Computer Assignment

COMPUTER
Final Term Assignment

NAME: Syed Gulshan

Raza Naqvi
ROLL NO: PHMD-F17-034
SEMESTER: 6TH
SUBMITTED TO: SIR AHMAD KAHLOON

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QUESTION NO. 1:
 Windows Operating System
 Processing
 Threading
 Services
OPERATING SYSTEM:
An Operating System (OS) is a Software which gives the ability to devices to perform basic
functions by communicating with Hardware.
Common Operating Systems are following:
 Windows
 Linux
 OS X
Here we will discuss about the window operating system (windows xp)

Windows Xp (OS):
Windows xp is an operating system . It was generated by the microsoft . It was used for both
window 2000 (for professional users) and windows me (for home users). It is proprietary a
commercial software.
PROCESSING:
It is an open source language of programming that facilitate people for easily creating images,
animations and interactions. Primarily it was known as Software Sketchbook. Millions of people
use processing for their own interests according to their conditions.
Example: A designer uses processing for creating different animations or designs etc.
Main Goals of Processing are :
 Simplicity: Easily accessible for people without any technical disturbances.
 Flexibility: Easy handling of information

 As the power of hardware is switched on, the BIOS starts executing from ROM and it
starts executing the bootstrap loader from the windows disk.
 From the root directory of the identified system device the NTLDR program starts
loading and it determines that which boot device is containing the operating system.
 The HAL library, kernel, and system hive are loaded by the NTDLR. The system hive
indicates the required boot drivers and loads them.
 Kernel execution begins by initializing the system and creating two processes: the system
process containing all internal worker threads, and the first user-mode initialization
process: SMSS.
 SMSS further initializes the system by establishing paging files and loading device
drivers.
 SMSS creates two processes: WINLOGON, which brings up the rest of the system, and
CSRSS (theWin32 subsystem process).

Hardware requirements for 3D in Processing for windows xp:

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1. Processor speed should be 233 to 300 Mega Hertz or more.

2. RAM should be 64 to 128 GB or more than this.
3. Hard disk space should be 1.5 or more than 1.5GB.

THREADING:
 Windows XP uses one_one threading model for threading map. Threads are present in
waiting, ready or terminated state. Both of these states are managed by the scheduler.
 These have two parts user thread and kernel threads.
 A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization, it consists of a program counter, a stack, and a
set of registers, ( and a thread ID. )
 Traditional ( heavyweight ) processes have a single thread of control - There is one
program counter, and one sequence of instructions that can be carried out at any given
time.
 Multi-threaded applications have multiple threads within a single process, each having
their own program counter, stack and set of registers, but sharing common code, data, and
certain structures such as open files
Windows Threads
 Implements the one-to-one mapping
 Each thread contains:
 The register set
 Stacks
 And private storage area are known as the context of the thread
SERVICE:
Service is the application of component which provide the long running operations in the
background of application. It can run in background even if application is ruined.
Windows XP Services
A service has three basic startup states:
1. Disabled
2. Manual
3. Automatic
Windows xp starts a lot of services as the engine of whole windows system. However some of
those are not useful. The services provide different system to lock the windows xp system or to
enable internet access. It enables windows self maintenance .
It is human computer interaction layer where application can be access the network service.

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QUESTION NO. 2:
OSI 7 Layers in the process of watching youtube.
Introduction:
Open System Interconnection(OSI) is the universal language for networking of computer. It
based on the connection of 7 OSI layers which perform their specific task by communicating
with each other.
These are the 7 layers of OSI model:
1. Physical
2. Data link
3. Network
4. Transport
5. Session
6. Presentation
7. Application

Mostly TCP/IP model is used in the process of watching youtube but here we will discuss abut
the 7 layers of OSI used in the youtube streaming. Every layer of the OSI has its own specific job
and these are interlinked with each other.

Physical layer:
 In this layer it transmits the raw bit stream over the physical medium .
 It conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal — through the
network at the electrical and mechanical levels.
 It also provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier,
including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.

Data link:
 It describes the format of data on the network.
 It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in
the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization.
 It has two sub layers; first is LLC layer and other one is MAC laye.r The LLC layer controls
frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.
Network layer:
 It decides that which physical path data will take.
 It provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths , for transmitting
data from node to node.

Transport layer:
 Transmit data using transmission protocols including TCP and UDP.

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 In this layer the Operating System determine the way of transporting messages to the
other user which would be TCP.
 It provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is
responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control.
Session layer:
 Maintain connection and is responsible for controlling ports and session.
 In this layer Operating System prepare the session meaning that what type of
communication take place between the users.
 This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications.

Presentation layer:
 It ensures that data is in usable format and is where data encryption occur.
 Youtube prepare the communication it checks that the user enter the right formatting.
In this layer the request will be encrypted.

Application layer:
 It is human computer interaction layer where application can be access the network
service.
 In this layer we are actually able to watch youtube video. This is the last layer of OSI
model which makes us able to watch youtube.