~oY sti.\J.e\\ts
CMil we tt'\~e pkoto~Y't'\fkS?
., ·s '-e1... ..ee111. \20 01111..?.
1-\'f e""OI\ \ v '""
\5'0 wovJ.S \0111.~-
0
Make a plan of your answer. Use your imagination.

-.::.N are you going to start your email?

a Dear Peter
t~ Dear Peter Murphy
~ Dear Mr Murphy
"~at's your school magazine called? Can you answer these
~at would you like to interview him about? questionsllf you can't
r east TWO things) remember, look through the unit
for the answers .
• ·ea formal sentence to suggest an interview at his restaurant.
• ~e an indirect question t k h· . I ln what year were crisps
~dents. o as tm to prepare rectpes for invemed?
•e an indirect question to ask if you can take photographs. 2 What's the American word
for crisps?
"' are you going to end your email?
• Best wishes, 3 How would you describe the
'fours sincerely, taste of a lemon?
c 411 the best, 4 Do all indirect qu estion s
:ra: will be the last thing you write? need a question mark?
• ~hank you 5 When was gold discovered
~'our first name in California?
·our first and last names

~-- __
............................................................................................................................... .. .................................................................................................................................. ..
 In this unit, we are going to read
reports on different holidays, listen to
someone describing a recent holiday,
speak about travel and tourism, write
a letter of application and study
infinitives and -ingforms. Is it the beach as usual for you this year, or are you planning to do
something a little more adventurous? To give you some ideas, we serv
five daring teenagers off on holiday and we got them to report back.
Read on to find out more ...

A Name: Amy Barker, 14

Holiday destination:
Sydney, Australia
We were exhausted when we arrived
because the flight takes about 24
hours, with a stopover in Singapore.
We all had jetlag and the first thing
we did was go to bed! We were
Start thinking! there for ten days, so we didn't
have time to travel around too
What is you r dream holiday like? much~ Australia is huge and it takes days to get
Where do you want to gor anywhere. We stayed in Sydney, but there was plenty to do there. I was
What do you want to do? bit unsure when Dad suggested going to the Sydney Opera House
(dance music is more my style!) but we saw a fantastic rock concert. T~
Harbour Bridge is really impressive, and I bought some great souvenirs
as presents for my friends.
Reading Recommended? Definitely.

I Read this magazine article. Which

B Name: Ryan Aetcher, 13
holiday sounds most interesting
Holiday destination: Skopelos, Greece
to you?
We go abroad every year, and I'd been to Greece
twice before so I knew what to expect, but it was
2 Choose t he correct o pt ion. the first time I'd been to Skopelos. We normally
stay in hotels, but this time we decided to try se '
1 Where would you find a text catering rooms. Mum and Dad soon realised tha·
like this? they didn't want to do much cooking so we wer·
a a magazine out every night, which was great. ! love Greek
food, especially seafood. We spent most of our
b a business report time on the beach, and Skopelos has some grea·
c a textbook beaches. The resort of Skopelos itself was a bit
2 Who would read a text like this? quiet, but I met a couple of local people my age so it wasn't too bad. 'c
had enough of the beach, really, after two weeks.
a hotel owners Recommended? Yes, although I prefer staying in a hotel.
b teenagers
c business travellers
C Name: Rebecca Key, 13
3 Why would they read it?
Holiday destination: Summer Camp, France
a to learn about tourism lt was the first time I'd been on holiday without my parents and sister. s..
b to plan their holiday I was really looking forward to it. At the same time, I was a bit nervous
c to meet new friends about meeting so many new people. lt was a real adventure holiday. T~..

~-······ '""'"····· · · '"""··· · · · · · '"'"·· · · · · · '"'"' " '······ · "'''"'"""'"'''''•·· · · · · · ········ · · · · · · · ·"''''''"''"'"'' ' ' ' ''' ' ' '"'''''''''""'-··· ···-~·"""'""""""'"""""""""""""""'"""'"""""""'"""'""""""--
"
 ...::s
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.Q
Focus on FCE: Reading Part 3 ,c
~

h'ClS in the countryside

'"'ey'd organised things
~x-cllmbing, horse-
! and canoeing. I soon
3 Read t he article again. For questions 1-9, choose
from the reports (A-E). The reports may be
..
0
I'll

::s
... >r•ends and we had a chosen more than once .
:..,11. You can keep the
• rnbing (I was never Which writer(s) ...
!'OQd at heights!) but was unrertain about the holiday
~-oei ng was brilliant! I keep in touch with some of
at first? 1 .........
".:'Ople by email and we're planning to go again
found the journey tiring? 2 .........
mentions eating out? 3 .........
were bored by the end
of the holiday? 4 ......... 5 .........
made friends while on holiday? 6 ......... 7 .........

We hadn't had a holiday In usually go abroad on holiday? 8 ....... 9 .........

Britain for a very long time.
Usually, it's Italy or Spain.
Maldon Farm looked nice
in the brochure, and it's
only an hour from where
we live, so we got there
very quickly. You stay in
rooms on the farm and Use words or phrases from the box to
you're expected to help complete the definitions.
•., the animals every day. My mum and dad
: r would be good for me and my brother to destination • stopover • jetlag • souvenir • abroad
a:JOut that sort of thing. Well, it just seemed to self-catering • resort· adventure holiday • brochure
·e like hard work than a holiday! I enjoyed
- ng in the pool, but we couldn't use it for three
:aause of the rain! There wasn't much to do and
1 If you stay in ......... .................. . rooms, you ha ve to
sad to get home. Mum and Dad seemed to enjoy cook your o"'rn food.
ay. 2 A ......... ..... ........... is a kind of small magazine that
--••~eended7 Okay for people who like looking after often advertises holidays.
3 A ......................... is a town where lots of people
go on holiday.
~anna Bridgeman, 14
destination: Disneyland, Florida, USA 4 You suffer from ........ .... when you arrive
in a country where the time is very different
- ~m um and dad said
~going to Disneyland, I from the rountry you left.
·• 'That's great for my 5 Your ..................... .... is the place you are going to.
r,e's nine), but what
e? I'm too old for 6 A ............................. is a break in the middle of a
.. '1 Mickey Mouse very long Oight.
-c-s.' I was looking
.; :o going to America,
7 ....................................................... .....s are fun for people who
.Vhen we finally got enjoy physical exercise and trying new
;ouldn't believe it. activities.
· e theme park is like
:-ate world. I ignored
8 When you go ................................ make sure you take
'·'Ouse (and Donald your passport w ith you.
J'1d headed straight 9 I got a model of the Acropolis as a ...............................
·des. Space Cruiser of m y trip to Athens.
a y cool, and so was the roller-coaster. In the
~all had a great time. I'd say there's something
J. everyone.
. ._-.tended? Yes, especially for families with young Did you enjoy reading t his article?
Did you learn anything? W hy? I Why not?

......................................................................................................................................................... . .......................................................................................................................................... .
...::s
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4( 4 Read the situations. C ircle t he correct
"tJ word in each sentence.
c:
...::s
'IS
Full infinitives (with to) l You went to Paris last year. In your
0 and -ing forms mind, you can see the Eif[eJ Tower.
'I remember to see/seeing th e Eiffe l
...~e> Look at Gr ammar database pages 176-177 Tower in Paris last year. lt was
before you do the exercises. fantastic!'
2 You are in th e car going to t h e beach.
I Read t hese sentences from t he article on You want to buy something to drink.
pages 68 and 69.
'I'm thirsty. Shall we stop to
.. . or are you plan ning t o d o something a little get/getting something to drink?'
more adven turo us? 3 You and a friend arc in a strange
... 1 prefe r staying in a hotel. city and you can't find your hotel.
Find other verbs in t he article which are 'I think we're lost. Why don't we
followed by the fu ll infinitive or the -ing form. try to ask /asking someone for
direc1ions?'
4 You get to the a irport and you
2 Complete the sentences using the cor rect for m of suddenly realise that you
the ve rbs in brackets. haven't got your passport.
I I don't think we can rcaUy afford ............................... (go) ' Oh no! I must have
abroad this year. forgotten to pick/picking
2 My dad is planning ............................... (find) some cheap up my passport when we
flights on the internet. left!'
3 I'd quite like ............................... (visit) an Asian country, 5 You are staying in a hotel
like India . and you have accidentally
broken the key.
4 If you enjoy ............................... (swim), why not try an
adventure holiday? 'I'm sorry. I was t rying to open/opening
the door and Lhe key broke.'
5 My friends and I have arranged . ... .......................
(meet) at summer cam p again next yea r.
6 China seems ............................... (be) a very popular 5 Read this postcard and circle the mistakes.
tourist destination at the m oment.
7 1 would suggest ............................... (book) a room in a Dear Tom
ho tel before we leave. '
Hello fom sunny S;Jtuit! The
weather tS nreat an J ' I
3 Use t he notes to make complete sentences. ta . .;; J .
u we re ftannll1j
s. lf'~(Or another week. We ho e
IImagine/see/the sun/as it.! go down/behin d the VlSitt" a bulfhnht
. '''! .~.-
'/') wmorrow ~
_not
Pyramids! sure t I u e11J"oy to watch th t/ M
r~u.s · 1. a · um
2 A trip around the world/involve/make/a lot of ~r e.sjOt~ out Da~zre.- J .L l.
us s. . h-.;; . J ut UlKl11j ! 1Maf1or J;
arrangements. t. .t />t,antS ;'Oou l:ent/s et'nn a bt't snU;v.
ou ve mananet/1:. tft· -' r /' !!J!f!l':!ff_ha;
3 When I/be/thcre last year,/locaJ people/ rea!!v ftk 1 -' ~·n 'n.r.some fhtitjs 1
/ t e. l'romlSV!?nefttHj vou a 'i':1fff.t!.!1t1
seem/be/ver y frien dly and/offer/help us. souvemY: ,:t1tan a .J 1. (' ·
r.
I 'Oru 0")'L11j one! NZ6f>D
4 We dedde/avoid/stay/ in places wh ere lots of Take tare. ·-·····-
··· -
tourists go. Wishy ot-t were here!
5 Tina/promisc /bring/me back a souvenir from
)ames
South Africa .
6 My grandmother/refuse/consider/go/on foreign
holidays.

5J -- --- ----..-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . ... . . . . . . .

 ....::3
0
~
Word formation: irregular forms .,
c
3 Complete the sentences with the correct
....10::3
form of the word in bold.
0
the words in the box with t he co rrect 1 The holiday rep explained the history of
the local area to us in ................................ deep
iday rep · route • pack · package holiday 2 I demanded an ............................. from the hotel
•!'a're agent • departure lounge • check in manager as to why our room hadn't been
customs · sightseeing cl eaned. explain
3 There was such a wide ........................... of
put the things you are taking with you interesting local dishes that I really didn't
into your suitcase know what to choose. vary
a person who arranges holidays and 4 I wasn't sure we'd made the righ t
se lls tickets, etc .... .. when th e rep told us that we
the area of an airport where were visiting a volcano the next day.
passengers wa it to board their planes choose
have your ticket dJeckcd and hand 5 I don't thjnk I'd be very good on an
over your l uggage when you are adventure h oliday because I'm qu ite
travelling by p lan e scared of ................... .. ........ . high
a kind of holiday where the 6 It was very interesting to be in a country
accommodation, travel, etc are all that has such different religious
organised for you ..................... . belie ve
a person in a resort who looks after
people on a package holiday
the way you go when you are travelling Magic metaphors ~m
the people who check what you are
bringing into the country When we talk about life, we sometimes
visi ting the interesting places, buildings, use words or phrases that have a
etc in an area while on holiday connection with travel and journeys.
Complete the sentences with the correct
form of one of the words or phrases
Complete the story using the correct form of some from the box.
of the words in exercise I.
direction • arrive . step . go through
a started ta go wrong when we arrived at the airport. progress • pace
e 11J .. .......................... and decided to go through passport
trol to the (2) .............................. . 1 The fast .. ....... .... ............. of modem Jifc
suddenly realised that I'd forgotten (3) ·······················:·· .... my cau$es a lot of stress Cor some people.
debook, with all the information about the holtday.
ne (4) .............................. had given me a map when I booked
2 !feel like I've ............................... at an
tmportant point in my life.
me holiday and I'd forgotten that, too. I just hoped the
5) ......................... would be there to meet us when we got 3 You can never predict exactly which
off the plane. We arrived in Jamaica seven hours late~ .............................. your life is going to take.
ond it took us ages to get through (6) - · . ···-· ..... · ~ ey 4 Many teenagers find themselves
opened and checked every single bag we had/ By the ............................... a difficult period
rme we got out, there was nobody else there/ I couldn't emotionally. '
remember which (7) .............................. we were supposed to
take to the hotel and there weren't any taxis around. 5 I've got quite a good career, and I think
Finally, we got to the hotel, and it wasn't even finished! the next ............................... is to get married.
That's the last time I go on a (8) ..........................- I 6 My life has got a bit boring recently and
1 seem to have stopped making

__...
.............................................................................................................................. _______ , ...................................................................................................................
 ..
:s
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.Q
<
~
.
'llna Sneaking ~
..
0
c
~

:s You are going to listen to a woman

being asked questions about a recent
holiday. Which four of the pro blems
does she mention?
• problems with the food
• problems w ith money
• problems with 1he jou rncy
• problems with other tourists
• problems with poll uti on
• problems with rhe weather
• problems with th e sights
• problems w ith the hotel
Focus on FCE: Listening Part 2
2 Listen to the interview again. For
questions 1-6, complete the sentences.
1 They spent a total of
in a hotel in Glasgow.
2 The hotel staff recommended
2 which were inside.
3 They especiaUy enjoyed the
3 in Glasgow.
4 The woman says they should develop
the 4 sysLem.
5 Seeing 5 reminded the
woman of another trip.
6 They didn't have enough information
when their plane 6
In pairs, write as many phrases as you can
think of to introduce the examples in the
sentences. How many more can you find?
There are lots of problems you could have on
holiday. ............................. , you might find that your
hotel jsn't as good as you expected.
You could have a problem with y our hotel,
............................... the standard of the rooms.
........ ... ........ ...... problem could be that your h otel
isn't as good as you expected.
Focus on FCE: Speaking Part 4
2 In pairs, choose four or more of the
questions to talk about. Use the phrases in
exercise I to give examples.
• What makes a good holiday in your
opinion?
I • What problems can people have when the}
go on holiday?
• What are the advantages aJld disadvantag
of going on a package holiday?
• How can knowing a foreign language help
you on holiday?
• How do you thi11k tourism will change ir.
the futme?
• Are the re any countries you would neve:-
visit? Why not?
• At what age do you think teenagers sho~
be allowed to go on holiday on their 0" :-

rSometimes the letter's' sou~~:,,:~~~:::.. l

and s~n;:tlmes it sounds like 'z ' in 'zebra',
I ~ow IS s pronounced in these words?
L1sten and check.
1 say~ 4 i ntere~ted 7 increa~e
2 advi~e 5 doe~n't
3 stre~ 6 pea~

See Speaking database on page 158.

J J·········-····---·····-·--··-·-··-
 ..
:s
0
.Q
English Parts of speech ~
~

ould rather, had better 3

at Grammar database pages
Complete the list. Write all the words you can think of,
including negative fo rms.
..
c
tO
:s
0
agree (verb) ............................... (noun)
--:78 before you do the appear (verb) ............................... (noun)
apply (verb) ............................... (noun )
damage (verb) ............................... (noun )
::::rn:cr the sentences. describe (verb) ................ .......... (noun)
difficult (adjective) ... .... ...... ....... (noun)
ier travelling by ferry to ........ (noun)
discuss (verb)
when we go on holiday this
interested (adj) ..... (verb)
responsibility (noun) ............ (adjective)
uld better call the hotel to see visit (verb) ............................ (noun)
still have any rooms.
er seejng the sights than lying Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 4
e beach all day.
am was great, but I didn't 4 For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so
er to cat some of the local rushes. that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
_ rather not to stay in a hotel using the word given. Do not change the word given.
re there are lots of other Use between two and five words, including the word
:.lS. given. Write the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
1 My parents discussed where we were going to go on
holiday.
"':Y"1plete each sentence so that it
about
,_~s the same as the first sentence.
e the words given without changing My parents ... ....................................................... where we were
going to go on holiday.
eM. Use no more than five words.
2 It might be cold in Poland, so take some warm
- nk l'd prefer to go to Spain this clothes .
.:r and not France. better
1-tan You .............................................................. some warm clothes in
- ;s year, I would case it's cold in Poland .
............................................. go to France. 3 Organising social events is usually the holiday rep's
\ .Lm says she prefers visiting responsibility.
,.mtrics she hasn't been to before. responsible
ould The holiday rep .............................................................. organising
~u rn says she .............................................................. social events.
1e has been to before. 4 They didn't have many applicants for the job at the
h doctor suggested tak ing some travel agent's.
11c off work to relax. receive
better They didn't ............................................................ ror the joh at the
trave1 agent's.
You ............................................................ some
imc off work to relax,' my doctor 5 I'd much rather stay in hotels lhan go camping
~id. when l'm on holiday.
prefer
. like travell ing, but sometimes I'd
rather just stay at home. I much .................... ..................................... than going camping
when l'm on holiday.
to
6 We found it difficult on holiday to understand the
Sometimes, I ..............................................................
local people.
travelling. difficulty
We had ........................................................ the local people.
~
:s
0

~ Writing ~ Working model

c
1'0 Focus on FCE: A letter of application
~
:s 3 Read the answer to t he writ ing task.
0 ...~v Read about letters of application in the Use t he set phrases from exercise 2 to
Writer's database on page 154 before you complete the gaps. Igno re t he mistakes for
do the exercises on this page. now

I Read this writing task. W hat kind of person Dear Sir I Madam,
would be good at t he job advertised ?
( 1) ........-........... ........ ...................... ..... , which I saw in the 'Oa
You have seen th e fo1lowing advertisement. Mirror' on the 12th of September.
(2 ) ...........................................................................................................................holid.;
Are you fun-loving, sociable rep. I am particularly interested in working in
Greece.
and not afraid of a challenge? (3) ......... ...... ....... ..... .................... I am out-going and 1arr
Sundream Holidays is looking for holiday reps tor !he us~d to be dealing with members of the public.
following regions: Spain, Italy, Greece. Successf~ enJOY to meet new people and helping them wit"'
applicants will have some experience of the touns~ any problems they might have.
industry and be able to speak Englis~ at .a reasona e (4) .. ...................... ...................... ........ I have spent the last two
level. Some knowledge of the countnes mvolved ~ummers to work in a bar on Santorini. This
would be an advantage. mvolved serving customers and organising soeta
Please apply in writing to: Sundream ' Charter House 1' events, such as quiz nights.
London NW1 3ED (S) ............_. ...... ...... ............... ..._Cambridge First
C.ertificate in English with an A grade and a First
Wri te a letter of application of between 120 Aid certificate. I also have a driving licence and
and 180 words. Do not wri te any addresses. speak basic German.
(B) · ....... ............................................ at any time
(?) ...............-...............-............ ...... if you requi~e further
2 Complete t he set phrases with the words in the information.
box.
(8) ..................... ...... ......
forward • response • experience • post • hesitate
Yours faithfully,
qualit ies • interview • qualifications

1 I am writing in .... .... ............ to your advertisement,

which I saw in a local newspaper.
2 I would like to apply for the ......................... of tour
guide.
3 1 believe I have the personal ........ .................. necessary for
this post because I am good at organisin g people.
4 1 have some ............................ of this kind of work because I
work every summer in my und e's hotel.
5 My ............................... include an 'X at Cambridge First
Certifi cate and a Diploma in Tourism .
6 1 am available for ........ ............... at your conven ience.
7 Please do not ............................ to contact me ror further
information.
8 1/ook ........................... to hearing from you .

___ ........................................................................................__
................................................................................................................................................................................
 ....::s
0
coes the writer talk about in each . . ~1> Now write! .Q
~
-=-"',..,.,..., ;>h ? 8 You are now ready to write a letter
"tS
c:
from your character applying for the job. ....10::s
- are three mistakes in the letter on Use the set phrases from exercise 2 on 0
~ -.; Find them and correct them.
page 74. Use formal language.

·"-'C> Check it out!

e that you are someone else. Create a
9 Check your work. Tick what
you have done.
::::-:=-aaer who would be perfect for a job as a
· rep. Complete the information about
cl-aaracter. Use your imagination.
- ------
.................-················"'''

.....---··· ......... .. _.............. ...- ........-· .. ...

.................. --·--·-·"''' - ···- ·····-········-· ···············•·····

_ ....... . ... ...... ,,_........-..........- · ··-·········-·····--

~

. , .... ___ ........ ......... -···· .......... -

-··-··-···-·
... -........... . _.. ·- -- .•.. _..... ·-··
............ .....-··
. .... ··-" ...
·- _....... ...

Make a plan of your letter of application.

Use your imaginatio n.

•.agraph 1
•'• 11ere did you (your character) see the
.o:dvertisement for the job?
Can you answer these questionsl If you
.z .•,hat date did you see it on? can't remember. look through the unit for
the answers.
aragraph 2
1 Which Australian cit y has a famous
3 Nhat are you going to write about in this
Opera House?
paragraph?
2 What kind of magazine tells you
Paragraph 3 about holidays?
What are you going to write about in this 3 Which of these verbs is followed by
the -inB form? plan suggest hope
paragraph?
4 Write one noun from the verb vary.
~ragraph 4 5 Whid1 of these do we not say?
s What are you going to write about in this would prefer would rather
would better
paragraph?
6 How are you going to close your letter?
 Choose the correct option. Complete each sentence so that it
means the same as the first sentence
1 On our way to Australia, we had a ............... .......,. in
Singapore. Use the words given, without changing
them. Use no more than five words.
A destination B jetlag C stopover D resort
You will get two marks for each
2 You ............................ the bread and I'll butler it an d we'll correct answer.
make some sandwiches. I 'I'm meeting Mark outside the
A slice B boil c fry D carve cinema,' said Philip.
he
3 Let's look through some ............................. and decide where
we're going th.is summer. Philip said ..............................................................
outside the cinema.
A souvenirs B brochures C customs D departures
2 'I've been here before,' Marianna sa~
4 r asked Eric if he'd broken the window, but he as we entered tbe old house .
............................... it.
there
A denjed B adm itted C accused D refused
As we entered the old house,
5 Could you pass me the ............................... pan, please? Marianna said ..................................................
before.
A mixing B serving C carving D frying
3 'Why don't we see what's on at the
6 Don't forget your swimming costume when you cinema?' said Alex .
........... your suitcase.
suggested
A put B pack C fill D place
Alex .............................................................. on at the
7 Would you like .............................. [ries with your burger? cinema.
A American B German C Belgian D French 4 'Put your dirty clothes in the washin_
basket,' my mum said.
8 Then, you have to ............................ your meat in the oven
for about an hour. told
A fry B roast c boil D bake My mum .............................................................. dirty
clothes in the washing basket.
9 1 saw a flight to Germany in the ......................... .. window
for only €1 0! 5 Tve been working all day so I'm
tired,' Mrs Lewis said.
A holiday rep's B h oliday brochure's
C travel agent's D travel guide's because
Mrs Lewis said she
10 When we get to the airport, the first thlng we should .............................................................. been working
do is check ............................... . aJI day.
A in B out Cup D off
6 'No, I'm not going to lend you any
money,' Nancy said to me.
refused
Nancy .............................................................. any
money.
7 'I think Grandma w ill be here at the
weekend,' my dad said.
there
My dad said he ..................... .. ............................. ..
at the weekend.
 -·
~
0
c
.:JJl
:s
0
the correct word or phrase in each sentence. >-
~
. remember to go/going to see Lord of the Rings last year? 0
.&:.
Cl)
e't to visit/ visiting the Science Museum while you' re in town .
o ld ma n appeared to be/being quite ill when I saw him.
1 ter avoids to eat/eating fas t Iood because it's unhealthy.

~o ing to learn to play/playing t h e dnnns this summer.

\ OU think we ca n afford to go/going on hol iday this year?

:::omplete the sentences using the correct preposition .

.. ., su rp rised w hen the h ero got killed right .. .......................... the end of the film .
.. d ~ro u please p ut yo ur name ............................. th is piece of paper and
n back to me?
!'le more . I' m very interested ............................... local history.
ill are you working ............................... ? Can I have a look?
afraid I don 't know much ............................... the Second World War.

"l te a phrasal verb with out to match the definitions.

.vit h difficulty ............................... out
· have any left ............................... out of
· incl ude, remove .............. .......... ..... o ut
m the end ............................... out
ar ,.uc ........... ...... ............ o u t
r,r.J
=\ead this text. For questions 1-1 0, use the word given at the end of each line to form a word
:~at fills the gap. There is an example (O).You will get two marks for each correct answer.

Dear Mr Coco,
Thank you for your (0 ) .~f!.(~.t.i:o..l-1:. for the position or manager. APPLY
I m afraid thal after a long (1 ) ............................. we have decided to DISCUSS
a :•point someone else. We would like to explain our (2 ) ........................... . CHOOSE
All of us were a little surprised by your (3 ) ........................... when you APPEAR
o me for the interview. 'Dressed like a clown' was the (4 ) ................ .. DESCRIBE
IN~d by one of us. A great (5 ) ............................. of different people work for us, VARY
b 1t we thought the red nose showed a lack of (6) ................... ..... We were RESPONSffiLE
atl in (7 ) ..................... that many of our customers would have great AGREE
8 ) ....................... in laking seriously a manager in size 76 shoes. DIFFICULT
We hope this (9) ............................. helps. I would like to finish by expressing EXPLAIN
my ( 10) ............................. that you will go far in business. Show business. BELIEVE
Yours faithfully,
Jusline Carter,
Personnel Manager

t ams no.< 3lV (.lt'~M Ol- O

jdn 11 daa)J jlt>3l6 s.P!4! oS -1"
j~OOJ l 34 10U\l lOJ 3W!I S,l! aqAt>W O"· ll
jJJnls mo.< MOU~ .<uv•u no;. j3uop IJ3M 09 . 1S
Score: /6o ~
...........................................................................................................................................- --·--·····. ·············--·············-··-------..········-··.......................~
 Start thinking!
In this unit we are going Have yotJ ever done any of
to read about future th ese things?
technology, listen to used a computer
people's opinions of sent an email
computer games, speak
about our hopes for the bought something on the internet
future, write an informal Do you or your family have a
letter and study computer at h ome? Reading
conditional sentences. What new technology do you I Read t he magazine article.
expect to see in th e future? What is an EyeTap?

WEARABLE
If a new piece of technology appears, it always seems
COMPUTERS
strange at first. The science fiction writer Arthur C. Imagine, for example, that you are at a football ma·
Clarke said that advanced technology is just like magic If you are wearing an EyeTap, you can do a numbe• ~
to people who haven't seen it before. However, we things. You can look at information and statistics o.-
soon get used to it. We shop at supermarkets every the player you are watching at that moment. You c.-
day and hardly notice what happens at the checkout read comments from other spectators which their
as a laser scans our products. In the 60s, though, EyeTaps transmit instantly around the stadium.
when the barcodes that make it possible were 3 And you can do all this without missing a
introduced, people thought it was an amazing idea. single moment of the action on the pitch. When tre
match gets a bit boring, you and your computer are
The same is true of many things being developed
already online so you can check your email and sur
today. If you knew w hat technology companies are
the internet without leaving your seat.
working on, you would be surprised. One area where
progress is being made very quickly today is wearable There are many other uses for this technology. Tra .
computers. 1 And a number of scientists and becomes a different experience. Information on
inventors are trying to find new ways to build them timetables, tickets and possible delays is constant
into clothes, watches and headsets. If they succeed, it available. You can leave your guidebook at home
will mean a new era in computing. because you have instant access to any informatior-
you like about the sights you visit. You might ever
One exciting idea is the EyeTap. This is a kind of
send live pictures from your headset to the interne-
computerised camera which is worn over one eye.
4 The days of showing people your holida
2 it's far more, though, than just a digital
photos when you get back home might be gone
camera connected to your head. The computer can
forever I
also add images or information to the scene you are
looking at. This could have many different uses and The EyeTap also means that learning languages
completely change the way people use computers. changes. At the moment. learning a foreign langu-
tm'\. . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . -... . .-.. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .
~FI
 Read the article quickly and tick the things
the writer mentions.
~echnology
·cchnology and the environment
·cch nology and sports
r l'chnolog~' and work
technology and tourism
technology and clothes
Focus on FCE: Reading Part 2
3 Read the article again. Six sentences have
and shopping 0 been removed fro m the article. C hoose from
O the sentences A-G t he o ne which fits each gap
0 (1-6).There is o ne extra sentence which you
0 do not need to use.
0 A The whole idea of wearable computers raises
a number of difficult questions.
0
B From machines the size of rooms, computers
have got smaller, cheaper and smarter.
C Many people claim that this is unlikely to
happen in the near future.
D Friends and family around the world can
experience exactly what you are
experiencing.
E You can still see through it while a compu1er
records everything you look at.
F With a wearable computer, all that effort
becomes unnecessary.
G Your own opinion can be added for
everyone to read and respond to.

ar1s many hours of hard work . 5 If

_ need to know a word or phrase, the EyeTap 4 Find words or phrases in the article to match
"lstantly display it for you. You might even the definitions. You've been given the first
able to program your wearable computer to letter to help you.
-::a!< for you . Of course, people w ill still learn 1 s..................... ... ... L ....... .................. (n) imaginary stories
:;uages for all sorts of different reasons, but about the fut u re
..,sts need never be stuck for words again . 2 c............ ............... (n) place in a supermarket
wher e you pay
-EyeTap is just one example of how 3 !............................... (n ) special kind of bright.
puters are becoming a part of every moment powcrfuJ light
::.ur lives. lt's not without its problems, 4 b............................... (n) smaiJ paper labels on
~gh. 6
Will we need other people's products for identification
~ assi on to record them every second? Do we 5 p ............................... (n) devclopmem
y want to be connected to a computer and 6 s............................... (adj) more intelligent
-.,e internet every minute of every day? 7 L .............. ........ (v) send by radio waves
- .ere's a danger that we might come to depend 8 o .............................. (adj) con nected to the intcmct
+us technology to help us in almost every
9 s............................... (v) look at pages on the intern et
~"et of our lives. That will probably be fine, as
10 b............................... d ............................... (phr v) stop
-g as everything works well. But what happens working because of a fau1t
·en we get to the point where we need this ------------------~
-.:..,nology for even simple tasks and then th ings Did you enjoy reading this article?
"''1 to break down? Did you learn anything? Why? /Why not?

~-- · ·· ···· ·· · ···· · · · · ·· · · -

..······················································································-........................ ....·-··- - - - ····- ············..····················..·············-..............................................................
 3 Use the notes to make complete
sentences.
Conditionals (I) I If I/be/you/I/gel/a much faster comp utl
2 You/go/new web page if/you/click/on a
·~I> Look at Grammar database pages 178-179 link.
before you do the exercises.
3 If the internet/not ex ist/we/not be
able/send emai.ls around the world.
4 If/you/call Lina/remembcr/ask her abo
I Read the sentences from t he art icle o n pages
your science homework.
78 and 79. Match them t o the correct
explanation. 5 If/you/mix these two
chemicals/you/produce/an explosion.
1 If a new piece of technology appears, it
6 If/you/sec the film Minority Report,
aJways seems strange at first . .........
you/probably/know/something abom
2 If tJ1ey succeed, it will mean a new era in 'grid' computer system.
computing . .........
3 lf you knew what technology companies are
working on, you would be surprised . ......... 4 Use this information about a student to
make six conditional sentences as in the
a This expresses a present or fuLUre possibility. examples.
b This expresses a general truth.
fail: get a job as a
c This expresses an unlikely or hypothetical lab assistant
situation.
pass: study chemistry l
.....
at university
.............. / ......
his chemistry exam
2 Choose t he co rrect option in each sentence.
1 If 1 were a scientist, ...................... a new kind of
computer.
have a girlfriend
a J would invent b I invent c I will invent

2 The EyeTap .. .. ............... a possibility if we didn't Richard

already have the intcrnet. • has a chemistry exam
a won't be b isn't c wouJdn't be • is single
• can't drive
3 ff you ......................... .... nonsense into a computer, you • has a lottery ticket
get nonsense out. ·..
a would put b put c were putting the lottery \ .......

4 You should think carefully about what you need if l

win: buy a \
you ............................... to get a computer. new computer \
a are planning b were planning c would plan
~
5 The EyeTap wiJJ be useful if it ............... people to not win: not feel
too disappointed
organise their lives.
a would help b helped c helps
If Richard had a girlfriend, he would feel a::·
happier.
Richard would feel a lot happier if he ht1d a
girlfriend.

~•••••••••• ••••oooooooo ooooooooooo"""""""'"'""""'"'"'"'"""''"""""""""'" ....... ... ... ... . , , . , , , •• , •. .•. .•. •. . •• . .•. • . . •• . •• . , . , , ,.,.,.,.,,.,.,.,,.,.,.,.,.,,_,..,,.,,..,.,.,.,.,,.,., ....... , , ...... , , . •.••.• . , , •• , . , •. , , •• . , . , . •. .••.•. , •. •• . •• . ••• • ~··
~-
0
 :. e words in the box to
- ~,::,ethe parts ofthe
- --es that the arrows show.
Complete the text using the phrases from exercise 3.
• mouse • floppy disk
• ~<eyboard ·key· printer Using computers is really easy! You can (1) ............................... to
do almost anything. People use them for work and to play
games ond scientists use them to (2) ............................... .
:::":""':} ete the sentences using
A (3) ............................... is a set of instructions telling the computer
-ouns in the box. Some of
may need to be in the what to do. When you (4) ............................... , the computer
follows the instructions and does what you tell it to, either
through the keyboard or by clicking (5) ................................ Now
• 0'1 · discovery • theory that computers are part of our lives, everybody should learn
..,.~__,,.-_,..1 • experiment • research
how to use them!
computer is one of the
Important ............................... of
late 1wenUeth century.
Phrasal verbs with off
-~awking has an 5 Phrasal verbs with off often have meanings connected to
:-~sting ........ ..... . ...... .. about removing, stopping or cancelling something. Match the phrasal
the universe developed. verbs in the box with the correct definitions.
- .,, 's ....... .... have a lot
c mplicated scientific go off • make off • take off • put off ·turn off • call off
' pment in them .
1 ............................... stop liking somethi ng you used to like
rolrding to recent
-········· , m ost people don't 2 . ............. ..... remove an item of clothing, etc
~erstand m odern science. 3 ............................... delay something until a later time
. ., ........... ...... .... with white 4 ........ .. ....... ........... cancel a planned event
ce is design ed to test their 5 ............................... escape, often after a crime
telJigence.
6 ......... ............ stop a machine
tronomers have announced
e ... ... ..... ........... of a n ew
6 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the phrasal
verbs from exercise 5.
.,. locations l The burglars stole a video player and .... ...................... in a white
car.
'1atch to make phrases. 2 We've decided to ............... ......... the experiment ............................... until
the weather improves.
.: mouse a program
3 Before you go into the lab, please ............................... your shoes.
- . rogram b a program
4 I've really ............................... violent video games.
carry out c a computer
5 My cousin was planni ng to marry a woman over the internet,
a computer d experiments
but at the last minute they . ......................... it .............................. .
run e button Don 't you think you should ......................... your compu ter
6
............................... and go and p lay foo tball outside with your
fr iends?
 1ic:;t~ninq s ltin
You are going to listen to five people talking What do you want to do in the future?
about new computer games. Decide which
I'd like logo lo university, if I get good exam
computer game each person e njoyed the most. results.
Speaker 1 ......... A N(qht Thief I want to get married if ............................................... .
Speaker 2 ......... B Cave Warrior 1 hope to have a family, if ............................................ .
Speaker 3 ......... C Mad Driver City Il'd be nice Lo work as a(an) ............................... if
Speaker 4 .. D Tower of Evil
Speaker 5 ......... E Cup Final I'd love to visit ........... ............... one day, if

Focus on FCE: Listening Part I I'd like to live ... ....... ... ........... if ........................... ..

