5e5a9e24258a1 59

ISBN 978-86-7587-040-1
Ɇɢɥɢɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ
Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ

ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ
SERBIAN ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES AND ARTS
INSTITUTE OF ETHNOGRAPHY
SPECIAL EDITIONS
Volume 59
Milina Ivanoviü-Barišiü
Calendar Holidays and Customs in

Villages at the Footstool of the Avala
Mountain
Editor
Dragana Radojiþiü
BELGRADE 2007
ɋɊɉɋɄȺ ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂȳȺ
ɇȺɍɄȺ ɂ ɍɆȿɌɇɈɋɌɂ
ȿɌɇɈȽɊȺɎɋɄɂ ɂɇɋɌɂɌɍɌ
ɉɈɋȿȻɇȺ ɂɁȾȺȵȺ
Ʉʃɢɝɚ 59
Ɇɢɥɢɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ

ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ
ɍɪɟɞɧɢɤ
Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ
ȻȿɈȽɊȺȾ 2007
ɂɡɞɚɜɚɱ:
ȿɌɇɈȽɊȺɎɋɄɂ ɂɇɋɌɂɌɍɌ ɋȺɇɍ
Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɯɚʁɥɨɜɚ 35/III, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɬɟɥ. 011 26 36 804
eisanu@sanu.ac.yu, www.etno-institut.co.yu
Ɂɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱɚ:
Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɢ:
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ɉɟɬɚɪ ȼɥɚɯɨɜɢʄ
ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɪ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ȶɭɩɭɪɞɢʁɚ
ɞɪ ɂɜɢɰɚ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɢʄ
ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢʁɟ:
Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ ȭɨɤɢʄ
Ʌɟɤɬɨɪ:
ɋɨɮɢʁɚ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ
Ʉɨɪɟɤɬɨɪ:
Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ ȭɨɤɢʄ
ɉɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɟɧɝɥɟɫɤɢ:
ȳɟɥɟɧɚ ɑɜɨɪɨɜɢʄ
Ʉɨɪɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ:

ȴɢʂɚɧɚ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ
ɒɬɚɦɩɚ:
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɫɤɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
Ɍɢɪɚɠ
500 ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɤɚ
ɒɬɚɦɩɚʃɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ

Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
ɉɪɢɦʂɟɧɨ ɧɚ IV ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɋȺɇɍ

ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨʁ 24. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 2007. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɚ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ ȼɥɚɯɨɜɢʄɚ
ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ
ɍɜɨɞɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɟ...................................................................... 13
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢ ɰɢʂ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ...................................... 23
Ɉɩɲɬɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ .............................................. 31
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ .............................................................. 31
ɇɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ............................................................ 34
Ɇɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ................................................. 36
Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ -
ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɚ - ............................................................................ 41
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɡɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ........................................................ 45
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ .................................................................. 45
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ........................................................................ 47
ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ.......................................... 51
ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ ....................................................................... 53
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ........................................................................ 56
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ............................................................................... 58
Ɉɰɢ......................................................................................... 60
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬɢʁɟ Ȼɨɝɨɧɨɫɚɰ .................................................. 61
Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ ............................................................................... 64
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ.............................................................................. 67
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɟ ............................................................. 71
ȼɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡ
ɤɭʄɟ .................................................................................... 72
Ʉɥɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ ............................................... 73
Ɇɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ ............................................. 74
ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ............................................ 77
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɫɥɚɦɟ ....................................... 82
Ȼɚɞʃɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ..................................................................... 85
Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨ – Ȼɨɠɢʄ ............................................. 92
Ⱦɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ................................................................. 95
Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɨ ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ ............................................................. 95
ɉɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ (ɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ) ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ ............................... 96
Ⱦɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ......................................................... 97
1
Ɇ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɪɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ ...........................................98

Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ ................................................................100
Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ...........................................................104
Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ...........................................................104
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ ......................................................................107
Ɉɛɪɟɡɚʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ/ɋɜɟɬɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ/ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ/Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ.....................................108
ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ ..................................................................112
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ............................................................................116
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃe ........................................................................118
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ...............................................................................122
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ Ʉɪɫɬɢɬɟʂ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ................................124
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ...........................................................................126
ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ...............................................................127
ɉɪɢɪɟɞɛɚ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɢ...........................................................128
Ɋɭɱɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɪɟɞɛɟ .....................................................128
ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɫɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ...................................128
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ ......................................................................129
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ – ɋɪɟɬɟɧɢʁɟ .........................................131
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ...........................................................................133
Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ.....................................................................140
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ...................................................141
Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ .........................................................................141
Ɋɢɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɢɫɯɪɚɧɚ ............................................................142
Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɨ ʂɭʂɚʃɟ ............................................................143
Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ .............................................................143
Ȼɟɥɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ........................................................................146
Ɋɢɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɝɨɡɛɚ.................................................................147
ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ....................................................................149
ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ .......................................................................151
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ .............................................................................153
Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ...........................................................................155
ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ .....................................................................157
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ...................................................................158
ɍɥɚɡɚɤ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɭ ȳɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ – ɐɜɟɬɢ .......162
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ.....................................................................164
2
ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ....................................................................... 165

ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ..................................................................... 169
ȼɚɫɤɪɫɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ – ȼɚɫɤɪɫ .................... 170
Ɉɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ ....................................... 172
ȳɟɞɟʃɟ ɛɨʁɟɧɢɯ ʁɚʁɚ ......................................................... 172
ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ............................................................. 173
ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ................................................................. 173
Ɍɭɰɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ ...................................................................... 175
Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ.......................................................... 176
Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ.......................................................... 177
ȼɨɞɟɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ .................................................................... 178
ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ.......................................................... 179
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɟ – ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ .................. 180
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɨɤɨ ɫɬɨɤɟ........................................................... 183
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɟʁɚɧɟ ʃɢɜɟ ............................................... 184
Ʉɢʄɟʃɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ.......................................................... 184
ȼɪɚɱɚʃɚ ɢ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ ........................................................... 185
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɭɪɚɧɚɤ..................................................... 187
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ....................................................... 187
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ........................................................................... 187
ɉɪɟɧɨɫ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ....................................... 189
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȶɢɪɢɥɨ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢʁɟ ................................................. 190
ȼɚɡɧɟɫɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ – ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ.................................... 191
Ʌɟɬʃɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ............................................................ 195
ɋɢɥɚɡɚɤ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱦɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɟ – Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ – Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ –
ɉɟɞɟɫɟɬɧɢɰɚ........................................................................ 195
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ ............................................................................. 198
Ɋɨɻɟʃɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɪɫɬɢɬɟʂɚ – ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ.................. 199
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɢ ɉɟɬɚɪ ɢ ɉɚɜɥɟ – ɉɟɬɪoɜɞɚɧ ................... 202
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɟ................................................................. 205
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɰɚ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ – Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ .......... 206
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɂɥɢʁɚ – ɂɥɢɧɞɚɧ......................................... 208
ɋɜɟɬɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɚ – Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ. ....................... 211
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ – ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ......................... 212
ɍɫɩɟɧɢʁɟ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ – ȼɟɥɢɤɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ ...... 214
3
ȳɟɫɟʃɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ............................................................219

Ɋɨɻɟʃɟ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ – Ɇɚɥɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ .............219
ȼɨɡɞɜɢɠɟʃɟ ɱɚɫɧɨɝ Ʉɪɫɬɚ – Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ............................220
ɉɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ Ʉɢɪɢʁɚɤ Ɉɬɲɟɥɧɢɤ – Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ..................221
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥ Ɍɨɦɚ –Ɍɨɦɢɧ ɞɚɧ .......................................222
ɉɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɉɚɪɚɫɤɟɜɚ – ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ .....................223
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥ ɢ ʁɟɜɚɧɻɟɥɢɫɬ Ʌɭɤɚ ....................................225
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟ – Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ...............226
Ɉɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɚ –
ȭɭɪɻɢɰ .................................................................................228
ɋɚɛɨɪ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ – Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɞɚɧ. .......229
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɤɪɚʂ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɢ – ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɪɚɬɚ ..................230
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ .....................................................................233
ɉɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɞ ɋɥɚɜɭ..................................................................235
ɋɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɢɰɟ...................................................................236
Ɉɛɚɜɟɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ....................................236
ɇɚɜɟɱɟɪʁɟ..............................................................................237
ɉɪɜɢ ɞɚɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ....................................................................237
Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ ..................................................................239
Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ ..................................................................240
Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ.......................................................................................243
ɋɥɭɠɛɚ .................................................................................245
ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɫɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ ....................246
Ɉɛɢɥɚɡɚɤ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɚɬɚɪɚ.......................................................246
Ɋɭɱɚɤ.....................................................................................247
Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ..................................................................249
ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ .........................................................................249
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ – 1. ɦɚʁ ..........................................................251
Ⱦɚɧ ɛɨɪɰɚ – 7. ʁɭɥ................................................................252
Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 20. ɜɟɤɚ - ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ –.....................................255
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ...257
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ............................................................261
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ............................................................266
4
ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ............................................................ 272

Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ .................................................................. 278
ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɢ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ....................................... 287
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ .... 295
Ɇɚɝɢʁɫɤɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ .... 300
Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ .................... 304
ɍɡɪɨɰɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ 315
Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ................................................................................. 325
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ............................. 325
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. .......................... 330
ɍɡɪɨɰɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. ....... 334
ɂɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ............................................................................ 337
X YZ W
Ɉɤɜɢɪɧɢ ɭɩɢɬɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ............................................................... 363
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɭ....................................... 363
Ɉɩɲɬɢ ɭɩɢɬɧɢɤ................................................................... 363
ɉɨɫɬ ..................................................................................... 363
ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ ................................................................. 364
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ .............................................................................. 364
ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ .................................... 364
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ................................................................. 382
Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ .................................................................................. 383
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ........................................................................ 385
X YZ W
Calendar Holidays and Customs in Villages at the Footstool of
the Avala Mountain.................................................................. 401
5
Ɍɚɛɟɥɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1: ɉɪɢɤɚɡ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ............................39
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2: Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ 46
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 3: Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ........51
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 4: ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ..............53
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 5: ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ .......55
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 6: ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ .......57
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 7: Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ...............59
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 8: Ɉɰɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.........................61
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 9: ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ – Ɂɭɰɟ..................................................64
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 10: Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ............66
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 11: Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ............91
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 12: Ȼɨɠɢʄ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.................107
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 13: Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ ...........................................108
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 14: Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ/ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ
ɉɨɬɨɤ .............................................................................112
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 15: ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ .......................................116
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 16: Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ..........118
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 17: Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.....122
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 18: Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ..............................123
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 19: ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ .......125
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 20: ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.........129
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 21: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ......................131
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 22: ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
........................................................................................133
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 23: Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.........139
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 24: Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ..140
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 25: Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.......145
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 26: ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ .............149
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 27: ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ .150
6
ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 28: ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.... 152

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 29: Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.......... 154
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 30: Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ........ 156
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 31: ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.................... 158
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 32: Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.................. 161
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 33: ɐɜɟɬɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ................. 163
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 34: ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ . 165
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 35: ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɟɬɚɤ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ... 168
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 36: ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ... 169
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 37: ȼɚɫɤɪɫ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ............... 177
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 38: ȼɨɞɟɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ . 178
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 39: ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ
ɉɨɬɨɤ ............................................................................ 180
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 40: ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ......... 186
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 41: Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ – ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ........................................ 188
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 42: Ɇɥɚɞɢ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ
ɉɨɬɨɤ ............................................................................ 190
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 43: ɋɜɟɬɢ ȶɢɪɢɥɨ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢʁɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ,
Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ................................................................... 191
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 44: ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ........ 193
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 45: Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ .............. 197
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 46: ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ............................. 199
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 47: ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ............ 202
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 48: ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɤ ............................ 205
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 49: ɋɜɟɬɢ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
....................................................................................... 206
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 50: Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ. 207
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 51: ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ...... 210
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 52: Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɚ (ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ) – Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ212
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 53: ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.... 214
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 54: ɋɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ ............................................. 217
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 55: Ɇɚɥɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ 219
7
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 56: Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ..........221

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 57: Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ .........222
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 58: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɨɦɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ........223
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 59: ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ .......224
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 60: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ........226
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 61: Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.........227
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 62: ȭɭɪɻɢɰ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ...............228
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 63: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɨ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ..230
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 64: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɪɚɬɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ......231
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 65: ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
........................................................................................240
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 66: ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ............................241
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 67: Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ................248
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 68: ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.......251
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 69: 1. ɦɚʁ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ..................252
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 70: 7. ʁɭɥ (Ⱦɚɧ ɛɨɪɰɚ) – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
........................................................................................253
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 71: ȼɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ .............................................263
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 72: ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ .............................................270
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 73: ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ .........................................275
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 74: Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ....................................................281
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 75: Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ..............................................................289
8
ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ
ɂɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ
ɋɥɢɤɚ 1: ɉɚɧɨɪɚɦɚ ................................................................. 337

