MID TERM SPRING 2020

Course Title: Total Quality Management

Course Code: SE-451
Degree Program: BSSE Semester 6th
Student Name: Anum Irshad
Student Roll #
17231598 - 058
(complete).
Instructor Name Sir Shahnawaz
Note: Don’t disturb the sequence of questions

Question # 1

In a walkthrough, a group of developers—with three or four being an optimal

number—performs the review. Only one of the participants is the author of the program. Therefore,
the majority of program testing is conducted by people other than the author, which follows the
testing principle stating that an individual is usually ineffective in testing his or her own program.

An inspection or walkthrough is an improvement over the older desk-checking process (the process
of a programmer reading his or her own program before testing it). Inspections and walkthroughs
are more effective, again because people other than the program's author are involved in the
process.

In my personal experience, I would choose Inspection over walk through because

Inspection is deserving method with careful consideration of an organization, which concerns
about the quality of the product. The process is being done by the quality control department.
Inspection is a disciplined practice for correcting defects in software artifacts

Question # 2

Some problems are small and can be resolved quickly. Other problems are large and
may require significant time and effort to solve. These larger problems are often tackled by turning
them into formal projects.
 Whether the problem you are focusing on is small or large, using a systematic approach for solving
it will help you be a more effective project manager.

This approach defines five problem solving steps you can use for most problems.

I shall follow the given five steps for the solution of the problem, during project execution.

1. Define the Problem

2. Determine the Causes

3. Generate Ideas

4. Select the Best Solution

5. Take Action

Question # 3

Measuring your financial performance:-

Reviewing your financial performance can help you check your business goals and plan effectively
for improving the business.

When conducting a financial review of your business, you might want to consider assessing your
business cash flow, working capital, cost base and growth. Other key financial ratios are efficiency
ratios, sales growth, liquidity ratios and financial leverage.

Measuring profitability:-

The target for most businesses is an increase in profits. The key metrics to assess profitability are:

• Operating margin
• Gross profit margin
• Net profit margin
• Return on capital

Measuring customer loyalty and retention:-

The more you know about what your customers need, the easier it’ll be to handle increased
numbers of customers. To capture customer feedback, you can use sales data, complaint forms,
questionnaires and social media.
Collecting feedback from customers helps to identify where improvements can be made to your
products or services.

Employee performance measurement:-

Evaluating the performance of employees from a financial perspective can be a very valuable
management tool. The most commonly-used metrics to assess employee performance are sales per
employee, contribution per employee and profit per employee

Question # 4

Benchmarking is the technique that company uses against its toughest competitors,
or those companies recognized as leaders in the industry. Benchmarking is one of a manager's best
tools for determining whether the company is performing particular functions and activities
efficiently, whether its costs are in line with those of competitors, and whether its internal activities
and business processes need improvement.

The goal of benchmarking is to identify the weaknesses in an organization and improve those
weaknesses with the idea of becoming the "best of the best."

Bench marking technique involves these main questions:-

• When?
• Why?
• Who?
• What?
• How?

Question # 5

Main problems that a project leader/project manager can face are as follows:-

▪ Lack of clear goals and success criteria

 ▪ Lack of communication
▪ Budgeting issues
▪ Inadequate skills of team members
▪ Lack of accountability
▪ Inadequate risk management
▪ Unrealistic deadlines

Question # 6

To observe the decline in “Rapid Soft” company fishbone diagram is used.

The fishbone diagram is a cause-and-effect diagram that helps managers to track

down the reasons for imperfections, variations, defects, or failures. The diagram looks just like a
fish’s skeleton with the problem at its head and the causes for the problem feeding into the spine.
Once all the causes that underlie the problem have been identified, managers can start looking for
solutions to ensure that the problem doesn’t become a recurring one.
Question # 7

Main activities in the Total Quality Improvement include:-

1. Establish a culture of quality in your practice.

2. Determine and prioritize potential areas for improvement.

3. Collect and analyze data.

4. Communicate your results.

5. Commit to ongoing evaluation.

6. Spread your successes.

Question # 8

Usually the role of SQA professional is to make the inspection process or testing
process visible, for both the participants and the management, to assess progress and risk. SQA
personnel often need to act as facilitators or coaches. Often, they are regarded as the owners or
custodians of the inspection or testing process, or even as the owners/custodians of the whole
software process

Question # 9

TQM is the management approach of an organization, centered on quality, based on

the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction,
and benefits to all members of the organization and society.
Measured using
Q=P/E
Q=Quality
P=Performance
E=Experience
Three elements of TQM include
1. The philosophical elements

They stress the operation of the company using quality as the integrating element.
1. The generic tools

They consist of various Statistical Process Control (SPC) methods that are used for problem
solving and continuous improvement by quality teams.
1. Tools of the QC department

They consist of Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods such as sampling plans, process
capability methods.

Question # 10

Current Position of the organization is determined by strategic Position and improved by strategy
planning

➢ The strategic position is concerned with the impact on strategy of the external
environment, internal resources and competences, and the expectations and influence of
stakeholders. Together, a consideration of the environment, strategic capability, the
expectations and the purposes within the cultural and political framework of the
organization provides a basis for understanding the strategic position of an organization.
➢ Strategic planning is a process in which organizational leaders determine their vision for
the future as well as identify their goals and objectives for the organization. The process
also includes establishing the sequence in which those goals should fall so that the
organization is enabled to reach its stated vision.

• Strategic Planning Process:-

• Step 1: SWOT Analysis

• Step 2: Develop the Vision

• Step 3: Develop the Mission

• Step 4: Develop the Guiding Principles

• Step 5: Develop the Broad Strategic Objectives