2 You will now hear the five speakers again. Focus on FCE: Speal<ing Part I
Fo r questions 1-5, choose the best answer
(A, B or C). In pairs, ask and answer the questions.
1 You hear a boy talking. What d id he not like Try to say as much as you can. Use the
about Cave Warrior? phrases below to help you.
A He couldn't find the lost treasure. • What would you like to do when you
B He knew what was going to happen next. leave school?
C He thought there was too much action . • What job wou ld you like LO do In t he
future?
2 You bea r a woman talking. W h at was the
problem sh e had w ith some of the games? • Do you have any ambition s?
A She doesn't like playing sports. • What arc your hopes for the future?
B She couldn't react quickly enough. • Is there anything you 'd reaJJy like to
C She ca n 't drive a car. do one day?
useful
3 You hea r a girl being interviewed in the Phrases
street. Why doesn't she like Night Thief?
A It seems like hard work.
B lt involves criminal activit ies.
C She isn't very good at maths.
4 You hear a boy talking. Wh at does he dislike
about Mad Driver City?
A He doesn't have enough time to play it.
B His friend is m u ch better at it.
C They want to play at the same time. I s/ and I JI
5 You hear a girl talking. What does sh e say Listen and circle the words you hear.
about computer games?
1 Only haH of the people were saved/shaved.
A Buying sports games is a waste oJ mon ey.
B You can waste money if you make the 2 Could you get me a seat/sheet from the
wrong decision . o[ficc, please?
C Driving games are the best value for 3 Did you sew/show all of them?
money. 4 They have lms o[ different sortslshort5.

See Speaking dat abase on page 158.

~~ ............................................ ........ ............................... .. ........................ - ..........- ................................................................................................._ - 4

 se of English Word patterns
2 Choose the correct option in each sentence.
nless, in case, as long as
I I think I'm a little scared of computers
Look at Grammar database page 179 before ............................... I don 't know much about th em.
you do the exercises. a beca use of b because

R.ewrite the sentences using unless, in case o r 2 Some people have complained about this
as/so long as. game ............................... the violence.
a beca use of b because
Promise to give it back tomorrow a nd you can
_orrow my new com puter gam e.
3 I didn't ......................... .... Jason when h e said he'd
'toucan ............................................................................................... got a new mobile phone.
- l have to fin ish my homework before I can a believe b believe in
"llay on my computer.
4 Some people don' t ............................... UFOs.
'can 't ...................................................................................................
a believe b believe in
Save your w ork on a floppy disk - your
... :>mputer might get a virus. 5 When you buy the new K25 6 mobile, a
Save your work .................................................................................... . handsfree set is ......
a provided with b provided

Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 2

3 For questions 1-12, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only
one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).Write your answers IN CAPITAL
LETIERS.

In the UK, up to 10,000 mobile phones (0 ) .. A.Rf... ... stolen each month. More
(1) ..............- ........... 50% of these ore owned (2 ) .... ............. .. teenagers aged 13 to 16.
As (3) _............................. os you're careful with your mobile, you don't have to be one of
them. (4 ) .....................-........ you're actually using your phone, keep it out of sight
(5) ... .... ........ a pocket or bag . This w ill help reduce the chances of it being stolen.
But what can you do in (6 ) .......... . . ........ it is stolen? Many phones have a unique
15-digit IMEI number. If your phone (7) .......... .. .............. , make a note of it. (To find out
(8 ) ............................... your phone came with one, type *#06# into your phone.) Also, use an
invisible marker pen (9 ) . . . .... .. ............. mark your postcode on your phone. This will help
the police identify it ( 1OJ ...... ..... .. ... .. they find it.
Use your phone's security lock. If your phone is stolen, so long (11 J ..................... H .... the
lock is on, the thief won't (12) .. able to use it and run up a big bill.
H . . . . . .. . . . . ..

If you think your phone has been stolen, inform the police, and your service provider,
immediately.
 t:
0

; Writing ~ Working model

..Q
3 Focus on FCE: 3 Read the answer to t he writing task. T he
An informal letter/email writer has not used paragraphs. Decide where
new paragraphs should begin.
.... ,!/- Read about informal letters/ emails in
the Writer's database on page
. 154 before
you do the exercises on th1s page. Dear Mis.s A.shley Wt1/£am.s,

I Read this writing task. W hy should your How areyou? How didyour French te.st!JO? I b.:
letter be informal? you pa.s.sed! You askedme ahout tecnoiO!Jy. Welt th~
jir.st tht'n!J I .shouldtellyou i.s that I've!JOt a new
computer!So far, I've u.sedit for playt'nj!Jame.s anp
for .serft11!J the internet. Its not a.s complt'cateda.s I
thoU!Jhf. I'm even teachin!} my dad how to u.se it/
Haveyou !JOt an emat1addre.s.s? What el.se? Of
cour.st; we've!JOt thtJ:j.slt'ke a rv, a vttleo player anti
a DVD player. We watch a few hour.s o(TVevery
d~ and we watch a vttleo or a DVD once a weak.
A-!Y hrother watches more than I do. Lazy hoy! f11Y
Your pen-friend is writing a report for
school on technology. She/He has asked
dad.say.s he'.s thinkt'n!J o(!Jetft'nj .sateft·te rv, .so
you for some infomlation about _how you mayhe I'll.start watcht'n!J a ht't more. The onr other
and your family use techno_logy m your tht'n!J I can tht'nk ofi.5 my mohdephone. I never!JO
daily life. Write a letter, telling your
pen-friend what she/he wants to know. al1)'where without t't! I u.se it all the Hme and.send
Write a letter of between 120 and 180 ahout twenty text me.stlje.S every day! (Luckt"0 Mum
words in an appropriate style. and Dadpay the ht11.} 4ot to!JO. Love toyour .sister.
Take cart;
2 Decide if the statements are true (T)
or false (F). je.s.st'ca Simp.son
In informalletters/emails ···
1 we usually ask ou r friend .
about their llcaJth/ncws/etc firSt.
2 we never use conrracdons
(I 've, don't, can't. etc).
3 it's sometimes okay to write
incomplete sentences.
4 you should never use exdamation
marks(!).
5 you don't need to write in
paragraphs.
6 you don't need to W~)rry about
answering the quest10n. 4 T here are mistakes w ith the names and five
spelling mistakes in the letter. Correct them.

..P® .. . .......... . . . . . ............. . . . . . .. .. . . ... . ...... . .. . . . . . . . ..

 Ready to write! .....~[> Now write!
You areextract
;u this
going to an sy:er t he saf~e q~estion. First, look
from 7 You are now ready to write your
ur pen- nend s la.s t letter. letter to your pen-friend · use .~n r.ormal
Ianguage .

.,J then there's this foutball matth on Saturday. I{ we ....,C> Check it out!
that, wef-e in the final. who knows? 8 Check your work. Tick what
Jeah· I wanted to askyou somethin!J- We have to you have done .
.rite a reporl on tethnoloJJ for sthool. Cou!Jyou tell me
fow tltiHJS abuut howyou use tedmoloJJ iH J""' lift?
know, tomputers, mobiles, rv, that sorl ofthinj· Oh,
.,.J tell me somethinj about the other members ofyour
,.,.i/y, too, and how they use tethnolojj-
Anyway, I was talkinj to Sam the uther Jay and he says
that ...

eh of these things does you r 1r>cn-f . d

w about? n en want to

•• :cnJr opinion of violent video ga

) mes
• .vhat kind of computer you want to get
how much te levision you watch
• .\ heth er you have a computer at home
0
• ~ow good you a re at fo otball
• whether your pa rents have mobile pho
• h . nes
w at the best model of mobile phone is

Can y~ answer these questionsl If

you cant remember, look through
Make a plan of your answer. Use your imagination. the unit for the answers.
How are you going to start your letter? 1 When did barcodes fi rst
appear?
What news are you going to ask your pen-friend about first?
2 Where do you pay in a
What's the first kind of technology you want to talk about?
supermarket?
How do you use it? 3 How many parts of a
What's the second kind of technology you want to talk about? compmcr can you name?
How do you use it? 4 What's the difference between
What's the third kind of technology you want to talk about? putoffand call off?
How do you use it? 5 Which phrase mean s 'only if'?
How do you want to close your letter?
How are you going to write your name at the end?
 Startthlnkinq!
In this unit, we are What different forms of
going to read a TV entertainmen t can you think of?
review, listen to
Do you ever go to the theatre?
an interview, Do you ever read TV, film
speak about forms
or theatre reviews?
of entertainment,
write an essay
and study modal •
1n
verbs.
Read this newspaper column.
Which programme would you 6
most like to watch?
Read the statements from the column a'"':
decide if they are facts or express t he
writer's opinion.
I SuperTV has been broadcasting for fh "
years.
2 The presenters of VJ- TV aren 't very
intelligent.
3 Staff Room is replacing Train Driver.
4 Life in Aylesford Street .i s very popular.
5 Joke-a-Cola will be funny.
There is a lot of choice of entertainme-

Lucy Chang tells you what's

new (and not so new!) on
your screens this summer.
I always look
forward to this
time of Y<-".U:. and
I'm always
disappointed!
It's the time of
year when the
TV channels tell us their plans for
the summer and every year I tell
myseH that it might be different. It
never is. Take SuperTV, for example.
This channel, on our screens for five
years now, broadcast-; a depressing
mix of game shows and music
videos. So what do we find in the
new schedule? I'm The One, a game
show with holidays as prizes, and V]-
TV, yet another music video
programme with brainless
20 presenters. They're also planning to
repeat the dreadful chat show Star
Quality, which is about as
entertaining as watcrung grass grow.
Why can't they come up with new
ideas?
Channel 9 does a little better. Now
that Train Driver has finished,
they've decided to replace it with
StaffRoom, a reality show that
follows teachers around all day. It
should be the hit of the summer,
giving us an idea of what really goes
on when the lesson is over. Who
doesn 'l want to see and hear what
teachers say about their students at
the end of the school day?Great
stuff! Together with Life in Aylesfortl
Street, the soap opera that
everyone's talking about, it looks
like Channel9 could be the eh·
to watch this summer.
Over on BTVI, Max Read is back
wlthjoke-a-Cola, the comedy'
The first series was slightly am
the second hilarious. Let's wait
see what the third series is like
Comedy is difficult to get right.
ought to be great. J wish I could
the same about the sitcom, Oh'
11mse Kids! It's enough to look at
the expressions on the faces of
cast! It's obvious they know it\
rubbish and the script is just so
badly written! Oh! Those writer;;
The programme makers must
wc'Uwatch anything. That's jll.'-1
!rue. People might have hundrt
1 Focus on FCE: Reading Part I
3 Read the text again. For questions 1- 6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits
best according to the text.
I At this time of year 3 The writer says that 5 Because of the choice of
A the TV channels Staff Room will probably enterta inment
change all their A be successful. A people watch more television.
programmes. B shock students. B people move to ar eas with
B the writer disappoints C be worse rhan Train more facil ities.
the TV channels with Driver. C programme makers have to
her reviews. D be on instead of Life t elJ lies.
C the wri ter h opes for in Aylesford Street. D p rogrammes have to be more
something that never exdting.
happens. 4 The write r thin ks that
.Joke-a-Cola is now 6 The writer thinks that television
D the writer's ravourite
programmes often A more difficult to A will never be as popular as the
disappear. understand. theatre is.
B more pop ular with B should show more
l What does 'They' in line viewe rs. programmes about hobbies.
20 refer to? C fun n ier than before. C could lose its popularity in the
A SuperTV D more like a sitcom. future.
B the TV channels D ought to provide more than
C the presenters of V.J- TV just enterta in ment.
D TV viewers

Use words or phrases from the text to

channels on their TV or might live near a
cinema with a dozen screens. There is so
much chojce of entertainment these days -
lY, the d nema, the theatre, even the intemet
- that they have to work hard to keep their
audience. What they should be doingis
making new, exciting programmes. Where
are the programmes that make people think
they must stay in to watch them?
~e have to ask ourselves what entertainment
~. We have to think about what people do
v.ith their leisure time. Television has been
popular for about 50-60 years but it might
not be popular forever. More people are
going to the cinema and theatre than ever
before. More people are surfing the internct
or playing computer games than ever before.
If Ob! Those Kids! is all d1at the TV ca:n offer,
v.hy should we watch it? With one or two
exceptions, this summer's programmes will
make more people turn off than turn on.
complete the definit ions. You've been given the
first letter to help you.
1 M ............................_ v............................... are short films
showing musicians singin g their son gs.
2 If som ething is e ............................... , it is enjoyable and
interesting.
3 A h ............................... is a great success.
4 lf somet hing is a ............................... , it's a little funny,
but not very.
5 Jf something is h ............................... , it's very funny.
6 The group of people who act in a programn1e,
film or play is called the c ............................... .
7 The s............................... contains all the words the
actors have to learn .
8 Another phrase meaning 'free time' or 'spare
time' is 1............................... 1............................... .
Did you e njoy reading this article?
Did you learn anything? Why? I W hy not?
 Choose the correct verb in each sentence.

..
t:
.....
Modals (I)
I You really ............................... go and see Spielberg "
latest. It's brilJiant!
~ .,..,!> Look at Grammar database pages 179-181 a could b should c might
;.., before you do the exercises. 2 Oh, Dad! Do we.............. ....... watch that ope-
programme again?
a must b shou ld c have to
Read the sentences and phrases from the
article on pages 86 and 87. Match each one 3 I read somewhere that Kylie Minogue
........ be on TV tonight.
to an explanation.
a might b can c has to
1 ... every year I tell myself that it might be
different. 4 Ask your parents if you ............................... come lt
the concert with me.
2 Wh y can't they come u p with new ideas?
a can b ought to c will
3 It should be the hit of the summer, ...
4 The programme makers must think we'll 5 I rea]Jy ............................... get some new clothes tc
watch anything. go to the theatre.
a might b must c could
5 What they should be doing is ...
6 We have to ask ourselves what
entertainment is.
This expresses ...
a someth ing wh ich is probable.
b an ability/inability.
c something which is possible. Rewrite the sentences using the verb in
d a way of giving advice. brackets.
e a certain opinion.
1 Robbie Williams's new song will probabl}
f an obligation . win an award . (should)
Robbie ..................................................................................
Choose the correct option to show the meaning
2 There's a possibility that Madonna is
of the verb in italics.
recording a new album . (might )
l They should dose down the theatre in this Madonna ......................................................................
town because nobody ever goes.
a giv)ng advice b giving permission 3 People's ears are often damaged by li stenir _
to very loud music. (can)
2 1 think I might stay in and watch the fi lm on Listening ..........................................................................................
Channel 4 this evening.
a expressing obligation 4 You can get me a CD if you like, but it's n •
b expressing possibility necessary. (have to)
You ...........................
3 My mum says I can be in the school play.
a expressing ability 5 We should probably check to see if there ar
b giving permission any tickets left. (ought to)
We ...........................................................................................................
4 Do you have to go to university to become an
actor? 6 I'm thinking of going to the theatre while
a asking about obUgation I'm in London. (might)
b asking about probability ! ................................................... .......................................................... ..

(88') . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . ...... . .... .. ..... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....________. . . .. . . . . . . ..... . .. .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... .... . .
~
 ..
t
c:
Ill

Jse the words in the box to answer the questions.

rehearsa l · audition • play • critic • review · stage· act

......
\'here do the actors perform in a theatre?
'hat do w e call a dramatic performance in a theatre?
.1at do actors do?
hat do we eaU the test actors do befo re they get the pa rt?
lrto judges theatre performan ces for a newspaper or magazine? Collocations:
!lere do we read a judgement of a theatre performance? entertainment
'hat do we call a practice of a performance?
Match to make
common phrases about
~omplete the sentences with the correct form of the words in entertainment.
exercise I.
1 get a a joke funny
-.'!e ... .................. ... were terrible! I'm surprised the play didn't close
2 fi nd b the joke
>ner.
3 tell c fun
.. \ e saw a great ............................... the other day. Blue Murder, it was called.
4 have d fun of
I can't meet you on Friday because I'm in the school play and somebody
\e've got a(a n) ............................ .
5 make e a joke
:ne -......................... . absolutely loved the performance but the public
'-1St didn't seem to be interested.

lL
-he curtain went up an d two actors came out onto t he ... ........................ .
. m rea lly nervous about the ............................. . Hope I get the part.
know she's beautiful, but she can't .............................. and I'm not having
"'er in my show.

onfusable words
Circle the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
I was always very popular/famous at school.
- :\obody seems to like my favnurite group, but they're very
popular/famous.
Ln my free time, I like to hear/listen to music, especially rap music.
Shl I think I can hear/listen to music coming from upstairs.
- I'm going to call Sarah to tell/say/speak to her about the tickets.
What did Mark tell/say/speak you about the film he saw?
Use three of the phrases
- Some people tell/say/speak that pop music is a kind of art. from exercise 4 to write
r love reading/studying romantic books and books for teenagers. your own sentences.
r love reading/studying English grammar, believe it or not!

...................................................................................................................... __ __________.......
. ···-······· ............................... ... ...................................~
 Focus on FCE: Listening Part 2
Yli
2 Listen to the woman being interviewed. For questions
You are going to listen to a
1- 8, complete the sentences.

.....
Ql
woman being interviewed.
Before you listen, look at
the sentences in exercise 2.
Ma.ry says there should be more fadlitics
because I
In pairs, talk about what Mary goes to the cinema 2
word or short phrase might
fill each gap. She prefers Screen Centre because it
has 3
She 1ast went to the theatre 4
fg/
She might visit the new theatre if she 5
Listen and pay attention to the vowel She would like to see more m usicians
sound in the syllables underlined. 6 at the park concerts.
There's §.new theatn:. .across Lhe road
She thinks the 7 for the concerts
from me . could be improved.
One syllable in each word contains the
sound /~/ . Underline the syllable. She thinks 8 would be useful.
Listen and check your answers.
letter about entertain teacher
leisure exercise occur Were any of your guesses right, or nearly right?

Focus on FCE: Speal<ing Part 2

2 In pairs, compare the photographs. One of you should read
f> in ~ the instructions and the other should talk for one minute.
Decide what you like and Then swap.
dislike about the activities.
Write somethi ng in each box.
Use your imagination .

=~-
... radlllbODICI ...
~ ···--.--

I IIU ...

' diiiiU ...

I'd like you to compare the two photographs

and tell us what you like and dislike about
each form of entertainment.

See Speaking database on page 158.

p . . . ..... .... . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . .... ... . . . .... . . .. . . .... . ... .... . . . . . ... ... · ·· · ··· ··· · · · · ·-
 se of English Now decide what parts of speech the words in the box

arts of speech
are. Use five of them to complete the sentences in
exercise I. ......
tQJ
c
Choose the kind of word that is
needed to complete the sentences.

The audience clapped ............................... and

the actors came back onto the stage.
a adverb b adjective
Choose two words from the box you didn't know
- The stadium is great for concerts before. Write sentences using those words. Compare
.)ecause of its .......................... . your sentences to the other students'.
a adjective b noun
J :love reading ........................... . books with Word form tion: prefixes
dlaracters my age in them. Use the prefixes to form the negative of the adjectives
a adjective b adverb and nouns. One of them has two answers.
::>o you think we could ............................... un- dis- in-
vhat we're doing this evening?
able believable expected
a noun b verb
ability clear lucky
rea!Jy get a lot of ............................... out of advantage comfort organised
-. aLching and reading about sports.
approve comfortable suitable
a noun b adjective
belief employed

Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 3

5 For questions 1- 10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of
the lines t o form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the
beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

~rrect (0 ) P.§IY3?.l5M..?.§. , or 'buskers', help make any city PERFORM

.:entre a place of ( 1) ............................... .
In e\·ay major European city you can find young, (2 ) ................. .......... .. EMPLOY
people juggling, playing the guitar or even doing magic
tricks for money. All they need is a (3) ............................. place to SUIT
p<!rform and a good crowd.
Some people might (4) ............................. ofbusking and find it APPROVE
.mnoying, but most people in the city centre agree that it's an
5 1.............. ........... break from shopping and hming to rush around ENJOY
"hen there's an (6 ) ............................... show in the street. EXPECT
· lmc young people, (7) ............ .............. to afford a luxury trip around ABLE
the world, busk in order to traveL It can be (8 ) ............................... , but COMFORT
n is a very cheap way to sec the world. A few hours playing,
unkss you arc (9 ) ................... .. ... , will pay tor a bed or a bus ticket. LUCK
The (10) ............................ is that you need to have some talent or you ADVANTAGE
might go hungry!
 :s
~
c
Writina ~ Working model
..
tQl
Focus on FCE: An essay Read the answer to the wntmg
· · task.
bout e~says in the Writer's
...... ,,.,!/
Ql
Read a
database on page
153 before you
.
do the exercises on this page.

Read this wn.tmg

. tas k. What
. l kind of
style would be appropnate.

~up:~;~mmes for children. No~u

I , had a class discussion on

r English teacher has asked ye

you . · · your
to write an essay. gJvmg SI Id
0 inions on t his qu est·ron·· Ttm
cl~ldren :,· TV educate or entertam.
. ?

Write an essay of b etwe~

~ n 120 and
. I.
180 words in an a Ppropnate sty c.
t CluUren to,{~
are UH<Ier morepressure than ever an,'n-..,
Make notes to answer the questions. fo relax. They often Ho this 6y watchi"!! television. Altho"J
IWhat programmes ar e there on TV
;;areht.s wony about how d wt1!affect the111, I be/t"eve
for children? televt".st"oh .shuu!t/ehterfatit, rather tha"' et/ucate.
2 Which programmes are J)Opular?
3 Which of these would you rk,
r e to .see
s Ftr.st ofa!( there t".s ho rea.su"' why te!evt".st"o"' for chttt/re"'
more of? shou!t/be t!f(erehtfrom televt".st"oh for atlu!t.s. The most
cartoons Why? ;;o;;ular;;rD_Jrammes teht/ tu heyame shows aht/t/rama
sert"es. At/u!t.s watch the;n to relax after a busy t/'9' at work
chiMren shou/,{al.so fte aftle to re/4X after a har,','~at
drama for children Why?
an,{
To school.
news for children Why?
game shows for children Why? .
4 Should children's TV educate
entertain? Why?
OI
Seeon,'~ pro!Jrammes sud, n.s these <le teach us thtH!Js. Ci41He
show. improve)'Our!JCnera/know/e-&< Dr41Ha series teach
Talk about your answers Wl"th thedisagree
e or class. us nftout human relationships an,{thepro!tlcmspeople fou.
Explain clearly why you agre Des;Jtte thetr;;are"'t.s' t/t".stlfltrova( dutt/re"' fear"' a/ut wlu1e
w it h othe r students. ts they are bet"ffj eftter!tz,netl.
-~,.
To sum 'Ill chiUren s television shouUprovUfe ruality
Chferftztnmeht. fhsteat/ ofumnferesfti:J et/ucattoha/
;;rD_Jramme.s_ there shou!t/beyame shows ant/t/rama sen"e.s
mtule for chiMren. lt shou/,f ftc a for them to ""l"e their w~
20 pro!tlems, nltho"!Jh watch,H!J too much television m'!Jht cause
;;rob/ems wt"th schoolwork_ for tnsfanre.

Do you agree w1"th the wnten

. , W hy?· 1W hy not?

(92)
~······················ .. ·······················..············· .. .. ......... . . . .. ...... ....................... ·····································-········-.·-·..- - - -·····--··-·························..······························································
 The words in red are important! Decide what ...,j[> Now write!
each word in red refers to. Yo u are now ready to write your essay.
l They (line 2) 5 these (line ll) Use your notes to help you. Use some
2 this (line 2) 6 th eir (lin e 14) of the connecting phrases. Use 'it', 'this',
'them', etc to connect your sentences.
3 it (line 3) 7 lt (line 19)
4 them (line 8) 8 them (line 19)
Check it out!
The words and phrases in blue are also Check your work. T ick what
important. Decide which words and phrases in you have done.
blue are used:
to refer to an example . ...............................
2 to introduce the con clusion . ........................
I kOive L\Se.A 011\ 01ppvcpvi01te
3 to refer to a negative point. ... ........................ 1 .f!cv\Ao\01) s+yle.
0
~ i-IOIVe e~p~Oii~te.:A +-ke veOisc~ts
~ to introduce the first main point. ............................... 't'Cv ""'Y Cf t\\ICI\.
~ to introduce the next main point. .................. I kOive vse.A lW l+-kisl lu. ' 0
i-c I I r V\e\Ao\ I e+-c
CC\\\\ect- ""'Y se~t+-e~tces +-c8ei-kev
._~_/ Ready to write! I [...OIVe L\Se.A SC\Ao\e 8CC.A •
0
CC~t\\ecti\\8 p[...vOises.
I "'-Oive vse.A POiv018v01pks.
0
Read this w riting task.
I "'-Oive c"'-ecke.A ""'Y spelli~tB 01\\'*
0
You have had a class discussion about ""'Y8VOI\Ao\\Ao\01V.
teJeyjsion. Now your English teacher has I h01ve wvit+e\\ 'bei-wee~t I2.0
0
asked you to write an essay, giving your 01 ~"* 18'0 wcv'*s.
opinions on this question: 0
Do children nowadays watch too much TV?

Write an essay of between 120 and 180

words in an appropriate style.

Can you answer these questions? If you

can't remember, look through the unit
Before you write, complete the essay plan. for the answers.

dud!J'm ~ lh ~ 1 What is anot her word for a great

success?
PaTagtaph • .......................................................................................................... 2 Which o1' these moda ls <.:an be tJsed
..................... ······ ................................................... for giving advice? could should
············································ might
................................................................................
Paragraph 2 ....................... ...... . 3 What do critics write?
_ ...... . ..... ......... .
~ · · · ·· · · ···
~
.. ... ............ ·············· .................................

Paragraph 3 .............................................-.............._......................................,...........
4 If lots of people like you, are you
popular or famous?
......... ................ . 5 What is a busker?
-~
·- ........................ .............................
..······················
.......... ....................... ...........
Paragrap h 4 .......... ................... .................
............. ............., .....
...........................................................................
[

Choose the correct option.

1 I thought the new Jim Carrey fi lm was 6 The ...................... ....... of America changed the wa
.......--................. . ! It's the funniest film I've ever Europeans saw the world .
seen! A discovery B invention
A famous B entertaining C theory D research
C hilarious D amusing
7 I'd love to see the new James Bond film. r·
2 I don't have much time to ............................... the had really good ............................... .
internet for things I'm interested in. A critics B auditions
A ride B surf C travel D tour C reviews D rehearsals

3 My brother wants to be an actor. He's been to 8 The action scenes were quite good, but the
a hundred ............................... so far, but he never gets main actor really couldn't ............................... . He
tl1e part. was rubbish!
A auditions B reviews A act B play C star D appear
C critics D rehearsals
9 Our teacher didn't ............................... the joke 1 to
4 My mum was in a pop group that had a so I had to explain it to her.
........................ .... in the 80s and then she got A find B have C take D get
married and had a family.
A top B screen C hit D win 10 I don't think it's nice to make fun ................
kids who are younger than you.
5 All the members of the ............................... were A to B of C at D with
shocked when the leading actress left the
show.
A script B stage C play D cast

Match to make complete sentences.

1 H we had more money, ......... a we'll go and get you a new computer.
2 lf you open your computer, ......... b T'd rind out about computer courses in the local area.
3 If we've got enough money, ......... c you wouldn't do any damage to it.
4 If the shop were dosed, ......... d we can sec where the hard drive is.
5 If r were you, ......... e the lights wouldn't be on, would they?
6 If you opened your computer, ......... f we'd be able to get a home cinema.

Write the negative form of these words using an appropriate prefix.

1 comfortable ............................... 5 able ...............................
2 organised ................... 6 approve ...............................
3 ability ............................... or.......... ................... 7 suitable ......................... .. .
4 comfort ......................... 8 employed ...............................

.~ ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
 Complete the sentences using the Complete this table.
correct form of the phrasal verbs in
the box.
noun verb adjective adverb
l ............................... X loud loudly
put off • call off · go off · tu rn off
take off • make off 2 ............................... decide decisive decisively
enjoyment enjoy 3 .......,......... 4 ...............................
I 1 used to really like Leonardo size X 5 ................................ X
DiCaprio's films, but I .......................... him
recently.
! I think we'll have to ...... ............... .. our For questions 1-8, choose the option which best
holiday until the end of the summer. completes the passage. You will get two marks for each
3 Why don't you ..-........................ that hat? answer.
You look ridiculous.
l The thieves ...................... ....... with over BECOMING A SCIENTIST
€1 million. If you're interested jn becoming a scientist, t here are
5 Unless it stops raining, we'IJ have to a few things you (l ) ............................... do. First of aJJ, you
-.......................... the barbecue. (2) ............................... decide which area of science you
Don't forget to ............................... your want to work in. Is it biology and animals or physics
computer before you go to bed. and space that you think (3) ............................... interest you
most? Another thing you (4} ............................... do is speak
to your science teacher about it. He or sh e will tell
Complete the explanations using the you what your options are and (5) ............................... have
words in the boxes. some helpfu l experience.
You (6) ............................... almost certainly need to go to
famous • popu lar
university to study your chosen science. This can be
Lhe hardest time because you (7) ............................... prove
~ lot of people like you, you are
that you understand many different areas. After
I _......................... . If a lot of people know
your degree, you need to specialise in an area that
"0 you are, you are (2) ...............
really interests you. It can be a Jong, hard road, bu t
J can be both, but it isn't always true!
a1 the end of it, you just (8 ) ............................... make a
tell • say • speak · hear · listen discovery that changes the world.

. ou have some information or an

n ion, you can (3) .............................
l A should B shall c will D would
~eo ne about it. To do that, you 2 A can B may C have to D shall
4 ....................... to them. They 3 A might B must C can D has to
5 ........................... to what you (6) .............................. 4 A shall B will C ought to D would
j talk to you, unless it's so noisy that
t:~ can't (7) ............................... you!
5 Ahas to Bmay c must D can
6 A can Bmay C might D will
study · read C shall
7 A may B might D have to
'len you (8 ) ............................... something that 8 A wiJl B should C might D can
.nitten, you look at it lo understand
.1at it says. When you
-........................ something, you try hard
understand it and to learn it, often
~a use your teacher has asked you to.
Score: /6o ~
l aJns no.< aJV ll't'4M oz-o jljOOj J3410U'e JOj 3W!I S,1! aq.<-ew 0'1-tl
jd n I! daa)l jl't'a.L6 S,IV4.L 0~-t'l iJlnlS Jno,{ MOUlf All l'3J noA j3Uop 113M 09-tS

- _____
................................................................................................................................................... - -- -- - -- - ~
 Start thinking! 2 Some words and phrases in t he text are
bold. For each one, choose what you ti'
What do you think makes a it 's referring to.
In this unit, we are
going to read about good school? 1 ach ieved the impossible (paragraph 1
a school in the UK, How wouJd you improve your a Elaine's becom ing head teacher
listen to people school? b Elaine's making the school successfL
t alking about their Would you like to be a head 2 an outsider (paragraph 2)
schools, speak teacher? a Elaine b someone e
about school
3 a d1ance (paragraph 3)
facil ities, write an
a the possibility of being able to impr
Reading ~
informal letter and
study relative
the school
b the opportunity to talk to the paren
clauses. I Quickly read the newspaper
staff and pupils
article. Ignore t he gaps for
now. How has Abbot Hill 4 an environment (paragraph 4)
School changed since Elaine a the natural world b a school
At kins became head 5 t hings (paragraph 6)
teacher? a lessons b activities
6 the things which she's done (pa ragrap~ -
a the changes Elaine has made to the
b Elaine's jobs before coming to the

Top
Elalne Atklns, head teacher of Abbot Hill School In Manchester, has turned one of tile
schools In the country Into one of the best. Ollle Dawson finds out how she did lt.

Three years ago, Abbot Hill School
had a dreadful reputation. Teachers
didn't want to work there. Parents
didn't want to send their children
there. The pupils - as seen by the
number of children who regularly
played truant from school - clearly
didn't want to go there. lt was a failing
school, and a school failing the
community. Then Elaine Atkins was
appointed head teacher. 1 So
how has she achieved the impossible?
'lt actually wasn't that difficult,' says
Elaine with her usual modesty. 'The
school was in such a bad state that completely.' She told them some o~
no one - not the parents, not the things which she wanted to change
students, not the teachers - valued put some key issues to the vote.
anything about it. That made it much ' 3 I said: "If I introduce a
easier for an outsider to come in and school uniform, will you support mE
say, " 2 We're going to do it The vast majority said they would.'
differently." And I did have a lot of Elaine believes in things like sch
help too.' uniforms. 'lt's all about creating an
One of the first things Elaine did was environment where there's discip
call a meeting of all the students, staff and a sense of pride. When I took
and parents. 'Not all of them came, of over, Abbot Hill was out of contro
course, but it was actually very well Children were being bullied, and
attended. That's when I realised I had a one stopped the bullies. 4
chance. They hadn't given up A uniform is a symbol that there a:
 Focus on FCE: Reading Part 2
3 Read the article again. Seven sentences have been removed from t he art icle. Choose from t he
sentences A-H t he one which fits each gap ( 1-7).
A No, we're not going to do it like that anymorc.
B The teacher has to be in control.
C There were actually many occasions when I thought I'd never succeed in changing the
school.
D I wanted them to feel they were part of what was going to happen .
E I have a great time while I'm here, and I know it's teaching me loads of things l need.
F They can choose from sports, aerobics, photography, pottery, drama, dance classes.
G Today, the main problem she faces is a waiting list of parents who are desperate to get their
children into the school.
H The students thought they could get away with anything.

its and that we're all part of the same

~ine is convinced that discipline is central
students' learning. 'How can they learn
vthing if there's chaos in the classroom?
4 Use words or phrases from t he whole article to
complete t he defi nitio ns. You've been given the
fi rst lette r to help you.
I If everyone at school wears a s H • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • H H.

5 We've managed to bring that back LL ............................. , they all wear the same clothes.
Abbot Hill, and it's clearly working. 2 If you are b..............................., other children often
;;dents are now leaving the school with make fun of you or even hit you.
qualifications they need. That never 3 People who have q............................... have passed
ppened before. Of course, some students exams and have received certificates.
get in trouble. Children always will. But
4 If you are i.......... H ..... ..... H .. t................ ..... , you are
y know what the rules are, and they know
going to be punished for doing something
v'll be enforced. There's much less wrong.
5 If something is c............................. , you have to do it.
s not all about punishment and discipline,
6 On s............................... !............................... ,you go with your
ugh. Elaine has also introduced a large classmates to visit places like parks and
mber of after-class activities. 'Everyone museums.
ll'Sed to go home after the last lesson. Now,
re are a huge number of things which the
dents can choose from. None of them are Did you enjoy reading t his article?
rnpulsory, so the students don't feel Did you learn anything? Why? I W hy not?
y're being forced to do them. 6
u name it - we offer it! We also have
I wondered what the students thought of their head
!!!'gUlar school trips, which are educational
teacher and the things which she' d done. Sharon Tucker,
d a lot of fun. Some parents come on
'Em too, and that's a great way for us all to
16, who I met outside the school gates, summed up the
mood of all the students: 'I used to hate coming to this
• to know each other better. I've always
school. I dreaded it every single morning. Now, I look
·eved that the better you know someone,
forward to coming. 7 Mrs Atkins has changed all
easier it is to work together.'
our lives. We owe her a lot.'
.
>
Ql

:s
u
C)
c:
E
10
Relative clauses
Ql

~
.r:
. . ,r> Look at Grammar database pages 182-183 before you do the exercises.
....
I Read the sentences from the article on pages 96 and 97.
Decide if statements a and b are true (T) or false (F).
1 I wondered what the students thought of their h ead teacher and
the things which she'd done .
a Witho ut the words in italics, the sentence makes complete sense.
b We cou ld replace which with that.
2 We also have regular school trips, which are educational and a lot
offun.
a With oul the words in italics, the sentence makes complete sense.
b We could replace which w ith that.
Read through the article again and underline all the examples of 'which' and
'who'. Decide whether they are like sentence I o r sentence 2 above.

2 Choose the correct option in each 3 Correct the sentences that have mistakes in them.
sentence. One sentence has no mistakes. Which one?
1 The students ........................ had finished I My dad who went to the same school as me
were allowed to leave. remembers all the teachers.
a whose b who c whom 2 My favourite subject, that we have twice a week, is
chemistry.
2 Our school, ............ opened in
1975, has about 2,000 pupils. 3 We had a lesson last week that we all found
interesting, which almost never happens!
a that b which c who
4 Mrs Edwards, who she teaches us German, is vef)
3 I went to school in Germany, strict, which I don't like .
..................... I was born.
5 The only teacher that I don't like is Mr Leech that
a when b where c whkh teaches us geography.
4 The school ............................... my parents 6 Room 7C is the on e that we have our maths Jesson'
went to has been knocked down.
a whose b that c whom 4 Connect the sentences using which, who, where, whose,
5 My favourite teacher is Mrs Woods, or when.
............................... husband is also a teacher. 1 My school is quite big. Tt is very modern.
a whose b that c which 2 The new girl at our school is very friendly. She live
round the corner from me.
6 Any student ............................... in the school
play shouJd contact Mr Butler. 3 Our teacher told us we were having a test the next
day. It shocked us.
a whkh b whose c who's
4 1 grew up in Manchester. I went to school there.
5 We had our exams in June. I was ill that month.
6 That's Hannah Brown. Her brother's in the same cla
as me .

...............................................................................................................................................................................................- ...................................................................................................., ...._ _=

 Phrasal verbs with over
3 Phrasal verbs with over often have
meanings connected t o movement or
Match the words and phrases in the box with the control. Choose the correct option.
correct definitions. I A car almost ........ ......... ... our cat just
o utside our house. Luckily, she was okay.
suspend • play truant • lesson • break up
a ran over b got over c took over
prefect • t erm • expel • subject
2 Our teacher was very ill but she finally
1 a period of time (often 45 m inutes) ........................... it and came back to school.
when students learn in a classroom
a took over b got over c looked over
1 .............................. miss school without permission or
without a good reason 3 Why don't you ............ ........... .... to our house
for dinner tomorrow?
3 a period of time (often 3 m onths)
when a school is open a bring over b look over c come over
start a sd1ool holiday, such as the 4 Mrs Riley had to leave th e classroom so
Christmas holiday she asked another teacher to ............................... .
5 ............................... tell a student they can't come to school a go over b look over c take over
for a short time because they did
something wrong 5 If you .......... .. ............. the page, you'll see the
answers.
6 something you study at school, such as
maths, French, etc a turn over b pass over c put over
a student who is given extra
responsibility for making sure other
students obey the rules Magic metaphors ~
tell a student they can't come to school
ever again because they did something 4 When we talk about the mind.
wrong we sometimes t hink of it as a container,
like a box. Complete the sentences
with the phrases from the box.
2 Complete the sentences using the correct form of
the words in the box in exercise I. in your mind • at the back of my min~
. Nick is having problems in history so he's having filled with • an open mind • out of my mmd
extra ............................... .
1 What picture do you have ............................ .
~ My cousin was caught .............................. and got i.nto a lot if 1 say 'summer holiday'?
of trouble.
2 I've been studying really hard and I
3 They usually choose older students to be feel like my mind is ........ .................... facts
and figures.
~ We have exams at the end of every ............................... and
at the end of the year. 3 1 heard a song on the radio this
morning and I can't get it ............................. ·
5 My brother was ............................... for two days for
4 When you meet people from other
fighting in the playground. countries, it's important to keep
6 They . ..... .... ........... a student last week for stealing
from other students' bags. 5 I like our h istory teacher, but I've got
- I can't wait until we ................... ..... next week for the a feeling .......................... that she doesn't
summer holidays! really like me.
It's difficult to choose a favourite ............................... , but I
quite like computer science.

~-- ................................................................................................................................................................................................................,.....................................................................................................
 01
...>
:s
u
Focus on FCE: Listening Part 3
t1l
c Listening
·-
c...
You are going to listen to five
2 Listen to five people talking about a school. For
10
01
......
questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-F) what each
people talking about a school.
01 person says about the school. Use the letters only once.
.c Before you listen, talk about what
.... the people might mention.
There is one extra letter you do not need to use.
A This sd1ool doesn't have such
The h ead teacher: exam results?
good sports teams. Speaker 1
achievements?
B Someone is planning to leave
A p upil: lessons? favourite teachers?
the school. Speaker 2
A teacher: students? lessons?
c Pupils don't have to do too much
The caretaker: cleaning? damage? work at home. Speaker 3
A parent: exam results? their child? D This schooJ doesn't cover modern
subjects much . Speaker 4
E People contact me when they have
a problem. Speaker 5
F Tllis school is better than a lot of others.

Focus on FCE: Speal<ing Part 3

Speaking
2 In pairs, do the task. Use the phrases fro,.
I

•
= Complete the phrases using the words in t he box.

out • as • second • least • of • as

X is not .......................... useful ........................... Y because .. .

exercise I to help you make suggestions

• How useful do you think these things would be?

• Which three would you recommend?
• The nwst useful ........................... all is Z because .. .
• ........................ of these ideas, X is most u seful
because .. . f~q
~ ~-}
· ,u-....... ..,~
5Ir7iil-1
• After X, Y is the ........... ...... ..... best idea beca use .. . computer lab

~I
~--...,_
• Z is probably the ........................... usefuJ idea because .. .

stress (I)
Read the phrases bel .
y~u think are stresse~7h:nd decide which words
listen and check. most. Underline them.
As far as I' n1 concerned
In my opinion ' · ·.

1
If you ask me ' ...
To my mind ' . . . !10me education
Fr , ... IS a great idea.
om my point of view, ...

See Speaking database on page 158.

......................................................................................................................................... ..............................................._ , _ , , ....................................................................................... --~

Use of English Focus on FCE: Use of English Part I
elative pronouns 3 For questions 1- 10, read the text below and decide which
and prepositions answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at
the beginning (0).
Look at Grammar
database page 183
before you do the
exercises.
Match to make What would you do if your teacher said you
complete sentences. could either stay to have your (0) ..../~S.P..r!..... or
you could go home? Well. just imagine a
I They had corporal
school where attendance wasn't .
pu nishment at the
(1 ) .............................. at all! In Suffolk, in the United
chool which Kingdom. that school (2) ............................ ·
2 The day which my dad Summerhill School was founded in 1921 by a
left school
3 Yesterday I saw the old
man called A~;~~ee~:~~:~f~~~b~!~s many children have at school and he
head teacher of the b~jj·~~~-d..~h~t the only solution was to give (4) ............................. complete
school where freedom.
. (S) at all to attend
4 Our schoo l is throwing Children at Summerhtll are under no .
........ .Oft~·~ -~.hey come from
a big party, to wh ich lessons. Most of them do, (6) ............................... · '
- The day when my dad schools at (7) ............................... they were unhappy a~d th gh they settle
8 .................. to do any work at all. After a wht _ e, ou . ' .
met my mum ( ) ............ 11 d ·de that attending lessons IS more mterestmg.
down and usua Y ec1 .
Every year, we have a I thing about Summerhill is the weekly meettng. All
school play, which The ohther undusstu~dents decide the school rules democratically, with one
teac ers an ) about a
ach If a student wants to (10 ...... ......................
a my mum and dad (9) .............. ................ e · b t a student's bad
went. teacher or a teacher wants to tell eve~yone a ou
behaviour, they can do so in the meeting.
b was the school Sports
Life at Summerhill is full of all kinds of challenges, but most of the people
Day.
there agree that it's a very special place.
c my parents went to.
d all parents are invited
lO. 0 A subject 8 work C lesson D timetable
e all parents arc invited. 1 A necessa ry B compulsory C needed D fo rced
f on was his sixteenth 2 A is B runs C exists D opens
birthday.
3 A interested B concentrated C expert D aware
4 A them 8 these C those D their
5 A stress B rules C pressure D control
Word patterns 6 A although B however C yet D despite
7 A that B there C where D which
2 Complete these phrases
with the correct 8 A refuse B object C deny D oppose
preposition. 9 A choice 8 vote C COUnt D decision
1 fond ...... 5 refer ...... 10 A refer B mention C discuss D compla in
2 keen ...... 6 complain ..
3 aware ...... 7 interested ...... 4 W hat do you think of Summerhill School? Would you like to go to a
4 concentrate ...... school like that?
 Ql
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~
~ Writing
.:c us on FCE: Anj""'Y, aparT fr•"' tha4 I wanted h a.sk!'" (vY a fv."'"'
...10 We Ye Joitt!J a pY'ojed at .s&Jtoof OH eJucafum itt Jifferent
An informal letter/email
! countf'ie.s. /.s there any dtanceyou could!Jive me .some
:= '""'V inRead ;,(vyn<a/iqn about)''"' &JJU•/Yj? Yo" know, what ki>rd of
Ql

Write~~
theabout · f ~rmal letters/ emails
before you do thatabase. on page 154 ,cJ,.o/syou hao<, when)'"" We "'""'~
that surf ofthi•J
page. e exercises on this
rhan!<D.
~ot to !JO (yes, muY'e homewuY'k!}.
Read this writing task W
letter be informal? . hy should your Love,

the l'ducatiOJl"'l . om~ a class project on

Your rcn-fricnd is d .
c. system 111 diff
coumril's She 1 crent Andrea
· f · 1as asked y l r
Ul orrnation ab < u or some
f out your count R
rom your pen-friend's 1 ry. ead this extract
you have made to w . . ctter and use the notcs
letter ol het ween 12r0nc your letter. Write a
, and 150 d
use grammatically corr 'et wor s. You must
<,pelli_ng and punctuati<~n. sen tenccs with accura te
the snuation. Do not w . m a style appropriate for
me any addresses.

Working model

r
2 Read the answer to the w .. Decide if the statements are true (T)
by a French student. nttng task written
or false (F).
The writer has includ
information he had to.ed all the
~e01.v Av..J..ve0\1
"'\Y.OI.V..~S -l!ov yov..v \e\+ev\ 1-\ow w01.S yov..v V"'vty? 2 l ie has used an .m rorrnal tone
'fov.. 01.s~eJ.. 01.'oov..\- t-\.\e eJ..v..c"'\-\ov.."'l sys\-e~M 3 He didn ' t need to use .

\.\eve. We\\ , IMOS\- reor\e \-O v..v..vsevy sc\.\oo\ ~0 4

paragraphs in an inform 11
H, k a etter.
oet-weev.. 2. "'"'J.. ' ye01.vs o\J... I wev..\- w\.\ev.. I w01.S 4 c .as s his friend about
"'"'J.. I \oveJ.. it-\ "'\Y.ev.., ' ov..w"'vJ..s, .{!vo~M is eJ..v..cD~.\-\ov.. a piece of news to beg·Ill.
co~Mrv..\sovy "'"'J.. evevyov..e \-o sc\.\oo\. ~oes l'vi.~MD~.V'/
-rY-e sc\.\oo\s 01.ve v..sv.."'\\'1 qv..i\-e s\N\0\\\ "'"'J.. yov.. s\-"''1
\-\.\eve v..v..\-\\ yov..'ve \0.
fvo~M\ \ \-o \4, we ~o
\-o secov..J.."'Y'f sc\.\oo\. At- \S",
we lo"\<Ne \-0 0\\\0\-\.\ev sc\.\oo\ - 0\ oi.\- sev..iov iv.. \i~e \.\1.~\.\
AtAevi.CO\. We s\-01.'/ \-\.\eve tt\\ \ 8' 0\\\J,. \-\.\ev.. ei.t-\.\ev ~e\-
0\jo'o ov ~o \-o v..v..i.vevsity.
We \-01.~e e;.~ery ye"'v -ov..t- \-\.\e
e,.:01.V'\S 01.\- sc\.\oo\
veO\\\yi~MfOv\-OI.v..\- ov..es co~Me 01.\- \-\.\e "'~e o-l! \ 8'. 'fov..
\.\01.Ve \-o ~e\- ~ooJ.. ~v01.J..es \-o ~e\- iv..\-o 1.\v..ivevsi.ty.
I \.\01.Ve \-o ~o s\.\offi.~ wit-\.\ ~M'/ ~MV..IM v..ow. I \.\ore
\-\.-.01.\- w01.S v..se.{!v..\1 Wvi\-e soov..\.

Bes+- wis\.\es,
p"'v..\

~-- ..............................-.......................................................................-·-································ ·····-····················--·- - - - ···- ··················· ........................................................

 Cll
...>
:s
Ready to write! ...~t>- Now write! u
c:n
Complete the passage using the words and phrases in the box. 6 You are now ready to write c:
c:
your letter to your pen-friend. :;
secondary • sixth form • senior high • primary Use informal language. Include ~
elementary • junior high • nursery all the information you have to. ~
...
Education systems in Britain and America . .ue> Check it out!
Britain and America have different education systems. In both
7 Check your work. Tick
what you have done.
countries, most children go to (1) ............................... school (or
kindergarten) between the ages of 3 and 5. Then, in Britain, they start
2) ......... ... ................. school, where they stay until they are 11 . This is
followed by (3) ............................... school until age 16. If they stay at
school, they go into the (4) .............................. until they are 18. Sometimes,
this means going to a special college. 0
In America, children go to (5) ............................... school from 5 to 11. Then,
they go to middle school (also called (6) ............................... school) until
age 14. From 15-18, American children attend high school (sometimes
called (7) ............................... school).

0
You are going to answer the writing taskl ab~u~ ~~~r 0
5 I t this paragraph plan. oo a
country. C omp e e e what you have written
model to help you. Then compar .
to what the other students have wntten. 0
what 1am !JOiiii!J to i11tlude 0
Dear ............................... ,
opening greeting
say hello, ask about ...............,...... . Can you answer these
short opening paragraph
questions? If you can't
. ·· ·~ · ·" ..... .. . .. ............ -·~ ······
remember, look through the
second paragraph ,_. ............................ unit for the answers.
-·········· .. ... ...... ·· ····· ·········
I What do the children at
............ .............. .... ······· Abbot Hill School wear
third paragraph ····· ········
······················ now?
2 Which of these is correct?
................................................ ................................ school journey school trip
fourth paragraph ....................... school excursion
... ..... '" .............. ..
.... ... .
3 When a relative clause just
...,......... ........... . .. ..................... gives us extra information,
reason for dosing letter do we use commas or not?
.., ........... ..... . ...., .......,.. ..,....................
4 What do you not do if you
......................... ........ .... .. . ................................ 'play truant'?
closing phrase .. . ....................~ ..······ 5 What is unusual about
···································
Summcrhill School in the
...........................................~.......... _........................... UK?
my name
...... ............. ..... ······· .... ..~ ..~···-" " ' . ..................

pc-- ........................... ...... .............................................................................................. ...................................................... _ ............................ ................................................................ ................................

 ~rt
• ~ ~ •. . I "(,,~ '

; •• ' I \

Startthinldng!
In this unit, we are How important is keeping fit?
going to read about What do people do to keep fit?
different gyms, How useful are these activities?
listen to someone on
a diet, speak about
health, write a
report and study
Reading
result clauses. I Read t his article from a local magazine.
Which gym would you prefer to go to?

Are you as fit as you could be? Most

of us know that we should get more
exercise, but we're not sure how to
do it. There are plenty of gyms in
this area, so you're sure to find one
that suits you. Sue Roberts reports.

A Jimls Gym
Jim's Gym is on the edge of town, on the 517 bus route. The first
thing you notice is that it's very modern and very friendly. With
special membership fees for children, you won't spend a fortune
when you work out, although the swimming pool and sauna cost
extra. With your personal trainer watching your every move, you
can be confident that you're in safe hands. The gym can get so
busy that you have to wait, so make sure you arrive early,
especially for the more popular equipment such as the weights.
Jim's no longer offers aerobics classes, which were not popular
enough, but the trainers are available to give free advice to
members on their training programme. Open: Weekdays 8am-
4pm and Saturdays 8am-9pm.
B Gymworld
If you're looking for a simple, basic service, then Gymworldmay
just be the place for you. Although it's a little difficult to get to
for those without a car, Gymworld has everything you need to
build up your muscles. The emphasis here is on body building, so
don't expect advice about a healthy diet or beauty treatment to
go with your workout. Beginners might find it a bit difficult. s -
there are very few members of staff. The trainers are good
enough to help beginners, but they're not as well trained as t-~
employees in some other places. The annual membership fee s
quite cheap at € 120 with no extras, but if it's expert advice 1 ~­
want to get you started, then Gymworld offers such a basic
service that it might not be the best for you. Open: 8am-7.30p.-
daily, except Sundays.
C Fit for Life
Fit for Life is much more than just a gym. Of course, there's a
usual equipment, but Fit for Life's manager, Tracy Nolan, belie.~
that fitness is about more than just strong muscles and a flat
stomach. The snack bar serves healthy food, including a good
range of vegetarian meals, and after exercising you can visit ::-.
looks for life room to have your hair and nails done. lt's not
cheap, the fee is € 230 per year, but everything is included. lre
one drawback we fou nd was that you are often left on your o
to exercise, which could be dangerous for those without mucr
experience. Open· 9am-3pm Mon-Fri, 10am-4pm Sat·Sun.

0 ·---------------·------···-....._...................._.
 ..
·~
en
Look t hrough the article again to find the Focus on FCE: Reading Part 3 c
answers to t he questions. Don't read the
-..::
.s::.
passage in detail. 3 Read the article again. Fo r questions 1- 10, .2'
u.
Which gyms are closed on Sundays? choose from the gyms (A-E). The gyms may
be chosen more than once.
- How much is membershlp of Fit for Life? Which gym(s) w ould you recommen d for
son1eon e w h o:
How much is membership of Fighting Fit? wants to be guided by an expcn? 1 ..... ... 2 __ ....
doesn 't want to pay any extra? 3 ......... 4 ......
~ Who is the manager of Fit for Life? can only exercise
on Sunday morn ings? 5 ......... 6 .... _..
- Which gym is open at 7pm on wants to use public transport? 7 ......... 8 .........
Wednesdays? ...............................
wants tO do some ae robics? 9 .........
wants some beauty treatmen t? 10 ........

4 Use words or phrases from the article to

0 Jnterfit
~: € 250 a year, lnterfitwas the most expensive gym we
ooked at. For your money, you can use the gym as often as
'00 like, but we were surprised to find that you have to pay
.. use the showers. As well as being the most expensive, it
:as also the noisiest. If you like a little peace and quiet
ttile you're working out, then you won't like the constant
ood music coming from the aerobics classes. The
~"Tlosphere is friendly and professional, and since they don't
i!. low you to exercise without a member of staff guiding
iOU, there's no need to worry, even if you haven't done it
:efore. They also insist on your having a doctor's certificate
:')prove that you're healthy before you can join. Open: 8am-
5om every day.
E Fighting Fit
'"he philosophy behind Fighting Fit seems to be 'keep it
:"Tlall'. lt's run by husband-and-wife team nna and Joe Long,
.nich gives it a friendly feel, but it might be nice if they had
a few extra trainers as well. The building is so small that
..,ere isn't room for a huge amount of equipment, but what
""'ey have is in good condition. Only five minutes from the
.:'lderground, Fighting Fit is a great place for working people
.ho want to do a little exercise during their lunch break. We
~ought it was too expensive for the service (€ 190),
:Jarticularly since coffee is another euro per cup, and nna
Mid Joe don't have any formal training qualifications.
-towever; for those of you who want the personal touch,
=ighting Fit might be a good choice. Open: varies, but usually
9.30am-4.30pm Mon-Fri.
complete the sentences. You've been given
t he fi rst letter to help you.
1 I really want to get i .................... .
s............................... , so I've started goin g to a
gym twice a week.
2 You have to be very careful when you
w .............................. 0 ......... .................... because it's easy
to inj ure yourself.
3 Man y fa mous people have rb eir own
p ersonal t............................... who advises them
on th eir fitn ess.
My mum's started going to a ...............................
c............................... to get fit and she likes
meeting all the other women there .
5 I'm not used to a lot of ('XCrcise, so m y
m ............................... start to hurt when I play too
m uch sport.
6 If you do b ...... ............... ........ b.............................. , you
h ave to work V<..'ry hard to get ready for
sh ows and competitions.
Did you enjoy readi ng t his art icle?
Did yo u learn anything? Why? / Why not ?
 ..
u:
C7)
c 3 Complete each sentence so that it
+=
.r::. means the same as the first sentence .
C7)
Use t he words given without changing
u: Result clauses
t hem. Use no more than five words .
..,..,!> Look at Grammar database pages 183-184 1 Fried food is very unhealthy, wh ich
before you do the exercises. means it can lead to n heart attack.
so
Fried food ............................................................ it can
Read the extracts from the article on pages I 04 Jead 10 a heart attack.
and I 05 and decide if the statements are t rue
2 Some people take so many pills that it
(T) or false (F). must be bad for them.
The gym can get so busy that you have such
to wait ... Some people take
The trainers are good enough to help ..... that it must be
beginners ... bad for them.
Gymworld offers such a basic service that it might 3 My grandma is too ill to leave the
nm be the best for you . house.
We thought it was too expensive for the service ... enough
1 So can be followed by an adjective My grandma ................... ........ .... ..................... to
and a that clallse. leave the ho use.
2 E11ough is (o11owed by an adje(1ive 4 Lots of people in Africa have AIDS.
or adverb. so
3 Such is used in exactly the same way as so. There .............................................. .............. people in
4 Too is followed by an adjective Africa who have AJDS.
or an adverb. 5 I'm so clumsy that I couldn't be a
surgeon.
too
2 Choose the correct option. I' m ........ ................................................ a surgeon.
1 J' m .............................. unfit that my doctor told me to join
a gym.
a so b such c enough
2 With a lot of training, I m ight be fit ............................. to
run the marathon next ye ar!
a too b so c enough
3 My cousin has had ... .......................... a lo t of time off w o rk
because of illness!
a so b such c enough
4 I need to go on a diet because I've been eating
......... .................. much fast food recently.
a such b too c enough 4 Use the words in the box to make t rue
5 The Jocal gym is ............................... a popular place that it 's sentences about yourself as in the
always very busy. example.
a so b enough c st1ch
so • such • too • enough
6 Membership of a gym is . . . .. expensive that r
can 't really afford it. lam so good at maths that I always get 20
a su eh b so c too out of20.

Sfiffj). . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 Medicine and health
Match the words in the box with the correct definitions.

prescription • diagnosis • allergy • cure • symptom

surgery • GP • injection

I .... ..................... .. a sign such as spots or a cough that shows

you are i11
2 ........................... . a general practitioner, a kind of general
doctor you see when you think you are ill
3 ... ...................... a doctor's office
4 .. .......................... a piece of paper a doctor gi.vcs you which
you take to a chemist to get the right
medicine
5 ... .......................... a doctor's opinion of what is wrong with you
6 ........ ................ a remedy or treatment
7 .... ......................... the a<.1ion of putting medicine into your
body using a syringe
8 ........................... a medical concHtion where your body reacts
badly to some things you eat, breathe, etc
Magic metaphors
When we talk about problems,
Collocations: make I do we sometimes use words or
phrases that have a connection
Complete the phrases using either make or do.
with illness. Complete the
............................ a n appoin tment .......................... your ho mework sentences with the words and
...................... .... a complaim ................. th e bed phrases from the box.
.............. ............ som e exercise ............................ frie nds headache • unhealthy. recover
......... .................. th e h ouse wor k ............................ a mistake get over
............................ a noise ............................ sure
................. . ..... up you r mind I Samantha's been having a few
.................. ....... well at someth ing problems at school lately, but
..................... .... your best .......................... a decision she should .............................. them
...... ..................... a fuss .......................... an effo rr before her exams .
.......................... a m ess ......................... you good 2 Trying to organise a wedding is
............................ a phone ca ll a real ............................ ! There arc
......................... money
just so many problems 10 deal
...... ........... ..... the washing-up ............................ the shopping wilh .
.......................... a suggestion ......................... a meal 3 The company is in a(n)
............................. financial situation
and it .doesn't look like things
3 Write sentences with three of the phrases from are gomg to get any hetter.
exercise 2. Compare your sentences with the other 4 It took me a long tim e to
students'. ............................. from failing my
exams, but in the end I decided
ro take them again .

...................................................................................................................................................................................~ ....................................................................................................................................
 Listen in s p
Listen t o an interview with a woman Read this question and the answer given by one
who is on a diet. Decide whether student. Complete the passage using the words
each statement is true (T) o r false (F). and phrases in the box.
1 Judy th inks that she is too fat. .......... 'Do you think we are healthier today than people were
fifty years ago?'
2 Judy can eat fast food during th e
diel. .......... Of course • so • To begin with • but • Secondly
For example
3 Judy has to think about different
types of food . ........
Yes, I t-1--.iY~'¥:. we oo.ve . ..............................., we 1--.owe "' bet-+-e v-
4 Judy gets poims when she doesn 't .A'iet-. ............. ............... , ""'os+- people +-~ese .A"'ys e"'+- ""'ov-e
eat something .... -Pvv.'it- "'".A ve~et-"'bles t-1--."'" people .A'i.A .Pt.P+-y ye"'vs "'~'
................... , we "'lso e"'+- '-"\ove .P"'s+- .Poo.A, .........................
BeY~ev"'lly I t-1--.i\\\:. ov.v .Ate+- ts bet-rev. ................... ........ ,
Focus on FCE: Listening Part 4 .Aoc+ovs 1--."'ve le"'vY~e.A 1--.ow t-o cv.ve '-"\ove illY~esses,
......... .... .. ........ we llve loY~Bev. Yes, we've .Ae.P'iY~it-ely
2 Listen again. For questions 1-5, choose 1-\eO\lt-1--.'iev t-1--."'" people weve ~i~+-y ye"'vs "'~o.
the best answer (A, B or C).
l Judy started the diet after
Focus on FCE: Speaking Part 4
A she realised she had to lose weight.
B she decided she needed more 2 In pairs, talk about the following questions.
energy. Use the phrases from exercise I to help you.
C someone at a gym recommended it. • Do you think we are healthier today ~~
than people were fifty years ago? '"''..--
2 With the diet, you need to
• What are the main health problems young
A know some facts about what you people face?
cat.
• Do you think all medical care should be free?
B understand that chips are bad for
you. • What is a healthy diet?
C learn that junk food makes you fat. Teenagers face many hea
I can see that there are problems, including ...
3 Judy says we should cat arguments on both sides. As far
A more fruit and vegetables. as I'm concerned, ...
From what I've hearc
B all types of food. I think people need _
C more fatty foods. Absolutely Yes. People today ...
4 Cream is in
A the 'Enjoyment' group. 1arl, I 'J!I and lu:
B the same group as pasta.
C the same group as eggs. Look at the vowel sounds that are unde~lineddi·~ ~
5 How many points does Judy try to get
words. In each group of four, one word. as a ' :l'le<:L
vowel sound. Circle the odd one out. Usten and
each day?
fat f.ather can't
A five 1 car
;word court bgred
B nine 2 wQid
look tQQ. shQQ.l
C ten 3 bQQ.1

See Speaking database on page 158.

_£)... . .... . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
 Use of English Word patterns
Infinitives of purpose 2 Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
You may need to change the form of the words.
_,f> Look at Grammar database page 185
before you do the exercises. object · approve · prevent • capable · congratu late
afraid • succeed • manage

I Rewrite the sentences using the phrase
in bold. The first one has been done as
an example.
1 1 thought l should ask the doctor abom
going on a diet so I went to the surgery.
in order
I went to the sur,qery in order to ask about
going on a diet.
2 1 had to lose some weight, so I went on
a strict diet. in order
3 She doesn't want to get ilL so my mum
takes vitamin tablets. in order
4 Because they want to keep fit, many
people take up sports. so as
5 J want t o stay healthy, so I try to eat
lots of fruit. in order
6 1 didn 't w ant to catch a cold, so I wore a
warm coat an d a scarf. in order
l Some people don' t ........ ......... of sm oki ng because
it's bad for yo ur hea lth .
2 When you're seriously ill, you're not r eally
work ing.
............................. o(
3 If they ............................... to fin d a cure for cancer, it'll be a
great discovery.
4 Some people believe th at eating garlic can h elp
... .... ................... you from getting ill.
5 We rang my brother to ............................... him on passing
his medical degree.
6 In order to ······················-······· in becoming a doctor, you
need to work very hard.
7 If 1 was a doctor, I'd constantly be ............................... of
catching som ething from m y patients!
8 Dr Frankcnstein was surprised to discover that
some people ............................... to h is medical experiments.
3 Choose three of the words and write sentences.
Compare your sentences with the other students'.

Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 2

4 For questions 1-1 0, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap.
Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers
IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
What do you do when you're ill? You probably call your doctor, (0) .W..t!.Q examines
you, makes a diagnosis and then gives you (1) ._......- .. prescription. These days, more
and more people are asking themselves (2) .. .. this is the best way of dealing with
illness. They object (3) taking too many pills and look around in (4) . . to
find other cures.
Most cultures practise some form (5) .... ... ... . traditional medicine. This is often based
(6) ........... . ·- . plants, or other natural ingredients. They are usually prepared in some way
(7) ...... . .. as to make them more effective, for example by drying them and making
them (8) ·- ... . . . _ . a powder.
The Chinese. in particular, have a large number of traditional medical techniques. One of them is
acupuncture, (9) .. ................... involves sticking needles into the patient! lt might sound a little strange, but many people
have used acupuncture for everything (10) .. . .. giving up smoking to dealing with pain.
So, the next time you're ill, maybe you should look for an alternative before you send for the doctor!
 ..
·u::

!
~
tl'l
Writing l' 2 lt's important to t hink about the purpose of your writing. Mater
the types of writing to t he purposes for w riting.
·u:: Focus on FCE: A re port
1 story .........
'"'.JV Read about reports in the 2 repon .........
Writer's database on page
151 before you do the 3 review .........
exercises on this page. 4 letter of appUcation .........
5 informal lctter/cmail .........
I Read this writing task. Who 6 formal lcttcr/cmail .
is going to read your report? 7 essay .........
8 article
You work for a local tourist
otfice and your manager has a to be offered a job or to get an interview for a job
asked you to writ<-' a report b to exchange information with someone you don't know we.
on health fadlities in the or someone in a position of autho rity
area. TI1e report will be used
to produce a leaflet ror c to interest the reader by giving your opin ion abou t a book
tourists coming to your area. you've read, film you've seen, place you ' ve visiled, etc
d to entertain and inform your readers by writin g on a subj ect
Write a report of between th at will interest them
120 and 180 words in an e to p resent information and recommendations in a clear. we -
appropriatl' style. organised and formal way
f to entertain your readers wi1h interesting descriptions and
Working model characters
g to gossip and swap news or information in a friendly, chatt) ,,
3 Read the answer to the
h to present an argument in a dear, logical way
writing task.

To: My maHajer Westford Eye CliHtc

From: Me
Suhjed: Whatyou asked me to do
IHfroJudioH
As re'fue.stet{ I have doHe some research iHfiJ
health facilities iH this area. There is a hospita~
an eye dinit; anda larye Humher ofdoctors'
SUYjeYies. This is very!fOOt/for SuCh a Small towH.
Westford Hospital
Westford Hospital is modern, with heds for ahout
~000.1atieHI:.s. They deal with tiiHesses aHd
auicfmt.s, althouih people who are seriously t11 are
moved to PentoH/iel"" twenty mt1es away. Tourists
are treated at the hospitalfor free.
Westford ha.s very!foodfacikties for eyeprohlems.
The ey_e cftnit; takes t.atieHI:.s from allover the worM
aHd the dodors an"dsuryetms are very hi_gh!J
tn:uned lt is uHiikely that tourists wou!tl Heed the
eye cltnic.
Dodors' su0eries
There are ahout thtrly 4Ps' suryeries in Westfon:l.
Thex deal with minor iiiHesses aHdaccideHts. Most
ofthem charye for treafinj people who are Hot lo&a.
residmts.
CoHdusioH
In amdusion, it is dear that Westford ha.s excelleY-i
meditalfacilities for a small towH. Tourists are
welcome at the hospital aHdo/.e dim4 althoU!Jh
they m'9' have to pay to see a local 4P.

4 This report was written by Sharon Gilmore. Her manager is Elizabeth Watson. Correct

0 . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... ...... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .-.. . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

the first part of the report.
 Decide if the statements about the report on . ..,l'> Now write!
page I I 0 are true (T) or false (F). 8 You are now ready to write your report
for your manager. Use formal language.
1 The language used is generally informal. 0 Keep your purpose in mind.
2 Ead1 paragraph has its own heading.
3 It presents inJonnaUon in a clea r way. .. . r> Check it out!
9 Check your work.
- Ready to write! Tick what you have done.
Look at this writing task. Who is going to read your
report?

You work for a sports

shop and the manager
is thinking of starting a
new gym. He has asked
you to write a report
on gym facilities in the
area. Your manager
wants to know what
you recommend.

Write a report of
between 120 and
180 words in an
appropriate style.

Make a plan of your answer. Use your imagination.

• How are you going to start your report? Can you answer these questionsl If
To: ..................................................................... you can't remember, look through the
From: ...................-........................................ unit for the answers.
subject: .................. ._. ................................ 1 Which phrasal verh mea ns
"'e I who have you spoken to in order to 'exercise'?
What have you do "
write your report? . 2 If something is 'too big', is that a
What is the name of the first gym you are going to wnte goocl thing or a bad thing?
•
about? 3 What does a doctor give you to
What are you going to say about it? . take to the chemist?
What is the name of the second gym you are gomg to 4 Which or these is wrong?
• do some exercise nzake a mistake
write about?
do a suggestion
What are you going to say about it? .
5 Which preposition do we use
What is the name of the third gym you are going to wnte
• with 'congratulate'?
about?
What are you going to say about it? .
What recommendations are you going to make m your
•
conclusion?
 Choose the correct option. Choose the correct option.
I I'm going to try to get ............................... shape before Lhe 1 Everybody ............................... meets
summer holidays. John thinks he's a really nice
A off B on C over D in person .
A who B which C whor:-
2 The doctor gave me a ............................. for some medicine for
my throat. 2 The Town Hall, ............. ............... was
A recipe B diagnosis C prescription D cure b uilt in 1875, has been
damaged in a fire.
3 Both my J)arents work in ...................... . .... education, teaching A who B that C whid
at a college.
A hjgher B greater C bigger D larger 3 This is the restaurant ..................
Peter took me on our first date
4 Maths is definitely my least favourite . .. ..................... . A which B that C whert:"
A lesson B term C subject D timetable
4 Everybody passed the test with
5 U you ever ............................... truant agrun, you'll be in big top marks, .. ...................... was a
trouble. little surprising.
A are B play C do Dma ke A which B that C who

6 I think the baby's ill. Maybe we should call the 5 Stan Laurel, ............................... partner
was Oliver Hardy, was born in
A PG BDC C GP D MA 1890.
A which B w h ose C whorr
7 A boy in my class was ............ ................. for three days for
fight ing.
A suspended B qualified C expelled D troubled Circle make or do to complete
the phrases.
8 Our school year is divided up into three
make/do a suggestion
1
A periods B stages C terms D halves
2 make/do the shopping
9 We're going on a school ............................... to a local museum 3 make/do a mess
next week.
4 make/do some exercise
A excursion B journey C travel D trip
5 make/do a mistake
10 Try not to get .......... .............. trouble so much this term! 6 make/do up your mind
A on B in C at D out 7 make/do friends
8 make/do a complainl
9 make/do you good
10 make/do a meal

f3 . . .... . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ..

 -·
~
0
c
~
:s
0
Complete the letter using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box. Circle the correct >-
preposition to go ~
0
get over • break up • take over • run over • work out with each word . .:c:
"'
Dear Kcll y, 1 capa ble of /on
Hi! 1 haven't heard from you for ages. How arc you? I 'm fine. We 2 complain in/about
1) ............................... for the Easter holidays last w eek so I decided to join a gym 3 approve to/of
a t last! I'm really out of shape and 1 wanted to start (2 ) ..................... ......... before 4 afraid on/of
:he summer comes.
5 concen trate to/on
The fi rst day at the gym was terrible, though ! I was almost
.3) ...... ... ..... by a car on my way there! J managed to jump out of the 6 aware abou t/of
way j ust in time but. I fell and hurt my ankle . J couldn ' t do any exercise 7 keen on/of
at a11! The trainer got som eone else to (4 ) ............................... h is aerobics class 8 succeed to/in
w hile he exam ined my ankle. H wasn 't broken, and I (5 ) ........................... . it in 9 prevent on /from
the e nd, but it was a bit frigh tening, I can tell you.
10 refe r in/to
Now I' m oH to the gym to try aga in. Take care and write soon.
Love,
Sandy

Complete the sentences using the correct
form of the phrases in exercise 5.
1 You sh ould put your car in the garage
overnight to ............................... it ..............................
getting stolen.
2 A n umber of customers .......... ............... the
service to the manager.
3 W ith aU th is nojse, I can't ............
my homework!
4 I remember being very ................... .......... t he
dark when I was little.
5 Who do you think the h ead teacher was
............................... when she said 'a star
student'?
6 B y now, most people must be ...............................
the damage that smoking can do.
7 Th.is m obile is ............... ............ running for a
month without you charging the battery!
8 My gran dparents don't ............................... young
people having a tattoo.
9 I don 't like toma toes mu ch, but 1 am
really ....... ...................... pizza - and that has
tomatoes on H !
10 I'd like to be a doctor, if I ...............................
getting into un iversity.
toll\S no.il <1111 tr~'\!M o~ -o
jd n I! daa)f ill?a1.6 S,ll?4!
Choose the correct option in each sentence.
I I can't wait until I'm old so/such/enough to ride a
motorbike.
2 My dad's so/such/too forgetful that sometimes he
can't find the car!
3 There were so/such/too many people at the party
that there was nowhere to dance.
4 Tommy is so/such/enough a good r unner that he
m ight be in the next Olympics!
5 M y grandparents have always wanted to live in
Spain but they're so/such/too old to do it now.
Complete the definitions w ith a word or phrase.
You have been given the first lett er to help.
1 If you have to do something, il is c............................... .
2 A doctor's office is called a s............................... .
3 A person who advises you about fitness is a
t. .............................. .
4 The parts of your body that give you strength a re
your m ............................... .
5 A degree, an MA and Cambridge First Certificate
are all examples of q ............................... .
jljOOlloljlOUI? lOj oUl!l S,l! <~qkew 0~ - lt Score:
oS.t~ jj.JO!S mo.( 11\0U.lf .<1Jl?3J nOA j3UOp J13M 09-IS

--------------@\
 Start thinking!
In this unit, we are Have you ever been to an art gallery?
going to read a Which of these works of a rt do you
story about an prefer? Why?
artist, listen to
people in an art Can you name any famo us artists?
gallery, speak Do you like to pai n t or dra w?
about our
interests, write a
review and study Reading ~
the causative.
I Quickly read the short story. Ignore
the gaps for now. Describe briefly
what happens.

it's a bit boring. A landscape? I could do the view of

'Sadie, you're creative; said Sadie's mum, handing her the
newspaper. 'Here's something that'll keep you busy for
five minutes:
'Why are you giving me the crossword, Mum?' said Sadie.
'You know I don't like crosswords:
'Not that; said her mum. 'This!'
Sadie's mum pointed to a small advertisement on the
same page as the crossword. Sadie read it aloud. 'Are you
an artist? Painting competition. Free entry. Open to all
amateur artists. The top fifty paintings received by
August 15th will be displayed at an exhibition in an art
gallery in London: Sadie sat there t hinking. 'Yeah,
maybe; she said at last, but her mind was racing. 'August
15th; she thought to herself. 'That gives me three weeks.
1 All my friends are on holiday. But what am I
going to paint?'
Sadie was too excited to sleep that night. 'I know I can
do a good picture if I really try; she thought. 'An art
gallery in London! Wouldn't that be great?' For hours, she
ran through the options. 'I'm not doing an abstract,
that's for sure. 2 It's got to be something with
detail. Astill life picture, like a bowl of fruit? Maybe, but
the hill from my bedroom window. No - it's got to be
something that will stand out. Something that
expresses real emotion. Something that shows that I
can paint: As Sadie finally drifted off to sleep, she
whispered the words to herself over and over again: 'A
portrait. I'm going to paint a portrait .. .'
Sadie got t o work. She had it all planned out. Base it
on a photograph. Do a sketch first. And then when she
was happy with that, do the full painting. She spent
hours each day up in her room. Whenever her mum
asked her how it was going, all she'd say was 'Fine:
When her mum asked her if she needed any help, all
she'd say was ' No thanks: When, two weeks later, the
painting was finished, and Sadie's mum said 'Can I s~
it now?' Sadie replied 'Not now. I'll send it off.
3 If I don't, then it's not worth seeing
anyway:
August 15th, August 16th and August 17th came and
went, and there was no news from the competition
judges. 'Don't worry, love; said Sadie's mum.
' 4 You'll hear one way or the other in ti me.
I've got my fingers crossed for you:
'Sadie!' shouted her mum, up the stairs. 'There's a
phone call for you!' It was September 5th, and Sadie
had convinced herself that her painting hadn't been
~,

: ~
•.l:··. .-.~-

.· -
 ~
u

Decide what each paragraph is about.

...
fO

Focus on FCE: Reading Part 2 c(

l Pa ragraph 1 ......... a working alone t

2 Paragraph 2 ......... b reading th e
3 Read the story again. Six sentences have
c(

been removed from the story. Choose from

advenisement
the sentences A-G the one which fits each
3 Paragraph 3 ......... c being at the event gap (1-6).There is one extra sentence which
4 Paragraph 4 ......... d not understanding you do not need to use.
5 Paragraph 5 ......... e trying to make A They mjght look good, but they don't show
Sadi.e feel better off your ta lent.
6 Paragraph 6 ......... f getting good news B It'll lake them a bit of time to choose the
- Paragraph 7 ......... g having different winners.
options C Sad ie's heart started beating faster than it
had ever beaten before.
D That's enough time. and l've got nothing
else to do.
E I always knew you were a gt·nius, Sadje.
F They were both nervous and needed to
collect their thoughts for a moment before
cntcrh1g.
G ll r win, you can come and see it at the
chosen. 'Who is it?' she asked came down exhibition.
the stairs. Her mum just handed her the phone.
'Hello?' said Sadie.
'Hello, is that Sadie Taggart?' said the voice at the
other end.
'Yes: said Sadie. 4 Match the words or phrases in the box with
'Hi Sadie; said the voice. 'I'm calling about the the correct definitions.
painting competition you entered: 5
'We've judged all the paintings now and I'm very creative· portrait • talent· art gallery • sketch
pleased to tell you that your painting has been work of art • genius • abstract
selected. I was one of the judges and, I have to
tell you, considering your age, I thought it was a 1 natural ability to do something
real work of art. Very well done! I do hope you'Ll well
be able to make it to London to the exhibition: 2 ............................... place where paintings, c1c are
displayed
Four weeks later, Sadie and her mum were 3 painting, etc of high quality
·······························
standing on the pavement outside the Shoreham
4 ............................... painting of a real person
Gallery. 6 While they were standing there
in silence, looking at each other, the front door 5 ............................... draw something quickly,
opened. A man came out. 'I recognise you: he said without adding a lot of detail
to Sadie's mum, smiling. 6 ······························· (of art) showing areas of
'Me? But we've never met before!' said Sadie's colour instead of objects or
mum with surprise. people
'Ah, but I've seen you before. In Sadie's picture. 7 ······························· person who is naturally
Yes, yes, a very good likeness. Very good indeed. extremely good at something
Do come in. Everyone's talking about Sadie's 8 ............................. having new ideas and a good
wonderful picture: imagination

Did you enjoy reading this story?

Did you learn anything? Why? I Why not?

....----------....-........................................................................................................................
..,.,
.:JJ.
c
u
t mistakes in them. One sentence has no
< mistakes. Which one?
The causative
.....,~ Look at Grammar database page 185 before you
do the exercises.
I Read this sentence and choose the correct
option.
My mum's .qoing to have her portrait painted.
1 Who is going to paint the portrai t?
a the speaker's mother b an artist
2 What is the object of the sentence?
a my mum b her portrait
3 What verb is used here to Jorm the causative?
............................... +object+ past partidp/e
What other verb could be used?
2 Read the sentences. Choose one other
sentence which means the same.
1 We are paying an artist to paint a new picture
for the Jiving room.
a We are having an artist painted for the
living room .
b We are having a n ew picture painted for
the living room.
2 Dad has asked someone to do a scuJpwre for
our garden.
a Dad is havjng a sculpture done for our
ga rden.
b Dad has done a sculpture for our garden .
3 Our art teacher arranged for our pictures to
be hung in the local a rt gallery.
a The local gallery got our picture hung by
our art teacher.
b Our art teacher got our pictures hung in
the local gallery.
4 A local architect has been asked to design a
new restauran t for McBurger's.
a McBurger's are having their new
restaurant designed by a local architect.
b A local architect is having a new
restaurant designed by McBurger's.
3 Correct the sentences that have
1 Why don't you have cut you r hair
before you have taken you r photo?
2 You should get your new house
designed by a professional.
3 Not many people their portra it have
had painted by a famous artist.
4 My dad has had published a book
about the history of art.
5 Many companies have created for
them new works of art.
4 Complete each sent ence so that it
means the same as the first sentence .
Use the words given without changing
t hem. Use no more than five words.
I They hope the Queen wiiJ open t he
new gallery.
opened
They hope to .......... . .......... ........ .. ... .. ........
by the Queen.
2 Thieves have stole n ten paintin gs
from the m useum in the last lour
months.
had
The museu m .................... .... .. ..... .............
in the last four months.
3 A famous graffiti artist is going to
come and pa int a sd10ol walJ for us.
painted
We are going to .................... ... .......... ..... .
by a famous graffiti artist.
4 We h ave asked someone to write
some music especially for our
wedding.
written
We are . ..............................................
especially for our wedding.
 ~
u
...
~
t
~

Use t he words in t he box to describe the pictures.

easel • frame · brush • statue· sculptor • composer

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the

words from the box in exercise I.
1 Beethoven was one of the greatest ............................... who
ever lived.
2 1 bought myself a new poster yesterday and now I
need to get a ... ............ .. ... for it.
3 Henry Moore was a famous ............................... , whose works of
art can be seen alJ over the world.
4 Most towns put up ............................... of local people who Magic metaphors
everyone respects.
When we talk about
5 When painting with oils, it's very important that you
descriptions, we sometimes use
remember to clean your ............................... .
words or phrases that have a
6 I've got a small wooden .. . ........................ that I can take with connect ion with painting and
me w hen I want to do some painting outside. drawing. C omplete the
sentences using t he w ords from
Word formation: suffixes the box.

3 Use the suffixes (endings) to create as many adjectives image • colourful • outline • picture
derived from these words as you can. Write the negative
adjectives where appropriate. Be careful with spelling. 1 ln this chapter, the writer gives
a very . ..... ..... .............. description
act • addition • anxiety • believe • comfort • create • desire o1' his early childhood.
effect • end • expense • fame • finance • harm • help • industry 2 He was the ................ ............ of his
nerve · profession • reason • recognise· success • use · value grandfather at the same age.
3 In this book, Dickens paints a
-ous -ful -less -al -able -ive- detailed ........... ................ of the poor
nervous 1 successful 1 helpless , financial j desirable ' expensive people of London .
~
I
I; I; ;I 4 l'd like to ................. . .......... ror you
i I i , the company's plans for next
I I I I year.
I .
 ~

..
u
10

<t
t ictD inn ~kin
<t
You are going to list en to five conversations in an art Circle the correct word to
gallery. As you listen, decide what the relationships complete the phrases.
between the people are. • spend time to do/doing
Conversation I ......... a two friends who arc at college • make time to do/doing someth ing
Conversation 2 ......... b two friends who live together • spend time on/at someth ing
Conversation 3 ......... can artist and the gallery owner • waste time to do/doing something
Conversation 4 ......... d two friends who work together • be short/small oJ free lime
Conversation 5 ..... ea guide and a visitor 10 the • have en o ugh time to do/doing
gallery someth ing

Focus on FCE: Listening Part I Focus on FCE: Speal<ing Part I

2 You will now hear the conversations again. For 2 In pairs, ask and answer the
questions 1-5, choose the best answer (A, B or C). quest ions. Try to say as much as you
can. Use the phrases from exercise
1 What does the man say about Picasso? I to help you.
A He was important in the development of art. • Do you have any hobbies?
8 He used light colours in aJJ his pa intings. • How much time do you spend on
C He started painting around 1905. them each week?
2 W h at does the man say about their manager"? • Do you fed you have enough free
time? Why? I Why not?
A He doesn't understand modern art.
• W h at else do you do in your free
8 He doesn't like works of art in t he office. time?
C He has trad itional tastes in an. • What kind of music do you like?
3 What do the women have different opinions • Do you p lay any m usical
about? instruments? Would you li ke to?
A wh at to get for the living room • Arc there any hobbies or free time
8 the artist's other paintings
activities you'd like to take up?
C who the pa lm ing is by Yes, I have a. few
Well, 1 don't really have much hobbies. I like
4 Why are these two men visitin g the gallery? free time, but when 1 do, 1 ...
A 10 h elp them decide wh at furnH ure to gel
Useful Actually. I think I have quite
8 to look at oth er works of art to get ideas Phrases a lot of free time. I enjoy ...
C to pass some time before their lectures
5 Wh y did the owner choose th is position fo r the
artist's work? silent letters (
A His work is similar to an othe r artist's. Circle the word h
.
l ISt s w ere you think the 'h'. .,
en and check. IS s1 e
B It was one of th e artist's deman ds.
I hour
C She wanted two different works next to 4 heir 7 heel
2 hello
each other. 5 handkerchief 8 humour
3 himsc•lf 6 honour

See Speaking database on page 158.

_
~·················............................................................................................................................................................................................-......-...............................................................................................
 Use of English
Gradable and ungradable adjectives and adverbs
-~ Look at Grammar database page 186 before you do
the exercises.

I Circle the correct word in each sentence.

1 My mum loves absolutely/really expensive modern works of art.
2 I find it completely/a little dHficult to get the colours right.
3 I think Roy Licbtenstein's art is absolutely/fairly brilliant.
4 I've made a few mistakes because I drew it totally/a bit quickly.
5 Trying to paint like van Gogh is totally/very impossible.
6 It's completely/quite hard to produce something that other people like.

Synonyms Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 4

2 Match the expressions 3 For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that rt has a
which mean the same. similar meaning to the first sentence. using the word given. Do not
I demolish change the word given. You must use between two and five words,
2 take a look at including the word given. Write the missing words IN CAPITAL
LETTERS.
3 take som eone for
someone else l I have a cousin who works lor a local record company.
4 not accept by
5 succeed in doing I have a cm1sin who .................,........................................ a local record company.
6 b e employed by 2 Walking round museums all day was extremely tiring.
7 put up with exhausted
We .... .................. .............-................ after walking round museums all day.
a think someone is
someon e else 3 U2 were offered a fee to perform a concert and they refused to
b turn down accept it.
down
c examine
U2 ................................................. ......,.they were offered to perform a concert.
d work for
4 I'm hoping that I can alford to pay a professional artist to pajnt
e pull down
my portrait.
f tolerate painted
g manage to do I'm hoping that r can afford ············································~················ by a
professional artist.
Use some of the
expressions to help you 5 The school has said it will tolerate graffiti an on certain walls.
with t he next exercise. put
The school has decided ................. ..................................... graffiti art on certain
walls.
6 Why don't you pay a professional decorator to decorate your
Jiving room?
decorated
I suggest ·······································-····················· by a professional decorator.

~--··········································· ············································································ ···································~······-···-··--········································ ··· ··· ··· ··· ······ ······························ ·········· ································
.:Jt
u

~ Writing J!) Working model

t
er Focus on FCE: A review 3 Read the answer to t he writing task.

.....,:.,...-'Read about reviews in the Writer's

database on page 152 before you do
the exercises on this page.
I Read this writing task.What different kinds
of books would be suitable to write about?
W hat could you say about them? Use t he
w ords in the box to help you.

autobiography • biography • dictionary

encyclopaedia • fiction · full-colour photographs
handbook · history · non-fiction

You rcct•nt ly saw th is notice in an English-

languagc magazine calkd Art World.

Reviews needed! Arl {or Teenagers

Have you read a book about art or artists 'Arl_{or Teenagers : wrillen by Sharon
recently? If so, could you write us a review ~olltnger and published by Teen/earn Bot.
of the book? Include Information on what ts a wonderful handbook wilh over lwo
kind of book it is, what lt's about, and say ~undred differelll aclivilies (or leenagers
whether you would recommend the book to tnleresled in arl-. From doillg a simple
other people. ~ketch lo making a mask oul o( newspapt
Art for Teellagers l shows you how lo do r
The best reviews will be published next
month.
!he b~ok is divided inlo four sec/ions:
Drawtng lhings : 'Paitrlii!/J lhi~tgs l 'Mak .
lh " d rJ !If
an'- Know your Jnalerials'· r·'-nt"s fr 1
I 1 I

Writl' your review in 120- 180 words in an ll!{lS

.
I like l~_e
appropriate style. bsec ton snows lhin/Js
17 n
d·ff
'rrerence
elwee~t o~/ painls al!d walcr-based pain ls
and lhe dtfferenl kinds o( pencils availab ~
2 Circle the correct word to complete these
phrases we can use to make
For each aclivily, Sharoll Bollinger lakes
recommendations.
s.lep by-slep lhrough lhe process. There arc..
1 I'd strongly/greatly recommend full-eo/out· pholos of' aclual leenagers dot
rea ding/seeing/ere ...
I' aclivilies, and lhe resulls a"'e
lhe .
, tmpress ~
2 I wo uld advice/advise an yone who likes ... ve ,already lried several of lhem, and
to read/see/etc .. . lhe~ f'e as easy 1-o do as she says. I call i
3 Don 't lose/miss the chance/opportunity to t11atl lo do more of lhem!
read/see/etc .. .
4 If you get t he chan ce to read/see/ctc ... , I'd strongly recommend lhis book 1-o any
do/make it! leena~cr wJro is crealive and likes painlil!
5 This would create/make the perfect present drawtng or making lhiflgs. ll would make . ~
for anyone who likes ... per(ecl Christmas or bif'lhday pr'esenl loo !

- - - - - - - -···-··········..·····..··········..·······..·············"'·······..··························..····················-·············-········································"'"""""'"""""""""""""""··········..················"'- -
4 Decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F). .. ..C> Now writei
1 The writer has gjven the review a title.
7 You are now ready to write your
review. Use your plan from exercise 6
2 The writer has given each paragraph to help you.
a heading.
3 The review contains the most important
facts about rhe book.
. .jC> Check it out!
4 The writer only expresses their opinion 8 Check your work. Tick
in the final paragraph. what you have done.
5 The w riter has used a ve ry fonnal style
and hasn't used any contractions (it's. <.'tc).

Ready to write!
5 You are going to write a review in answer to the same
I \.\""ve wvi.t+ev. 4 IM"'-l\o\
writing task. Use your imagination to complete the chart.
pt'I.Y"'-Bv"'-pl-\S.
0
ifitle of book:
-r;~··~f·i~~~k ··········· . · ··"''' '"'"' ' ' '''"''' ' "'' ' "'' ' ' ' ' ' '"' '""'''"'"''""'' "'"' ' ". I l-\""ve S"'-i.J- wl.-\e\-l.-\ev
1 veCCIMIMe\o\J- t-l.-\e \;>cc~ cv v.c\-. 0
w·~~~~~·· b;;; . ............................................................................................................. . l-'\y vevi.ew i.s ~i.ev.J-\y ""v.J-
~bi'i~ h~d · b~ ...................................... . . . ................................. . . . . . . . . . ............ i.v.\-evesHv.B vt'~.\-l.-\ev rl-\"'-v.
0
....................................................... ............................... ...............................................
_,,, -. vevy .PcviMt'l.\.
1 l-\""ve cl.-\ec~eJ- ""''t Bv""""'""'""v
Make a plan of your answer. Use your imagination. ""v.J- spe\\lv.B·
0
l-'\y vevi.ew i.s 'oet-weev. I 2.0
• What's the title of your review? ""v.J- \ 8'0 wovJ..s \o\o\~·
0
c J
Paragraph t: What key information about the book will
•
you include here?

•
c
Paragraphs 2 and 3: You'll go into detail here about t:'o
main aspects of the book. What points will you make m
J Can you answer these questions? If
you can't remember, look through
the unit for the answers.
1 What do we call a painting of a
real person?
each paragraph?
2 Which verbs do we use to fom1

(________---=] the causative?

3 What adjectives come from the
word 'reason'?

c J 4 Which of these is in correct? an

honour an handkerchief an hour
5 Why is 'very perfect' not right?
Paragraph 4: Are you going to recommend the book? If
•
50 , who to? If not, why not?

( J
 Start thinking! Decide in which paragraph the writer does :
things.
In this unit, we are How many Olympic sports
introduces the idea of athletes
going to read about events can you name?
competing in many events Para_~
an Olympic event. QuickJy make a list.
listen to an presents one athlete's reasons
interview with a Ior doing the decathlon Para_
sportswoman, tells the reader where to find
speak about two furth er in{ormation l">ara_.
sports, write an Read the magazine
article. Which of the raises the question of why athletes
article and study choose the decathlon Para_
the modal perfect. sports mentioned do
you prefer watching? presents useful advice for
young athletes Para_

Ten Events, One Champion:

I • I
Fay Webster t akes a look at t he jump, the discus, the javelin, a
world of athletics and finds out running race and wrestling. The first
w hat it t akes to be a t rue champion. winner, in 708 BC, was Lampis of
Sparta, who must have been a great
1 athlete to beat so many others from
The Olympic Games have changed a lot all over the Hellenic world. The
since their origins in Ancient Greece. pentathlon was an important part of the
Today, athletes from countries all over the Olympics until Emperor Theodosius of 4
world take part and the Olympics are big Rome banned the Games in 393 AD. 'Yes, I think I probably was. I could
business, watched by millions on 3 done lots of different sports. but I c
television. Some things, though, have the decathlon. lt's very tough and r!
The Stockholm Olympics of 1912 brought demands a lot of different skills. Yo~..
stayed the same. The athletes then could
back this tradition of the search for all- to train just as hard as other athletes
make a lot of money from winning, just like
round greatness. The modem pentathlon you have to do it in ten different eve
today's competitors. In the ancient Games.
was included (shooting, swimming, think we're probably all a little craz'J _
a great champion might have received as
fencing, riding and running) and so was the very satisfying in the end,' he said.
much as a year's pay for winning a race.
modern decathlon (ten events), with the him to explain what happens in the
2 heptathlon (seven events) for women being decathlon.
Another thing that hasn't changed is the introduced later. So what drives someone
search for an all-round champion, to take on this running, throwing, jumping 5
somebody who can defeat their opponents challenge and push their body to its limits? 'The way it works is you complete ea.
at a number of different sporting events. In I met American decathlete Bruce Thorpe in event and you get points, depending :
the ancient Olympics, athletes competed in New York and told him he must have been how well you do in that event. At the _
the pentathlon. This consisted of the long crazy to take up the decathlon. He laughed. two days, the person with the most ~

~.............................................................................................................................................................................................- .............................................................................................."""~--
 Focus on FCE: Reading Part I
3 Read t he article again. For questions 1-6, choose the answer {A, B, C or D) which you think fits
best according to the text.
l The writer says that athletes today
A are more popular than in ancient
times.
B arc much better than in ancient
times.
c treat the Olympics Like a business.
D can become weallhy through sport.
2 The andent pentathlon didn't test
athletes' abilities to
A throw things.
B jump high .
c run fast.
D jump far.
3 According to the passage, the heptathlon
for women
A is much easier than the decathlon.
B similar to the ancient pentathlon.
c tests the ability to ride a horse.
D became an Olympic event after 1912.
the champion and takes the gold medal, the
second person gets the silver and the third the
ronze medal. We start with the 100 metres, the
10ng jump, the shot put, the high jump and the 400
etres. The second day, it's the 11 a-metre hurdles.
:e discus, the javelin, the pole vault and the one that
all dread, the 1500 metres.' I asked him what
de the 1500 metres such a struggle. 'All the other
~nts demand speed or strength. With the long
~. it's stamina. Really, decathletes aren't built for
:nat event'
I
So what tips does Bruce have for those of you
nking of taking up the decathlon? 'Start as early
.IS you can and join a good club,' he said. 'lt takes a
~ time to master ten different events, or seven for
~ heptathlon, and you need expert help. And don't
!lpect to have much free time!'
7
-~l'l events, one champion. Think you might be the
ne? If you're interested in finding out more about
':!'e decathlon, contact your local athletics club.
...
"'
4 What do you have to do to win a gold medal ,.,
E
in t.he decathlon? 1,)
A Score more points than all the other
competitors.
B Beat the other competitors in at least three
events.
c Finish each event in the top three.
D Complete the events in the right order.
5 What does Bruce say about the events?
A The 1500 metres should be on the first day.
B The first day is tougher than the second .
c The l 500 metres is different from the other
events.
D It looks easier than it actually is.
6 What is Bruce's advice for people thinking of
becoming decathletes?
A Get a trainer to guide you.
B Get up early to start training.
c Take up the heptathlon instead.
D Try to get a good rime in aU the events.
Use words or phrases from the article to
complete the definitions. You've been given the
first letter to help you.
1 The sport involving djfferent events like
running around a track, throwing or jumping
is known as a ............................... .
2 Someone taking part in a sports competition is
caJJed a c............................... .
3 The pe ople you arc competing against arc your
() ............................... .
4 $ ................... ... ...... is tlu.· ability to kct·p going fo r a
long time.
5 A c............................... is made up of a group of people
w h o are all inte rested in a sport or hobby.
Did you enjoy reading this article?
Did you learn anything? Why? I Why not ?
 .c
....
u

.,"'
~ Correct the sentences that have
mistakes in t hem. O ne sentence has no
mistakes. Which o ne?
.... Modals (2): modal perfect
Ql
IBritney might has heard about the
a~ ... . tt> Look at Grammar dat abase pages 186-187 before competition from Sarah last week.
you do the exercises.
2 Look out! You should have killed
someone playing like that!
Read this sentence and circle the correct word. 3 Oh, he's missed!
'Yo u must have been very pleased to win th e He really must
deca th lon.' have scored from
that position!
1 This refers to the past/present.
4 Thinking about it
2 This sentence expresses certainty/possibility. now, we should
play better in last
Find other examples of the modal perfect in the
week's match .
article. Answer the questions above for each
example you find. 5 But Lauren is
hopeless! She
can ' t have beaten
Oscar at tennis!
What do the sentences express? Choose the correct
option.
I You should have asked Tim what time the race starts W hat would you say in t hese situations
when he called. Complete the sentences using t he mo&.
perfect and the verbs in brackets.
a I think you probably did this.
b You didn't do th is and 1 think that was wrong. 1 Will has left his football behind. The
only explanation is that he forgot it.
2 Look at Wendy's face! They must have lost the
match. (forget)
a ram (almost ) certain this happened. 'Will .. .... .................................................. his foot ba!
b This clidn't happen but it was a possibility. 2 George is very bad at football. You
don't believe he scored a goaJ.
3 Be careful! You could have hit me with that javelin!
(score)
a I am (almost) certain you hit me with the javelin.
'George ........... ........ .............. ... .. ............ a goal!
b You didn't hit me with the javelin but it was a
possibility. 3 Your mum says she tried to call your
sister an hour ago. You are almost
4 Patrick might have forgotten about our arrangement certain that your sister was playing
to play basketball. volleyball then.
a I am (almost) certain he has forgotten about H. (play)
b It is possible that he has forgotten about it. 'She ..................... .................................when you
5 You ought to have let your dad win when you were called.'
playing tennis. 4 Your friend complains to the referee
a I am (almost) certain you did tllis. during a match. Afterwards, you tell
b You didn't do this and I think that was wrong. him/her that you thought his/her
hehaviour was wrong.
6 Th ey should have shown the match in the evening, (complain)
not the morning!
' You ......................... .......................... during the
a It is possible that they did this. match.'
b They didn't do this and 1 think that was wrong.

,§jl)·· · ·--·· ·. . . ._.______. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . ... ... . . . . . ..... . . . . .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . .... . . . . . . ....... ..... . . . . .... . . . . .
Soort
Complete the sentences with words from the box.

umpire · spectator· trainers • defeat • individual

trainer • referee· team • medal • victory

1 The ......................... blew his whistle and the footballers 7 You learn to work with other people by
started the game. taking part in .... ...... sports, such as
2 Simpson's .......................... means that he is now the football and basketball.
European heavyweight boxing champion. 8 The ............................... shouted 'Play!' and the
3 The ball went into the crowd and a .... .................... ... was tennis match started.
injured. 9 I prefer ............................. sports, such as
4 The volleyball team r belong to has got a new running, where you don't have to rely
fitness . ............................ . on other people.
5 The winner felt very proud when the ....... ................... 10 Portown City will find it difficult to
was placed around her neck. recover from their ............................... on
Saturday.
6 My mum has promised to get me a brand new pair
of Adibok ............................... !

Match each of the sports to

the correct picture.

basketball • cricket • volleyball

rugby· tennis • football ·squash
hockey • badminton

Collocations Phr
Decide whether the sports in Match t he phrasal verbs in the sentences with the correct
exercise 2 are played on a definitions.
court or on a pitch. 1 Could you please put me through to the manager of the club?
2 United's dream turned into a nightmare when they lost 8-0.
3 Mark takes after his father. They're both mad about running.
4 The mat.cb is going to be brought forward to this Saturday.
5 The t1Jieves managed to get away with a lot of expensive
sports equipment.
6 The police are looking into the crowd violence at the match
last Friday.
7 These trainers were really expensive so my mum said I have to
look after them.
to escape to keep in good conctitioo
to become to move to an earlier date or time
to investigate to be like an older relative
to connect somebody on the phone

- -..- ---- -
........................................................................................................................................................ - - - ~
 .c
...u..,
~ Focus on FCE: Listening Part 2
] •c:.tt)'1in
..,
...
Ql You are going to
2 Listen to the whole interview. For questions 1-7•
complete the sentences.
"'
Ql
listen to an
..,e extract from an
interview with a
Sh e h as had a lot of encouragemen t from her
u
sportswoman. She turned professiona l w hen Fin ley won a
Choose the
2
correct answer
A orB. Every year from 1999 to 2003, her team won the
3
1 Wha t is the programme ca lled?
In her professio nal team, she h eld the positi on of
A Sport With You B Sp011 Review
4
2 Who is the guest on the show?
She has spoken to girls a t schools a nd
A Fay Thomton B Faith Naughton
5
3 What was her fir st team called?
She says that through football you learn to
A FinJcy Warri ors B Finley Harri ers
6
4 Wh at wa s he r second team called?
She says her proudcst moment came tbe first time she
A Sheldon Rovers B Selton Rovers
7

Focus on FCE: Speaking Part 2

Write down three things that football 4 In pairs, compare the photographs. One of you should
and the high jump have in common. read the instructions a nd the other should talk for
one minute. Then swap.
1 They are both sports.
2
I Wbich sport do you prefer to watch?
3 ........................... .................................
Write down three differences
between football and the high jump.
1 Football is a team sport while/whereas
the high jump is an individual sport.
2 ····················································
3
Answer the questions.
1 Which sport do you prefer to watch,
football or the high jump? I'd like you to compare these two photographs and
2 Why is that? tell us which sport you prefer to watch.

r stress (2)
Underline the syllable you think is stressed most in the words in each set. Listen and check.
The first word is an example.
1 photograph ph omgraphcr photographic 2 ath lete athle tic 3 victory victoriou s
5 science scientific 6 concentra te concentration
4 famous in fam ous

~---------·------·------· -.._ __s_ee~*~e_a_~-~~g~d_a~t~~.~a=s~e ~o=n~p=a~g:e~1:5:8·~--~

 Use of English
The unreal past
-v Look at Grammar database page
187 before you do the exercises.
Circle the correct form in each
sentence.
I It's about time the team
starts/started working better
together.
2 I wo uld rather watch/watched
water polo than volleybalL
3 1 wish I have/had enough money
to go and sec my team play tonight.
4 l would rather you play/played for
our side than for theirs.
5 Paul thinks it's high time you
take/took athletics seriously.
6 I'd rather you don't/didn't tell
everyone that you beat me at tennis.
Use t he notes to make complete sentences.
I I wish I/am better/football.
2 Laurence wo uld rather you/not come/watch him play
this weekend .
3 It is about time we/get ready/the match.
4 Joanne/wish/she/not have to play handball this
weekend.
5 Instead of a theatre, I'd rather the town/spend the
money/a new stadium.
Common mistakes
Circle the correct word in each sentence.
I I'm really looking forward atlto!fm· the competition.
2 You need both/and/also strength and determ ination to
be a good long-d istance swimmer.
3 My paren ts would better/like/rather I didn't talk about
football all the time!
4 I wish/want/hope I was as fast a runne r as Diane is.
5 It's time he join/joins/joined our team.

Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 2

4 Fo r questions 1- 12, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap.
Use only one word in each gap.There is an example at t he beginning (O).Write your answers
IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

As pm of our ul'le•lookbJI at ~en and sport,

JodJe Cu1J tells u •bout btn' dool's Sports Dq.

'Every year, during (0) ..!]!. . £....... summer term, our school holds a Sports
Dey. Everybody looks forward (1) .... . ....... .... it because it's lots of fun, a.nd
because we don't have (I) .. of our lessons that dBiYI We
(S) ......... ....... ~... the whole dey competing in athletic events. My favourite event
is the high jump. Last year I (4) ... .. .... .... second. I could (B) ........ . . . . won
-but I messed up the fmal jump. This year, I'm determined to Win! I also
hope to (6) .. __........ able to take part in the shot put this yea;r. A few weeks
('1) .. ..... .. . _ ..... , I thou.gb.t: "It's about time I (8) ....... .... .. .. .. .... up a new sport. "
So, I've started learning the shot put. I like it because you have to have
(9) ... .. ... ........_ speed a.nd strength to throw it a. long wey. Of course, I'll have
to practise quite hard (10) .... ............ ..... beat everyone else. I go training a.t my
school's athletics club three times a. week. My teacher seys he would
(11) ............._ . I trained more often but I don't have time. I ( 11) ............. ...
I did!'
 ~
..
~
u

Writin Working modeJ

~
£:
10 Focus on FeE·· An article Read the answer to t he w n·t mg
· task.

Read about abrt lfcles ly~u do the exercises

"'t ....,t,.- on . . the Writer's database
(11 page 153 e ore
on this page.
Read this writing task. W h o ·ts going to read
your a rticle?

- . e has asked you lO write

Your school magazm "O le t o join t he
an article to ~n_cou~ag;hl:ee~itor has sent you
school athletics clu ·
lhis no te:

WHY YOU SHOULD THINK ABOUT JOINING

THE SCHOOL ATHLETICS CLUB
Anna. WHICH IS RUN BY MR RICHARDS

Write an article of l~etwee T~cl 2 0 and 180 We all know that we should get more exercise. We
words in an appropnate sty . an know that sport is a great way to enjoy yourse .
and meet new friends. We aU know that Winning i!
a great feeling. So why aren't we aU in the athletic.
dub?
Decide if t he statements are true (T) or false (F).
'It's perfect for students who want to take up a n~
I This a rticle sholtId b e fonnal
- . becau se sport; says Mr Richards, the teacher in charge, and
it is going to be in a magazm e. he's rigllt! You can do almost anything at the dub.
2 This article sh ou ld be fo rmal. including running, the pole vault and the javelin.
beca use teachers might read Jt.. In fact, there's everything you need to become the
next Olympic decathlon champion!
3 Th is article shou ld b c q uite. inl orma1
beca use students w ill re ad Tt.' The members of the dub meet every Monday and
Thursday evening between 5pm and 7pm. I spoke tc
4 You should no~ u seh_co~~~~-~c~~oan;~ide .
(it's. don 't, etc) tn t ts . . . . one of them to find out what she gets out of being
5 Your ma in aim is to cntJCJse a member. 'Welt it's a lot of fun; says Tracy Jones,
stu de nts for being too lazy. . who's been a member for two years. 'It can be hard
work but you see your friends and you keep in
dd releva nt informatton shape. Oh, and it's completely free!'
6 You
tha t can a men tJo
is n ot . n c·d in the q uestion .
7 You should n ever use direct Why not try it? If you're interested, ask Mr Richards
for more details.
speech in a n a rticle. .
8 You s I1ou Id )l eve r use exclamation
m arks (! ) in a n a rti cle .

~•••••••oo o ooOOOOoO•OO••••••••••••••••••oo•••••••••oo•o•o•oo••ooooooooooo ooooooOOO OooOOOOooOOoOooOOoooOOOOOoOOOOOOOOOoOO OOOOOO•Ooooo•oooooooooooooo••OOOOO OOO OOOOO~o••••••-•••••••----••••~•••••••oo ooooooooooooo••~•"''""""""""'"'"'""""""""'-"

 Underline where the writer does these things in Now write!
the article on page 128. You are now ready to write your article fo r
I asks their readers a question the school magazine. Use the information
2 tells th eir readers what someone says you have been given. Use at least one
example of di rect speech. Your article
3 agrees with someone
shouldn't be very formal.
4 makes a suggestion
5 tel1s th eir readers what to do next
..~.,~!:> Check it out!
C heck your work. Tick what you have done.
Does t he model have a good title? Can you think
of a better one?

- Ready to write!

You are going to write a similar article about an

athletics club for the school magazine. Here is the
note t he editor has sent you. W ho does 0
he suggest you could speak to?
0
0
0
0
0
0

Can you answer these questions? If you

Make a plan of your answer. Use your imagination.
What title are you going to give your article?
• Why should people join the club? Think of three reasons.
What did Mrs West tell you?
• What did James Edwards tell you?
• When does the club meet?
• What sports can you do at the club?
• ~hat sh~uld your readers do if they want more
rnformatron?
can't remember, look through the unit for
the answers.
I WhaL do women do instead oi the
decathlon?
2 What do you get Ior com ing third in
Lhe Olympics?
3 In wh ich even t do athletes jump as
far as they can?
4 What tense follows It's about time ... ?
5 Does tenn is ha ve a referee or an
u mpire?
 Choose the correct option. Complete each sentence so that -:
1
means the same as the first
Tprefer ···-·············-···-··· art to traditiona 1 art.
sentence. Use the words given,
A abstract B shape C sketch D gallery without changing them. Use no
2 We should get a ............................... for the painting that your Aunt more than five words.You will get
MicheJie bought you for your birthday. two marks for each correct
answer.
A brush B frame C portrait D sketch
1 We're thinking oJ asking a
3 Tl1e ..................... blew his whistle, the players kicked the professional decorator to do our
ball, and the Cup Final began. new house. having
A umpire B trainer C spectator D referee We're chinking of ...............................
by a professional decorator.
4 I always look forward to the Olympics because I like
watching ............................... . 2 'Why don't you get somebod) •
A tracks B clubs C athletics D trainers clean your car before you sell ii.
sajd Mike. cleaned
5 The local .. __.................... all cheered when the home side
Mike suggested ......................................._
scored a goal.
before I sold it.
A viewers B audience C spectators D witnesses
3 You can't read that sign? You
6 The key to winning at tennis is to be fitter than should ask the optician to test
your ................................ your eyes! get
A umpire B opponent C competitor D trainer You should .................................
if you can't read that sign.
7 I was always much better at ........................... sports than at team
sports. 4 The dentist had removed a toor
A personal B singular C individual D lonely which meant Megan couldn 't
speak properly. had
8 It takes a lot of skm to be a .............................. and make works of
Megan couldn't speak proper!)
art out of stone.
because she
A statue B composer C painter D sculptor ............................................................ removed.
9 If we can win this match against the champions, it would 5 I am going to the hairdresser's
be a great -··-·-..............._. tomorrow morning, so I can't
A medal B victory C competitor D prize meet you at nine. cut
I .............................................................. tomorrt- ~\
10 Some members of the crowd got onto the ............................... at the
morning, so J can't meet you at
end of the football match. nine.
A court B smface C earth D pitch
6 I suggest you ask someone to fi.~
your bike so we can go for a ridt.
fixed
Why don't you ........................................ so
we can go for a r1de?
 Circle the correct option in each sentence. Complete the sentences using
very or absolutely.
1 Our teacher made us write/to write four tests last week!
2 Police say the young woman which/who disappeared has 1 1 thou ght the concert was
been fo und . .............................. wonderful .
3 I hope that/so that Jack asks me to go out with him! 2 When you stand next to an
elephant you realise that they
4 It's abou t tim e you learned/have learned to be a little more
are ....-........... ... huge.
polite.
5 I'll meet you at the pool and we'll go swimming/for 3 Theresa is a(an) ··-·····-······-··-···
d ifficult person to get on
swimming. with .
4 Craig David's latest CD is
Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. -·······-··········-·· terrible.
1 Is this Sally's bag? She ...................................... (must/forget) it 5 Try th is soup. It's ···········-··-·····-····
when she left. deJidous!
2 Pete's very sensitive. You really ....... ........................................ 6 It's· ·····-··-········-··- tiring spending
(should not/say) those things to him last night. hours in the art ga1lery.
3 The evidence showed that the accused man 7 This knife is ............................ useless!
...... ....... ........ ......... ... ........ ...... (could not/kill) the victim. It won't cut anything .
4 I'm sorry. I th ink we .............................................................. (might/meet)
before. At Bill's party?
5 You ....... ............................. .............. ..... (can't/dean ) your room. Just
look at it!
6 My dad thinks J ............................ ........................ . .... (ought to/call) to tell
them I was going to be late.

Read this text. For questions 1-1 0, use the word given at the end of each line to form a word
that fills the gap. There is an example (O).You will get two marks for each correct answer.
The key to being a (0 ).../?..('!.~~~.~':!:.f:l:f.. artist is to u nderstand what PROFESSION
the art world wants and then produce it. The (1) --·-···-·-·····-·····-· SUCCESS
artist needs to have a (2 ) ........................ style and to make works RECOGNISE
of art that other people find (3) ·······- -····· ········· ·It takes an artist D ESIRE
(4 ) --······-·····-·-····· practice to develop their own style but the END
(5 ) ............................. rewards can be amazing. People don't ju st FINANCE
wa nt art. They wan t (6) ....................... ..... art because they think that EXPENSE
the more (7) ............................ a painting is, the better it is. Often, that VALUE
is true, but sometimes bad art sells for an (8 ) ··-··-··············-···· price. BELIEVE
Man y (9 ) ·-················ ·--·- artists made very little money from their art, FAME
but now we can see how important their (10) .............................. really are. CREATE

(.<UnS no,( i3l V (.l"eljM OZ-0 j~OOj l3lj~OU1? lOj 3W!l S,l! aqA?W O'r- lt
jdn I ! daa)f jl1?al .6 s,11141 oS -I'r ilJn~ mo.< MOUlj .<u-eaA noA jauop 1f3M 09-•S

................................. ................._........... ................................... . ...-..... . .. ······· - - - - - -·-········--······· ·· ·· .. .. . ........... ..•.. .. .. . .. -· ·· .. .. ... ..... ..........~
 In this unit, we are going to
read about the Amazon
rainforest, listen to people
talking about environmental
problems, speak about our
local environment, write a
formal letter and study ways
of talking about the future.
Start thinking!
What are the main threats
the environment today?
How can ordinary people
help protect the
environment?
Do you do anything to
protect Lhe environment?
Reading
I Quickly read t he article.
Ignore the gaps for now.
Why should we care about
the Amazon rainforest?
Do you know how big the cutting down the trees, ma
Amazon rainforest is? it's big! to make room for cows.
lt covers 5.5 million square 2 This process of
ki lometres. That 's about ten
times the size of France. it's
cutting down trees is called
'deforestation '.
to the largest tropical rainforest
in the world. Approximately The good news is that it s
60% of the rainforest is in slowing down. In 2004, fo,
Brazil, the rest being in example, more t han 27 .oc::
Bolivia, Columb ia, Ecuador, square ki lomet res were cu·
French Guiana, Guyana, Peru , down. That's an area biggt:o
Suriname and Venezuela. than Wa les. In 2006,
because of all the
The Amazon rainforest is home campa igns to save the
to more than a third of all the ra inforest, it had droppea :
world's spec ies of plants, birds just over 13,000 square
and anima ls. Twenty per cent kilometres . 3
of all the bi rds in the world
live in the rainforest. Scientists
have discovered thousands of
types of plant and animal that
can only be found there.
1 There are at least 2.5
miflion species of insect there. ~~~~~~---·
Imagine what would happen if
they all lost their home. lt
couldn't happen, could it?
Unfortunately, it's happening
right now.
rainforest will have
Yes, the rainforest is big. But completely disappeared.
it's getting smaller. Every day.
The problem is that people are With deforestation, thousanc •

2 Find t he words in bold in the article.
What do they refer to?
1 It (paragraph 2)
2 it (paragraph 4)
3 their (pa ragraph 5)
4 more (paragraph 5)
5 That (paragraph 5)
6 them (paragraph 6)
Think about words like that, this and
these to help you with exercise 3.
of the animals, birds, fish and plants that live
m the Amazon rainforest lose their home. their
natural habitat. 4 Many species have
al ready become extinct. and many more will if
deforestation continues. That will change the
oalance of life in the rainforest and could cause
enormous problems to the region's ecosystem.
~here's another problem too. Trees and plants are
a vital source of oxygen. If we cut them down, we
ose that oxygen. But it's worse than just that.
Nith deforestation, the trees and plants are burnt.
5 That then leads to the temperature here
on the ground going up. This increase in t he
world's temperature is called 'global warming' ,
and most scientists believe it's a very serious
ssue. If they stopped deforestation, it might
'lelp prevent global warming.
A number of environmental
organisations are campaigning
to get the deforestation stopped.
6 The deforestation has
decreased. But it's still
'lappening. If we want to save the
.!\mazon rainforest, and all t he
creatures and plants that live in it,
the deforestati on has to stop
completely - now! So if you want to
'lelp save the largest rainforest on
::arth, do some research on t he
nt ernet. Find an environmental
organisation that's working to
save the region, and see what you
can do to he lp.
Focus on FCE: Reading Part 2
3 Read the article again. Six sentences
have been removed from t he article.
Choose from t he sentences A-G the
o ne which fits each gap ( 1-6). T here is
one extra sentence w hich you do not
need to use.
A The bad news is tl1at it's not enough.
B These provide meat and make money
£or their owners.
C This sends gases into the Earth's
a tmosphere, which stop some of the
Earth's heat escaping.
D As we've seen, they have been partly
successfu I.
E Some of them move to other areas,
but most of them die.
F How many n ew mcdkines are actually
found in the raLn fores1 each year?
G There are thousands - probably
millions - m ore that we haven't
discovered yet.
4 Use words and phrases from the article
to complete the sentences. You've been
given the first lett er to help you.
lHow m an y$..................... ......... of insed Jive in
the rainforest?
2 I'd love to go on holiday to a
1... ............................ country to see w h at it's
like during the rainy season.
3 A tiger's natural h ............................... is the
jungle.
4 Every animal is a v ............................ part of
its environment and its disappearance
could be an environmenta l disaster.
5 G............................... w ............................... is a real
problem and it could lead tu changes
in the weather all over the world.
Did you enjoy reading this article?
Did you learn anything? Why? I Why not?
Cll
~
0
e
V'l
c
~ The future (2)
·>iw Look at Grammar database page 188 before you do
the exercises.

I Read this sentence from the article on pages 132

and 133 and answer t he question .
... by the end of the 21st century, the rainforest will have
completely disappeared.
Which of these is the correct order of events?
a now • the 2 1st century ends • the rainforest
completely disappears
b now • the rainforest completely djsappears •
the 21st century ends
3 Make sentences using the futu re
Find another example of will + have + past participle perfect. There is an example to he :
in the article and underline the sentence. Write the you.
events the sentence refers to in the correct order.
1 now • I fin ish my biology
homework • 7pm
now • ......... ....... ... ... ........ .......... • ........... ..................................
1 will have finished my biology
homework by 7pm.
2 Decide on the correct order of events in t he 2 now • half the rainforest
sentences. disappears • 2 150
I By the year 21 00, many anima ls will have become 3 now • ou r teacher marks our
extinct. exerdses • this time tomorrow
a now • 2100 • many animals become extinct 4 now • the government
introduces a new law on pollution
b now • many animals become extinct • 2100
• the end o( the year
2 We will have collected about €1,000 by the end of 5 now • the giant panda becomes
the week . extinct • the end of the century
a now • we collect € 1,000 • the end of the week
b now • the end of the week • we collect € 1,000 4 Correct the sentences that have
mistakes in them. One has no
3 By the time you read this, I wHl have arrived in the mistakes.Which one?
Amazon.
1 At 12 o'clock, I'll be seen Mr Gilcs
a now • you read this • l arrive in the Amazon
about my nature p roject.
b now • 1 arrive in the Amazon • you read this
2 Th is time tomorrow, we've be
4 We will have solved our poll ution problems by the having a lesson about the
year 2200. environment.
a now • we solve our pollution problems • 2200 3 I'll be helping to dean the beach
tomorrow afternoon.
b now • 2200 • we solve our pollution problems
4 Don't call me between 2pm and
3pm because 1'11 have been
sleeping .

_..
........................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... _.,..,.................................................................................................................-_,;
The environment
I Complete the definitions using the words in
the box.

survive • extinct • green · countryside· litter

endangered · fumes • pollution · farmland

1 If you ...... ..... ................. , you continue to exist in

spite of difficulties.
2 If a species is ............................... , there is a possibility
t hat it could disappear.
Confusable words
3 The .................... is made up of the natura l 3 Circle the correct word in each sentence.
areas outside towns and dtics.
1 You can't wear you r favourite sweater
4 Cars produce ................... .. ..... , which are gases because it isn't clear/clean.
that damage the environment.
2 We could see for miles because it was such a
5 If you are ............................... , you care about the clear/clean day.
environment and try lo help protect it.
3 Do you thin k you could bring/take me to the
6 The areas where plants are grown and bottle bank?
animals are raised fo r food are known as
4 Could you bring/take my books with you
when you come to my house?
7 If an animal becomes ............................... , it
5 My cousin is giving/taking a biology exam
disappears forever from the world.
this afternoon.
8 Chemica ls that damage th e environ ment are
6 I hope 1 pass/take First Certificate with a good
known gen erally as ............................... .
grade.
9 Rubbish that people drop i n the streets is
called .....................
Magic Metaphors
2 Complete the phrases with a word from .d s we sometimes use
the box. When we talk a:~~~~t ~~;e a connection with
words or phras h tences with words
friendly • lover • bank • bin • species • acid plants. Complete t e sen
from the box.
1 a place to leave your bottles to be recycled:
bottle ............................... grow · grow on • roots • fruitful

2 a kind of animal that is threatened with . 't really like the idea of recycling
extinction: en dangered ............................... 1 I dldn . b tit's beginning to
plastic at hrst, u
3 not damaging the environment: ..... me. . _
··········· ············· .. Jrotcst letters had Jts
environmentally ...............................
2 The idea of wntJ~g 1 . . we had in class.
4 someone who cares about t he natural world: in a dlSCUSSlOtl
··············· discussion about
n ature ...............................
3 We bad a very ··········· · ·····~~"i.problcms and we
; a kind of rain that carries hannful chemica ls: the local envJron men
............................... r ain ith a Jot of ideas.
came up W · e use
6 a small container in the street for people to . ggcsted recycling everythJ?g w .
4 Llsa su h , .d ·a seemed to .lust
put rubbish in: litter ... ..................... t home and t e 1 e< . t
a ................. from there, really .
~
0
E
Focus on FCE: Listening Part 3
~ Li tening
You are going to listen to five 2 Listen to the speakers again, in a different order.
people talking about different For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-F) what
aspects of the environment. Decide each person says about the environment. Use the
what each speaker's purpose is. letters only once. There is one extra letter you do not
need to use.
Speaker 1 is explaining/denying
somC'thing. A The destruction of different habitats Speaker 1 .
Speaker 2 wants to is incr easing.
persuade/entertain people. B Some people's appearance was Speaker 2 ....
Speaker 3 is denying/complaining s urprising.
about somerh ing. c Changes in the law arc to blame for Speaker 3 ..
Speaker 4 is trying to persuade/ causing the problem.
entertain people. D There are things ordinary people Speaker 4 .
Speaker 5 wants to explain/deny might do.
something. E There are problems we can't see. Speaker 5 ·-
F There is a lack of facil ities.

Focus on FCE: Speaking Part 3

Speaking
Useful 2 In pairs, do the task. Use the phrases from
I Match to make ways of Phrua
expressing your opinion. exercise I to help you express your opinions.

I 1 believe a my opin ion, ...

• How much of a threat are these things in the
2 In b m y m ind, .. . area where you live?
3 As far as c rhat ... • Which two are the biggest threats to your local
environment?
4 My personal d view is that ...
5 I tend e I'm concern ed, .. .
6 To f to think that . ..

Jo /and Jgu/
The vowel in each
Look at the wor d s. dI I
l. ·d syllable is pronounce u
d
un er me · ) Put the words
(like hot) or /~u/ (hkc ho~e . d check.
·nto the correct boxes. Listen an
I woke 'forgotten
hotel not ~
k boat wrote Here are some things that threaten our natural
sboPJling loc - b
hole b <)rnb corn environment I'd like you to talk about how much of a
like 'hope' threat you think these things are In the area where you
like 'hot' live. Then, I'd like you to choose which two you think .wt
the biggest threats to your local environment.

See Speaking database on page 158.

. __
...............................................................................................................................................................................................-....................................................................................................... ~
 CJ
~
0
Word formation E
Use of English "'c
Transferred negation 2 Make people nouns derived from Q.
each of t he words. Be careful =>
..... Look at Grammar database page 189 before you do the with your spelling.Where there is
exercises. a second gap, write another noun.

I Use the not es t o make complete sent ences about each person. direct director I direc"tion
There is an example to help yo u. inspect ...................... ....... I .......... ...................
Hanna (think): 'Th e ra inforests won't survive another fifty
I create ............................... I ...............................
years.' protect ............................... I .............................
Han na doesn 't think the rainforests will survive another fifty years. science
2 Ja cob (think): Tm not going to j oin Greenpeace.' biology
3 Mr Hussain (believe) : 'Th e ra info rests are not m y problem.' environmental
4 I (im agine): 'Environ mental problems won't be solved easily.' campaign
5 My parents (think): 'Recycling isn't such a good idea.' prot est
6 People in th e Amazon (hope) : 'The rainforest won't be vote
completely destroyed.' visit
7 Local people (b elieve): 'The council w on't solve the liner politi.cs
problem .'
survive ............................... I ...............................

Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 3

3 For questions 1-1 0, read the text below. Use the word given at the end of some of the lines to
form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (O) .W rite
your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Many (0) .VI.~{[QB.~. to the city yesterdaywere surprised to VISIT

find the roads blocked by (1) ............. . ........ ... . PROTEST
Around ten thousand people took to the streets to try to
persuade (2) ............................... to take seriously recent warnings POLITICS
from (3). ............................. ENVIRONMENT
The protestors claim that unless something is done urgently
about the (4) ..... .............. ..... of our coastline, it is highly likely tl1at PROTECT
many (5) ............................... species of bird wi!J disappear. DANGER
Among thosefucing (6) ....... ...................... is the rare puffin, which has EXTINCT
seen its munbers reduced enonnously over the past fifty years.
Some (7) ............................... say that unfortunatelyit mayalready be too SCIENCE
late for this bird, but immediate action is needed to ensure
the (8) ............................... of other rare birds. SURVIVE
The (9) ............................... of habitats all along our shores and the effects DESTROY
of (10) ............................... warming have been blamed. GLOBE
 ~
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0
~ Writing ~
0. Focus on FCE:
:::>
A formalletter/email
....,~ Read about formal
letters/ emails in the
Writer's database on
page 150 before you do
the exercises on this
page.
. ..............~ t . m My party 1·s proud of our record onthese problems mmy area
tuunsm
sft!l(allt'nJ - ......
sea dlrly!
2 Decide whether the
points are necessary,
not necessary but
relevant, or irrelevant.
1 Mrs Collins' party
didn't help Greenpeace
with their advertising
costs.
2 Her party has aro und
five million members
across the country.
3 Tourists are put off by
the pollution of t he
sea.
4 The river is no cleaner
than it was two years
ago.
5 Tourism has not
increased du e to
pollu tion of the sea.
6 The local park is often
full of litter.
I Read this writing task. How formal should your letter be?
Why?
You have read an article in your local newspaper in
wh ich your local MP talks about environmenta l
problems. Read the extract from the article, on which
you have made some notes. Then write a letter to the
editor of the newspaper, using all your n otes.
t:/tiln't: help
{ireenpeace
I then asked Mrs Coli ins about the environmental problems in her
wt'th
adverlt'st'nj local area.
costs 'We have made a lot of progres~~~~~.~tJY.L~D.~ .f.~P..1.i.~~. : .:9..~.~..\~~-~-~~i~~r,
for example, is now much cleaner than it wastwo years ago. We ave
··... made a real effort to support local environmental groups, and we
·······~ help themin whatever way we can. Our beach-cleanmg sch:me
has also been a great success, with local young people helpl~g to attrcr.:-
..··· ouns .
..-=-~---------------­
Write a lette r in 120-150 words. You must use
gra mmatica lly correct sentences with accurate
spelling and punctuation in a style appropriate for the
situatio n. Do not write any addresses.
Working model
3 Read the answer to the writing task. Put the parts in the correct order
C George Lennon
A F
P~~ally, I would like to
omt out that th I Could I suggest you interview local
council ha e ocal
supported~ n~t always people to discover the truth about
groups Wh nwronmental the environmental problems facing
· en Greenp our area?
requested he/ . eace
adv rt' . p Wtth
e lsmg costs th
request was turn~d e Firstly, it is not true that the river
down. is cleaner than it was two.years
ago. Local fact?ries are still
G Dear Sir/Madam, polluting the nver.
1am writing in response to
an article in your newspaper Secondly, the sea is also badly
on 25th February, in whic~ poll~ted. Contrary to what Mrs
my local MP, Patricia Colhns, Collms claims, tourism is falling
was interviewed. She made because of this problem. Tourists
a number of statements and local people have also
which 1would lil<e to complained about the park
disagree with. which is often full of litter. ,
Correct order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 4 Find formal phrases in the letter on page 138 that ..-.~f> Now write!
mean the same as these informal phrases. 7 You are now ready to write your
I to reply to letter to the editor of the newspaper.
2 She said many things ... Use formal language. Include all the
informatio n you have to. Use the
3 ... I think are wrong.
model to guide you.
4 Disagreeing with what Mrs Collins says ...
5 Why don't you ... ?
...~~ Check it out!
6 Lots of love
8 Check your work. Tick
what you have done .
....;; Ready to write!
5 You are going to write a similar letter. You have seen
this interview with a local businessman in your local
paper. W hat information do you have to include?

Mr Frank Yales, a .local not true- Wt7\y.

businessman, agrees. 'The local .......... sft11 lots of 1 l.-\t71.ve vseJ... ~ov'-"'t7\'
0
counci l have done a lot in our )' · !t"tter! \t71.\\el'-'t7\ele.
area . They've done a very good l l.-\t71.Ve i.\\c\IAJ...eJ... (7\" t-l.-\e
job of cleaning up the city i.\\~Ov1Mt71.\-iO\\ l l.-\M to.
0
centre. They've aJso done all ~· ······... they promised 1
1 l.-\t71.Ve\\ t- wvi.t-t-e\\ t71.\\Y
the work they promised to do -.., a Hewyottflt (7\J...J...vesses.
0
on the local park, including cltth but tfitln't 1 l.-\t71.Ve IAseJ... pt71.vt7\e~vt7\fl.-\s. 0
building a new basketball court. butltl if
I'm sure young people will l l.-\t71.ve cl.-\ec\:.eJ... '-"'Y spe\~i.\\el, 0
.. l OIA\\c\-1At71.t\O\\.
welcome that. They have also e~vt71.1M1Mt7\V' t7\·,U' '

worked very closely with local ..,. ······.... ""Y \et-tev i.s \;>etwee\\ \20
people w plan for the futu re.' ····... they M?' t7\\\J... \ S"O wovJ...S \o\\el·
OYJaHisetfOHC
medti1JI

6 Make a plan of your answer. Use your imagination.

• How are you going to start your letter? Can you answer these questions? If
• When did you see the article? you can't remember, look through
• ~~ich point are you going to talk about first? the unit for the answers.
at are you going to say about it? . 1 Which country is most of the
• ~~i~h point are you going to talk about second? Amazon ra inforest in?
a are you going to say about it? . 2 Where do we put bottles that
• Which point are you going to talk about third? we want to recycle?
What are you going to say about it? . 3 What does a species of animal
• Are there any other relevant points to add? or plant become when it dies
• How are you going to close your letter? out completely?
• What will be the final thing you write?

~-···························· ·······································-······ ..······················································································-·················································..················..··············......................................······················!

 In this unit, we are going to
read about a crime, listen
to a police officer talking
about crime, speak about
crime, write a letter of
application and study
conditional sentences
about the past.

Start thinking! ofacrime

When a crime is committed, many B The Victim
people are involved. We took one Olivia Norton lives in a quiet suburb.
crime and spoke to everybody it alone apart from her two cats. She sa_ s
affected to see what really happens that what happened that night in July
when somebody breaks the law. has had a long-lasting effect on her.
A The Criminal 'You can always replace the things yo..
own, and I had insurance, but it takes a
earl Maxwell is currently in prison, long time to feel safe in your own hor.
serving a six-month sentence. In July again. If I'd known what was going to
of last year. he was arrested and a TV, happen, I'd have been more careful. b
a video recorder and a DVD player you never know, do you? The crime ra!:
were found in his car. He admits now around here is increasing and there jus·
that he stole them, although at the time aren't enough police officers. Their
he claimed that he was innocent. He failure to prevent crime means that
How many different kinds of says he has no regrets about the many people are afraid to leave their
a-ime can you na1nc? burglary. own homes.'
Have you or anyone you 'I come from a very poor family. We Olivia believes that poverty can push
know ever been the victim of never had anything. We couldn't afford people into crime but that it isn't an
much and we never went on holiday excuse. 'My parents never had much
a crime? when I was a child. If my childhood money, either. But they worked hard a
What do you thin k would be had been different, I would have got a saved what they could. If I'd decided::
the worst thing about being proper job. But as I grew up, I realised turn to crlme, I could have got lots of
in p rison? that I could get things easily just by things for free. I didn't, though, because
stealing them. Well, if people are so I believe that honesty is important.·
stupid that they leave their windows
Reading ~ unlocked, it's not my fault. I've never
hurt anyone, so I think it's unfair that
c The Police Officer
I'm in here. Still, I'll be out in another 'lt wasn't the first time I'd stopped
I Read this magazine article Maxwell,' says Wendy Holmes, the
four months.'
about a crime. Do you feel police officer who made the arrest. ·1
any sympathy for the recognised him as soon as I saw him
criminal? and I knew he'd been in prison before

~----·--···----··----···--...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
 c
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2 Find the answers to the questions.
Focus on FCE: Reading Part 3
Cll
J::.
Do not read the article in detail.
c
1 How long is Carl Maxwell's 3 Read the article again. For questions 1-1 I, choose 0

sentence? from the people (A-D). The people may be chosen

2 When did the crime take place? more than once.
3 How much of his sentence is left? Which person(s) makes the following points?
4 Who does Mrs Norton live with? Putting people in prison
5 What made Officer Hollnes doesn't solve everything. I .........
suspicious? Burglars try to find houses
6 How long has George Blackwell
that are unlocked. 2 .........
been a judge? Criminals who aren't violent
shouldn't be in prison. 3 .........
The victims of crime are lo blame
for their situation. 4 .........
Even if I hadn't known who he was, I would Losing your things is not the worst
'1ave searched his car because he looked very effect ol a crime. 5 .........
suspicious. He had a mask and a torch on the The police were told about the crime
seat beside him. When I opened the boot of by the victim. 6 .........
the car, it was obvious that he'd been on a
:wrglary. When Mrs Norton reported the People who turn to crime are
:rime, we knew that Maxwell was guilty, and frequently out of work. 7 .........
e soon got a few fingerprints from the H wasn't Maxwell's first crime. 8 ......... 9 ......... 10 .........
ouse to prove it.'
There are more crimes in this area
Jfficer Holmes has some good advice for
than in the past. 11 .........
;Jeople who are afraid of this sort of crime.
Make sure you lock all your doors and
ndows at night. Most burglars are just out
ooking for an opportunity. Don't give it to
·nem. If Mrs Norton had locked all her
ndows, Maxwell would have found another
"lOuse. If we are going to lower the crime rate
, this area, people have to start being more 4 Use words or phrases from t he a rticle to co mplete
:areful.' the definitions. You've been given the first let ter to
help you.
I The Judge
I s............................... th e pun ishment given to a crim inal,
:;eorge Blackwell, QC, has seen all kinds of u sually time in prison
:~mina! pass through his court in his ten
ears as a judge. He says that earl Maxwell is 2 i............................... not having committed a crime
o different from hundreds of young men he 3 b............................... t he crime of stea ling things from a
iees every year. house
~well is quite typical. Most burglars are
4 c............................... r ................... ........ a measure of how much
Jung men, often unemployed. who think
crime is committed
at it's an easy route to the lifestyle that
·.,er people work hard for. lt isn't. Crime 5 g............................... having committed a crime
:estroys people's lives. Like so many others, 6 £............................... marks we leave behind when we
l.axwell pleaded not guilty at the trial, but the touch someth ing
rce evidence was very clear. lt only took
e jury a few minutes to decide he was 7 c. ............................ the place where decision s are made
~ tty, and, in my opinion. it was clearly the about who com mitted a crime
~rrect verdict. lt wasn't his first offence, and
sentenced him to six months inside. Prison
.,·t a perfect solution, but at least it keeps Did you enjoy reading this article?
.:ople like him off the streets.' Did you learn anything? Why? /Why not?
 c
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3 Correct the sentences that have
...c
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mistakes in them. One sentence
0 has no mistakes. Which one?
Conditionals
1 I would have escaped if I
...~!> Look at Grammar database page 189 before you do the hadn't had a faster car.
exercises. 2 I hadn't been sent to prison ii
had committed a burglary.
I Look at this sentence from the article and decide if the 3 He wouldn 't have become a
statements are true (T) or false (F). thief if he has had more
money when he was a child.
If m y childhood had been different, I would have got a proper job.
... .....
4 If there would be more polk ·
officers, the crime rate
condition result wouldn't have been so high.
I This sentence refers to the past. 5 lf I hadn't noticed the
2 The condition is impossible. unlocked window, I wou ld
3 The result actually happened. have tried to find anoth er
house.

Look through the article again and find other examples of

sentences like the one above. Underline them.
4 Decide what the people wou c
wouldn't have done if the past
had been different.
I Barbara stole a diamond rin:
2 Choose the sentence which expresses the same idea. so she was arrested.
1 If I hadn't been caught, I wouldn't have been sentenced 2 Joe ended up in prison beca
to prison. he attacked someone in the
street.
a I wasn't caught and I wasn't sentenced to prison.
3 The criminal was guilty so:
b I was caught and I was sentenced to prison.
sentenced him to six mom. '
2 The burglar wouldn't have got in if l had locked the in prison.
windows. 4 The evidence was very clea-
a I didn 't lock the windows and the bu rglar got in. th e jury took only a few
minutes to decide.
b T locked the windows and the b urglar didn't get in.
5 Your car was stolen becau'e
3 If th e police hadn't found fingerprints, they wouldn't you did n't lock it.
have had enough evidence.
6 My father was a police off
a The police found fi ngerprints and they had enough so I became one.
evidence.
b The police didn't find finge rprints and they didn't
have enough evidence. 5 Make true sentences about
your past. Compare your
4 1f I hadn't had a mask in th e car, the police officer sentences with other studer:s
wouldn't have been suspicious.
a 1 had a mask in the car and the poli ce officer was
su spicious.
b I clidn't have a mask in the car and
the police officer wasn't suspicious.

p ... ..... . . .. .... . ...... . . . . ... .... ......... . . . ...... . ... ... . ... . ...... . ... . .-··-· ---·· · · ··-···· · ······· ··· ··· ·· · · · ·· · ··· -
 c
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2 Match each punishment to the
description. ..
QJ
.z:

0
c
1 When you are given this
sentence, you don't go to
Complete the definitions with words from the box. prison. If, however, you
commit another crime in the
shoplifting • murder • assault • robbery • blackmail • arson
near future, you will be sent to
prison.
I If you kill somebody illegally, you are guilty of ...... ... ................. .
2 When you are given this
2 If you deliberately start a fire,
sentence, you have to pay
you are guilty of .................. ...... .
some money to the court.
3 If you steal items from shops,
3 When you are given this
you are guilty of .............................. .
sentence, you have to do
4 If you attack someone something for your local area.
physically, you are guilty of The work you are given might
be connected to the crime you
5 If you steaJ things, eg money committed.
from a bank, you are guilty of 4 When you are given this
sentence, you are sent to
6 If you make somebody give prison for a very long time for
you money so that you don't committing a serious crime.
tell people their secrets, you
are guilty of ............................... . a a life sentence
b a fine
c community service
d a suspended sentence

Word formation: irregular forms Word patterns

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the word in bold.
1 Most .......... ......... ... are eventually caught by the
police. crime
2 There was an investigation into the
of the police to catch the robbers. fail
3 The woman was able to give a very detailed
............................... of her attacker to the police.
describe
4 I accept that .. ......................... is connected to crime,
but not aJl poor people become criminals.
poor
5 The accused man walked free from the court
because there was no ............................. that he had
committed the crime. prove
6 The government are trying to ............................... the age
at which young people can be sent to prison.
low
4 Complete the word patterns with words
from the box.
accuse • charge • suspect • apologise
get away • let off • sentence • blame
1 ............................... somebody with a crime
2 ................... somebody ............................... with a
warning
3 ................. somebody of (doing)
something
4 .. .... ......... somebody of (doing)
something
5 ... ....... .. ............ with a crime
6 ............................... somebody for a crime
7 ........................ somebody to time in prison
8 ............................... for (doing) something
c
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c YJD kin
0
You are going to listen to a man being Look at the different ways of asking people re
interviewed about crime. Answer the make something clear. Cross out the ones ti'r
questions. are not po lite.

I Wh y has Robert White been invited

onto the show?
2 Wh at sch eme is he on the show to talk
abou t?
Focus on FCE: Listening Part 2
2 Listen to t he interview again. For
questions 1-6, complete the sentences.
Local crime is increasing beca use crime is
in creasing in 1
Man y young people have t ime to get
involved in crime because of
People don 't know 3
because th ey travel ro see friends or to
work.
The crime that causes m ost problems in the
area~
Fewer ca rs are stolen because of
improved
People sh ould v isit t heir 6 •
fo r further inform atio n about Neighbour
Power.
What'?
WouiJJpu mind rep_mfi,u
the 'fuesft'on? -
2
Focus on FCE: Speaking Part 4
2 In pairs, choose four or more of t he questions
4 to talk about. Use the phrases from exercise
to check anything you don't understand.
5 • Do you th ink prison helps to prevent crime?
W hy do people become crim inals?
• What problems of crime does your local an:J
face?
• Would you like to work as a police officer?

r
Why? I Why not?
• Apan from pd son, what other ways of deaL
weak forms (2) w ith crime are
use\U'
there? '"~
Listen to how we say the underlined Yes, to a certain
words in the sentences. extent. However, •••
Do you always lock your doors an d
windows at n ight? Well, around here crime isn't
My pu rse h as been stolen from m y ba~! such a problem but •. •
I think we n eed some advice abou t cnm e
preven tion.
The crime rate h as in creased by m ore No, I don't think I'd like
that at all. I imagine .••
than ten per cen t.
Now try saying the sentences in the same
way. See Speaking database on page 158.
 c:
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Use of English Parts of speech
3
..
Cl
.c
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Wishes and regrets Complete the phrases o n the right so that they mean 0
the same as t hose on the left using the verbs in the
-e> Look at Grammar database pages box. Use some of the verbs mo re t han once.
189-190 before you do the
exercises. pay • make · have • fi nd

Correct t he sentences. 1 find it difficult to do ............................... difficulty in doing

2 be worried .............. .. something
1 I wish my new watch hasn't been
about something worrying
stolen f'rom my bag yesterday.
3 not regret .......... ......... .... no regrets about
2 Don' t you w ish now you locked your
4 compla in ............................. a complaint about
windows last night?
5 visit someone .............................. someone a visit
3 I'm sure everybody wishes they can
preven t crime in their area. 6 suggest ................ a suggestion
4 r wish we didn't get burgled when
we go on holiday this summer. Focus on FCE: Use of English Part 4
5 I wish J didn't mention the fact that
Kelly's dad's in prison when I saw 4 For questions I-5, complete the second sentence
her last week. so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the
word given. You must use between two and five
Write what the people might say in
words, including the word given. W rite the missing
each situation. Use wish or if only.
words IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
1 Emily wants to become a police
officer. She isn't tall enough. 1 Tm sorry r did n't Jet th e police know about it
'I ............................................................................................... sooner,' said Larry.
to become a police officer!' wished
Larry .................................................. .....................................,....... the police
2 I stole sweets from m y local shop. I about it sooner.
regret doing it now.
2 My neighbours make so m uch noise that 1
'If································································································ com plained to t he police .
sweets from my loca.l shop!' complaint
1 ................. . ...... .... ............... .......................................... my noisy
3 The thief wasn't careful enough and
neighbours to th e po lice.
he got caught.
'IJ ................................................................................................ , 3 'I regret starting the [ire deliberately,' said Alex.
I wouldn't have got ea ught.' wished
Alex ................................................................................................. arson .
4 I' m taking a Jaw exam next week.
I don't want to do it. 4 Mack doesn't regret robbing the bank.
regrets
'I ......................................... .................................................... a
Mack ................................................................................................. robbing
law exam next week.'
the bank.
5 There's a crime t hriller on at the 5 'Why don't we visit your uncle in p rison
dnema but I can' t afford to go. tomorrow ?' said Mum.
'If ...... ························································· paying
to the cinema to see the crime Mum suggested ................. ................................. .... .............................
thriiJer!' in prison th e following day.
c:
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.f Writing ~ 2 Decide w hich of these people would not be
suitable for this job. Why not?
c
0 Focus on FCE: A letter of application I a young woman who is 20 years old and
...-...~!)- Read about letters of application in the a bad temper
Writer's database on page 154 before 2 a young man who is 16 years old and ha•
you do the exercises on this page. studying
3 a young woman who is out o1 shape and IS _
years old
I Read this writing task. W hat kind of person
4 a you ng woman who is a karate teacher a
would be good at t he job advertised?
is 19 years old
5 a young man who was once arrested for
You have seen th e follow ing advertisement: burglary
6 a young man who works out, is 17 years
a11d is quite good at school
Your PoUce Force
Needs You! Working model
Trainee Police Officers 3 Read t he answer to the writing task.
Wanted
Dear Sir/Madam, I am writ· .
your advertisement in th ,~m r~sponse to
applications for th . .e aily Mirror' inVit~
officer. I

force. I believe I
necessary to b
three times a week
=t .
· am eighteen year 1
e POSltion of trainee police -
interested in folio . a s o d ~nd I am very
career m the police
he personal qualities
ecome a police. 0 tr·Icer. I do karate
and pl ..
weekend, so I am . ay l~Otball every
believe that th m good Pbyswal condition I
The police force is now inviting . ese sports ha a1 ·
applications from young people mterested to deal calmly With t ve . so taught me hOt"o
studying and would ~:~ul Situations. I e.qjoy
in a challenging career. We expect you to of police work "" ng to learn all areas
be physically fit, willing to learn and able · .~:our advertise
that the successful ap li ment also mentions
to keep calm in difficult situations. You police record. I WOuld bk~S:ts should not have a
should also never have been in trouble never con-..,.,..,;tt d . state that I have
•.u..u.u. e a crune of ::..m. kin
with the police. You can expect us to never been arrested I -:v- d and I have
provide you with all the training you need at any time and wo~ld ~ avallable for interview
and the chance to develop your skills. If With any further info e ~PPY to provide you
you are aged between 17 and 21, write ~o forward to heamng f rmatwn you reqUire. I look
....... rom you.
us, telling us why we should make you mto
a police officer we can be proud of. Yours faithfully,

All applications should be sent to

Robert Peel
Police Recruits, 10 letsby Avenue , London 83

Write a l et ter of application of between

120 and 180 words . Do not write any 4 T he writer has not used paragraphs at all.
addresses. Divide the let ter into four main paragraphs.
What does the writer say in each paragraph?
. . .e> Ready to write! ....,1> Now write!
5 Imagine a person who would be perfect for 7 You are now ready to write a letter from your c
the job advertised. Complete the information character applying for the job of trainee police 0
about this person. Use your imagination. officer. Use the set phrases you have learned.
Use formal language and divide your letter
into appropriate paragraphs.

Name of your character: ..

Male or female? .............................. .................................... ...-.~C> Check it out!
Age; ..............................::.:::.::::.·:·:::·..::::·:·:...::..::·:::::·::...................................... . 8 Check you r work. Tick what
Personal qualifies: ........................................ you have done.
Ambitions? ......................................................................
Wh ..................................................................
Y would he/she be good at this job? ......................
··············· ···················· .................. ..........................
. .. .............................................

. write a letter from th.is

You are gomg to h position of tramee
\ ·ngfort
1 e
person app Y . . ke a p\an of your
. officer. First, ma .
\
po ICe ·maginatlon.
answer. Use your I
·ng to start the letter?
HoW are you gol
•
paragra-ph 1 € the advertisement tor 0
• Where did your character se
the iob?
Id is your character?
• HOW 0 b"f n?
. haracter's am ' IO .
• What IS your c
Paragra-ph 2 I qualities does your
W hat relevant -persona
• ? Can you answer these questions~ If you
character have. h bbies does your can't remember, look through the unit
• What relevant interests or o
for the answers.
character have?
1 What is the opposite of 'innocent'?
Paragra-ph 3 . trouble with the -police?
h cter been m 2 What is the third conditional used
• Has your c ~ra dd anything here? to talk about? the present the past
would you lll<e to a
the future
Paragra-ph 4 . a tormal way that they can 3 Which of these is a kind of stealing?
How can you say m t? arson blackmail shoplijling
• . when they wan .
inteMeW you I our l€tter? 4 Write a noun that comes from
• HoW are you going to c ose y
'poor' .
5 What can you say if you don't
understand someone's question?
 Choose the correct option. Write one word to answer t hese
questions.
l Many people feel that ........... ····- n··-· wanning is a
major problem. What crime have you committed if you .•
A global B earth C world D worldwide I steal things from a shop? ........
2 deliberately set fire to things? ............
2 The criminal's ....................... ...... were all over the stolen
money. 3 kill somebody on purpose? .....
A fingermarks B fingertips 4 steal money from a bank? ......................
C fingerprints D fingernails 5 attack someone physically? ....................
3 The twelve members of the .......................... reached 6 steal things from a house? ................... _
agreement after a long discussion. 7 threaten to reveal a secret unless
.
A court B j my C judge D verdjct someone gives you money?..................

4 I'm a real nature ............................... and I enjoy long Choose the correct option.
walks in the countryside.
A carer B follower C lover D friend I I wish I .......... .................. with you to the 1 .a
tomorrow.
5 The Prime Minister aJmounced new laws to deal A came B will come C could c
with the rising crime ............................. .
2 Don't you wish you ..........................._ Ed to
A amount B rate C speed D total
your wedding?
6 Don't just drop your rubbish! Put it in the litter A invited B had invited
C would invite
A box B bank c tidy D bin
3 Look what the dog's done! If only
7 l wonder why all the diJlOSa urs ... n • • • •• • • • • • •••••••••••• extinct I ............................... him outside when I wer.~
at the same time. earlier!
A did B made C became D went A put B would put C had pu•

8 The giant panda faces extinction due to the 4 Mary told me she wishes you .
destruction of it<; ......................
n n . about her all the time.
A habitat B habit A gossip B wouldn 't gossip
C inhabitant D habitation C won't gossip
9 The accused man shouted, 'lam ............. n • • • • • •••••••• ! 5 I wish we ............................... pizza for lunch
I didn't do it!' instead of beans - again!
A guilty B pure C innocent D faultless A were having B are having C ba\
IO The woman was ...... ........... with murder and 6 lf only I ............................... the bill, they
placed in a police cell. wouldn't have cut the phone offl
A accused B suspected A was paying B can pay C had pac:i
C sentenced D charged
7 Jackie hopes that she . ............................ to
university next year.
A went B will go C was g<>- ~
 -·
~
0
s::
~

::s
0
Complete the patterns with the correct Complete each sentence so that it means the >-
prepositions. same as the first sentence. Use the words given, ~
0
without changing them. Use no more than five .c
1 sentence somebody ............................. time in
prison
words. You will get 2 marks for each correct "'
answer.
2 accuse somebody .......................... committing a
crime I I've got your school report here and I'm a little
3 charge somebody ............................. a crime worried about it, George.
4 blame somebody ............................. something find
5 suspect somebody .......................... doing I've got your school report here and I
something ......................... ................................... , George.
6 apologise ............................. something 2 We could go and visit Hilary this weekend, ii'
7 get away .............................. committing a <..Time you like.
pay
Complete the sentences using the correct We could go and ....... .. .................... .. ............ thjs
form of the words in brackets. You will get 2 weekend, if you like.
marks for each correct answer.
3 'J'd like to suggest something, if you'd let me.
1 My father says that you should never t.rust
.............................. . (POLITICS} make
l'd like to ............................................................ ,if you'd let
2 Apparently,........ .......... have discovered a
new species of ape jn Africa. (SCIENCE) me.
3 Thousands of ............................... filled the dty 4 My dad gave up his career to look after us kids,
centre today and demanded new laws to but he says he doesn't regret it at all.
control pollution. (PROTEST) regrets
4 The ............................... shouted 'Action!' and the My dad says he .............................................................. giving up
actor stancd running towards the burning his career lO look after us kids.
house. (D IRECT)
5 Rescue teams searched the area of the 5 As I left, two hotel guests who wanted to
plane crash but there were no .............................. . complain were demanding to see the manager.
(SURVIVE) make
6 Government .............................. checked the As I left, two hotel guests who
factory and dedded that levels of pollution ................................ .. ............... .... were demanding to see
were unacceptable. (INSPECT) the manager.

Match to make complete sentences.

1 lf l had known there was a problem, a we would have known it wa s going to rain.
2 If you had invited Ncil, b we wouldn't have started eating potatoes.
3 If we'd seen the weather forecast, c l would have given you some.
4 T.f the weather had l)een bad, d the concert in the park would have been cancelled.
5 H we hadn't discovered America, e you would have been annoyed with her, too!
6 If you had told me you needed money, f I would have done something about it.
7 If Lisa had said that to you, g he would have really enjoyed the party.

lams no.< a>v (J114M oz-o

jdn I! daa)l ji113J.6 5,11141 oS-1'1
PIOOI 1a4toue 1oj aw11 s,1! aq.<ew o'l-lz
jjJn)S JnOA -"'Otil! Ai11?3J noA j3UOp i13M 09-IS
Score: /6o

-------------- --
.............................................................................................................................................. - - -- - --~
 Each piece of writing you do is different, but Secondly, you have to know why you are writing. Your
there are a few general pieces of advice you purpose affects what you write. Read the question
should remember every time you write carefully and make sure you understand why you are
something. writing.
First of all, you have to know who your reader is. Thirdly, you have to know what type of text you are
This tells you how formal your writing should be. writing. Look at the following descriptions of each tex•
In general, use formal language with strangers type. Follow this guide when you write. Your writing
and people who are in authority (managers, should look like the examples here. An article should
teachers, etc). Use informal language with people look like an article, a letter should look like a letter,
you know personally (family members, friends, etc. Make sure you have everything in the right place
pen-friends, etc).

T his is what a formal letter/email should look like.

Dear- Ms Lawson, ils

Thankyou for- tljYeein!J to be inter-viewed I am wr~·tin!J to Formal letters/emails are letters/emails
you write to someone you do not know
!J'·veyou (urlher- infor-mation and to arran!Je the tLme and well. You might write one to make a
date ofthe inter-view. complaint, make arrangements, give or
request information, etc. W hen you are
FiYst0 I would like to SU!J!Jest we hold the intervie~ at five asked to write one, you will be given a
o'clock on either- the 11th oY 12th. Sinceyou aYe staym!J at the situation and some information which yo...
have to include. You should use formal
Hotel Re~ it mi!Jht be best if we met ther-e. language and start and end the letter/emall
in an appropriate way.
rhe ,·nter-view shouldlast halfan hour; and I am planni11!J
to askyou for- a descriptum o(youY tour: Our- reader-s will Key things to remember:
also be inter-ested in whyyou came on the tour and whether
you have met any t"nterestin!J people or- other travellers. • make su re you understa nd the
situation

I wonder {you could bn"n!J any photosyou have o(plaus!ou • make sure you understand who you
arc writing to
have visited We would also !t."ke to take photo!JYaphs dunn!f
• decide whether you r letter shou ld be
the t"ntewie~ so I hopeyou do not mind {I arrai1!Je that. formal or informal
• start and end your letter in an
1look forward to hear-in!J from you soon. appropriate way
• use paragraphs to separate key point'>
Your-s sin&ere0 • include all the information you are
given
Jan Merton • use indirect questions

j}!J·-·--·-·· · . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . .--.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . ... . . . .. . . . . .. . ·· ··· · · -·······--·-..--·-·-·-. ··-···-···-·· · . . . . . . ············---·-···-·-·-··---~

reoort
A report is a way of giving informat ion to
somebody clearly. They are usually formal and
consist of separate paragraphs. lt is a good idea
to give your paragraphs headings_to make
yo ur info rmation clear. You are g1ven a
situat ion and asked to write a report for
your employer, your manager, etc. You are
often asked to give your
opinion/suggestions/recommendations.
Key things to remember.
• m ake sure you un derstand the
situation
• m ake sure you know w h o you are
writing the report for
• start your report with
To: (the name of th e person the report
is for)
From: (you r name)
Subject: (what your report is about)
• use separate paragraphs for each ma in
point
• use dear h eadings fo r your
paragraphs
• use repon ed speech for things people
said
• use formal language
evem"n!J.s ant/ ni!Jhts can 6e ruite cola', so warm clotht"n!J is need&(,
farltcularfy when camft"n!J.
This is what a report should loo k like.
To: Thomas Et/wan(.s
From: Clat"re Eliot
Su6jed: Camtin!l in this area
Introduction
As rqu.e.stea', I have researchedca111ft"n!J (adlitt"e.s tit the local area
to heft the!lroUf of.students who tntentl to visit. The results are
tre.sentet/6elow, tO!Jefher with my recommendations.
Cai11f.site.s
There are two matn camf.sife.s locafjt, Ca111ft"n!J Wor/t(ant/
Sunshine Camf.st"te. Wht1e Camft"n!J Wor/t( is chetlfer; the facilt:·tt"e.s
are also more 6asic. Sunshine Ca111ft"n!J i.s .sli!Jht!y more extensive,
but it tloe.s have excellent .shower ant/cookift!J faa!t"tt"e.s.
Time o(year
Both camf.site.s are Ofen allyear round Pnce.s are lower tlun"nj
the wtnfer; 6ut the weather in thistart ofthe wor/t(can!Jef very
colt/. The camf.sife.s can 6e very busy tlun"n!J)u/y antiAU!Jusf.
Clotht"n!J
This tltpentl.s on the time o(year. However; even t"n.summer the

Recomment/ation.s
I wou/t( recommend.sfayt"nj at Sun.shme Camf.st'fe because ofthe
excellent(aa!t"tt"e.s. In my Oft"nion, the best ft'me to vi.st"t wou/t(be
Stpiember; when the weather is .sfttl!loot/but the camf.st"te.s are
not as busy as they are earlier tn the .summer.
 ~tories This is what a story should look like.

Stories are meant t o be entertaining and The Messflje

you need to use good descriptive Sudden~ a messflje appeared on the computer screen. I haJ
language.A simple plot with few
characters is usually better than a
heen suifm!f the Internet and was surprisedto he interrupted I IK· ~
complicated plot with lots of characters. aroundtlte room hut everyhody was workt'nj.
You are often given a sentence that you 'Hello. How areyou, ~rC!f?'Who t<JU/d it he? I sftlrlediJtt'nJ.
should start or end your story with. 'Hello. Who areyou?' I waitedfor tlte answer, whiclt apfeart~~
few seconds later.
Key things to remember: Afriend Be careful. You are in!freat dan!fer. 'Ifelt cold I aslu
the mysterious stran!fer what kind ofda11Jer I was in.
• give your sLOry a title
'somehody is planninj somdhtifj. 'Nervous~ I tried to
• if you are given a sentence, use it in remem her t(I hadUfSd anyone recently. As /sat ther~ wonderin!J
the right place without changing it
what to do nex; another messflje apfeared
• have a dear beginning, middle and
'Look out! Behindyou!'I turned, my heart heatin!J quick~.
end to your story
Standtifj there was a!!host! ljumted up, dosed my eyes andscream~
• keep your plot simple
Then, I heardlau!fhter. I Ofened my eyes andstandtn!f tn front r
• don't have too many d1aractcrs
me was my frientf MithaeZ with a white sheet. On the other sitleufIN
• use good adjectives and adverbs room another frientf Simon, was iJttn!f andlaUjhinJ I lookedat the
• use direct speech for what your computer screen and Mother messflje apfeared
characters say
Apn1Fool! Ha, ha!'

revtews
. This is what a review should look like .

In a review, you give your opinion of something 'The f>e1ect Crime' hy Alison {freene
you have seen (a play, a TV programme, etc) or 'The f>e1ect Crime' is Alison {freene's second novel. In ~~
read (a book, a story, etc) or a place you have she describes what happens when a work ofarl is stolen
visited (a restaurant, a hotel, etc).You should
from a mu.seum. The pokce have no 1~-U:k fndinj the
describe the most important features, explaining
why you think t hey are positive or negative criminal unft1 Detective Paul Mt1lijan solves the crime.
things. A review often ends with a suggestion or Althou!fh Detective Mt11ijan is a stronj character,
recommendation. The formality depends on who many ofthe others are very simt1ar to each other. {freene .s
your readers are, but usually you should use a a!fooddescr'ftive writer, hut the dialojues between her
neutral style (neither too formal nor too characters seem unnatural and old-fashioned If's not
informal). always easy to remember who is speakil1j and I often had
to jO hack a few pajeS to check.
Key things to remember: The plot's 'fUlte complicated, which is not surprisin!J fur
• give your review a title st-U:h a loi1J thriller. when Detective Millijan fnalr solves
• explain what you are reviewing
the crime, it's a complete surprise to learn that the thiefwas
the mu.seum director. However, he seems to solve it hy lud
• decide what key 'features your readers are
interested in instead ofskttt which spoils the endinj ofthe hook.
I would recPmmend this hook for fans ofcrime
• describe the key features in separate
paragraphs fction, who wt11fnd that there's lots ofaction to keep
• give your opinions and the reasons for them them interested However, manypeople wt11fnd the hook
• make relevant suggestions/recommendations too lol1j and dt(ficult to follow.

~· · ········ · · · · · ··············· · · · · ······ · · ············· · · · · · · · · · · · ······· · · · ········· · · · · · ··········· ··· · · ·· · ··· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ···································· ············· ······ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ······· · · · · · ··· · · · · ··· · ··· · ··· · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · ···-

articl~>
You are often asked to write articles for
magazines. Make sure you know who you
are writ ing for because t hat tells you how
rormal your article should be. An article
~o r other students should be lively,
nteresting and not too fo rmal. You can use
questions to interest your readers.
Key things to remember:
• give your artidc a tit le
• make su re you know who your
read ers are
• use questi.o ns to interest your readers
• use the right level of formali ty
• use exclam ation marks to give a lively
feel
• use direct speed1 for things people
sa id
sa
~ys are formal and usually written for your
t=acher. You usually have to explain whether
-ou agree or disagree with a statement, what
:"'e advantages and disadvantages of something
~. etc. You should use a new paragraph for
uch mai n point and use good connectors to
-k your sentences together.
y things to remember:
• use formal language
• use good connecting words and phrases
• present your argument clearly
• use a new paragraph for each main point
• only make points tha t are relevant to th e
q uestion
• make sure you do what the question asks
you to do
This is what an article should look like.
A Mt:~jical World
Haveyou ever watcheda vtdeo and thouJf'tt it was
disa;;Fointirtj? Some films just don't seem to work on the
small screen, do they? For today's action (Zims, there's only
one way to see them: in a modern cinema.
EverythinJ about most films, from the jJicture to the
sound, is desijnedfor the hiJ screen. SjJecial effects that look
ordt'nary on a TV screen suddenly come to ltfe t'n the ct'nema.
There s notht'nj like the excitement ofwatchinJ a scene,
hearinJ the sound all aroundyou and really fee!t'nJ kke
you re there, t'n the mtddle ofthe action.
Afarl from that jOt'nJ to the Ct'nema is a Sfecial
occasion. The smell ofthe fOfCOYn, the feel ofthe seats and
the excitement in the voices ofthe audience all make a visit
to the ct'nema feel !t:ke enten'nJ a mt:ijt'cal wodd
A vtdeo is somethirtjyou watch to!'ass the time. A
film at the cinema is an escal'e into a dream. So, for me, its
the cinema every time!
This is what an essay should look like.
/t has often heen SUJJested that only someone who
makes music can enjoy otherl'eofles music. while all of
us can enjoy music t'n our own w~ it is true that
l'layil1j a musical instrument heft;syou to understand
a jJiece ofmust'c.
7b he3in with, ittakes lonJ hours ofFradt'ce to
hecome a musician. !(you flay an t'nstrument you
understandhow much hardwork it has taken for the
musician to hecome so3ood You enjoy the music more
hecauseyou know how difficult it is to l'roduce. You also
recojm'se the ahi!t.ty ofa talented musician.
Secondly, must'c exfresses emoft'ons. !(you have
tried to exressyourselfthrouJh music, you have a
hetter Mea ofwhat a must'cian is tryt'nj to do. You
understand the meaninJ ofthe must'c and that
increasesyour enjoyment.
7b sum uF, I would aryue that the aht!tty to f1ay an
t'nstrument heft;syou to al'l'recia:te music in many ways.
Understandt'nJ the effort andthe emotion hehindthe
music makes listem'nJ to it more enjoyahle.

inf,.,rmalletters/emails
Informal letters/emails are written to a
friend or to a member of your family. You
should use informa l language and be
friendly. Even though the letter/email is
informal, you still need to use paragraphs
and include whatever information the
questions asks you to.
Key thin~s to remember:
• use informal language
• start and end your 1ctter/ernai1 in an
appropriate way
• ask about a piece of news in the first
paragraph
• use exclamation marks to give a
friendly feel
• use separate paragraphs for each
main point
• use direct q ueslion s
letters f ~pplic tion
Letters of application are letters you write
applying for a job. You need to use formal
language and good connecting words and
phrases. You should give information about
your experience, qualifications and personal
qualities clearly in separate paragraphs. lt's a
good idea to imagine that you are somebody
completely different, somebody who is perfect
for the job.
Key things to remember:
• make sure you understand what the job
is
• use set phrases for letters of application
• use formal language
• imagine you arc the perfect person for
the job
• start and end the letter in an appropriate
way
• use separate paragraphs for the main
points
• use indirect questions
This is what an informal letter/email should look ·e..
Dear Sanj~
Hi! How areyou? I hope everytht'n!f is okay. How Wt:l?
your exams? I hetyou passedthem all!
Thanks foryour letter: I can't believeyou've been o(fort
two summerjohs at the same time! You saidthat one ofth
was in a restaura11t and the other t'n a museum. !(I were
you, I woulddefinitely take the one t'n the restaurant.
The first thin!I is thatyou '//he there i11 the summer. T •
last tht"11!Jyou want to do is spendthe summer t'n a musewr
lmtljine how hon'n!f that would he! In a restaurant you 'If
meetpeople. lt mi!Jht he har-d work hut it'llhe worth t't. /'.,re
!JOt a coust'n who works t'n a restaurant and he so/sit's 1~
tt'rin!fi hut he really en;'oys t't.
The seu;ndtht'n!J is thatyou can prohahly eat at the
restaurant. You said the pay was the same, hutyou mijht
save money hy eati11!J there, soyou '//he hetter of(!
t;ood luck with if- and Ihopeyou make the ri!Jht duiste ·
Write soo11,
Love,
Elat'ne
This is what a letter of application should look like
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am wrt'tt'n!f t'n response iPyour advertiseme11f for tour
!fuitles, which I saw t'n a localnewspafer: I wou/Jlike iP 4fr:.
for o11e ofthe positions.
I he!t:eve I have the necessarypersonal 'fua!t:ties. I en;'oy
medt'n!f feople and he/pt'n!f them understa11d my tou11try IV
my culture. My knowledje ofthe local ar-ea is very!food
because I have livedher-e all my !tfe and I have visited most ..~
the local tourist attYaditms
As for formal'fuah(ications- I fassed Camhridje Ftrst
Certificate t'n En!Jfish with an A. Ialso speak some French
andt;erman a11d Iam fla11m'nj to take exams i11 6oth tho~
laH!fua!feS this summer
Althou!fh I do not have experience ofthis work I have workM
i11 »'!1 family's restaurant where I have had the chante to
meet many tourists andexplat'n a number' oftht'n!fs iP thew.
about the local area.
!(you rettut're anyfurther tnformation, please do not hesttate t:
contact me. I am avatlable for t'ntewiew atyour convenience.
I look forward iP hean'nj from you,
Yours fatthfofly,
Lena Cosmides
~ m I and inf I 1~ uaae
Once you have decided how formal your writing
should be, you need t o decide what language you
can use. Here are a few things you should
remember about formal and informal language.

f rm~l I n ua e
• We don't use contractions (I've, it's, etc) in
formal writing.
Most people do not agree with this position.

• We start and end letters in a formal way.

Dear Sir,
Dear Madam,
Dear Sir/Madam, fa m 11 n
Dear Mr Smith, • We use contractions (I've, it's, etc) in
Dear Mrs .Tones, informal writing.
I've just seen the film you mentioned. lt's great!
Yours sincerely, (after Dear+ surname)
Yours faithfully, (after Dear Sir, et c) • We start and end letters in an in forma l way.
(+your full name) Dear + first name

• We always write in complete sentences. Lots of love,

1 hope that you will be able to come to speak to the Take care,
students on the 14th December. (+your first name)

• We use formal vocabulary. • We don't always write in complete

accommodation instead of a place to stay sentences.
Sorry to hear about your dog.
• We use indirect questions.
I would be grateful ifyou could provide further • We use informal vocabulary.
information about the salary. cool instead of impressive
• We use the passive voice more. • We use direct questions.
A new law has been introduced to reduce crime. Did you pass your Spanish exam?
• We use formal connecting words and • We use the active voice more.
phrases. They 're pulling down the old theatre across the
Moreover, it is clear from statistics that more road.
people are getting divorced than ever before.
• We use informa1 connecting words and
• We don't use exclamation marks in formal phrases.
writing. Anyway, what I wanted to tell you about was the
party last night.

• We use exclamation marks.

! can't wait to see you!

...........................................................................................................................................................- - - - --~
 (sb =somebody, sth =something) idea/an a rgu m entia family
able be able to do help help sb (w) do. help sb with sth
account take into account homework do your homework, have homework to
accuse accuse sb of -ing insist insist on
add add sth to sth in spite of in spite of sth/-ing, in spite of the fad tha
admit admit (to) -ing, admit that o o o insist insist on sth/ -ing, insist that .. 0

advise advise sb to do, advise sb on, advise (sb) against slh interes t have/take/express an imerest in stJ1
afraid afraid of interested irnerestcd in
agTee agree with sth/sb, agree on sth, agree 10 do keen keen to do, keen on -ing
apologise apologise for sth know know about s th, know how to, be known as
apply apply for, apply in writing let let sb do sth
approve approve of listen listen to (music)
argue argue about sth, argue with sb look look after, look for. look at, look forward to - ing
ask ask sb sth, ask sb to do sth, ask sb about stb make make sb do, mnke the heds/a mess/a dcdsion/a
bad bad at sth. bad for sb diifcrmce/a complaint/a fort tme/a mistake/a noise/a
phone call/a suggestion/friends/make fun of
beHeve beliew sth/sb, believe in sth/sb (God)
manage manngc to do
blame blame sb for sth
object object to
capable capable of doing
occasion on this occasion
care care about, care for
part take pan in, be a part of sth
claim claim to be, claim that .. 0

p ay pay for sth, pay sb

complain complain about
pers uade persuade sb to do, persuade sb that .. 0

congratulate congratuJate sl1 on

prefer prefer to do sth rather than (to) do sth else. prdd
continue continue doing, continue to do sth/-ing to/rather than sth/-ing
deal deal with preven t prevem from -ing
decide decide on, decide lo do, decide that 000
protect protect from
demand demand that .. 0, demand st h, a demand for sth recommend recommend (tbat) sb do
deny deny-ing, deny that .. 0
refer refer to sth/sb
depend depend on sth/sb refuse refuse to do
despite despite sth/-ing, despile the fact that 000
regret regret (not} -ing, regret sth, regret to in form you
difference make n cfillerencc rely rely on
difficulty have difficulty in doing remjnd remind sb of sth/sb, remind sb about sth
do do you r best/homework/the iron ing/the housework/the say say stb ( 1o sb). sa.y that ..
0

cooking/an experiment/research/do you good

sentence sentence sb to
dream drtam of -i ng
share share sth with sb
encourage encourage sb to do slh
stop stop 10 do, stop -ing, stop sh from -ing
enjoy enjoy yourseH, enjoy sth/-ing
succeed succeed in
exam take/do/have/fail/pass an exnm, sit (for) an exnm
suggest suggest sth/-ing (to sb}, suggest that .. 0

explain explain s1h to sb. explain that 000

suspect suspect sb of. suspcCl that 0 0 0

fond be fond of sth/-ing

think think about, think of
forget forget (about) sth, forget to do, forget doing
time spend time -ing, spend time on sth, in time, on time
fun be/have fun, make fun of it's (about/high) time
good good at sth, good for sb touch in touch with sb
have have a party/a good time/a meal/a bath/a plan/an work work as/on/in sth

• . . . f i i J" " """ "OOOOOOOoOOOoOOOOOoOoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOoOOOoOoOoOo000 0000 0000000oOoOOOOOoOo00000 " " " " o • oooo oooooo OOOO oo o0oOooOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOoOOO"""" o 0
 bring up to rare for a child until they become an adult look over to have a view of from above
bring up to mention or start discussing a subject look up to try to find sometl1ing (a word, etc) in a source
call off to dcddc to stop something that is planned to of information (a dictionary, etc)
happen make off to escape (with something stolen)
carry on to continue doing soml:thing make out to see, hear, or understand someone or
come across to find something or meet someone something with difHculty
unexpectedly make up to become friends with someone again after an
come down with to become ill, usually with an illness argUJuent
1har is no1 seriotJS make up w invent a story, ru1 excuse, a lie, ctr
come on start 10 be shown on l'elevisjon pick on to keep 1n.~ati ng someone badly or unfairly
come up (of problems, diffiCLLllies) appear suddenly put down to kill an an imal because it is very old, ill, or
come up with to think o.f something such as an idea or a dangerous
p.laJ1 put off to delay doing sometlting
cut out to remove or no 1 include put on to start showing a programme on television
fall out to stop being friends because you have had an put out to make something (a fire, etc) stop buming
argument put through connect on the rclephonc
find out to discover, to learn run out of 10 use all of' somethjng and not have any left
get away Lo escape ru n over to h it someone or something with a car
get down to make someone feel sad or depressed stand out to be easy to see or notice
get on iJ people get on, they like each other and arc take after to be or behave li ke an older relative
friendly to each other
take off to remove something you are weari ng
get on if you get on with something, you contin ue
working on it take off (of a plane, etc) to leave the ground
get over to recover from an illness, a shock, etc take over 10 replace someone in a position (of authority)
give up 10 stop doing something you do regularly take up to fi ll a particu.Jar amou nt of space or time
go about to do something, particularly something difficult take up 10 slart doing something regularly as a habit, ttc
go off to explode think up 10 invent, LO have the idea !'or the first time
go off to stop liking something or somebody you used to throw away LO get rid of something that yo u don't waJll
like turn d own to refuse to accept an offer or request
go on to continue happening or continue doing something turn int o to become
g:row on if something o r someone grows on you, you start turn off to slop a machine, eg a television
to like them af1er some time turn on to start a madtine, eg a television
grow up to become older and bigger, to become an adult turn out to develop in a part icular way or have a
hurry up to go somewhere or do something more q uickly particular result
keep on to cont inue doing som ething turn over to change to another chan nel on television
Jet down to disappoilll by not d(>ing what you are t urn over to tum sometJ1ing so that tl1c oth('r side shows
expected to do turn up 1.0 appear unexpectedly
let off to give someone li tLie or no pun islm1cnt [or
something they did wrong
let off w make something (such as a bomb) explode
look after to ta ke care of somebody
look after LO keep someth ing in good condition
look down on to consider someone to be of less value
than you
look into to investigate, to try to discover rhe [acts about
something

... ................. ........ ............................ ····•················ ... ...... .. ·····-. ··-················-···· . · ·······. ······..... ...... .. .................. ........................................ ~
Greetings and farewells tExpressing prefere~es
Hello. I prefer ... -ing to ... -ing because ...
Good morning/afternoon. I would rather ... than ...
How do you do? I find ... more interesting than ... because ...
Pleased to meet you.
Nice to have met you.
Agreeing/Disagreeing
Goodbye.
I completely/totally agree.
Yes, you're right.
Giving personal information I agree with you up to a point.
My name is ... That 's true, but ...
I'm .. . years o ld. I'm not sure I agree with you.
I'm still at school and I go to . .. I'm afraid I disagree with you.
I come from a big/small family. There are ... of us. I completely/totally disagree.
I'm t he eldest I yo ungest I seco nd eldest I etc.
I've got .. . brothers and sisters.
Giving I Asking for opinion
My dad's a .. . and my mum's a ...
In my o pinion, .. .
I enjoy ... -ing and ...
As far as I'm concerned, ...
When I have free t ime, I like ...-ing and .. .
If you ask me, . . .
My view is that .. .
Comparing W hat do you think?
A is good, whereas/while B isn't. Do you agree?
A is much better/etc than B. We should ... , shouldn't we?
A is far better/etc t han B. What do you think of ... ?
A is not as good as B. How/What about ... ?
A is not nearly as good as B.
A is almost as good as B.
!Asking for clarification
On the one hand, .. .
Cou ld you say that again, please?
On the other hand, .. .
Could you explain it again, please?
Could you say that again more slowly, please?
I'm sorry. Would you mind repeating that?
Do you mean .. . ?
 -

Un_i_t~1 :1

Present simple and present continuous

Present simple:
'"to be,
positive negative questions
I II am 1
,
I
, I
I
!
! am not i Am I 1 I
_ . ._.__j_(~l. .J 1 --- J Lrn_~ o~)_j L__ - _ ,_j_,,_ _]
You I
I
!
1
.
.1
You ! are not I
I I
I ~ you j
We I are 1 late. , We 1 ('re not) I late. I
;
Are !I we 1
'
Jate?
They I ('re ) I .I I (aren't) !
·- He--t -- - -~
Th ey
~--iie --· ·1-j·s-rio_l_. . __l r-·.-- -·1he
1 1 t h ey 1

;
She I is I I She i ('s n ot) r I Ts sh e '
It I ('s) j
.j _ __ ,
I It I (isn 't)
I 1 it
..__ _ I,

regular verbs
negative questions

~ou I ~ou I do not

j I
I I Do you
We i ! We j (don't) 1 we .
They work. I
__,,_ ,,:_j._,,,_ ,_ ,,_ , _ _ , _ __ _ _ _
I They
JI - - . - -. 1 work. 1I- _ :::1_,_
'
! _they-- ; work? I
1

He ! 1 He ! does not 1 1 Does I he 1

, . . I
Sh e !works. She I. (doesn't) II !
. 1•' sh e i
I
It It I i it .
!

•I have - he/she/it has

T go- he/she/ it goes
I do - he/she/it does
• permanent situations
f live in North London.
• general truths and Iacrs
Water boils at 100° C.
• general abilities
The present simple is used to talk about ... I play the piano.
• habits • states
My father drives to work. I know him and h is brother.
• how often things happen • the fu ture in t imetables
IL rains almost every day in the rainforest. My train leaves in an hour. (see page 172)
(or don't happen) • the future in time clauses
It never snows in the Sahara desert. I'll tell Carrie when l see her. (see page 172)

_.,_,_,____
............................................................................................................................................ -- - ~
 'Your brother plays the piano. doesn't he?'
When we want to emphasise an action or 'No. but he does play the guitar.'
situation in the present, particu]arly to 'I know you don't like peanut butter.'
emphasise that it actually happens. or that it's 'No. you're wrong. I do like peanut butter.'
different to what someone else thinks. we can (We don't use the emphatic present simple with
use the emphatic present simple. with do or does. the verb to be.)
Present continuous:
positive negative questions
I I am i , 1 am not 1
i
I
Am I; I
·--- _j( '~)j ~---·---~. i:!.~.:?.~.Lj : I
!---+- -1
You i ! You 1are not 1 I j you!
I · 1
We :a re :working. ; We i ('re not) I working. ,1 Are II we !I working?
They j ('re) j ' They (a ren' t) ! 1 1 theyJ
·-.
1

-He---r-·-·- ~ ._He. ._Jis not . - . .1 ,.-....- . . i . .i1e---l

She I. is 1
I
She ., ('s not) i ,
1
'
Ts
I
'she ,
I
I
I
1t
j
I ('s) I
!
It 1 (isn't.)
I 1
! I I it !

The present continuous is used to talk about ... Stative verbs

• actions in progress at the moment of speaking
Some verbs are not norma ll y used in continu ou~
Come inside - it's raining.
tenses becaliSe they don't describe actions. Th ese
• temporary series of actions are called 'stative verbs'. For example, we say 'I
I am learning to drive . love you', not 'I am loving you'. Some of these
• temporary situations ve rbs can be used in continuous tenses, but the
We are staying at the Grand Hotel. meaning changes.
• changing situations
This city is getting bigger every year. Stative verbs often refer to ...
• annoying habits (usually w ith always) thinking
Oh! You are always losing your keys! eg believe, imagine, understand, know
• defin ite arrangements and plans for the future emotions
(see page 172) eg love, hate, like, prefer, want, satisfy
We are having a test tomorrow. the human senses

• ••
Some people use the term present progressive
inst ead of present continuous. They mean the
eg hear, see, smell, taste, sound
appearance
eg seem, resemble, appear, look
relationships between things
same thing. eg belong to, own, consist of, include, involve
..............
Look at how the meaning changes when we use
•
unders 1n I• some of these verbs in the continuous form.
The milk smells/tastes funny.
1 Which tense do we use to talk about scientifk
facts? I am smelling/tasting the milk to see if it is okay.
I see much better with my new glasses.
2 Which rcnse do we use with ph rases like
'once a month'? Tam seeing Debbie tomorrow about the car.
3 Which tense do we use to talk about But Elvis Presley is dead ! I must be
temporary situations? seeing/hearing/imagining thjngs!

..fiiJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

---J,
 I think you're wrong. (That is my opinion.)
1 am thinking of a famous person. Guess
..
I'll
.Q
I'll
I'll
'0
who! (I have a picture in my mind .) I Which of these is a stative verb? play/hate/come
...I'll
He looks just like his father. (He resembles his 2 Which is correct? You seem worried./You are e
father.)
e
seeming worried. ~
He is looking at me in a funny way. 3 Which of these is not a stative verb?
understand/prefer/leave
"'
With hear, see and smell, we often use can to
describe what is happening now. For example:
I can hear a strange noise coming
from the kitchen.
.·

Past simple and past continuous

Past simple:
'to be'
positive negative questions
-,..------+
1 1
.·
I
1 he
He was not 1
::e II I was
1
She 1 (wasn't) 1 I Was she i
Ir
-- You
·- . ~· t--
1
. . - . .,,
late. I It j
r-·- . -·--J - . - ·-···--1
I late. ! I it i late?
1 - -- . ·--1·- ·-··--l
,
i i
i You l were not! I I you I
We l were i · We I (weren't)i I Were I we !
They!
I
I
1
Th ey j
l
I I i they ij
regular verbs
positive negative ! questions
I
--- J
I
You I You ! you
We Il We 1! cti c:i not we
i
They I worked. They j (didn 't) work. Did they I work?
I '
He i He l he
She I She i she
It It it

• ••
A number of verbs form their past ten se in an
irregular way.
The past simple is used to talk about . ..
• single completed actions
I walked to school yesterday morning.

..... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . ..... . ... . . ... ... . . _. ·------ - - - --E\

 • repeated actions which don't happen now 'I bet you didn't ask Mary to go out.'
My father walke d to school every day when 'No, you're wrong. I did ask her and she said yes.
he was a boy.
• past states (We don't use the emphatic past simple with the
I knew her when we were at primary school. verb to be.)

When we want to emphasise an action or

situation in the past, particularly to emphasise The past simple can also refer to the present in
that it actually happened, or that it was different conditional sentences (If I had more money, ... )
to what someone else thinks, we can use the and after certain phrases (It's high time we
emphatic past simple, with did. left/I'd ra1her you came at five o'clock). This h
called the unreal past because it refers to now,
'You lived in Oxford, didn't you?'
not the past. (see page 187)
'No, but I did stay there once.'

Past continuous:
positive negative questions
I 'I 1·, I !I -,...-------'
I l I
He r ! He lwas not I : he ·
She was I j She I(wasn't) I lWas Ishe I
--+--..
1

It I
····- ···--t-.. . .-
You 1
.-J!working. u~
! I You
- ·-·-···-' working. ~. . - . -.J~
1were not ! 1 1you I
working? . . _J
We 1 were I i, We !(weren't)
I
Ii They 1
!
I
ll Were Il we I
They ! 1 ! i 1 they 1
i I 1 I J i i

Most uses of the past continuous are like the uses We also use the past continuous to talk about .. .
of the present continuous, but in the past. • actions in progress over a period of time
For example, the past continuous is used to taJk I was reading a book a]J morning.
about ... • two actions in progress at the same time
Mum was washing up while I was doing m~
• actions in progress at a point in the past
homework.
l was reading a book at ten o'clock yesterday
morning. • background information in a story
The sun was shining. The birds were
• temporary situations in the past singing. Suddenly, a bomb exploded.
I was staying in a hotel until my flat was
ready. The past simple and the past continuous are often
• changing situations in the past used together to show that one action happened
At that time, unemployment was getting (past simple) during the time defined by another
worse. action (past continuous) . For example, imagine I
• annoying past habits started watching TV at 5 pm and the phone rang
When I was a child, my parents were always at 6 pm. I can say:
criticising me. '1 was watching TV when the phone rang.'
• arrangemenL<; and plans for the future in the past
I was worried on Monday night because we 5pm 6pm 7pm 8pm
were having a test the next day. 1....................1................................. ,_
................1. ...................1....................

•
...............................:.::.~.~~.~.~~.. ~~.~..P.~~~~.~..~~!.'. ~ : ..........................-
~-·-·--. ·-- -- 1 was watching TV..~ ---- ---~

~-······ · . . . . . .. ............................................................. . . . ........ ....... . . ..........................._________................ .......... ···· ···· . .. . ............................. __

 Sometimes this means the action in progress is Yo u might also see these negative forms.
interrupted or stopped. I didn't u se to be very good at languages.
I was reading when suddenly all the Ughts I used not to be very good at languages.
went out. (this is quite formal)
Used to has this question form .
Some people use the term past progressive instead Did you use to live abroad?
of past continuous. They mean the same thing.
Be used to is used to talk about something that is
familiar to you, or that isn 't strange to you any
Compare the uses of the past continuous wi th
more. It is followed by a noun or an -ing form .
those of the present continuous (page 160). Often,
it is used in the same way, but in the past. I didn't like this town at firs t, but now I am
used to it.
I'm used to studying every day, but I found
nderstandin • it hard at first.
I Which tense do we use for a single completed Be used to can be used to talk about the past like
act ion? this:
2 Which tense do we use for backgro und I found studying every day hard at firs t
information in a story? because I w asn't used to it.
3 It's time you went to bed. Does this refer to the
When we want to talk about the p rocess of
present or the past?
becoming familiar with someth ing, we use get
used to.
Would, used to, be used to It's hard at first, but you'll soon get used to it.
Would and used to can be used to talk about past
habits, especially for the distant past. Would can
be used like this:
· - - ·-·-·
Used to and be used to are pronounced differently
When I was a child, my grandma would from the verb use.
read to me every night. I used an opener to open the bottle . (/j u:zd/)
Used to can be used in the same way: I used to live around here. (/j u :st~/ )
When J was a child, my grandma used to I am used to working hard. (/remj u: s ~/)
read to me every night.

Th e difference between them is that used to can

be used to talk about states in the past, but
would can't. 1 Which of t hese is not used for past habits?
would/used to/be used to
I used to like tomato soup, but now I hate it. (.I)
2 What is the most common negative form of
I ·weuld lilte tomato soup, aut n ov1 I :Rate it. (X)
used to?
We don't use would or used to in the n egalive or 3 Which of these can be used to talk about past
in questions very often. The negative of would is slates? would/used to
would never or would not. The most comm on
negative form of used to is never used to.
I never used t o be very good at languages .

., ................................... , ... ,....... , .., ......................................................................................,_. ____

 Present perfect and present perfect continuous
Present perfect:
positive I negative questions

I! I' II
. i
I
I I, I
Iyou
i

You Jhaver IYou !have nol i i I

We :('ve) :been ... l <haven't) lbeen ... jwe
Have j we :been ... ? 1

Theyi 1done ...

·-- --- ·· r-- ·- t
! They j !done ... I
1·-·--- - - , -.. - ----··i
they I worked ...?
1· ·- - ]- ···- ···1
!
He ! !worked - ··! He , has not 1worked ·· ·I ; he :done ... ?
I 1
I . I I
j She 1 (hasn 't) I
l l

She ihas ( !Has I she

It i_' ('s) i lt
-
1
' l : it
I -
I
I I

In generaL present perfect tenses arc used to I've known Michael for seven years.
connect th e pa st with the present. I've been at this school since 2002 .
The present perfect is used to talk about .. . We' ve received over a hundred applications so
• actions and situations continuing up to now far I up to now.
I've known him for about ten years.
• a series of actions continuing up to now
l've played chess every Friday for two years We don't say: 1 have six months to see 'fa:ra . (X'
now. Instead, w e say: 1 haven't seen Tara for six
• completed actions at a time in the past months. (.1)
We've seen that film before.
• completed actions where the important thing The present pe~fed can also be used to refer to tl.
future in time clauses after when, as soon as, etc
is the present resu h
Julian has broken his arm . I'll eaU you when I've finished my homcwo;

• A number of verbs form their past partidple in

an irregular way.
When you want to say exactly when somethin_
happened, you shou ld use the past simple.
I saw that film last week at the cinema. (.1 )
I have seen that fi±FJ'Ilast weelt at tke ciflCffla. (X'
The present perfect is used witJ1 words and
expressions like: just, yet, already, This is the first
time ... , ever, never, for, since, so far, up to now, etc. With Lhe verb go, we sometimes use been as the
Rachcl has just left. past participle. Compare:
Have you seen the new James Bond film yet? John's gone to Paris. (He's there or on his "1
rhere.)
I've already told you once that you can't go
to the party! John's been to Paris. (He went there and nO\\
he is back.)
This is the first time I've used a computer.
Have you ever met a famous person?
John has never eaten Indian food.

~--· · · · · · · · ··· · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · - · ·· ·· · · - · · · · ·- · · · · · · · · ···· · · · ·· · · · · · · · ·· · ········ · · ·· ·· · · · · · · · · · - - - · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · - ·· · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · - · · ·--· · ·- · · · ···- · · · · · · · · · ····

 QJ

"'10
Present perfect continuous: ..
.Q
10
10
"'0
positive negative questions ...
10
I l i II I II ; E
You I havel 1
You I have not 1 , i you l E
...
10
Cl
We 1('ve) l
1,
I We ! (haven ' t) I ! Have I we I
i . I I . I
They !
!
r been -mg ... 1 They I ('ve not) 1 been -mg ···j I!
~ the y been -ing ... ?
·-··1-Ie_!_. ._. . .l ! Rc-Hias ..ii<l'r- - ·1 r- - !·lie . . i
She
i
1. has .
I I
I She . (hasn't) .1
i
,
i !
1Has I she 1
i
1 I,
n 1 ('s) rt j ('s not) 1 :I it !t
I i I 1 ·1 1

The present perfect continuous is used to talk about ...

..I
• (temporary) actions and situations continuing
up to now 1 Which auxil iary verb is used to make the
I've been working here for six months. present perfect?
• (temporary) actions over a period of t ime that . .. .... +past participle
has recently ended 2 Which is correct? 1 did it yesterday./! have done it
I'm out of breath because I've been running. yesterday.
3 Which word is missing? Have you ..... .......-.....
The present perfect continuous is often llscd with cooking all morning?
words and phrases like all morninglday/week/etc,
just, for, since, etc. It can often mealJ that the
action is not complete. Articles
I've been reading a great book about
dinosaurs. (l haven't finished it.) There arc lhree articles in English: a, an and the. A
and an are called 'indefinite articles' and both
Sometimes, you have to look at the context to
mean the same tiling. An is used with words
decide:
which begin with a vowel sound: an umbrella, an
I've been working all morn ing and now I'm orange, an hour. Notice that we say 'a uniform'
going to watch TV. (J finished recently.) and 'a US citizen' because these begin with a 'y'
I've been working all morning and I've only sound. The is called t he 'definite article'.
done half of it. (I haven't finished.) We use the indefinite article (a, an) tO talk about ...

G We don't normally use ever or never with the

• single countable nouns (not particular ones)
I saw an accident yesterday.
We use the definite article (the) to talk about ...
present perfect continuous.
• single countable nouns (particu lar ones)
I've neYref seen reading any of his boohs. (X)
There's the man I mentioned yesterday.
I've never read any of his books. ( I')
• single countable nouns (in general)
The lion is a very fierce animal.
• plural countable nouns
Some people use the term present perfecr Where are the children?
progressive instead of present perfect continuous. • uncountable nouns
They mean the same thing. The weather is qu ite warm.
We don't use an article when we are talking
about ...

1-............ ................................. .................................................................................................... .

 • plural countable nouns in general • public buildings usually use the
Lions are very fierce animals. q the bank, the post office, the Theatre Royal, et..
• uncountable nouns in general 9 but: go to prison/hospital, be in prisonlhospita.
Coffee is generally bitter.
.
0
Notice how we use articles in the following
phrases: He's gone to the prison/the hospital is possible
• entertainment, media and sport when the person is only visiting.
q 'the television'= the piece of equipment
q Turn on the TV. • nationalities, no article for particular people
q watch television, on television 9 She's Nigerian.
q but: listen to the radio, on the radio • but: use the when talking about nationalities
q go to the cinema/the theatre in general
q listen to music
9 The French drink a lot of wine.

• no article for games and sports • travel

q T love tennis. 9 go home
9 on the bus. in the car, etc
• for years, usually no article
q in 2002 9 but: go by car/bus/bike/plane, etc

q but: in the 1990s, in the 20th century, etc • education

• for seasons, with 'in' and 'during' the meaning ~ go to school/university, etc, be at
is usually the same either with or without article school/un iversity, etc
9 in winter or in the winter 9 be in Class 5

• for months and days, no article

9 in March, on Friday, on Sunday
morning
He's gone to the school is possible when the perso:"
is only visiting.
9 in the morning/the afternoon/the evening
9 at night
• for subjects, usually no article
• geographical areas use the with: seas, mountain
groups, rivers, island groups, regions 9 I love chemistry.
9 the Mediterranean, the Alps,
the Thames, the Bahamas, the Arctic
• don't use the with: planets, continents, We put an before singular countable nouns witr
countries, towns/dties, streets, lakes, most a vowel sound. lt doesn't depend on spelling.
mountains, individual islands So, we say 'an umbrella' but 'a university', 'an
q eg Mars, Europe, Germany, London, Carnaby
hour' but ' a holiday', etc.
Street, Lake Superior, (Mount) Everest, Crete
q but: the Earth, the world, the Moon, the Sun,
the UK, the USA
r
• jobs usually with a or an 1 Which is incorrect? an umbrella/an uncle/an
9 She is an engineer. uniform
• use the with positions of authority 2 Which of these is correct? the Britain!the
USA!the China
9 the Mayor
3 Which is incorrect? in the morning/at the
• organisations usually use the
night/on Tuesday morning
q the army, the navy, the police, etc

.f!!J···. ····· . . . .... . . . . . . . ..... ... . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... .. . . ...... . . . . . . . . -.. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _-1
 Past perfect and past perfect continuous
Past perfect:
positive i negative questions
-.....--------1
1 I r! 1 '
You ! j You , i !you
We !been . .. .' We I 1 been ... I we been . .. ?
l i 1, I I I
Had ! they done ... ?
They 1 had 1done . . . 1 They 1 had not 1 done . . .
He i
('d) I worked ... 1 He ii (hadn't) I worked . .. Ihe worked . .. ?
i i ! ! I
Sh e j j 1 She 1 i ish e
Iit
.I
•
It :
l. Ia ! !

W h en we are talking about the past and we ••

want to talk about somethin g earlier in the past,
we ca n use th e past perfect. The past perfect is used with words and
expressions like: before, after, when, already, as
The past perfect is used to talk about ... soon as, It was the first time ..., etc. A number of
• actions and states before th e main time in the verbs form their past partkiple in an irregular
past we are interested in way.
I had heard about Alida before I met her.
• what somebody said in reponed speech (see
pages 173- 174)
Emma said she bad never been to Morocco. The past perfect can sometimes be used with
before to talk about an action which didn't
• a h ypothetical past in conditional sentences happen or wasn't completed in time.
(see page 189)
If I'd known you were coming, I would have Joel called before I had finished my
bought a cake. homework.
(= 1 hadn't finished my homework when
• wishes about the past (see pages 189- 190) Joel called.)
1 wish I had studied harder for the test.

Past perfect continuous:

positive negative questions
--------~-- --~--~--~~
l I i I I II I
i
You 1 11:

Yo u Ii I you I
.
We I I We I i ! we I
Theylhadlbeen -ing . .. They had not been -ing .. . IHadl the~ been -ing .. .?
He ('d )ll
I, He (hadn't . Ih e I
I 1
She She j she 1

It It I' it !
.
!

-······· ··· · · · · · ·· ····· ··· · · · · ····· ··· · · · · · · ····· · ··· · · · · ···· · -··--------- - - @\
 .. The past perfect continuous is used to talk about:
• longer actions which continued up to the
Comparatives and superlatives
When we want to compare two or more things,
main time in the past we are interested in
we can use the comparative and superlative forms
I h ad been running so I was out of breath
of adjectives and adverbs. We use the comparative
when I got home.
to compare things or people that are d ifferent
• what somebody said in reported speech (see and separate from each other:
pages 173-174) The blue book is bigger than all the red ones.
Mrs Collins said she had been doing the
garden. We use the superlative to compare one member
of a group with the whole group:
The past perfect continuous is often used with
words and phrases like all morning!day/weekletc, This book is the biggest one on the shelf.
just, for, since, etc. It can often mean that the one-syllable adjectives
action was not complete.
• With most one-syllable adjectives, add -er, -est.
black - blacker - blackest, young - younger - youngesr
We don't normally use ever or never with the past • If the adjective ends in -e, add -r, -st.
pe~{ed continuous. late -later- latest, brave- braver - bravest
I'd never been th inldng of doing French until • Tf the adjective has one vowel Jollowed by one
my n1um suggested it. (X) consonant, double the final consonant, then
add -er, -est.
I'd never thought of doing French until my big- bigger- biggest, thin- thinner- thinnest
mum suggested it. (v"')
tw o-syllable adjectives
• If the adjective ends in -y, replace the -y with
Some people use the term past perfect progressive -fer, -iest.
instead of past perfect continuous. They mean the happy- happier- happiest, lovely - lovelier - loveliesc
same thiJ1g. • Otherwise, use more and the most (or less and
the least)

• ...
boring - more boring- the most boring
Compare the uses of the past perfed continuous
with those of the present perfect continuous (see ····················· ...
page 165). Often, it is used in the same way, but
in the past. With some two-syllable adjectives, there is a
·choice: clever- cleverer- cleverest or clever- more
clever - the most clever. We usua ll y use th e fonns
We can often use the past (simple or continuous) w ith more and the most.
instead of the past perfect (simple or continuous),
particularly iJ after or before make the order of adjectives with three or more syllables
the actions clear: • Use more a nd the most (or less and the least)
I ate my lunch after my friend left. = J ate my interesting- more interesting- the most interesting
lunch after my friend h ad left. • If the adjective is formed from a two-syllable
adjective ending in -y, then use either more -
I the most or -ier - -iest.
unhappy- more unhappy- the most unhappy or
1 Wh ich ten se do we use after lt was the first time unhappy - unhappier - unhappiest
... ? adve rbs
2 1 wish I hadn 'l spent my money. Does this refer to • Use more and the most (or less and the least)
the past or the present? quickly - more quickly- the most quickly
3 Which word is missing? Lena ..... ....... ......... been (superlative adverbs like this ar e not used in
rking all morning and was very tired. English very much}
- - - --
~-· · · ... .. . . .. . . ........ . ................... ........ ..................... . . .. .. .. .. .. .... ................................. ···········--·--·--. ···-···. ··· ...... ........................................................
 Ql

"'10
,..
.Q
A number of adjt·ctives and adverbs, and one or When yo u want to say that two things are or 10
two other words, form the comparative and the are n ' t the same, you can use 10
superlative in an irregular way: as ... as: ...10
irregular adjectives M y computer is as fast as yours. (=My E
computer is the same speed as yours.) E
• good- better- best
0
...
10

• bad- worse- worst My computer isn't as fast as yours. (=My

computer is slower.)
irregular adverbs
• The adverbs early, late, fast, hard and often
follow the rules for adjectives.
• early - earlier- earliest
• •••••••
When we want to ta lk about the .result of
something increasing, we can use the+
• often - more often - the most often comparative, the+ comparative:
• .far - farther/further- farthest/furthest The older my grandfather becomes, the
• badly- worse - worst slower he gets.
irregular determiners The more you exercise, the fitter you
become. ..
• little - less- the least
• much/many - more - the most
I
With the comparative, we usually use than: .:.ck our "" •
Rachcl is older than all her cousins. 1 Whar is the comparative form of bright?
2 What is the comparative form of comfortable?
When you want to emphasise the difference,
you can use much: 3 Which word is missing? My bag isn't as big
............................... yours.
My dad is much older than yours.

The passive
We make the passive by using an appropriate A good way to think about the passive is to start
form of the verb to be and the past participle of with an ordinary active sentence:
the main verb: They took the young man to hospital.
This castle was built in 1450.
This sentence is in the past simple, with 'They' as
Your papers will be collected at the end of
the subject and 'th e young man' as the object.
the exam.
To make it passive, we put the object [irst, then
tl1e verb to be in the right tense (here, past
simple), then the past participle of 'take':

They took the young man to hospital.

The young man was taken ro hospital.

· · · ·· ··· ···· · · ·· · · · ···· · · · · · · ·· · · · ··· · · · · · · · · ···· · · ·· · · ···· · ·· · · · · · · · · · ··· ··· · · · · · ·-·· --··~--------- - - ~
 Notice that the verb 'was' is in the same tense as
'took' in the first sentence (past simple). Also
..notice that we do not need to say who did the 1 Which word is missing? The lottery ................ won
E action . When we do want to say who did it, we by a man from London.
.
E normally use by. We normally onJy do this
Cl when it is important information. For example: 2 Which of these is not normally used in the
passive? appear/break/make
Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese.
When we want to say that the action was done
llSing something, such as a tool we use with:
The dead man had been shot with a pistol.
- 3 Write one reason for using the passive voice.

C untl.ble and uncountable nouns

There are different kinds of nouns: those we can
count (a book, two books) and those that we can't
We tJSe the passive ... count (information, advice) .
• when we don't know who does/did something Please pass me those pencils, would you?
The bank has been robbed I (countable)
• when we aren't interested in who does/did The news was a bit of a shock. (uncountable )
something, or it's obvious
A man was arrested at the airport as he got Uncountable nouns often refer to collections of
off the plane. things, materials and other things we think of as
• (or emphasis 'masses' rather than individual objects. You have
The radio was invented by MarconL (We are to be careful because nouns that arc countabl e il'
mainly interested in the radio, not Marconi.) your language might be uncountable in English.
Here are some common uncountable nouns.
Some verbs are not normally used in the
passive. They include intransitive verbs (without information, advice, luggage, baggage, knowledge,
objects) and verbs such as have, let, lack, seem, money, news, travel, furniture
appear, resemble, fit and suit.
We use a singular verb wirh these nouns.
Some verbs can take two objects: a direct object Your advice was really useful.
and an indirect object. For example:
Our teacher gave us some photographs. Some nouns can be countable with one
meaning and uncountable with another (coffee, a
There are two possibilities in the passive. The coffee). This often happens when we talk about a
first is probably more common. material or substance and a th ing made out of it.
We were given some photographs (by our For example:
teacher). Chocolate is made using cocoa beans.
Some photographs were given to us (by our (uncountable, refers to the substance)
teacher) . Would you like a chocolate? (countable,
refers to one from a box of chocolates)
Some sentences have a clause as the object. You really should get your hair cut.
People think/say/believe that the economy is in (uncountable)
trouble. There's a hair in my soup! (countable)
There are two possibilities in the passive. The We often use different words with countable
first is probably more common. and uncountable nouns. Here are some.
The economy is thought/said/believed to
be in trouble. Countable nouns: many, how many, a lot of, lots of
It is thought/said/believed that the
some, a few, few, a number of a, an, one, two, three,
economy is in trouble. etc, the
Uncountable nouns: much, how much, a lot of lots
of, some, a little, little, an amount of a piece o_f, the

- ~ ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................- - - - 1
 · -.
Use many and much before a noun in negative
statements and in questions. In positive
Sometimes, you might want to use a countable
noun instead of an uncountable noun. With
many of them, you can do that by using the
phrase a piece of ... , eg Let me gjve you a piece
:,"'
..Q

..."'
10
E
statements (and also in negative statements and of advice. E
questions) use a lot of, lots of, or a large
number/amount of (You can use much or many in There are some w1countable nouns which are
..,...
10

positive statements, but it's very formal.) plural and which take a plural verb. They do not
have a singular form. These include: jeans,
Few/little and a few/a little mean different th ings. trousers, spectacles, scissors, groceries, etc.
few (coumable nouns} We neeE:l a Aelv scissors. (X)
J have few friends./= not many/ We need some new scissors. (.I}
a few (countable nouns) We need a new pair of scissors. (.I)
1 have a few days off work. I= some/
little (uncountable nouns)
They gave us little information. I= not much/ 1 Which of these is countable?
a little (uncountable nouns) money/advice/question
Let me give you a little advice. I= some/ 2 Which is correct? The news was shocking.!The
news were shocking.
The phrase only a few ... means 'not many' and 3 Which is incorrect? informations/trousers/jeans
only a little ... means 'not much'.

The future (I)

There are a number of different ways of talking Do you think we'll see Tom at the party?
about the future in English. It can be confusing Do you think we're going to see Tom at the
because often more than one of them could be party?
correct. Sometimes you have to think about
which is more natural. It helps if you think When we predict the future but we are not so
about what you want to express. sure of our pred ictions, we can use other modal
m aking predictions verbs (see pages 179-181).
When we make predictions that we are sure of Be careful! You might have an accident.
based on our own judgement or knowledge, we Do you think we might see Tom at the party?
often use will. I think United could win the Championship
I think United will win the Championship th is this year.
year.
making decisions
When we make predictions based on evidence We often use will when we are making a
we can see now, we often use be going to. dedsion .
Look out! You're going to drop the drinks! Oh, I don't know. Mmm ... l'll have an
omelette, please.
In general, be going to is more informa l than will
and is mainly used in conversation. Often, we I'm really tired. I think I'll stay in tonight.
can talk about predictions using both of them
with no difference in meaning .

- - - - - ----
.................................................................................................................................................... -- - ~
 -

.."' But we can a lso use be going to if we want to No, I'm n o t doing your homework for you.
"0
.. emphasise the intenti on .
I'm really tired. I think I'm going to stay in
No, I'm not going t o do your homework for
you .

e
"'E tonight.
talk ing a bout tim e tabled f uture events
...
liS
Cl talking about plans, intentions and The time or date when some things happen is
arrangements decided in advance, usually by something like a
When we want to tell somebody abou t our timetable or the calendar. When we want to talk
plans or intentions, we often u se be going to. about things like this, we can use the present
I'm going to apply for a job at that new simple.
factory. Our plane le aves at four in the morning.
I'm going to be a teacher when 1 finish Our exams start on 20th May.
university. (Not: I'm beiAg a tea cher. ..) Next year, my parents ce le brate their 50th
wedding anniversary.
When we have made some arrangements
(bought a ticket, agreed to meet, etc), we often Christmas Day f alls on a Friday this year.
u se the present continuous.
I'm meeting Helen tomorrow outside the These ideas can often be expressed using either
library. the present continuous (for arrangements), be
We're flying to Paris and then staying in a .qoing to (for intentions and predictions) or wi/1
great hotel. (for predictions) .
Our plane is leaving at four in the morning.
We don't normally use the present continuous for
Our exams are going to start on 20th May.
talking about intentions. However, the
difference between an intention and an Next year, my parents are celebrating their
arrangement can be quite small, so you could 50th wedding ann iversary.
use be going to in both of these situations. It Christmas Day will fall on a Friday this year.
depends on what you want to emphasise. Christmas Day is going t o fall on a Friday this
I' m goin g t o meet Hclen tomorrow outside year.
the library.
We're going to fly w Paris and then stay in a
great hotel.
The present simple is also used to talk about the
m aking offers, promises, suggestions, future in clauses after words like when, until, if,
refu sals what, ctc, as well as in conditional sentences
When we make offers, promises or suggestions, (see page 178).
we generally use will or shall. In modem English, I hope we see Mike when we a re in York.
shall is quite rare and is usuall y used in (Not: ... 'When ·.ve wmse iA Yorlc )
questions. When we refuse to do something. we I can't call Mary until she gets home from
can use won't, the present continuous or be going to. school.
• offers Jf I go to university, I'll probably study maths.
I'll help you, if you like.
Shall I open the w indow for you?
(Not: WilJ I .. .)
vo andin I•
• promises
I'll return your book as soon as I've read it. I Which is more informal? will/be goin_q to
• suggestions 2 Which tense do we use to talk about future
Shall we try that new Chinese restaurant? arrangements?
• refusals 3 Wh ich word is missing? .......... ................ we go to
No, J won't do your homework fo r you. [ the cinema this t?vening?

@ )··········································································································································································-··-······-··-···-·························································································································-.....f
Question tags
In sentences with the verb be as a main verb, we
make question tags using be. We usuaUy make
the question tag positive il the verb is negative
and negative if the verb is positive.
It's warm, isn't it?
You're not nervous, are you?
In sentences with an auxmary verb, we make
question tags using the auxiliary.
You're going to Greg's party, aren't you?
You haven't forgot1en, have you?
I'm meeting you tomorrow, aren't I?
(Not: ..., amH't I?)
Emily can play the piano, can't she?
When the sentence doesn't have an aux iliary
verb, we use the verb do.
You live in the town centre, don't you?
Phil plays football on Saturdays, doesn't he?
Colin has a very big house, doesn't he?
We use question tags when we want to ...
• ask someone to agree w ith us
It's a nice day, isn't it?
• check whether something is true
You've been to Paris, Sue, haven't you?
When we are asking someone to agree with us
our voice goes down at the end of the sentence.
When we are checking whether something is
uue our voice goes up at the end.
Reported speech
We use reported speech when we want to tell
someone what someone else said. We usually
have to change the tense if the reporting verb is
in the past. We sometimes bavc to change other
words as well, such as pronouns (we, you, etc) or
•
We also use tags when we want somebody to do
something, either using let's or an imperative.
When we want to add a quest ion tag with let's,
we use shall we?
Let's order a p izza, shall we?
After a positive imperative, we use
will/would/could you? and after a negative
imperative, we use will you? .
Pass me the salt, will/would/could you?
Don't go out w ith Sandra, will you?
In sentences with a negat ive word like never,
little, no, hardly, nobody, etc, we use a positive tag.
You never turn up on time, do you?
Nobody called while I was ou t, did they?
There's no reason to leave now, is there?
In tag questions where the subject is 'there', we
repeat 'there' in the tag.
There's a lot of vocabu lary to learn, isn't there?
1 You've met Paul, ........... .. ..... you? What is
missing? didn 't/haven 't/aren 't
2 What question tag do we use after Let's ... ? do
we/will we/shall we
3 Write one reason we use question tags.
words that refer to time and place (now, here,
etc.). We also ha ve to decide which reporting
verb to use, for example, said, admitted, su,qgested,
etc.
 . This is how the tenses change ...
Direct speech
Present simple
'1 am hungry,' said Tim.
Present continuous
'I am writing a letter,' sa id Alice.
Past simple
'We had an ice-cream on the bea ch,'
said Colin.
Past continuous
'We were talking about footbaJJ,'
sh e said.
Present perfect simple
'I have had a great idea! ' Simon sa id.
Present perfect continuous
'Georgia has been w aiting all day, '
my mum sa id.
(The past perfect simple and past perfed continuous tenses stay the same.)
• Reported speech
• Past simple
Tim said (that) he was hungry.
• Past continuous
Alice sa id (that) she was writing
a letter.
• Past perfect simple
Colin said that they had had an
ice -cream on the beach.
• Past perfect continuous
She sa id that they had been
talking about foot ball.
• Past perfect simple
Si mon said (that ) h e had had a
grea t idea .
• Past pelfect continuous
My mum said (tha t) Geo rgia had
been waiting ail day.

Some modal verbs change ... • here becomes there

'J ca n speak three languages,' said Jerry. • today becomes that day
Jerry said (that) he could speak three • now becomes then or at that moment
languages. • tomorrow becomes the following day or the next dC'I
'Ben will be at the party,' she sa id. • yesterday becomes the day before or the previous da
She said (that) Ben would be at the party.
• ago becomes before
'All students must be on tim e,' sa id the head
teacher. The words this, that, these and those change as
The head teacher said (that) all students had follows:
to be on time. • this/that+ noun become the/that
With reported questions, we use if or whether
• these/those + noun become the/those
and change the tense and the word order.
• this/that (as subject or object) become it
'Have you finished?' Sarah asked me.
Sarah asked me if/whether I had finished . • these/those (as subject) become they
• these/those (as object) become them
With wh- questions (what, who, ctc), we repeat
the question word and change the tense and the 'I hate this film,' said !\lice.
word order. Alice said she hated the/that film.
'Who left the fridge open?' asked Mrs Harris. ' I want th ese books,' Tony sa id.
Mrs Harris asked who h ad left the fridge Tony said he wanted the/those books.
open. 'This is a great sh ow,' Dad said.
Dad said it was a great show.
We also often have to change words that refer
to time and place: 'These are nice candles.' sa id Mary.
Mary said they were nice candles .

.fjl). .... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .... . .-.. . _,_. .,___. ._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _

 'I bought these in town,' sajd John .
John said he had bought them in town .
'I left my purse here five minutes ago,' said
Donna.
Donna said (that) she had left her purse there
five minutes before.
'We can finish these exercises tomorrow
morning,' our teacher said.
Our teacher said we could finish the
exercises the following morning.
We ca11 also report what someone saki using
different verbs, each with their own grammar.
'I didn't steal your money!' Peter said.
Peter denied stealing/having stolen my
money.
'No, I won't let you go,' my mother said.
My mother refused to let me go.
'What about an ice cream?' my dad said.
My dad suggested an ice cream.
My dad suggested (our) having an ice cream.
My dad suggested (that) we (shou1d) have an
ice-cream.
'I'm a great chess player,' said Will.
Will claimed to be a great chess player.
With imperative statements, we use a reporting
verb such as told, ordered, commanded, etc.
'Sit still!' sa id the hairdresser.
The hairdresser told me to sit still
'Don't say a word,' said Carol.
Carol told me not to say a word.
'Form a line,' said the officer.
The officer ordered th em to form a line.
We often don't make any changes to the verb
when we are reporting what somebody said
very soon after they said it, when we are
reporting a scientific fact or when something is
still tme .
'It's quite cold,' said Harry.
Harry just said (that) it's quite cold.
'Light from the Sun takes eight minutes to
read1 us,' the professor said.
The professor said (that) light from the Sun
takes eight minutes to reach us .
'I have a niece in America,' Mr Wood said.
Mr Wood said (that) he has a niece in
America.
We also don't make changes to the verb when
we use a reporting verb in the present tense.
Mark says that he is staying in tonight.
·'lg!
1 What do we use reported speech for?
2 What do we change ago to in reported speech?
3 Write three reporting verbs.
Indirect questions
We use indirect questions when we want to ask
questions politely. We use an introductory
phrase (Could you tell me where ... ) followed by
the normal word order (... the bank is?) . We
don't use question word order in the second
part. Some indirect questions need a question
mark at the end and some don't. Look at the list
below.
Some introductory phrases ...
with a final question mark
Can/Could you tell me ... ?
Could you let me know ... ?
Do you know ... ?
Do you think you could teU me ... ?
without a final question m ark
I wonder if you can/could tell me .. .
I wonder H you could let me know .. .
I wonder if you know .. .
I would Jike to know .. .
Here are some example sentences. Notice the
word order .. .
Do you know who that man is?
(Not: Do you Jmovl •Nho is tfiat man?)
Could you let me know where the meeting is?
I wonder if you know where I can find a
chemist's.
I would like to know when I will receive my
refund.
Do you think you could tell me how this
works?
 Ql
Ill

.."'"'"'
.Q
When the direct question is a 'yes/no' question,
we use zf or whether.
indirect question
I wonder if you could tell me who is responsible.
...
"'0
Direct question: Do you know which is bette r?
"'
E Are you going to John's dinner pany?
..,...
E
Indirect question:
c.;)
Could you let me know if/whether you are ing!
going to John's dinner party? I Wh y do w e use indirect q uestions?

If the relative pronoun (who, which, etc} is the 2 Wh ich word is m issing? .................. .......... you tell m~
subject of the relative clause and there is no what time it is, please?
other noun or pronoun, we just acid an 3 Do all indirect qu estio ns need a question mark
introductory phrase: a t the end? yes/no
direct question
Who is responsible?
Which is better?

Infinitives and -ing forms after verbs

Some verbs are followed by the full infinitive and some by the -ing form. Some verbs can be followe d
by both, sometimes with a change in meaning.

Here are some common verbs that arc followed by ...

the infinitive the -ing form both, with no

(or very little)
change In meaning

afford, agree, appear, admit, appreciate, avoid, begin, continue, hate,

arrange, ask, altempl, be be capable of, good/bad at, , be intend, love,
pleased/able, etc, be interested in, can't help, : prefer, start
choose, decide, expect, can't stand, consider, delay, I
fail, happen, help, hope, I, deny, d'!Sa/ss, d'zs l'k . 11
z'e, en;oy,
intend, learn, manage, ! feel, like, finish, give up, 1
offer, plan. prepare, l imagine, involve, look I
pretend, promise, refuse, : forward to, mention, !
seem, tend, want, wish, ' mind, miss, practise, I
would like succeed in, suggest. talk
abollf, think of

These verbs mean different things when they arc Do you remember visiting Germany when
fo llowed by the full infinitive or rhe -ing form. you were two?
remember • do something you arc/were planning to do
• have a pidure in your mind of a past event Did you remember to caJI Diane this
morning?

j}!). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. _. ______,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-

 forget I woul€1 liiEe going to tA:e effiefl'la !:his e>o'ening. (X")
• not be able LO remember a past event (usually I would like to go to the cinema this evening. (.I) .,..
I'll never forget ... ) J would prefer to meet on Satmday, if possible. (.I)
I'll never forget meeting Paula for the first time.

• not do something you arc/were planning to do

Oh, 1 forgot t o ask Donna about th is evening.
1 Which of these is followed by the -ing form?
try afford/suggest/refuse
• do something as an experiment to solve a
2 Which of these is followed by the full
problem infinitive? deny/consider/plan
It's hot in here! Let's try opening a window.
3 Which ol' these is correct? I remember to
• make an effort to achieve something go/going to school for the first time.
I've been trying t o open this jar l'or ten
minutes!

stop
Prefer, would rather, hod better
• stop an activity Prefer and would rather are both u sed to express
I stopped smoking ten years ago. preferences. Had better is used for saying what
someone should do. Try not to confuse them.
• pause and do something else in the middle of
We don't say i¥el>fbi hetEer. They arc used like
an activity
this . ..
I was studying all evening, but I stopped t o
have a snack at seven. prefer
lJO 011. I prefer basketball to football. (gencraUy)
• continue 1 prefer playing basketball, rather than
After the break, our teacher went on football. (generally)
explaining the grammar to us. I prefer playing basketball to (playing)
• stop one activity and start a new one football. (generally)
After explaining the grammar, our teacher I prefer to play basketball, rather than (play)
went on t o tell us what the homework was. football. (generalJy, or on this occasion)
I prefer not to play basketball during the
regret
week . (generally, or on this occasion)
• be sorry about what has happened
I would prefer to play basketball this weekend
You'll regret sp eaking to me like that!
rather than football. (on this occasion)
• be sorry about giving somebody bad news
We regret to inform you that the flight to
Berlin has been cancelled.
We don't normaJly say .' de11: 't J9refer ...
like
• enjoy
I'm sure we all like r eceiving presents. would rather
• choose to/be in the habit of/think it is a good idea I would rather play basketball than (play)
I like to leave home at seven so that J get to football. (generally, or on this occasion)
work on time. l'd rather not play basketball. (on this occasion)

G ·-···- · · - had better

You'd better see a doctor.
When we want to use would like/prefer for a You ' d better do your homework, rather than
particular occasion, we use the .full infinitive. sit and watch TV.

-····················..·····························..····················..·····································································-···--- - -
 You'd better do your homework, instead of
sitting and watching TV.
You'd better not fail the test.
Conditionals (I): zero, first, second
There are many different kin ds of sentence
using if, and it can be a little confusing. You
have to dedde whether you're talking about the
past, the present or the future. You also have to
decide whether you're ta lking about a real
possibility or an unreal possibil ity (unlikely,
impossible or hypothetical) .
Real possibility, present and future
Zero conditional: if ... present tense ...
present tense
This is used to talk about genera l truths and
scientific facts.
If you read a lot. you learn lots of vocabulary.
If you are making a cake, you need to use
fresh eggs.
You can also write all conditional sentences the
other way ro un d, with the if clause second.
You learn lots of vocabulary if you read a lot.
You need to use fresh eggs if you are makjng
a cake.
First conditional: if ... present tense ... will ...
bare infinitive
This is used to talk about real possibilities in the
present, in the future, or generaJJ y.
If you read a Jot, you wi11 learn lots of
vocabulary.
You will need a good dictionary if you are
learning English.
If you have studJed, you'll do well in today's
test.
1 Which is correct? f would rather stay/to stay hert
2 You ................ .. .... . better see a dod.or. Which word _
missing? would/had/should
3 Which is correct? I wouldn't rather .. . /I don't
rather ... 11 would rather not ...
Instead of will, we can also use these other
modals or the imperative.
If you are going to the party, you can take this
cake I made.
If it's too late, we should call them tomorrow.
I might/may take up French if I pass my
English exam.
If you've finished, do the next exercise.
•••
When we are talking about the future, we use if
... present tense, not if ... will ...
If yot1 'Nill see TiRa toffi orrovl, teH her I' m
~(X)
If you see Tina tomorrow, tell he r I'm sorry. (.I)
We can use would like (=want) in first
conditional sentences like this.
I would like to study French if I pass my
English exam.
1 Which kind of conditional do we use to talk
about real possibili ties?
2 Which of these is used for an unreal
possibility? If ... present tense .. .I If ... past
tense ...
3 In conditionals, can you use other modals,
apart Jrom would? yes/no
Unreal possibility, present and
future
Second conditional: if ... past tense ... would
... bare infinitive
This is used to talk about unreal possibilities
(things that are unlikely, impossible or
hypothetical) in the present and in the future.
If I won the lottery, I would move to Ha waiL
I'd get a new car if I had enough money.
If you weren't having a lesson now, what
would you be doing?
The use of the past here is called the unreal past,
because it refers to the present or the future,
not the past.
Instead of would, we can also use these other
modals.
If I won the lottery, I could leave my job.
I might feel happier if I went to another
school.
Instead of Jfl was ... we can also say If I were... ,
espedally in formal English.
H I were Prime Minister, I would introduce
new laws against pollution.
For information on talking about unreal
possibilities in the past (third cond itional), see
page 189.
Unless, in case, as long as
unless
Unless means 'except if'. We can use it to replace
if ... not in some sentences. When it refers to the
fu ture, it is followed by the present tense (like if).
Modals (I)
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs which express
things like possibility, obligation, etc.
Modal verbs ...
• don't change for person or tense.
He might go to the cinema tonight.
(Not: He R'ligl'lts go to the cinema tonigfit. )
I'll be there unless it rains.
I= I'll be there, except if it rains./
I= 1 won't be there if it rains./
We can't use unless to replace if not when if not
doesn't mean except if.
If I wasn't ill, I'd play tomorrow. ( ~ )
(if not doesn't mean except ifhcre because you
are actually ill)
so we can't say:
Unless I vvas ill, I'd play tom:onow. (X)
in case
In case means 'because it might'. We use it to
talk about things we do to prevent an unwanted
result. When it refers to the future, it is followed
by the present tense (like if).
Write down the address in case you forget it.
(=Write down the address because you might
forget it.)
as long as
As long as means the same as only if. When it
refers to the future, His followed by the present
tense (like if). You can also use so long as with
the same meaning.
You can borrow my pen, as/so long as you
give it back to me at the end of the lesson.
(= You can borrow my pen only if you give it
back to me at the end of the lesson .)
1 What does unless mean?
2 Which phrase means 'because it might'?
3 What does as long as mean?
• don't use do in questions.
Can you play the guitar?
(Not: De yet:t can play the guitar?)
• are followed by the bare infinitive (without to}.
I think I will call John .
(Not: I think I will to cell John .)
----- ----- - - - ~
 • ea n be made negative usiJ1g not or -n 't. I must stop eating so much fast food.
You shouldn't speak to your mother like that. (personal obligation)
(Not: You elm'l't should SJ3eah to your Jnolher You must make more of an effort in class.
liketfiat. ) (personal obligation)
• don't have an infinitive. You have to use 1 have to be at work at nine tomorrow.
another word or phrase. (external obligation)
1 hope to be able to attend the meeting.
Oo you have to wear a unHom"J at your
(Not: I ho~e to can atteFHl the meeting.)
school? (external obligation)
The modal verbs include will, would, can, could, Have you got to wear a uniform at your
may, should, must, might, shall and ought to. We school? (external obligation)
also use the phrase have (got) to like a modal,
although it changes like an ordinary verb.
He has to go to work. (.!)
To talk abour the past we use had to.
He's got to go to work. (./)
We all had to leave the building when the
Does he have to go to work? (.!) alarm went off.
Has he got to go to work? (.I)
Dees fie haYe get te go to •Norlc (.X) Like other modal verbs, must doesn't have an
infinitive, so after other modals and when we
Have got to is generally more informal than have to.
need a full infinitive we use (to) have to.
expressing ability: can, could If I'm late, I'll have to apologise to the boss
Can you open this jar? It's stuck. (present again .
ability) I'm sorry to have to tell you th is, but you've
My cousin can play ten different musical failed the exam.
instruments. (general ability)
Mustn 't does not mean the same as don't have to.
I could walk when I was just six months old.
You mustn't speak while the teacher is
(general ability in the past)
speaking. (Don't do it.)
I wish I could play the violin. (hypothetical
You don't have to get me a birthday presem.
ability)
(Tt isn't necessary, but you can if you want to. )

Although you can form questions beginning

witl1 must, it's very unusual and formal.
Like other modal verbs, can doesn't have an
infinitive, so after other modals and when we Must we argue about this all the time?
need a full infinitive we use (to) be able to.
It's more common to form questions using have to.
I'll be able to get a better job after I finish
Do we have to argue about this all the time?
university.
1 might be able to see you tomorrow at six. asking for and giving permission : can, could,
I pretended to be a ble to speak .Japanese. may
We use can, could and may to ask for and give
expressing obligation: must, have to permission now, in the future and generally.
Must is generally used for personal obligation May is more polite than could and can, and could
(feelings of the speaker and hearer, etc) and is more polite than can.
have (go!) to for external obligation (rules, laws, Can I stay at Anna's this weekend, Mum?
what other people tell you to do, ctc). They are
Excuse me. Could l borrow your pen for a
both used to talk about the present, the future
second?
and general obligation.
May I speak to you for a moment, Mr Connors?

~·············..·······.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................._
 When talking about t11e past, we normaiJy use The exam resuJts ought to be on the website
could. by now.
(=The exam results arc probably on the
,.
My parents said l could go to the party so I tO
started getting ready. website by now.} e
(see pages 173-175 for more about reponed With non-stalivc verbs, we often use the
..e
tO
\:)

speech) continuous infinitive (be-ing) to talk about

actions happening now or about probable future
asking for and giving advice: should, ought to
arrangements.
We use should and ought to to ask for and
They should/ought to be having their
give advice about now, the future, or generally.
dinner now.
You should tell your teacher about your
Ben should/ought to be arriving at about
problems.
seven o'dock.
We ought to call if we're going to be late.
Shouldn't we start getting ready for t h e expressing certainty: must, can't
party? We use must when we arc (almost) sure about
something now, in the futu re or generally, often
(For criticising past actions, see pages 189-190} because we have seen some evidence.
Your father's late. He must be stuck in traffic
expressing possibility: may, might, could, can
on his way hom e.
We use can to talk about general possibilities.
Hi! You must be Mrs Johnson.
Jn Russia, it can be quite hot in the summer.
When we are (almost) sure that something isn' t
We use may, might and could to talk about true, often·because we have seen some
possibilities in the present, the future and evidence, we use can't.
generally. We sometimes use may to show that
That can't be the postman at the door. He's
something is more likely to happen.
already been today.
I may be a bit late for Friday's lesson.
Peter might have the right answer for With non-stative verbs, we often use the
number ten. continuous infinitive (be-ing) to talk about
actions happening now or about probable future
There could be some easy questions on the
arrangements.
exam.
They must/can't be having their dinner now.
With non -stative verbs, we often use the Kelly must/can't be going to Athens this
continuous iniinitive (be-ing) to talk about weekend.
actions happenb1g now or about possible future
a.rrangemcms: (For the modal perfect, see pages 186- 187 . For
Ian may be doing his homework right now. will and shall referring w the future, see pages
171-172. For would in conditional sentences, see
Sophia might be playing tennis at the moment.
pages 179 and 189)
l could be going to London this weekend.
(For deduc.tions about past possibility, see •
pages 186-187)
vour an I
•
1 What follows a modal verb? the infinitive
expressing probability: should, ought to without 'to'Jthe infinitive
We use should and ought to to say that something with 'to'
is probably true or will probably happen. 2 Do modal verbs have an infinitive? yes/no
Mr Davies should have the report by now. 3 Wh ich modals do we often use for giving
(= Mr Davies probably has the report by now.) advice?

_________
................................................................................................................................................
Relative clauses

Relative clauses tell us more about people and things.

The man who started Microsoft is now very rich.

relative clauses

Bill Gates, who started Microsoft, is now a very rich man .

In the first sentence, the relative clause
identifies the man we are talking about. Tt is
called a defining (or identifyin...q) relative clause. The
sentence does not make complete sense without
the relative clause.
The man is now very rich. (Which man? We
don't know.)
whom :> for people as the object of the
relative clause (in very formal
English) and after prepositions
All students whom the head teacher has
invited to dinner must reply before 5pm.
That's the man to whom I gave the money.

In the second sentence, the relative clause just In defining relative clauses, we ...
gives us extra information. It is called a non- • don't use conllllas.
defining relative clause. The sentence makes Those are the books which I told you about
complete sense without it. yesterday.
• can use that instead of who or which (that is
BiJJ Gates is now a very rich man.
more informal).
Relative clauses are often introduced by relative Those are the books that l told you about
pronouns. We use ... yesterday.
which :> for things • often leave out the relative pronoun when it is
Have you got the book which I lent you? the object of the clause.
Those are the books I told you about
who :> for people yesterday.
There's the man who stole my bag!
that :> for people, things, times and places In non-defining relative clauses, we ...
This is the bike that I got for Christmas. • separate the relative clause with commas.
whose :> for possession Ronald Reagan, who was the President of the
Tony, whose father is a lawyer, is in trouble United States, is ill.
with the police. • can't use that as a relative pronoun .
when :> for times RoB:ald Reagan, that 'ivas the President of the
l still remember the moment when I saw her United Slates, is ill. (){)
for the first time. • can't leave out the relative pronoun.
where :> for places Ronald Reagan, was the President of H1e
England, where footbaU began, has strong Uniteel States, is ill. (){)
sporting traditions.
why :> for reasons
That's the reason why he's always late.
 • When the relative pronoun (which, who, etc) is
the subject of the relative clause, you do not
need another subject.
That's the girl who is going out with John. (.I)
The resort which we spent our holiday in was
very quiet.
The resort that we spent our holiday in was
very quiet.

We can use other prepositions apart from in.

Tfl.at's the girl rNho sfl.e is going out ·.vith JofiA. {,K) The one we choose depends on the normal
- ~ ·~
meaning of the preposition.
Which can also be used to refer to the rest of the The school that/which my mum went to was
sentence: very traditional.
He got an A in his exam, which impressed Tl1e restaurant at which we met was closed.
everybody.
We can do the same thing wi.th when.
(Th is doesn't mean his exam impressed
The day when 1 won the lottery started badly.
everybody. It means the fac.1 that he got an A
impressed everybody.) (=The day on which I won the lottery started
badly.)
(=The day that/which I won the lottery on
y ur I
• started badly.)
1 Which rela tive pronoun do we use for things? When we use where and when, however, we
who/which/w hom don't need a preposition.
2 Here's the book which I borrowed from John. Does I will always love New York, the city where I
this need any commas? was born. (.I )
yes/no I will always love New York, the city
3 Do we use that as a relative pronoun in non- which/that I was born in. (v")
defining relative clauses? 1 will always love New York, the dty in
yes/no which I was born. (.I)
I 'tv4ll always love ~Te,,y Y<)flt, the city wft:el'e I
Relative pronouns and prepositions was eom iR. (X)

Where can be replaced by preposition+ which.

The resort where we spent our holiday was k vour u
very quiet. 1 Write the missing preposition. This is the town
(=The resort in whlch we spent our holiday ... ......... ........... which my
was very quiet.) molher was born.
2 This is the school to that my dad went. Is this
Less formally, we can put the preposition at the correct? yes/no
end of the clause. When the preposition is at the
end of the clause, we can also use that. 3 Here's the house in where my ,grandma lives. Is
this correct? yes/no

Result clauses: so, uch too enough

So, such, too and enou,_qh can be used to talk about My brother's so handsome that he's thin king
results. of becoming a model.
so We drove to the station so slowly that we
adjective missed our train.
... so... { adverb } ... rhac ... I have to do so much homework that I
don't have time for hobbies.
many/much + noun
................................................. ··················································································---·- - - - - - - -
 1 can't come out tonight because I've got too
much work t o do.
When so is used to mean as a result, it isn't
follow ed by that. It's too difficult for me t o do.
It was very late so l decided to leave. (.I)
It ·.vas very. lafe so that I decided ..to lea ¥e. (X)
Too is used to refer to something that is bad or
such negative or that prevents us from doing
something.
a/an + adjec.tivc +singular noun}
It's too cold to play o utside. (.I)
... such ...{ adjective + plural noun ... that ...
Don't vlorr;·! You a re tee flopu lar. (X)
a lot of+ noun
When the meaning is positive, use other words
It was such a boring lesson that I fell asleep. and phrases, such as really, extremely (wHh
My cousins tell such funny jokes th a t I can't adjectives or adverbs) or lots of (with nouns).
help laugh ing.
Don't worry! You are really popular.
We've got such a lot of homework that I
don't th ink 1 can do ir all.

• ••
enough
.. . (not) enough+ noun (+ for and/or + full
infinitive)
In all the above examples, the word that is
optional. Yes, I've got enough time.
Yes, I've got enough time to help you .
My brother's so handsome he's thinldng of No, I don't have enough time to help you .
becoming a model.
No, there isn't enough time for us to go
I have to do so much homework I don't have shopping.
time for hobbies.
My cousins reil such funny jokes I can't help adjective } enough+ for and/or )
laughing. ... (not) { adverb ( full infinitive

Both so and such can be used without a that You're old enough to go to school on your
clause as an emphatic way of saying 'very' or own now.
' really' .
It's not warm enough for us to go swimm ing.
Yo·u're so stupid! 1 didn' t learn the vocabulary well enough to
pass the test.

••
It was such a great fi lm!

too
adjective Too and enough are not followed by a that clause.
... too ... adverb +for and/or ) Th e coffee vt'e:s tee hot: that: I couldn' t drinlt
{ ( full infinitive it. (X)
many/much +noun
The coffee was not cold eFtoegk lhatl could
drinlc it. (X)
They told my dad he's too old.
They told my dad he's t oo old for the job.
They told my dad he's t oo old to do the job.
You 're driving too slowly.

fEJ···. · ···. . . ... ... ........ .... . . .... . . ..... ... ...... . . .... . ..... .... . . ......... . . . . . . . ._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... . . . . ..... . . . . ...... ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
 In formal contexts, we can use the phrase so as
Check your understanding! before the full infinitive. So as isn't very common
l What do we use too to refer to? something in conversation.
positive/somet hing negative The Prime Minister today met MPs so as to
2 It was so hot that I got a headache. Is this correct? inform them oi" his decision.
yes/no
With a negative infinitive and with stative verbs,
3 He's old enough that he can drive a car. Is this we normaJJy use in order not or so as not. We
correct? yes/no don't normally use the full infinitive on its own .
We left early in order/so as not to be late.
Infinitives of purpose I studied hard in order/so as to be ready for
the test.
We can use a full infinitive to refer to someone's
purpose.
1 rang to speak to George. Check yo
We left early to get to the station on t ime. l I went home for to get my keys. Is this correct?
1 tang faF ta speah. to George. (X) yes/no
V.'e left eaFly foF gettiRg ta the station on 2 Which phrase means the same as in order? so
#ffie. (X) that/as for/so as
3 Which is correct? I studied not to fail the
We can also use the phrase in. order before the
full infin itive. In general, in order is more formal test.! I studied in order not to fail the test.
than the fuJJ infinitive alone.
I am writing in order to request further
information.

The causative • and with when we want to refer to the tool or

equipment.
I'm having my hair cut tomorrow. You look like you've had your hair cut with a
We got our garden done last week . knife and fork!
William shou ld have his car cleaned. It's a mess!

We use the causative when somebody else does •This structure

• • • • • can also be used to refer to things
something for us. We often use it for things we
pay other people to do. Like the passive (see that other people cUd/have done to us but which
pages 169-170), we use the causat.ive when the •we ctidn't ask them to do, for example, steal ing
person who does the action is unimportant or something of ours.
obvious or for emphasis. We form the causative I've had my bag stolen. (=My bag has been stolen.)
using ...
• have in the right form +object+ past participle
We can also use the verb ,qet instead of have. Get
is less formal. As with the passive voice, we can l When do we u se the cau sative"?
use by when we want to say who does rhe 2 Which verb can be used to form the causative,
action. apart from have?
You should have your arm looked at by a doctor. 3 Which is correct? Get your hair cut/Get cut
your hair.

···················································································································································-····- - --------- - - -- - --~

 Gradable and ungradable ungradable adjectives and adverbs
adjectives and adverbs The match was ............................... amazing.

There are Lwo different kinds of adjective and In this sentence, we can use words that mean
adverb. Words like happy, big, angry, slowly, 'completely'.
quickly, ctc, are gradable. Th is means we th ink of absolutely
these ideas as a scale.
.................................................................................................................... ~
The match was completely amazing .
big very big extremely big incredibly big totally

Words like wonderful, impossible, perfect, etc, are

ungradable. We think of these as things you
either are, or aren't. tn other words you are Quite with a gradable adjective means 'fairly'.
either perfect or you aren't. We don't think of Quite with an ungradable adjective means
these ideas as being on a scale. 'completely'.

We use different words with gradable and

ungradable adjectives and adverbs.
gradable adjectives and adverbs
I Which of these is gradable?
James is ............................... tall. perfect/ cool/wonderful
In this sentence, we can use words that refer to 2 Wh ich of these is ungradable?
degree or amount. beautiful/impossible/tall
very 3 Which of these do we use with ungradable
a little adjectives? really/absolutely/very
a bit
r ather
.Tames is quite tall.
really
extremely
incredibly

Modals (2): modal erfect

ModaJ + p erfect infinitive (have +past must, can't, couldn't
participle) We use must/can 't + perfect infinitive to talk about
You must have felt great when you got your guesses about the past that we are (almost) sure
exam results. of. Often, we arc {almost) sure because we have
You shouldn't have spoken to her like that. some evidence.
You drove without a licence? You might There's John's coat. He must have forgotten it.
h ave killed someone! Angie hates sweet th1ngs. She couldn't/can't
Paul m ight have forgotten our date. h ave eat en the cake that was in th e fridge.
Could you have left your keys at the hotel? should, ought to
We use should/ought to+ perfect infinitive to

~................................................................................................................................................................................................................._...............................................................................................................
 now This time next week ...
The future (2) (eg Wednesday (eg next Wednesday
morning) morning)
We have already looked at some ways of ta lking ....................................................................................................................,...
about the future in Unit 6 (see pages 171-172).
Here arc some other ways. t t
.................................................... I will be Lying ..........................,...
Future p erfect: will + have + past participle on a tropical beach.
I'll have finished my homework by 8
o'clock.
We use the future continuous to talk about an
I w on't have spoke n to John by the time I action happening at a point in the future.
see you . (Compare this with the present continuous and
the past continuous.)
We use the future perfect to show that an action
will happen at some point between now and a We can also use may and mif}ht to talk about
time in the future. actions possibly happening at a point jn the
future.
now 8 o'clock Don't call at one o'clock tomorrow becau se 1
may /might be having my lunch . (possibly)
I'll have :finished
................................ my homework by 8 o'clock.
................................................................................................ ,...
Fut ure perfe ct cont inu ous: will+ have been
I finish my homework at some point between + -ing
these times. We use the future perfect continuous to talk about
actions that are in progress up to a point in the
future.
This means that at 8 o'clock I can say: 1 have
finished my homework. I'll have been living here for ten years at the
end of J une.
So, now I can say: I will have finished my
homework by 8 o'clock.
l started living here now the end of J une
We can also use other modals (might, may, ······················••t ••··································l ··································'t···········,...
should) to talk about actions that will possibly or
probably happen between now and a point in
the future.
Call me on my mobile because we l 0 years
m ay /might have left by midnight. (possibly)
I should have fi nished my homework by At the end of June, I can say: 7have been Hvin£J
six, so give me a ring then. (probably) here for ten years.
So, now 1 can say: I wi/1 have been livin£J here for
Future continuous: will + be + -ing ten years at the end of.June.
This time next week, I will be lying on a
tropical beach.

S ······································································································································..····························································-··················································..··········································································-

1 /'L/ have finished by 6 o'clock. When will I finish?
before 61after 6
2 Can we use other modaJs instead of will in the
future perfect? yes/no
3 What tense is used to talk about a n action
happening at a point in th e fu t ure?
Transferred negation
I don't think Laura is coming to the party.
I don't suppose we'll have the picnic because
it's raining.
When we want to express a negative idea using
think, suppose, believe or imagine, we normally
make these verbs negative and not the second
verb.
l t:A inl( I can't come on Saturday. (X) (not
natural)
Conditionals (2): the third conditional
We can't change the past. When we want to
imagine the past being different, we can talk
about it using the third conditional.
hypothetical (unreal) possibility,
past
Third conditional: if ... past perfect ...
would have ... past participle
If I had known about the party, I would
have gone.
{I didn't know abotH the party I didn't go.)
We wouJdn't have been on time if we
hadn't run.
(We ran . We were on time.)
Instead of would, we can also use these other
modals.
If I had known about the party, I might have
gone. (J'm not sure.)
.Q
I don't t hink I can come on Saturday. (.!')
(more natural)
SaHl says she thinlts she aoesH't l1ave your
~. (X) (not nat.ural)
Sam says she doesn't think she has your
book. (.!') (more natural)
We don't do this with the verb hope.
I deR't hope vte lose the matcl1 tomorrovt. (X)
I hope we don't lose the match tomorrow. (.I')
1 Which is better? I think he ~s not coming./!
don't think he's coming.
2 T don't hope my mum has forgotten my birthday! Is
this correct? yes/no
If we had had enough money last night, we
could have gone to the dncma. (rt would
have been possible.)
n din I
•
I Does the third conditional refer to a real
possibility? yes/no
2 What does t he th ird conditional refer ro? the
past/the present/the futut·e
3 Can we use other modals, apart from would?
yes/no
Wishes and regrets
The tenses we use with wish are like the tenses
we use in hypothetical conditional sentences
(past lO talk about the present, past perfect to talk
 ..
'1:
-c.
about the past). You can see this because we can
use If only ... as an emphatic form of I wish ....
I wish you wouldn't speak when I'm speaking.
I wish you would stop making that noise.
...
"'
e
e
Wishes about the present/future: wish +
past (simple or continuous) (or past
• ....... ····-·- -·-··· ---~- ..................... ---· .

..."' modal) We don't say: 1 mish l;¥eultl.. . (X)

'-'
1 wish I was/were taller. (If only I was/were
taller!)
We only use wish to talk about hypothetical
Don't you wish you knew more languages? situations. When we want to ta lk about real
I wish I was having German lessons. possibilities in the past, present or future. we
I wish I could come with you next week. usually use hope.
I hope we have a good time next Saturday.
Wishes about the past (regrets): wish+ past
I hope you enjoyed the party last night.
perfect
We wish we had seen that film when we had
the chance. yo r u e
I wish I hadn't told Hannah all my secrets.
1 Twish 1 was still in bed! What does tills refer to?
Wishes about other people's behaviour: the past/the present/the future
wish+ would 2 I wish 1 would stop smoking. Is this correct?
We can use wish to talk about things that other yes/no
people do that annoy or irritate us. 3 1 wish T pass the exam next week. Is this correct?
yes/no

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Alphabetical index of Grammar database points
Articles ................. ....................................... ...... ................ 165
Causative (The) ... ... ...... ........... ........ ......... ........................ 185
Comparatives and superlatives ........................................ 168
Cond itiona Is ( 1): zero, first, second .. ........ ... .............. ... .... l 78
Conditionals (2): the third conditional ........................ .... 189
Countable and uncountable nouns ........ ... ........... ...... ..... . 170
Future (I) (The) .. ..... ...... ... ..... ........................................... 171
Future (2) (The) ........................................... ... ........... ...... . 188
Gradable and ungradab1e adjectives and adverbs ........... . 186
Indirect questions .. ... ... ........ ... ................. .......................... 175
Infinitives and -ing forms after verbs ................................ l76
Infinitives of purpose ........ ... ... ..... ...... ....................... ........ 185
Modals (I) .................................................... ............ ... ..... 179
Modals (2): modal perfect ................................................ 186
Passive (The ) ........................ ............................................ 169
Past continuous ... ................................................... ... ....... 162
Past perfect continuous .................................................... 167
Past perfe<.t ................................................... ... ...... ..... ... ... . 16 7
Past simple .................. ..... ................. ... ........... .................. 161
Prefer, would rather, had better ............................................ 177
Present continuous ........................ ........ ......... ... ..... ......... 160
Present perfect continuous ... ... ... ... ........... ... .................... 165
Present perfect .................................................................. 164
Present simple ....... ................. ..... ......... ... ......................... 159
Question tags ............... ..................................... ................ 173
Relative clauses .. .................................. ... ... ...... ... ..... ... ... .. 182
Relative pronouns and prepositions ................................ 183
Reported spcech ..................................... ................. .......... l73
Result clauses: so, such, 1oo. enough ............... ..................... 183
Stative verbs ............... ....................................................... 160
Transferred nega tion ........................................................ 189
Unless, in case, as long as .................................................... 179
Unreal past (The) .............................................................. 187
Wishes and regrets ............................................................ l89
Would, used to, be used Lo ........................................... .. ....... 16 3