ɋɥɢɤɚ 2: ɋɟɨɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɭ Ɂɭɰɢɦɚ ........................................... 338
ɋɥɢɤɚ 3: Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ ..................................................................... 339
ɋɥɢɤɚ 4: Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ – ɬɪɩɟɡɚ ................................................ 340
ɋɥɢɤɚ 5: ɉɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ............................................................... 341
ɋɥɢɤɚ 6: Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ – ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ................................ 342
ɋɥɢɤɚ 7: Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ – ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ................. 343
ɋɥɢɤɚ 8: Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ............................................................... 344
ɋɥɢɤɚ 9: ȼɪɛɢɰɚ ..................................................................... 345
ɋɥɢɤɚ 10: ȼɪɛɢɰɚ ................................................................... 346
ɋɥɢɤɚ 11: ɍɫɤɪɲʃɚ ʁɚʁɚ ......................................................... 347
ɋɥɢɤɚ 12: ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ.............................................................. 348
ɋɥɢɤɚ 13: ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ.............................................................. 349
ɋɥɢɤɚ 14: Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ..................................................................... 350
ɋɥɢɤɚ 15: Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ..................................................................... 351
ɋɥɢɤɚ 16: Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ..................................................................... 352
ɋɥɢɤɚ 17: Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ..................................................................... 353
ɋɥɢɤɚ 18: ɋɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ .......................................................... 354
ɋɥɢɤɚ 19: ɋɥɚɜɚ – ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ................................................ 355
ɋɥɢɤɚ 20: ɋɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɬɪɩɟɡɚ – ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ................................ 356
ɋɥɢɤɚ 21: ɋɥɚɜɚ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ .......................................... 357
ɋɥɢɤɚ 22: ɋɥɚɜɚ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ .......................................... 358
ɋɥɢɤɚ 23: ɋɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ......................... 359
ɋɥɢɤɚ 24: ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ........................... 360
ɋɥɢɤɚ 25: Ⱦɢɡɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ............................ 361
9
10
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɢ (Ɍ.
ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ ɧɩɪ.) ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɯɢɬɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ʁɟɪ ɨɧɢ ɭɛɪɡɚɧɨ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ,
ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɢɫɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ: ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ
ɛɪɠɟ ɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ, ʁɟɪ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɚ
ɞɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɭ ɛɟɡ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ
ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɦ ɞɨɦɟɬɭ. ɋɚɡɧɚʃɟ
ɞɚ ɠɢɜɢɦɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɪɡɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɩɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
Ɋɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɱɢɬɚɨɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢʄ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ (ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ) ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɚɱɭɜɚ ɨɞ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɦɢɫɥɢɦ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɭɦɟɫɧɨ
ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɱɢɬɚɨɰɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɡɚɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɧɟɞɨɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ. Ɉɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ: ɡɚɲɬɨ
ɧɟɞɨɜɪɲɟɧɚ? ȳɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ, ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ
ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɲɤɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɚ ɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ
ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɭɞɟɨɧɢɤɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɢɫɬɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɨ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ. ɒɬɚ ɛɢ
ɛɢɥɨ ɢɫɬɨ, ɚ ɲɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ? ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɭ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɢ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɟʄɚʃɭ, ɩɚ
ɦɧɨɝɟ „ɫɢɬɧɢɰɟ“ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɦɚɤɧɭ ɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɭ ɢ
ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɭ.
Ʉɚɞ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɢʃɟɦ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɟ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɦ ɞɚ ɞɭɝɭʁɟɦ
ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɫɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɨɜɟ
ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɦ
ɢ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɛɢɥɢ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ. ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ
ɩɪɚɜɨ. ɇɟ ɛɢɯ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ, ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɨ
ɢɫɭɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɜɢɦɚ ɯɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɩʂɟʃɭ ɩɪɢ
ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɞɜɚʁɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ, ɱɚɤ ɢ
ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨʂɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɞɭɝɭʁɟɦ
ɩɚɪɨɫɢɦɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɟ ɢ
ɩɨɦɨʄ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ.
11
ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɞɛɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ

ɤɨʁɢɯ ɭɜɟɤ ɢɦɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɜɢɻɟʃɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɢ
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɟ ɨɞ ɭɝɥɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ, ɚɭɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɨ ʄɟ
ɢɯ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɛɭɞɭʄɟɦ ɪɚɞɭ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɬɟɦɚɦɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ
ɜɪɫɬɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɪɚʄɚɬɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ.
Aɤɬɭɟɥɧɨɫɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɭ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɩɨɥɚɡɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɡɚ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ.
Ⱦɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚɧ ɫɭɞɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɨ ʁɟ,
ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ, Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ
Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɥɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ.
ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɭ ɋȺɇɍ
– ɤɭʄɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɚɦ ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟɧɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɚ ɲɬɚɦɩɚʃɟ
ɨɜɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ.
Ɂɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɞɭɝɭʁɟɦ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ – ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ,
ɩɨɞɪɲɰɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɚʃɚ
ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟɦ ɫɜɨɦ, ɫɚɞɚ ɜɟʄ
ɭɩɨɤɨʁɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɧɬɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɭ Ȼɚɧɞɢʄɭ ɛɟɡ ɱɢʁɟ
ɧɟɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɟ ɭɩɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɭɫɬɢɦ ɭ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɨɜɟ
ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɧɢ ɛɢɥɨ, ʁɟɪ ɫɚɦ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ
ɛɢɥɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚ ɬɟɦɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ
ɫɚ ɨɜɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɦ ɬɟɦɨɦ.
Ⱥɭɬɨɪ
12
ɍɜɨɞɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɟ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɬɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɨɤɭɩʂɚ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɲɢɪɟ

ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ʁɟɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɋɚɦɚ ɬɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɨ, ɚ
ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɚ
ɬɟɦɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɨɜɨʁ ɬɟɦɢ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢ
ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ,
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ,
ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ.1 ɉɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɟʃɚ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɭ
ɦɟɫɬɭ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɧɨɜɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɟɠɟ
ɤɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ.
Ɍɟɦɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ʁɟ, ɩɨɱɟɜ ʁɨɲ ɨɞ ȼɭɤɚ
Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɚ,2 ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭ ɠɢɠɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚ, ɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɢ ɭ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ.
ɍ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɭ ɬɟɦɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɜɪɧɭɬɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ
1
ɇɚ ɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɫɜɟɫɤɟ ɢɡ ɟɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɬɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɭ Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ, ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ.
2
ȼɭɤ ɋɬ. Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ, ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɫɩɢɫɢ, ɫɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɞɟɥɚ, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ-ɇɨɥɢɬ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1987.
13
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɰɟɥɚ ɨɜɚ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ

ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɭɱɟʂɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞ
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ, ʁɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɦɚʁɭ
– ɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ.
ɍ ɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢʄɭ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟ
ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɦɚ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɚɦ ɞɨɲɥɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɬɟɦɟ. ɇɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ
ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɞɭɠɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɥɢɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ, ɭ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɥɢɯ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɚ ɜɟɤɚ,
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ.
Ɉɜɚɤɜɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɭɠɟ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ, ɬɢɦ ɩɪɟ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɥɨ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ,
ɚ ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɥɟɞɟ. Ʉɪɨɡ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɟɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʃɚ – ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɭɠɨʁ ɜɟʄ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɲʄɟ, ɢ ɭ ɲɢɪɨʁ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ3 ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɦ ɤɚɨ ɞɟɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪ-
3
Ɉ ɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɭ:
Etnoantropološki problemi 6, Beograd 1989. (ɪɚɞɨɜɢ: ȿdit Petroviü, Neka
razmatranja o pojmu "tradicija", 15-20; Petar Vlahoviü, Tradicija i
savremenost u svetlu etnologije, 29-32; Ĉurÿica Petroviü, Znaþaj zakonskih
odredbi u odnosima tradicija-savremenost, 7-11; Malgožata Maj, Tradicija
kao suštinski element savremenosti, 23-25.); Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ XLIII, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1994. (ɪɚɞɨɜɢ: Ⱦɪɚɝɨɫɥɚɜ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ,
Ɍɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚʃɚ ɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ, 27-33; ɉɟɬɚɪ ȼɥɚɯɨɜɢʄ,
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ, 47-57; Ȼɨʁɚɧ
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɑɢɬɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, 137-140; ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ ɇɚɭɦɨɜɢʄ,
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɟ, 142-150.); ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ IX, ɋɜɪʂɢɝ 2004. (ɪɚɞɨɜɢ: ȳɨɜɚɧ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɢʄ, ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
14
ɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ

ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟʄ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɭ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ
(ɧɩɪ. ɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɨɞɟɜɚʃɚ, ɢɫɯɪɚɧɟ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɭ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨʁ
ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɢ ɫɥ.). Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɦ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚ. ɍ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɢ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ
ʁɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɭɜɟɤ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɥɢ,
ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɨɧɚ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɭɱɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ
ɫɭɬɪɚ. ɋɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ „ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ“ ɤɪɨɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨ
ɬɪɚʁɚʃɟ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɩɨɧɚ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ, ɬʁ. „ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ“ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ
ɪɟɩɥɢɰɢɪɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ, ɚ ɤɪɨɡ
ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɫɟʄɚʃɟ – ɢ ɨɞ ɛɥɢɠɢɯ ɢ ɞɚʂɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ „ɤɨʁɚ ɭɱɢ“ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɭɱɢ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɞɚ
ɞɚʂɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɨ, ɤɚɨ ɞɟɨ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɨɝ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ
ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɭ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɨɧɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɦɨ ɬɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɦ,
ɬʁ. ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ. Ɉɜɚɤɨ
ɫɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɟ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɨɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɢ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨʁ ɪɚɜɧɢ. Ɉɜɭ
ɪɚɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɫɬ ɢɩɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɦ, ʁɟɪ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ
ʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬ, ɫɭɬɪɚ ɜɟʄ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ʃɟɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ, 43-48; Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧ ɀɭɧɢʄ,

Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, 35-42; ȳɟɥɟɧɚ ɑɜɨɪɨɜɢʄ, ɉɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ
Ⱦɚɪɜɢɧɨɜɟ ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢʁɟ, 129-132; Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ-
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, 49-53; ɇɢɤɨɥɚ
ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ, Ɉɛʁɟɞɢʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 123-127;
Ȼɨʁɚɧ ɀɢɤɢʄ, ɇɚɤɨɧ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɱɨɜɟɤ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢ
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, 55-63).
15
ɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ – ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɟɤɧɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ

ɞɟɫɢɥɨ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɤɨɞ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɩɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɤɚɨ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ
ɭɨɱɢɬɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɫɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ
ʃɟɧɨɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʁɧɢ ɡɚ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɲɟʃɟ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ
ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɞɚ ɚɤɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɠɢɜɢ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɬʁ. ɚɤɨ
ɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ, ɬɨ
ɫɟ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɥɚɤɨ ɢ ɛɪɡɨ ɝɭɛɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ. Ɉɜɨ ɫɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɭ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨɦ ɫɦɟɪɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɡɚɠɢɜɢ ɢ ɭɤɥɨɩɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɢʂɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚ ɢ
ɦɟʃɚ ɧɨɜɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɫɤɨɪɟʃɭʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɚɜɚ.
ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ
(ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɢɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ
ɨɞ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ) ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɛɪɡɨ, ɱɢɦɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢʁɟ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ
ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬ: ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɲɬɨ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɫɥɢ ɜɚɧ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ
– ɭ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ, ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɝɪɚɞ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɭ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɫɤɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ.
ɍɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɲʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɝɨɧɢɦɚ ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɨ „ɪɚɫɬɚɤɚʃɚ“ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
Ȼɢɥɨ ɛɢ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɥɚɤɟ ɢ
ɛɟɡɛɨɥɧɟ. ɉɨɡɧɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʂɭɞɢ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɨɞɪɢɱɭ
ɜɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚɬɚɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ
16
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɭɨɱɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ

ɩɪɨɦɚʄɢ ɧɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɭ ɨɜɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ, ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɡɚɩɚɠɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟɥɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɚʃɭʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɟ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɚ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ (ɫɟʂɚɰɢ, ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ, ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ) ɜɟʄ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɠɢɜɟ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɢɫɬɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɦɟɪɢɥɚ ɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɫɦɟɬʃɚ ɡɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɭɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɚ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɠɢɬɟʂɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɫɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ
ɫɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɲɢɪɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɭ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɟ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɢ ɭ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ.
ɍ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɠɢɜɨɬ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ
ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɟ. ɋɬɨɝɚ
ɬɜɪɞʃɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ (ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɦɥɚɻɢ
ɧɚɪɚɲɬɚʁɢ) ɫɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɚɦɚ ɭɤɥɨɩɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɜɟɬ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɭ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ.
ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɦɚɝɚɥɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ
ɫɜɪɯɚ ɨɥɚɤɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɛɪɡɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɯ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɨ
ɤɨɦɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚʁɭ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ: ɤɚɤɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɲɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ
ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɰɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ (ɧɩɪ. ɨɛɥɢɰɢ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɫɤɨɝ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɩɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ) ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɨ ɭɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɨ
ɭ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɭɰɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ (ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɤɚɤɚɜ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɧɚɲɟɦ – ɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɧɚɲɟɦ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ) ɬɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɡɚɨɤɭɩʂɚɥɨ
ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚʃɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚ ɢ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.
17
Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ
ɜɟɤɚ ɱɢɧɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɭɡɪɨɤɚ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ. Ɂɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɭ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɬɡɜ. ɞɧɟɜɧɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɛɪɡɚɥɟ
ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɚ ɩɨɩɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ.4
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɟ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɭɞɚʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ
ɛɪɠɟ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɦɟʃɚ. Ȼɢɥɨ ɛɢ ɧɟɭɦɟɫɧɨ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ɉɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɛɢɥɨ
ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɨɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ
ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɟ ɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɡɚɞɢɪɚɥɟ ɭ ɫɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɡɟɬ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ,
ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɰɟɥɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɱɭɜɚɪ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ
ɱɭɜɚɪɢɦɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɜɢɞɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ, ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɨɛɢɲɚɨ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ
ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ, ɩɚ ɧɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɭ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ ɠɢɜɚ ɬɜɨɪɟɜɢɧɚ, ɢ ɤɚɨ
ɬɚɤɜɚ ɫɭ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ
ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɪɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ
4
ɋ ɬɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɪɢɬɦɚ, ɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɜɢɲɤɚ
ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɬɡɜ. ɩɨɥɭɬɚɧɚ (ɪɚɞ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ
ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɢɦɚ ɢ ɛɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɲʄɭ). Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ
ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɫɚ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɟɦ
ɫɟʂɚɱɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɧɢɯ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɢɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜ-
ɪɟɞɟ. Ɉɜɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɨ ɞɨɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ.
18
ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ɧɟɨɫɟɬɧɨɝ ɦɟʃɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ

ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɚ
ɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢʁɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ: ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ʁɟ
ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭɫɩɟɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɟ
ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ?
ɇɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɝɭɛʂɟʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɛɪɡɨ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ. Ɉɜɚʁ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɡɚɞɢɪɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɨ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ,
ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢɯ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ.
ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ
ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɚ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɧɢʁɚ, ɩɪɚɬɟʄɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɞɨ
ɫɚɞɚ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɱɭɜɚ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ, ɦɚɞɚ – ɤɚɤɨ
ɫɭ ɬɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ – ɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɢɡ
ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɭ. ɍ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɢ
ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɦɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ, ɩɚ
ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɞɟɥɭʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɥɢɱɧɢʁɟ.
ɍ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɤɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ, ɬʁ. ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɭɥɨɝɟ.
ɍɥɨɝɟ ɫɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɛɢɪɚɬɢ, ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ. ɍ
ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɢ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɭ. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɢ
ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ʂɭɞɫɤɨɝ ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɢ
ɨʁɚɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
ɋɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ
ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɚɧ ɫɜɟ ʁɚɱɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ
ɩɪɟɨɫɦɢɲʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɢ ɜɢɲɟɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɫɤɨɝ, ɭɫɬɚ-
19
ʂɟɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ. ɉɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɦ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨ ɬɪɚʁɟ. ɇɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜʂɭʁɭ, ɜɟʄ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɚɠɢɦɚʃɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɢ ɢɲɱɟɡɚɜɚʃɚ (ɛɨʂɟ ɪɟʄɢ
ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ) ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɨ
ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ. ɋɜɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ
ɡɚɦɟʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦɚ
ɮɚɛɪɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ, ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ
ɨɞɟʂɰɢɦɚ.
ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɧɟɤɢɯ
ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɜɟʄ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɪɚʃɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɟɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɭɝɢ ɧɢɡ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɢ ɭ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨʁ
ɩɪɚɤɫɢ, ɦɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ – ɡɛɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɞɢɤɬɢɪɚɥɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ – ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ
ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1950. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɟ
ɡɚɩɨɲʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɝɨɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɢɦɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɜɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɞɦɨɪ,
ɜɢɤɟɧɞ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ
ɫɦɟɬʃɭ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɠɚʃɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɩɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɚɨ
ɞɟɥɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨɝ
ɫɬɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɫɤɪɚʄɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɚɜɚʃɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ ɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɭɝɪɨɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ
ɞɨɛɪɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭ
ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɞɨ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚʃɚ, ɚ ɜɪɥɨ
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɝ ɢɲɱɟɡɚɜɚʃɚ.
ɍ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɛɪɡɨ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɡɚ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ, ɧɨɜɨ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɟ ɬɜɨɪɟɜɢɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ. ɇɟɫɬɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɨɤɜɢɪɢ
ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɩɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ
ɭɦɧɨɝɨɦɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɨ ɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɭɥɬɨɜɚ, ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ
20
ɩɪɟɞɚʃɚ. ɍɫɢɬʃɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɢ

ɛɪɨʁ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚɰɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ.
Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɭ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɨ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɧɟ. Ɍɟɲɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɢɰɚɥɨ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɢɯ
ɢɫɤɭɫɬɚɜɚ, ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɚɜɢɤɚ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɞɨɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ. ɋɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɧɨɜɢʁɚ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ
ɡɚɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʃɟɧɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɧɢɫɭ
ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢ ɭ ɬɨɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɢ. Ɉɜɚ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ (ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ, ɜɟʄ ɧɩɪ. ɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ).
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɞɪɭɝɨ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɲɬɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɜɨɝ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɢ ɲɬɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɭɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ
ɛɚɲɬɢɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚ ɨɞ ɢɲɱɟɡɚɜɚʃɚ. Ɂɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɧɢ ɧɚɲɢ
ɩɪɟɰɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɭ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢɯ,
ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɩɚɤ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚʁɭ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɟɜɪɟɞɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɤɚɦɟɧ
ɫɩɨɬɢɰɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ʁɨʁ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɬɢ ɜɟʄɭ
ɩɚɠʃɭ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨʂɟ ɜɚɥɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ
ʁɟ ɬɨ ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ, ɬɢɦ ɩɪɟ ɲɬɨ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɨɦ. ɂɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟɦɨ
ɫɜɟɫɧɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɤ ɨɧɞɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɞɭɠɟɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɟɨ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɚ, ɩɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ
ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɜɟɤ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ʃɟɧɨɝ
ɩɪɟɧɨɲɟʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɟ „ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ“ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɚ. ȳɟɪ,
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɭɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ, ɜɪɥɨ
ɱɟɫɬɨ, ɭ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ, ɩɚ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɢ
ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ.
ȼɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɪɚɡ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ
21
ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɞɢʁɭɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɢɦɚ

ɩɨɤɪɟʄɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɭ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ
ɫɭ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɡɚ ʃɢɦɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ
ɡɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɟ, ɨɧɟ ɨɩɫɬɚʁɭ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɟ – ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ – ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɭ
ɫɮɟɪɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ,
ɦɟʃɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɨ
ɬɥɨ ɡɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢɥɢ, ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ, ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɨɫɦɢɲʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ. Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ.
ɋɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟʄɟ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɚ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ
ɫɟ ɫɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɨɩɲɬɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɨɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝ
ɩɨɬɪɨɲɚɱɤɨɝ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ. ɉɨʁɚɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ
ɩɪɨɞɨɪɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧɚ (ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ) ɢ ɩɨɡɚɩɚɞʃɚɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ʄɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚɬɢ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɢ ɛɢɥɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɦɚ ɢ
ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɚ. ȳɟɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɟʄɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ.
22
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢ ɰɢʂ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ
Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɭɜɨɞɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ, ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɫɟ

ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚɥɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ – ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ – ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ, ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ,
ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɭ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ʁɟɫɭ ɬɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɞɭɠɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɡɚɨɤɭɩʂɚ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɚ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɬɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ,
ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ, ʁɨɲ ɞɭɝɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɭ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɠɢɜɢɦɨ ɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ ʁɨɲ
ɭɜɟɤ ɜɪɥɨ ɢɧɬɟɡɢɜɧɟ.
ɉɨɜɟʄɚɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɟ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɜɟʄ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ
ɜɟɤɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɫɜɟ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ.5 ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɭ
ɧɟɤɚɤɨ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɨɦ
5
ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ. Ɋɚɞɨɜɢ ɫɭ
ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɭ ɉɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɢɡɞɚʃɢɦɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 15,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1974: ɉɟɬɚɪ ȼɥɚɯɨɜɢʄ, ɉɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ; Ɇɢʂɚɧɚ Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ,
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟɧɟ
ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ; Ɋɚɞɨɦɢɪ Ɋɚɤɢʄ, ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ; Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ ɢ Ɋɚɞɨɦɢɪ Ɋɚɤɢʄ, Ɉ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ; ɐɜɟɬɤɨ
Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɞɨ 2000.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɪ.
23
ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɩɨɩɭʃɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɢɦɚ

ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɞɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɨ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɚ ɭ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚ-
ʃɢɦɚ. 6
Ʉɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɧɚɫɥɨɜ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ
ʁɟɫɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɬʁ. ɩɪɟɩɥɢɬɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ ɤɪɨɡ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ
6
ɋɬɪɭɱʃɚɰɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚ (ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢ,
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɡɢ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ. ȼɟʄɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɚ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. Ɍɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɚ. ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
Ɇɢɥɢɰɚ ɂɥɢʁɢɧ ɢ Ɉɥɢɜɟɪɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɢɝɪɟ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 4, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1958, 165-217; Ɇɢɥɢɫɚɜ Ʌɭɬɨɜɚɰ, ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɭ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 4,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1958, 149-161; Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ IX, ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ
ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1962. (ɪɚɞɨɜɢ: ɋɪɟʄɤɨ Ɇ.
ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ ɢ Ɇɢɥɨɜɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ,
5-53; Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ɇ. Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 61-93;
ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȭɭɪɢʄ, ɉɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ, 97-124; Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞ
ȼɚɫɨɜɢʄ, ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ, 127-149). ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɦ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ: Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, ɇɟɤɟ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 9, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1979, 1-96, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɱɥɚɧɤɟ ɢɡ
Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 14-16, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1984.
(Ɇɢɥɤɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ -
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚʁ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 11-15; Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ Ɇɚɥɟɲɟɜɢʄ,
Ⱦɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 19-56;
Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 57-84; Ɂɨɪɢɰɚ Ⱦɢɜɚɰ, ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɛɪɚɤɚ ɭ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 85-100; ɉɟɬɚɪ Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɭ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 101-119).
24
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɦ ɰɢʂɭ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ: Ɂɭɰɟ,

Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ.7 Ɉɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɚ ɲɭɦɚɞɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ. ɍ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ, ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɫɟɛɧɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ-
ɬɢɜɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ.
Ɍɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ, ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ
ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɚʁɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢʁɢɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢɦɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɚ
ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɦ ɧɚɦɟɬɚɥɚ. Ɍɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ, ɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ʁɚɱɢɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ, ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ, ɢ ɨɞ
ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɨɞ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɦɨʁɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɛɢɨ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɚ
ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ, ɬɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ, ɩɨɞ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɨɞɢɝɪɚɜɚɥɢ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ,
ɛɢɥɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ.
ɉɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 19. ɢ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ 20.
ɜɟɤɚ, ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ ɜɪɥɨ
ɫɭ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ.
ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɞɭɝ ɡɚ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ
ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɢ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɭ,
ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɥɨ ɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ. Ɉɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ
ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ –
ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ 21. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ
7
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɭɛɪɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɫɟɥɨ Ɋɢɩɚʃ. Ɉɜɨ ɫɟɥɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɦɨʁɚ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁ
ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɠɢɬɟʂɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʃɟɧ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ
ɡɛɨɝ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɟ ɢ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ. ɋɟɥɨ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ
ɬɢɩɚ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɚɬɚɪ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɨɧɢɯ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ.
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ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɭ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ

ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ
ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
ɉɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ, ɲɬɨ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɜɨɝ
ɤɪɚʁɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɛɪɡɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ
ɫɭɨɱɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.
ɇɨɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɥɨɞɧɨ ɬɥɨ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɱɟɫɬɨ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚʃɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɞɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ
ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɭɨɱʂɢɜɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ.
ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ
ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɭ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ʃɢɯɨɜ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ,
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɜɟʄɟ ɨɩɢɫɦɟʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɦɥɚɞɢɯ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ – ɤɪɨɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɬɡɜ. ɜɟɱɟɪʃɢɦ ɲɤɨɥɚɦɚ
ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɢɦɚ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɱɢɧɢɥɚɰɚ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɜɢɤɚɦɚ.
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ.
Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɰɢʂ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 20. ɜɟɤɚ. ɍ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɨʁ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɧɟɦɚ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ.8 Ɍɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɚ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ
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ɂɡ ɨɜɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ: Ɇɢɥɟ ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ,
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ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɨɦ ɛɭɞɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ ɫɜɢ

ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ. ɉɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ʁɟ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ.
1. Ⱦɟɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɨɞɟʂɤɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɥɚɠɟ
ɟɦɩɢɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚ-
ʃɢɦɚ. ɍ ɲɟɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ9 ɨɧ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɪɫɬɚɜɚ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ,
ɱɢɦɟ ɫɭ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ –
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɥɚɤɲɚɥɨ
ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɨɦ
ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ
ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɨɦ – ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ
ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 1997. ɢ 2003. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
ɍɩɨɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɚʄɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɞɨ
ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɚ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ.
2. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɨɞɟʂɤɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ
ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɬʁ. ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɜɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. Ɂɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ: 1. ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ, 2. ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, 3.
ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ, 4. ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ 5. ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɚ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ.
3. ɍɡɪɨɰɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ. ɍɡɪɨɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ
ɮɨɪɦɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ
Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1990, ɢ Ɇɢɥɚ Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ

ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ, Ɇɭɡɟʁ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1996.
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ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɨɩɢɫɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɲɟɦɚ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɦɚ.
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ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ. ɇɚʁɜɢɞʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ

ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɤɚɤɨ
ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟʄɭ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ
ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɟʃɚɥɟ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ, ɩɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɠɟ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ (ɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɜɟɪɢ) ɧɚ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɦɥɚɞɢɯ,
ɨɩɢɫɦɟʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɭ ɬɡɜ. ɜɟɱɟɪʃɢɦ ɲɤɨɥɚɦɚ,
ɟɦɚɧɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ – ɫɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɟ ɧɚɜɢɤɟ.
Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɭɝɨɝ ɢ
ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ
ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ. Ⱦɚɤɥɟ,
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɜɢɪɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ
ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɪɚɬɟ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɨ ɢ
ɞɢʁɚɯɪɨɧɨ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɭ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ.
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢ ɨɜɟ
ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢʁɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ. ɉɨɥɚɡɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟ-
ɧɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɚ
ɬɨɤɨɦ 2002. ɢ 2003. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ
1997. ɢ 1998. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
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Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɦɢɫɥɢɦ ɞɚ ɨɜɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɢ

ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɚɦ ɪɨɻɟɧɚ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɦ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ
ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɬɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚʃɟɧɚ,
ɩɚ ɫɚɦ ɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɢɡ „ɩɪɜɟ ɪɭɤɟ“,
ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɦɨʁɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɩɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ. ɍ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɞɜɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ
ɫɚɦ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ (ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɦ
ɫɟɥɢɦɚ – ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ) ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɦ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɟ
ɢ ɭ ɫɜɟɬɥɭ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ. ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɬɪɟɛɚ
ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɤɪɢɬɢɱɚɧ, ɩɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ, ʁɟɪ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɜɭʄɢ ɭ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɫɭɞɨɜɚ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɢ
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɨɜɚ „ɡɚɦɤɚ“ ɢɡɛɟɝɧɭɬɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚʄɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɜɞɟ
ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭɚ, ɝɪɚɻɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟɦ ɢ
ɭɱɟɲʄɟɦ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. Ɋɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧ, ɚ ʃɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ,
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɭ
ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ.
Ɇɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɤɚɨ
ɥɨɲɢʁɢ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ
ɞɨɫɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɭ. Ɉ ɨɩɲɬɢʁɢɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɢɦɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɦ ɡɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ, ɚɥɢ ɱɢɦ
ɛɢɯ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɢɬɚɦ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɟ, ɧɟɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ,
ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɭ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɟɥɚ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɢɦɚɥɢ, ɭɩɭʄɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ, ɩɨ ʃɢɦɚ, ɬɨ ɛɨʂɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɢ
ɜɢɲɟ ɩɚɦɬɟ.
ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɠɟɧɚɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ
ɫɬɚɪɨɫɧɟ ɞɨɛɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɢ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ „ɛɨʂɟ
ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɟ“, ɜɟʄ ɭɥɨɝɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ, ɩɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ
ɬɢɦ ɢ ɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ
ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɢɥɚ ɜɚɧ ɤɭʄɟ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɟ
ʁɟɞɜɚ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɩɢɲɭ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ
ɩɪɨɜɟɥɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɭ
29
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɭɥɨɝɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ

ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɦɭɠɟɜɢ ɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɡɛɨɝ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
(ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ,
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ...). Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ɜɟʄ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɠɟɧɟ ɛɨʂɢ ɱɭɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢɨɰɢ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ.
30
Ɉɩɲɬɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ
ɍ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ

ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 20. ɜɟɤɚ Ɋɢɫɬɚ
ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɞɚɨ ɨɤɜɢɪɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɦɚ, ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ ɢ ɋɚɜɟ. ɋɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ʁɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɋɚɜɨɦ
ɢ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɨɦ, ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɚ – Ⱦɭɧɚɜɨɦ, ɚ ɫɚ ʁɭɝɚ – ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɨɦ.
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ,
ɧɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɞ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ. ɍ ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɟ
ɬɭɪɫɤɨ ɞɨɛɚ – ɩɢɲɟ Ɋ. ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ – ʁɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɝɪɨɱɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɧɚɯɢʁɢ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ
Ƚɪɨɰɤɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɯɢʁɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ
ɩɨɫɚɜɫɤɭ ɢ ɤɨɥɭɛɚɪɫɤɭ, ɚ ɝɪɨɱɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɨɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɭ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɭ
ɤɧɟɠɢɧɭ. Ƚɪɨɱɚɧɫɤɚ ɧɚɯɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɛɢɥɚ
ɫɩɨʁɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɯɢʁɚ,
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɭɝ.10
Ɉɤɨɥɢɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɭɠɧɢɦ ɨɛɨɞɨɦ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɟ. ɂɦɟ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɤɚ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ
ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ,
ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɨɜɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɛɢɥɚ (ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ
ɞɚɧɚɫ) ɩɪɚɜɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ. ɍ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ, ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ
ɬɟɫɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɫɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɨɦ.11
10
Ɋɢɫɬɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ɉɤɨɥɢɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ V,
ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ 2, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1905, 905.
11
Ɋ. ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ɉɤɨɥɢɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 906.
31
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɭɜɨɞɢ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ

ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 19. ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɥɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚʁɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɟɥɨɦ ɢɡ 1957. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɭ, ɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɫɭ
ɫɟ 94 ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. ɍ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ, ɨɜɚ
ɧɚʁɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɨɧɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ
ɩɨɞ ɩɨʁɦɨɦ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ. Ɉɜɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɱɢɧɟ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɪɟɝɢʁɟ: Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɉɨɞɭɧɚɜʂɟ (15 ɧɚɫɟʂɚ),
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɉɨɫɚɜɢɧɚ (9 ɧɚɫɟʂɚ), Ⱥɜɚɥɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɨ (11 ɧɚɫɟʂɚ)
ɢ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɚɱɤɚ Ʉɨɥɭɛɚɪɚ (36 ɧɚɫɟʂɚ).12
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɞɚɜɧɢɧɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɛɢɨ
ɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɚɧ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɭɞɚ
ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɭɧɚ
ɧɚʁɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢʁɢɯ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɦɚʃɨʁ ɢɥɢ ɜɟʄɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ
ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɛɥɢɠɨʁ
ɢɥɢ ɞɚʂɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ.
ȼɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬ ʁɟ ɧɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ „ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɚɧɢɯ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɫɭɫɬɢɠɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ɪɚɡɧɨɥɢɤɢɦ ɢ ɡɚ ʂɭɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɝɨɞɧɢɦ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɦɚ, ɨɞ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ, ʂɭɞɫɤɨɦ
ɫɚɡɧɚʃɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɚ ɢ
ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɟ.“13
ɉɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤa ɩɚ ɭɛɭɞɭʄɟ, ɠɢɜɨɬ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨʁ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ
12
Ɇ. Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 61.
13
ɂɫɬɨ, 63.
32
ɞɨɝɚɻɚʃɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɢ

ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ.14
ɉɪɢɱɚ ɨ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ
ɧɢ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚ. ȳɟɞɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɩɨɜɟʄɚɨ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɛɥɢɠɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɟ.
ɋɭɞɛɢɧɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɡɚɥɟɻɚ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ
ɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ ɭɧɚɡɚɞ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɟɤɨɜɚ, ɩɪɟɤɨ
Ⱥɜɚɥɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɦɚɥɢ ɫɜɢ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɛɥɢɠɨʁ ɢɥɢ ɞɚʂɨʁ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ
ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ.
ɇɚ ɜɪɯɭ Ⱥɜɚɥɟ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬ
ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ – ɀɪɧɨɜ,15 ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚ ɢ ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɡ ɝɪɚɞɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɦɚ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, „ɨɞ ɪɭɲɟɜɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜ-
ɧɨɝɚ ɝɪɚɞɢʄɚ ɀɪɧɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɨɛɢ ɢɦɟ Ⱥɜɚɥɚ, Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɩɨɞɢɝɨɲɟ
ɩɪɚɜɭ ɪɚɡɛɨʁɧɢɱɤɭ ɤɭɥɭ, ɨɥɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɟɧɭ. Ɉɞɚɬɥɟ ɫɭ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɥɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɨɦ, ɤɨʁɭ ɛɟɯɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ
ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɢɥɢ.“16 ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɥɢ
ɢ ɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟɦ.
Ɂɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
ɭ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɡɨɧɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɨɝ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ. ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬ Ⱥɜɚɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɫɟ
ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɬɧɚ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ 20. ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɚ
ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɢ ɇȺɌɈ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɟ 1999. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
14
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɇɢɪɤɨ ɉɚɭɧɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɤɪɨɡ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1971; Ɋ. ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ɉɤɨɥɢɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1905.
15
ȼɢɲɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɭ: Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ Ⱦɟɪɨɤɨ, ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ ɢ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1950, 101-102.
16
Ɋ. ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ɉɤɨɥɢɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 907.
33
ɇɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ

ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɮɨɤɭɫɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ
„ɦɥɚɞɢɦ“, ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ
ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚʁɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɨɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɟ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɨɤɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 19. ɜɟɤɚ.
Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɚɜɚɥɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɛɢɨ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ,
ɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ 1528, 1530, 1560. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.17 ɍ
ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 18. ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚ ɚɜɚɥɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɫɟ ɫɜɚ
ɫɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɭɡɟɬɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ.18 „ɋɟɥɚ ɭ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɨ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ
ɦɚɥɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ.“ Ɉɞ ɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɡɚ Ɂɭɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɢɦɚ 5 ɤɭʄɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɭ ɫɚ 9 ɤɭʄɚ. „Ȼɪɨʁ ɤɭʄɚ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ
ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ (1718-1739) ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɩɚɨ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɋɪɛɢ
ɢɡ ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɛɟɝɚɜɚɥɢ ɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɭ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ
ɞɚɠɛɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɭɪɨɜɨɫɬɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɦɧɨɝɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɨɩɭɫɬɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɚ ʁɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ.“19
ɂ ɬɨɤɨɦ 19. ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɜɢɦ
ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ, ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɦɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɤɭʄɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɛɪɠɚ ɢ ɜɟʄɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɨɦ.
ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɢ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ
ɚɜɚɥɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɡɢɬɟɬɚ.
17
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ: Ⱦɪ ɏɚɡɢɦ ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
I/1, Ʉɚɬɚɫɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɩɢɫɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ 1476-1566, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1964;
Ɉɥɝɚ Ɂɢɪɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɉɨɩɢɫ ʇɢɡʁɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɡ 1640/41. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ XLIV, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1998.
18
Ɇ. Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 71-72.
19
Ɇ. Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 73.
34
ɇɚɫɟʂɟɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨɫɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. Ɍɟɤ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 19. ɜɟɤɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɢʁɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ.
Ⱥɜɚɥɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ
ɪɚɬɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ, ɱɢɧɢɥɨ 11 ɫɟɥɚ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɟ
ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɫɭɡɢɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɤɪɢʂɭʁɭ ɩɚɞɢɧɟ Ⱥɜɚɥɟ. ɍ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ
ɫɟɥɚ, ɚ ɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɫɟ ɨɧ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɭ
ɡɚɫɟɛɧɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɤɚɠɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ, ɦɢɫɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɟɥɚ:
Ɋɢɩɚʃ (ɫɟɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɦɨʁɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ), ɉɢɧɨ-
ɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ɢ Ɂɭɰɟ.
Ⱥɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ ɲɭɦɚɞɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. ɇɚ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɛɥɚɝɢɦ ɩɚɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. Ɍɨɦɟ ɫɭ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɢɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ,
ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ, ɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɚ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɨ Ɋ. ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ Ȼɟɥɢ
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɬɡɜ. ɪɚɡɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ
ɬɢɩɚ, ɚ Ɂɭɰɟ ʁɟ ɫɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɝ ɲɭɦɚɞɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɥɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ 20. ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɜɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ,
ɭɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɨɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɭ ɭ ɡɛɢʁɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɚ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɭɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɨɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ ɢ ɛɟɡ
ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ20 ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ.
20
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ⱦɨʃɢ ɤɪɚʁ,
Ƚɨɪʃɢ ɤɪɚʁ ɢɬɞ.
35
ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɫɟ

ɢɡɦɟɧɢɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. „ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɨɜɟ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ 'ɭɪɚɫɬɚʃɟɦ', ɬʁ. ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɤɭʄɚ ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɧɚɫɬɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɫɭ:
• ɫɪɚɫɬɚʃɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ (ɦɚɥɚ),
• ɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ (ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɤɨɞ
ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɟɧɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ).“21
Ɇɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ
Ɂɚ ɱɢɬɚɜ 20. ɜɟɤ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɭ ɜɟʄɚ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɚ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ – ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ.
Ɉɤɨɥɢɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɧɨ ɢɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ.
ɉɪɢɥɢɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɩɚ ɢ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ
ɲɢɪɭ ɢ ɭɠɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɭ ɞɨɫɟɥɢɨ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɠɢɬɟʂɚ – ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɛɢɜɲɟ „ɜɟɥɢɤɟ“
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ.
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚɨ ɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɭʁɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ,
ɩɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɚɜɚɥɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ʁɟ
ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɬɚɥɚɫɨɦ
ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.
Ɇɨɬɢɜɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ. ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɚɜɨɻɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ
(ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢʁɚ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ) ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ (ɧɩɪ. ɜɟʄɚ ɩɪɟɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɫɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɢ
21
Ⱦ. Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 71.
36
Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ), ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ

ɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ.
ɋɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɟɞɟɥɚɱɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɱɢɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ. ɉɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɨɛɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 19. ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 20. ɜɟɤɚ Ɋɢɫɬɚ
ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ ɫɚ ɝɪɭɩɨɦ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚɥɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɨɦ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɭ ɞɨɫɟʂɟɧɢɤɚ, Ɋ. ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ
ɩɨɞɟɥɢɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɨɜɨʁ
ɩɨɞɟɥɢ, ɫɟɥɚ Ɂɭɰɟ ɢ Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ɫɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɛɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ, ɝɞɟ
ʁɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɟʂɟɧɨ ɢɡ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɟ,
ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢɡ ʁɭɠɧɢɯ, ʁɭɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɋɬɚɪɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ (ɫɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨɦ), ɐɪɧɟ
Ƚɨɪɟ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ, Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɢɡ ʁɭɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɢ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɚ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ – ɭ ɬɪɟʄɭ
ɝɪɭɩɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɥɢɤɨ – ɢɡ ɫɜɢɯ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ.22
ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɢ
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɡɚ
ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɟ ɢɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚɥɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɭ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɡɚɥɟɻɭ, ɦɚʃɟ-ɜɢɲɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɫɚ
ʃɢɦ, ɩɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɭ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢɞɨɲɥɨɦ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɫɦɟɲɬɚʁ ɢ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɧɨɝ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢʁɢɯ, ɬɡɜ. ɞɧɟɜɧɢɯ
ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɚ23 ɜɟʄɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɨɜɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ: ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ
22
Ɋ. ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ, 956, 962-963.
23
Ɉ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɭ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ
ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: Ɇɢɥɢɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ⱦɧɟɜɧɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ
37
ɪɚɞ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɨɝ

ɪɚɞɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɠɚ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɭ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ
ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.
ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɨɜɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ, ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ, ɭ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ. ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ ɢ Ȼɟɥɢ
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɫɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚ „ɭɞɚɪɭ“ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɢɯ
ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ
ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɨɜɨɫɚɝɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɩɨʁɢɥɟ ɬɡɜ. ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ
ɭ ɧɢɡ, ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ Ɂɭɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ʁɭɠɧɢʁɟ, ɬʁ. ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
Ⱥɜɚɥɟ, ɬɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɡɚɛɚɱɟɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ
ɧɚɫɟʂɚ.
Ɉɞ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɚ (ɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɩɭɬɚ, ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɟ
ɚɭɬɨɛɭɫɤɟ ɥɢɧɢʁɟ), ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ
ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ – ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟɧɨɝ ɭ
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ – ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɬɡɜ. ɜɢɤɟɧɞ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ
ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɜɥɚɫɧɢɰɢ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ
ɫɬɚɥɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ.
ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɭ ɜɟʄ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɢɥɢ ɚɜɚɥɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɤɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭ
ɰɟɥɢɧɢ. „ɉɨɡɧɚɬɨ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɤ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɛɚɪ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɬɨɤɨɜɢɦɚ, ɜɟɡɚɧ
ɡɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɭ, ɝɪɚɞɫɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ. Ɉɞɚɬɥɟ ɫɟ ɬɟɤɨɜɢɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɤɚ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɲɢɪɟ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɭ ɪɭɪɚɥɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ, ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ.
ɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɭ – ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɭ, Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɞɪ.,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005, 439-443.
38
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʁɭ ɢ ɭ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɟ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɡɚ
ɪɚɞɧɨɦ ɫɧɚɝɨɦ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɫɥ) ɜɪɲɟ
ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɚɧ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɭ ɢ ɢɡɥɚɠɭ ʁɟ
ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ.“24
ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɜɪɥɨ ʁɚɤ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɢɪɚɧɟ,
ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɨɝ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɛɢɥɢ, ɚ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ
ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɤ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ.
Ȼɪɨʁ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ

ɨɞ 1945 ɞɨ 2002.
Ȼɟɥɢ
ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ Ɂɭɰɟ
ɉɨɬɨɤ
1948 1726 1713 1279
1953 2082 1915 1380
1961 2825 2306 1517
1971 3242 2689 1526
1981 3150 2837 1771
1991 3069 2700 1994
2002 3417 2839 2024
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 1: ɉɪɢɤɚɡ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ25
24
Ⱦ. Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 95.
25
ɉɨɩɢɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ 1991, ɋɚɜɟɡɧɢ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ,
ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɫɤɨ ɢɡɞɚʃɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1998 (CD-ROOM); ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005,
72.
39
40
Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ
- ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɚ -
ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɨɞɟʂɤɭ ɛɢʄɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɩɢɫ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ

ɤɚɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ⱦɟɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɨɦ ʄɟ ɫɟ
ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ȵɢɯɨɜɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɰɢɤɥɭɫɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ. ɉɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ
ɩɨɞɟɥɢ,26 ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɢ ɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ:
ɩɪɨɥɟɬʃɢ, ɥɟɬʃɢ, ʁɟɫɟʃɢ ɢ ɡɢɦɫɤɢ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɞɨɫɚɞɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɨɜɚ ɨɩɲɬɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɚɲ
ɧɚʁʁɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ.
ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɥɟɬʃɢ ɢ ɡɢɦɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɫɚ
ɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɨɦ ɢ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɨɦ, ɭ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ, ɬʁ.
ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɭ ɩɨɞɟɥɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ27 ɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɞɢɤɬɢɪɚɥɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ, ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɚɦɬɟ ɧɢ
ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ
ɪɨɻɟɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚ ɪɚɬɚ. ɂ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚʃɚ, ɧɢʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ
ɫɟɥɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ.
26
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɨɞɟʂɤɟ ɨ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɭ: Ȼɨɪɢɜɨʁɟ Ⱦɪɨɛʃɚɤɨɜɢʄ,
ȿɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1960; ɉɟɬɚɪ ȼɥɚɯɨɜɢʄ,
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɟɪɢɰɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1972.
27
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ: Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, Ɋɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ 100 ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ, ɇɨɥɢɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1991, 289-290.
41
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ

ɫɭ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ. ɍ
ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɭ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɬɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɜɪɫɬɚɧɢ ɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ: ɡɢɦɫɤɢ,
ɩɪɨɥɟɬʃɢ, ɥɟɬʃɢ ɢ ʁɟɫɟʃɢ. ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɛɢʄɟ ɪɟɱɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. Ƚɥɟɞɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɢɦɚ, ɬɨ ɫɭ:
• ɡɢɦɫɤɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ: Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ, (Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ),
ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ (ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ)28, ɋɜɟɬɚ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɰɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ (ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ), ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ,
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ, Ɉɰɢ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬɢʁɟ Ȼɨɝɨɧɨɫɚɰ (Ʉɨɤɨɲɢʁɢ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ), Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨ –
Ȼɨɠɢʄ (Ȼɨɠɢʄ), (ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ), ɋɜɟɬɢ
ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ (ɋɜɟɬɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ) – ɇɨɜɚ Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ (Ɇɚɥɢ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ), Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ, Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ, (Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ), ɋɚɛɨɪ
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɪɫɬɢɬɟʂɚ – ȳɨɜɚʃɞɚɧ (ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ),
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ (ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ),
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ (ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ), Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, Ɇɟɫɧɟ
ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ;
• ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ: (Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ), Ȼɟɥɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ, ɍɫɤɪɲʃɢ
ɩɨɫɬ, (ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ/ɑɢɫɬɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ), Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɨɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ
(Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ), ɋɜɟɬɢɯ 40 ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɋɟɜɚɫɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ –
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ (Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ), Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ, (ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ),
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ – ȼɪɛɢɰɚ (ȼɪɛɢɰɚ), ɍɥɚɡɚɤ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ
ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɭ ȳɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ – ɐɜɟɬɢ (ɐɜɟɬɢ), (ȼɟɥɢɤɚ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ), ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ, ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫɟʃɟ
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ – ȼɚɫɤɪɫ (ȼɚɫɤɪɫ), (ȼɨɞɟɧɚ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ/ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ), ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ
28
ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ
ɰɪɤɜɟ. ɍ ɡɚɝɪɚɞɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɋɩɢɫɚɤ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɞɚɬ ʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɫɟɛɧɨɦ ɨɞɟʂɤɭ.
42
Ⱦɟɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɚ
(ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɚɰ), ɋɜɟɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɟ – ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ

(ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ), ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥ ɢ ʁɟɜɚɧɻɟɥɢɫɬ Ɇɚɪɤɨ –
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ (Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ), ɉɪɟɧɨɫ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɨɰɚ
ɇɢɤɨɥɚʁɚ (ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ – ɥɟɬʃɢ), ɋɜɟɬɢ ȶɢɪɢɥɨ ɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢʁɟ, ȼɚɡɧɟɫɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ – ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ (ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ);
• ɥɟɬʃɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ: (Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ), ɋɢɥɚɡɚɤ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱦɭɯɚ ɧɚ
ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɟ – Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ – Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ (Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ), ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ,
Ɋɨɻɟʃɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɉɪɟɬɟɱɟ – ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ (ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ),
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɢ ɉɟɬɚɪ ɢ ɉɚɜɥɟ – ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ (ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ),
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɟ (ɋɜɟɬɢ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɟ),
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɰɚ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ – Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ (Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ
Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ), ɋɜɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɂɥɢʁɚ (ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ), ɋɜɟɬɚ
Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɚ – Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ (Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ),
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ (ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ), ɍɫɩɟɧɢʁɟ
ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ – ȼɟɥɢɤɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ (ȼɟɥɢɤɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ), (Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ);
• ʁɟɫɟʃɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ: Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ – Ɇɚɥɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ (Ɇɚɥɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ), ȼɨɡɞɜɢɠɟʃɟ ɱɚɫɧɨɝ Ʉɪɫɬɚ –
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ (Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟɫɟʃɢ), ɉɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ Ʉɢɪɢʁɚɤ
Ɉɬɲɟɥɧɢɤ – Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ (Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ), ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥ Ɍɨɦɚ
– Ɍɨɦɢɧɞɚɧ (ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɨɦɚ), ɉɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɉɚɪɚɫɤɟɜɚ –
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ (ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ), ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥ ɢ ʁɟɜɚɧɻɟɥɢɫɬ
Ʌɭɤɚ (ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ), ɋɜɟɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟ –
Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ (Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ), ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʉɨɡɦɚ ɢ Ⱦɚɦʁɚɧ –
ȼɪɚɱɟɜɢ (ɋɜɟɬɢ ȼɪɚɱɢ), Ɉɛɧɨɜʂɟʃɟ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɚ – ȭɭɪɻɢɰ (ȭɭɪɻɢɰɟ), ɋɚɛɨɪ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ (ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɨ), ɋɜɟɬɢ ɤɪɚʂ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɢ
– Ɇɪɚɬɢɧɞɚɧ (ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɪɚɬɚ).29
29
Ⱦɟɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɨɦ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ. ɉɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ
ɢɡɥɚɝɚʄɟ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɬɢ ɭ
ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ. Ⱥɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ
ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ, ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ʄɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ.
43
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɢɞɭ ɤɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɟ (ɥɢɬɢʁɟ)

ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʄɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɡɚɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɨɞɟʂɰɢɦɚ.
44
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɡɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ ɞɚɧ ɭɨɱɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɚ. ɉɨɤɥɚɞɨɜɚʃɟ

ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ ɨɛɟɞ (ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ)
ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɰɟɥɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ. ɉɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɜɢɲɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɚɧɢɦɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɞ
ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɨɛɢɥɧɢʁɚ. ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɫɬɨ
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ-
ɜɚɥɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ. Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ
ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɢ ɩɨɫɬ, ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ 14/27.
ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ.
X YZ W
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɚʃɟ-ɜɢɲɟ ɢɞɟɬɧɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ. ɋɭɲɬɢɧɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɟʄɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɧɟɝɨ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ. ȳɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ ɜɟɫɟɥɨ, ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɲɚɥɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɯɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɨ ɫɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɛɭɤɟ ɢ ɜɟɫɟʂɚ.
Ɇ. Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ „ɢɦɭʄɧɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɨ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚɦɚ ɲɚʂɭ ʁɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɢʄɚ
ɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɭɯɨɬɧɢ [ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɢ]. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɢ
ɝɥɟɞɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɞɨɻɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɦɚɞɚ [ɫɭ]
ɢɧɚɱɟ ɦɧɨɝɢ, ɩɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɦɟɫɟɰɟ, ɛɨɪɚɜ[ɢɥɢ] ɤɨɞ ɫɬɨɤɟ.“30
30
Ɇɢɥɚɧ ȭ. Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɋɪɛɚ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ 1, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1894, 147.
45
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɢ

ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ „ɡɚ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɤɭɩ[ɨɜɚɥɚ] ɫɭɯɚ ɪɢɛɚ 'ɫɚɪɚɝɚ' (ɫɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɭɤʂɟɜɚ) ɢ
ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɚ ʁɟɝɭʂɚ.“31
ɍ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ, ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɡɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ
ɫɟ ɤɥɚɥɚ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɚ. ɇɨɝɟ ɨɞ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ ɫɭ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɜɟɲɚɥɢ ɨ
ɫɭɫɟɞɫɤɭ ɨɝɪɚɞɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɪɚɞɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ, ɭ
ɞɨɜɪɚɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ ɢ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɡɚɛɚɞɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɨɠɟɜɟ ɢ ɜɢʂɭɲɤɟ, ɚ
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɚɡɚɥɢ ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɚɧɢɦɚ, ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɢ
ɥɢɰɭ.32
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1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 27. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 27. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ -//- -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ -//- -//-
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ -//- -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2: Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ 33
31
ɉɟɬɚɪ ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 58, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1948, 255.
32
Ɇ. Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 21.
33
ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɚ, ɭɡ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɛɢʄɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɲɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɥɚɤɲɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ. ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɭ ɲɟɦɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭ ɧɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ.
46
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ

ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɨ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ
ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ
ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ. ɉɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɫɤɪɚʄɟɧ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɟ
ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɨ ɩɭɧɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ
ɩɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ.
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɥɟ ɲɟɫɬɨɧɟɞɟʂɧɨɦ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɨɦ
ɩɨɫɬɭ. ɍɡ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɭɡ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɟ,
Ȼɟɥɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ɢɡ ɬɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ,
ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ, ɥɚɤɲɟ ɢ ɛɪɠɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɥɟ.
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ
Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ.

Ɍɪɚʁɟ ɲɟɫɬ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ. ɉɨɱɢʃɟ 15/28. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ, ɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ 7.
ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ, ɬʁ. ɪɚɧɨ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ɂɚɩɪɚɜɨ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ ʁɟ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ
ɧɚɪɨɞ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ, ɛɢɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ
ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ʁɟɫɬɢ ɬɡɜ. ɦɪɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ. ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ ɲɟɫɬ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɥɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɭ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɦɟɫɚ
ɢ ɦɥɟɤɚ.
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɬ ɨɞ 8. ɜɟɤɚ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɚ. ɉɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɩɨɲʄɟʃɚ,
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɢɥɚ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɱɟɥɢɦɚ.34
X YZ W
34
Ɂɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ
ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2002; Ʌɚɡɚɪ Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɨɪɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1961.
47
ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ

ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɭ ʁɟɥɭ, ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɢ
ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨ ɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ (ɦɢɫɥɢ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɧɚ ɩɨɠɭɞɭ,
ɛɭɱɧɚ ɜɟɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɭɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɚ ɫɜɟ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɫɩɚɫɟʃɚ
ɞɭɲɟ). Ʉɚɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢ ɉɨɫɬ, ɜɟɪɧɢɰɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɜɚɧɨ ɞɚ
ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɟ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɛɚɜɚ.35
ɉɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɨ ɨɱɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨɝ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ
ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɱɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɢ ɨɞɦɚɲʄɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɭɞɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɉɨɫɬɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɠɟɧɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɜɨɞɢɥɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ
ɫɭɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɚ,
ɩɨɫɭɻɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɥɚʃɚɧɨ ɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ (ɧɢʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɨ) ɚɤɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɬɟɠɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɦɚɫɧɨʄɟ. „ɀɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚ 'ɠɚɪɢɥɟ' ɩɟʄ ɞɚ ɛɢ 'ɢɫɩɨɫɬɢɥɟ' ɫɭɞɨɜɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ
ɬɚɤɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɱɢɲʄɟɧɢ ɨɞ ɦɚɫɧɨʄɟ“.36
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ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ
ɩɨɫɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ, ɜɟʄ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɫɤɪɚʄɢɜɚɬɢ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɉɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɩɨɱɟɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɚɜɚɬɢ
ɫɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ, ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ. Ɉɞ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɨ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɚɧ ɩɪɟɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
(Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ), ɞɚ ɛɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɧɚɧɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ
ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɭɧɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ.37 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɜɚʁ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ
35
ɒɩɢɪɨ Ʉɭɥɢɲɢʄ, ɉɟɬɚɪ ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ
ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1998, 363-364.
36
37
ɇɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɞɚʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɫ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɚɧ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɟ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɞɭɠɢɧɢ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɚ. ɇɚ
48
ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɠɢɬɟʂɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ

ɭɩɪɚɠʃɚɜɚ ɤɪɚʄɭ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɭ ɉɨɫɬɚ.
Ɂɚ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɟ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ʁɟ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ,
ɫɩɪɟɦɚɧɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɦɟɫɚ, ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɢ –
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɚɫɭʂ, ɤɪɨɦɩɢɪ (ɤɭɜɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɱɟɧ), ɤɢɫɟɥɢ ɤɭɩɭɫ ɢ
ɫɥ. ɋɜɟ ɞɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɧɚ
ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɭ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ
ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɉɨɫɬɚ.
ɉɨɜɟʄɚɧɢ ɢ ɞɭɠɢ ɛɨɪɚɜɰɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɢ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ
ɢɡɜɚɧ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɭ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ, ɦɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɜɟ
ɪɟɻɟ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɤɪɚʄɟ. Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɢɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɜɢɤɚ:
Ⱦɨɤ ɫɚɦ ɛɢɥɚ ɦɥɚɻɚ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɚɦ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɟ. ɋɚɞ
ɫɚɦ ɛɨɥɟɫɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ.
Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɬɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɨɧɞɚɲʃɟ ɦɥɚɻɟ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɥɟ, ɚɥɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ
ɦɥɚɻɟɝ ɭɡɪɚɫɬɚ38 ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɟʄɟɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɜɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɬɭ. Ɉɜɚ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɞ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɡ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ, ɫɬɢɱɟ ɫɟ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ
ɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɨɦɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɚ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɟ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ.
ɍ ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɥɚ
ʁɟ ɢ ɐɪɤɜɚ. ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ʁɟ
ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɨ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬ

ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ.
38
ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ ɞɨ 30 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ.
49
ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɉɨɫɬɭ

ɡɚɩɚɠɟɧɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɢ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, ɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɫɧɢɯ
ʁɟɥɚ. Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɨɦ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ɭ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɟɦ
ɩɨɫɬɭ ʁɟɫɭ ɞɚɧɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɬɢ ɬɡɜ. ɦɪɫɧɭ
ɯɪɚɧɭ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɉɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɬɤɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɉɨɫɬɚ, ɬʁ. ɩɪɜɚ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ. ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɩɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ.
ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɫɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɨɦ
ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɭɥɚɡɟ, ɧɚ
ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɭ ɦɨɞɭ, ɚɥɢ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɢɯ ɲɟɫɬ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ.
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨɜɚ. Ɇɚ ɤɚɤɜɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɰɪɤɜɭ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɞɚ.
Ⱦɟɜɨʁɤɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɨɫɥɚɛɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɧɚʁɥɚɤɲɟ ɢɡɞɪɠɟ
ɞɢʁɟɬɭ – ɫɭɛɥɢɦɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ
ɭɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 20 ɢ 40 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ, ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ.
ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɢ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ. Ⱥɥɢ ɢ ɨɜɞɟ ɫɟ – ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ – ɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɭ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ
ɦɟʃɚ. ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɢ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ.
Ɉɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ
ɡɚ ʃɢɯ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɟ ɡɧɚ.
ɉɨ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɞɪɠɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɟɨ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɚ, ɩɨɦɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɢ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ,
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ – ɩɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ – ɧɟ
ɡɧɚ ɧɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɛɪɨʁɢ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɟ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚɧ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɭ ɢ
ɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɫɬ ɡɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɧɢɡɚɤ
ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ – ɩɪɢɦɟʄɭʁɟ ɧɚɲ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤ, ɧɟ ɛɚɲ
ɛɟɡ ɝɨɪɱɢɧɟ.
50
ɍɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ

ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ. ȳɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ
ɤɚɞ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɟ ɩɨɫɬ, ɤɚɲɢɤɟ ɨɞ ɦɪɫɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɤɥɚʃɚɥɟ, ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ
ɞɨɛɪɨ ɨɩɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɨɱɢɲʄɟɧɟ. Ʉɚɞ ɩɪɨɻɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɬɚ, ɦɨɝɥɟ ɫɭ
ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚʁɭ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɒɟɫɬ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ/ɫɟɞɚɦ ɋɟɞɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ/ʁɟɞɚɧ
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɞɚɧɚ, ɫɟɞɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ/ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɚɧ/ɞɭɠɢ ɩɨɫɬ ɤɨɞ
ɞɚɧ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɚɧ ɦɥɚɻɢɯ (ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ)
ɋɬɚɪɢʁɢ, ɦɥɚɻɢ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɋɜɢ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ
(ɞɭɠɢ ɩɨɫɬ)
ɋɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɋɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ
(ɭʂɟ, ɜɨɞɚ) (ɭʂɟ)
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɇɚɦɢɪɧɢɰɟ, ɜɨɞɚ, ɭʂɟ ɇɚɦɢɪɧɢɰɟ, ɭʂɟ
ȳɟɞɟʃɟ ɦɪɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ,
ȳɟɞɟʃɟ ɦɪɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ „ɦɪɫɧɨɝ“
ɩɨɫɭɻɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 3: Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ
ɉɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɫɟ 21. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ/4. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ʁɟ

ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ. ɍ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧ ɡɚ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɥɟ ɠɟɧɟ.39
39
51
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ
ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɨʁ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ. ɋɥɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɚ
ɭ ʁɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦɫɤɢ ɯɪɚɦ.
X YZ W
ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɨɦ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɧɚɲɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ
ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ. ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɨ ɤɚɨ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
ɍ Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɨʁ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɢ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɚɠɢɥɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɨɠɟʃɟɧɢ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ʁɨɲ ɫɚɦɨ „ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ
ɫɦɟʁɭ ɢɝɪɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɤɚ, ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢɤɚɞ“.40 ɍ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ
Ɍɢɦɨɱɤɟ Ʉɪɚʁɢɧɟ, ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɝɚɬɚɥɨ: ɚɤɨ ɩɚɞɚ ɤɢɲɚ –
ɛɢʄɟ ɪɨɞɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɢɬɨ – ɛɢʄɟ ɧɟɪɨɞɧɚ.
ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ
ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɫɬɨɤɟ.41
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ
ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ. ɉɨɲɬɨɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɠɚɤ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɢɡ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɚ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ
ɞɚɧ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɧɟɤɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɢɬɢ
ɫɟ ɩɚɦɬɟ ɧɟɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɭɡ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
ɋɜɟ ɫɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɫɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɟɠɢɯ42 ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ.
40
ȳɟɪɟɦɢʁɚ ȳ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɭ Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɨʁ
ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 22, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1921, 99.
41
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ, 72.
42
Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɞ ɨɜɚʁ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɭ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ (ɪɚɞ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ, ɛɚɲɬɢ,
52
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 4. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 4. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɋɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɋɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ
Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɬɟɠɢɯ -//-
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 4: ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ
Ɂɚ ɋɜɟɬɭ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɭ, ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ 4/17.

ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ, ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ ɤɭɜɚʃɟ ɡɪɧɟɜʂɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ
ɤɚɲɟ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɭ ȼɚɪɢɧɞɚɧ ɢ
ȼɚɪɢɰɚ. Ⱦɚɧ ɋɜɟɬɟ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɟ ɜɚɠɢ ɤɚɨ ɜɚɪɨɜɧɢ ɞɚɧ. Ɉɫɢɦ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɡɨɜɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɨ ɠɢɬɨ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɟ ɤɭɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ.43 ɂɧɚɱɟ, ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɢ
ɤɨʁɚ, ɩɨ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɢ, ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ ɛɨɝɚɬɟ
ɧɟɡɧɚɛɨɠɚɱɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɉɪɢɩɢɫɭʁɭ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɚ ɱɭɞɨɬɜɨɪ-
ɫɬɜɚ.
ʃɢɜɢ, ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɩɪɚʃɟ ɜɟɲɚ, ɪɭɱɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ).

43
Ɇ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, 45.
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X YZ W
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɤɭɜɚʃɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɠɢɬɚ – ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ ɜɚɪɢɰɚ – ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.44 ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɇɟɝɨɬɢɧɫɤɨʁ Ʉɪɚʁɢɧɢ ɤɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɚɪɢɰɭ ɨɞ
ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ, ɩɚɫɭʂɚ, ɩɲɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɟɦɟʃɚ, ɢ ʁɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɡɚ
ɪɭɱɚɤ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɜɚɪɢɰɟ ɞɚɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɰɢ ɢ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɚɦɚ.45
ɍɨɱɢ ɋɜ. ȼɚɪɜɚɪɟ – ɤɚɤɨ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ Ɇ. ȭ. Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ
– ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɥɨɧɚɰ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɬɚɨ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ
ɜɪɫɬɟ ɠɢɬɚ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɜɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɤɭɜɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɢ ɬɪɟʄɢ
ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɬɨ ʁɟɞɟ. Ɉɞɚɬɥɟ ɢ ɢɡɪɟɤɚ: ȼɚɪɜɚɪɢɰɚ ɜɚɪɢ,/ɋɚɜɢɰɚ
ɯɥɚɞɢ,/ɇɢɤɨɥɢɰɚ ɤɭɫɚ.46
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɭɜɚɥɟ ɜɚɪɢɰɟ ɨɞ
ɫɦɟɲɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɠɢɬɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɤɭɜɚʃɚ ɫɟ ɩɚɡɢɥɨ ɧɚ
ɤɨʁɭ ʄɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɜɪɢ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɬɟɫɚ
ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɟʁɚɥɚ ɠɢɬɚ. Ɂɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ – ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɬɨɦɟ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɪɟɥɚ ɜɚɪɢɰɚ – ɛɢɬɢ ɪɨɞɧɢʁɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ
ɞɟɨ ɩɨɬɟɫɚ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɚɪɢɰɚ ɧɨɫɢ
ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɫɚ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɤɭʄɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ.47
X YZ W
44
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɧɩɪ.: ɋɚɜɚɬɢʁɟ Ƚɪɛɢʄ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɡɚ
Ȼɨʂɟɜɚɱɤɨɝ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
14, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1909, 76; Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬɢɧ Ɇ. ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɭ Ʌɟɫɤɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ Ɇɨɪɚɜɢ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 70, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1958, 399.
45
ɉɟɬɚɪ Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɇɟɝɨɬɢɧɫɤɨʁ Ʉɪɚʁɢɧɢ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ 31-32, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1968-1969, 364.
46
Ɇ. ȭ. Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɋɪɛɚ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ, 149.
47
ɉ. ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɭɠɚ, 255-256.
54
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɤɭɜɚʃɚ ɜɚɪɢɰɟ, ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ

ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɭ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ.
ɍ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɨ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɝ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɚɜɚʃɚ. ɋ
ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɭ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ, ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟʄɟ
ɩɨɤɥɚʃɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɬɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ -//-
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ -//-
Ɋɚɞʃɟ Ʉɭɜɚʃɟ ɜɚɪɢɜɚ -//-
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɀɢɬɚɪɢɰɟ -//-
ɉɪɟɞɜɢɻɚʃɟ ɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ȳɟɞɟʃɟ ɤɚɲɟ ɧɚ ɋɜ. -//-
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
ɇɢɤɨɥɭ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 5: ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ɉɩɢɫ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ Ɂɭɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ

ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ. ɋɜɟɬɚ
ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɰɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ,
ɢ ɨɜɞɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ ɤɭɜɚɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ
ɠɢɬɚɪɢɰɚ ɤɚɨ ɜɚɪɢɜɨ.
Ⱦɨɤ ɫɟ ɤɚɲɚ ɤɭɜɚɥɚ, ɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɝɥɟɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʄɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɜɚɪɢɰɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɜɪɟɬɢ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɤɚɲɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɜɪɟɥɚ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɥɨ ɫɟ
ɤɚɤɜɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.
55
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɫɭ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ

ɤɚɲɚ ʁɟɥɚ: ɚ) ɢɫɬɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɜɚɧɚ – ɭɜɟɱɟ, ɛ) ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
ɇɢɤɨɥɭ.
ɉɨ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɜɚɪɢɰɭ ɧɟ ɤɭɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɨɧɢɦ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɫɚɦ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɚɪɚ ɢɩɚɤ ɤɭɜɚɥɚ ɢ ʁɟɥɚ ɧɚ
ɞɚɧ ɤɭɜɚʃɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɠɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɲɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɟ
ɫɩɪɟɦɚ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɯ

ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɬɟɠɚɤ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɍɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɧ, ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ
ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ, ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ 6./19. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ
ɨɞ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɞɚ ɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ, ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ
ɩɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɦ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢ.
ɉɨ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨɦ
ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ
ɱɭɞɨɬɜɨɪɰɟɦ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤɨɦ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ ɧɟɜɨʂɢ ɢ ɛɪɨɞɚɪɚ.
ɉɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɨ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɜɨɞɟ.48
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɟ-
ʄɢɯ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ.
48
Ⱦ. Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ, 293-294.
56
ɉɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɜɨɪ ʂɭɞɢ, ɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɢ

ɱɭɞɨɬɜɨɪɰɟɦ.
22. ɦɚʁɚ 1096. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɪɟɞ ɧɚʁɟɡɞɨɦ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ
ɋɟɥʇɭɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɜɚʁɚɥɢ ɦɚɥɨɚɡɢʁɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɦɨɲɬɢ
ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɬɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ȼɚɪɢ.
X YZ W
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɫɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ „ɇɢɤɨʂɞɚɧ [...] ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ
ɤɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɇɚɪɨɞ ɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɬɢ
ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤ ʂɭɞɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɢ. ȵɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɠɟɧɟ
ɧɟɪɨɬɤɢʃɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɟ ɝɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɡɬɪɭɞɧɟɥɟ.“49
X YZ W
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɬɟɠɢɯ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɬɟɠɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 6: ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ50
49
ɉ. ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɭɠɚ, 256.
50
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɨɞɟʂɚɤ ɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɦ ɫɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɲɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ.
57
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ

ɬɟɠɚɤ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɇɢɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɥɢ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ, ɚ ɧɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ. ȼɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ ɢ
ɰɪɜɟɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ.
ɍ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ
ɜɟʄɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢʁɚ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ. Ⱦɚɬɭɦ

ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɞɚɧɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɚɞɚ ɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɩɪɟɞ ɇɨɜɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ
ɩɪɟɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɞɟɰɚ
ɪɚɞɭʁɭ. ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɟɱʁɚ ɪɚɞɨɫɬ.
X YZ W
Ʉɚɤɨ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ȼɭɤ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ, „ɤɚɤɨ ɝɨɞ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɰɢ ɡɚ
ʂɭɞɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɠɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɞʁɟɰɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ.“ ɀɟɧɟ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɦɚɥɟ ɞɟɰɟ ɨɬɤɭɩʂɢɜɚɥɟ ɨɪɚɫɢɦɚ, ɫɭɜɢɦ ɲʂɢɜɚɦɚ
ɢ ʁɚɛɭɤɚɦɚ.51
ɉɨ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɲɤɚɦɚ Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄɚ, ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ (ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ
ɞɟɬɢɧɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɰɢɦɚ) ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɱɭɜɚɧ ɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢɦɚ.52
ɍ Ʌɟɜɱɭ ɢ Ɍɟɦɧɢʄɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ
ɡɧɚɥɨ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ.53
51
ȼɭɤ ɋɬ. Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ, ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɫɩɢɫɢ, 20.
52
53
ɋɬɚɧɨʁɟ Ɇ. Ɇɢʁɚɬɨɜɢʄ, Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭ Ʌɟɜɱɭ ɢ Ɍɟɦɧɢʄɭ,
58
ɍ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ Ȼɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɋɪɟɦɚ „ɞɟɰɚ ɫɭ ɢɲɥɚ ɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɞɨ

ɤɭʄɟ ɢ ɱɟɫɬɢɬɚɥɚ, 'ɤɨɪɢɧɻɚɥɚ' Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ, ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ
ɩɟɫɦɢɰɚɦɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɢɦɚ ɤɭʄɚ, ɬɪɚɠɟʄɢ ɞɚɪɨɜɟ.“54
X YZ W
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɇɨɜɭ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɇɨɜɭ
ȼɪɟɦɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɤɨɦɲɢɥɭɤ Ʉɭʄɚ
Ɇɚʁɤɟ, ɛɚɤɟ,
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ɇɚʁɤɟ, ɛɚɤɟ, ɞɟɰɚ
ɤɨɦɲɢɧɢɰɟ, ɞɟɰɚ
ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ
ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ
(ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ)
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ
ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ
ɨɬɤɭɩʂɢɜɚʃɟ
ɨɬɤɭɩʂɢɜɚʃɟ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɉɨɤɥɨɧɢ ɉɨɤɥɨɧɢ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 7: Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ ɭ ɫɜɚ

ɬɪɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ
ɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɢ (ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ) ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ
ɫɭɫɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɛɚɤɟ, ɤɨɦɲɢɧɢɰɟ, ɫɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɠɢɜɟ
ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ). ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɞɟɰɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɨ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢɥɢ
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 1, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

1907, 111.
54
59
ɤɨɦɲɢɥɭɤɭ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨɦ ɭɡɢɰɨɦ. „Ɂɚɜɟɡɚɧɢ“ ɫɟ

„ɪɚɡɜɟɡɭʁɟ“ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɬɤɭɩʂɢɜɚʃɟɦ, ɬʁ. ɞɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɦɚʃɢɯ
ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɨɦɛɨɧɟ, ɨɪɚɫɢ, ʁɚɛɭɤɟ, ɫɥɚɬɤɢɲɢ,
ɢɝɪɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɫɥ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ
ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ (ɱɨɤɨɥɚɞɟ, ɛɨɦɛɨɧɟ ɢ
ɫɥ.).
Ʉɨɦɲɢʁɫɤɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɫɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɞɚɪɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɚɬɤɢɲɢɦɚ. ɍ
ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɟɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɡɨɫɬɚɨ.
Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɟ
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɤɟ ɞɚʁɭ ɞɟɰɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɦɚʃɢ
ɩɨɤɥɨɧ. Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ,
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɫɜɟɨ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɟ.
Ɉɰɢ
ɉɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɩɪɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɭ

ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ, ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧ ɨɞ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɚ. ɍ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ, ɞɟɰɚ
ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟ ɨɞ ɨɱɟɜɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɨʁ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɢ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɨɬɚɰ
ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɩɪɟɦɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɡɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɟ.55
ɍ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ʌɟɜɱɚ ɢ Ɍɟɦɧɢʄɚ ɨɰɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɧɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢɰɚɦɚ,56 ɚ ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɡɧɚɥɨ.57
55
ȳɟɪɟɦɢʁɚ Ɇ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɚ, 100.
56
ɋ. ɋ. Ɇɢʁɚɬɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɟɜɚɱ ɢ Ɍɟɦɧɢʄ, 111.
57
60
ɍ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝ Ȼɚɧɚɬɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɞɨ

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ.58
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ,
ɫɚɦɨ ɲɬɨ ɨɱɟɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɞɟɰɢ ɞɚʁɭ ɩɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ
ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚʁɭ, ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɨɬɤɭɩɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ɉɱɟɜɢ, ɞɟɰɚ Ɉɱɟɜɢ, ɞɟɰɚ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ Ⱦɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ ɞɟɰɢ Ⱦɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ ɞɟɰɢ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɉɨɤɥɨɧɢ ɉɨɤɥɨɧɢ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ -//- --//
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 8: Ɉɰɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬɢʁɟ Ȼɨɝɨɧɨɫɚɰ
ɋɜɟɬɤɨɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɞɚɧ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ

ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɍ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ (ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ)
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɤɨɲɢʃɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ⱦɚɬɭɦ ɤɨʁɢ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɰɭ ʁɟ 20. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ/2. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ.
X YZ W
58
61
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬɢʁɟ Ȼɨɝɨɧɨɫɚɰ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɟʃɭ

ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɭɱɟʃɚ. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɨɞɚɧ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨʁ ɜɟɪɢ,
ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ Ȼɨɝɨɧɨɫɚɰ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɝʃɚɬɚ
ɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ɤɨɥɟɞɚɪɢ ɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɨɩɯɨɞɢɦɚ.59
ɍ Ʌɟɜɱɭ ɢ Ɍɟɦɧɢʄɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɪɚɧɨ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɫɜɚɛɢ
ɠɢɜɢɧɭ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɯɪɚɧɢ ɠɢɬɨɦ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɭɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɢɰɭ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
ɂɝʃɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɤɨɤɨɲɢʃɢ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ.60
ɋɜ. ɂɝʃɚɬ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɍ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧ ɞɚɧɨɦ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ
ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ. Ɉɞ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɭ,
ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ, ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɨɧɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɢɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ.
ɇɟɤɟ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɢ ɇɨɜɭ
ɝɨɞɢɧɭ (ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ).61
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɛɢɥɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɭ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ. Ɉ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɪɚɞʃɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ. ɋɚɦ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧ, ɲɬɨ ɞɚʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ
59
Ⱦ. Ɇ. ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, Ʌɟɫɤɨɜɚɱɤɚ Ɇɨɪɚɜɚ, 325.
60
ɋ. ɋ. Ɇɢʁɚɬɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɟɜɚɱ ɢ Ɍɟɦɧɢʄ, 112; ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ,
395.
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62
ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɩɪɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ

ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɡɟɬ ɤɚɨ ɨɤɜɢɪ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ.62
Ɉɩɢɫ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɢɡɥɚɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ Ɂɭɰɟ. ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ
ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɚɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɛɢɥɨ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɠɢɜɢɧɢ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ
ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɩɚɡɢɥɨ ɤɨ ʄɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɨʄɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ. Ⱥɤɨ ɞɨɻɟ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɟɰɭ ɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɧɚ, ɬʁ. ɧɢʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ
ɩɨɫɟɥɚɪɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɞɨɲɥɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚɥɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɨɝ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɤɨɤɨɲɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ
ɞɚ ɧɨɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ, ɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɫɤɜɨɰɚɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɩɢɥɢʄɟ, ɢ ɬɨ
ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɤɨɤɢɰɟ, ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢɯ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɚɫɬɭ, ɧɟʄɟ ɢɯ
ɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ,
ɤɨɤɨɲɢ ʄɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ ʁɚʁɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɝʃɢɡɞɚɪɚɦɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɝɞɟ ɫɬɢɝɧɭ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ, ɚɤɨ ɩɪɜɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɞɨɻɟ
ɠɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɜɨɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɞɟ ɩɨ ɫɟɥɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɥɟʃɚ, ɚ ɭɡ ɬɨ ʁɨɲ ɢ
ɧɟɪɨɬɤɢʃɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɬɨ ɡɚ ɤɭʄɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ, ɧɢɬɢ
ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚʁɭʄɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɚɤɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɭɻɟ ɩɪɜɨ
ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɟɬɥɨɜɟ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɩɚɤ, ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɦ, ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɩɪɜɨ ɞɨɻɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɧɟɦɢɪɧɨ
ɞɟɬɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɢɦɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɦɚɝɢʁɟ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɟɬɚɬɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ,
ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɜɨɥɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɞɨɻɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɱɢɰɚ
62
Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɲɢɪɟ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɪɚɞʃɚɦɚ ɧɚ
ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ, ɚɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɛɥɢɠɢɯ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɢ.
63
ɨɞ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɚ ɧɚɜɢɲɟ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɤɨ ɬɨɝɚ

ɞɚɧɚ ɭɻɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɚɪ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟɞɧɟ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɭ
Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɢ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɭ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 2. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 2. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ -//-
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɢ ɝɨɫɬ -//-
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɋɟɞɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɢ -//-
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɋɬɨɥɢɰɚ -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ȼɟɡɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɢɧɭ -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 9: ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ – Ɂɭɰɟ
Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ
Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ 23. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ/5. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ,

ɬʁ. ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɬɭɤɥɚ
(ɤɥɚɥɚ) ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ. ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɫɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɬɭɤɥɚ
ɤɪɭɩɢɰɨɦ ɫɨɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɲɢɰɨɦ ɨɞ ɫɟɤɢɪɟ. Ʉɪɜ ɫɟ ɫɤɭɩʂɚɥɚ,
ɦɟɲɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɯɪɚɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɬɨɰɢ. ȳɚɛɭɱɢɰɚ ɨɞ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ
ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚɥɚ, ɩɚ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ, ɤɪɨɡ ʃɭ ɫɟ
64
ɫɢɩɚɥɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɚʁɚɥɚ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɚ.63 Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɭ

ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɤɭʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɥɚɰ
ɩɨɫɢɩɚɧ ɠɢɬɨɦ – ɤɚɨ ɤɨɤɨɲʁɢ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ.64
ɇɚ Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɥɟ ɧɟɫɭɝɥɚɫɢɰɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ.
Ⱦɟɰɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɬɭɤɭ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɧɟ ɛɢ
ɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɱɢɪɟɜɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɭ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɛɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɢɜɚɥɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ʃɟɝɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚɨ
ɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ,
ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɨ ɧɟɤɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ. ɍ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ.
ɇɚ Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɤɥɚɥɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɢ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɠɚʃ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɟɤɥɚ ɬɟɤ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ. ɋɜɚɤɨ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɢɦɨɜɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ, ɧɚɛɚɜʂɚɥɨ
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɭ (ɩɪɚɫɟ). Ⱥɤɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɭ ʁɟ ɤɭɩɨɜɚɥɢ.
Ʉɭɩɨɜɢɧɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɟ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɟɬɤɨɫɬ,
ɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɦɚʃɟ-ɜɢɲɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɨɝ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ
ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɚɧ. ɑɭɜɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɨɦ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ
ɛɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ.
ɇɚ Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɦɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ,
ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɭʄɢ ɞɟɰɭ, ɚɥɢ ɞɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɟɰɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɤɭ
ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɪɚɞɢɥɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
63
64
Ɇ. Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 37-38.
65
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɤɚɠɭ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɟɲ ɧɢɤɨɝ ɞɚ ɭɞɚɪɢɲ ɞɚ ɬɢ ɧɟ

ɢɡɚɻɭ ɤɪɚɫɬɟ. ɋɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɞɟɰɢ: Ⱥɤɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɞɨɛɢʁɟɬɟ ɛɚɬɢɧɟ, ɞɨɛɢʁɚʄɟɬɟ ɰɟɥɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
ɉɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨɦ ɭ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ, ɞɟɰɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ
ɛɭɞɭ ɦɢɪɧɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɬɭɤɭ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ
ɬɭɤɭ ɞɟɰɭ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɬɭɤɥɢ ɞɟɰɭ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɧɟ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɭ
ɱɢɪɟɜɢ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚ ɢ, ɤɚɤɨ
ɧɟɤɨ ɪɟɱɟ, ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɨɞɢ ɪɟɞɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ.
ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɥɭ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɱɥɚɧ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɡɚɤɨʂɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɭ,
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɝɥɟɞɚɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɨʁ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɥɟɡɢɧɚ. ɉɨ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɫɟ
ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɟɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɟɰɚ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ Ʉɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ (ɧɢʁɟ
Ʉɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ)
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ɋɚɠɚʃ (ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ), Ɋɚɠɚʃ (ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ),
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ȼɟɡɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɫɥɟɡɢɧɭ -//-
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ Ɍɭɱɟʃɟ ɞɟɰɟ Ⱦɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 10: Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
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Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ

ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɱɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɚʁɟ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ: ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɫɚ ɋɜɟɬɢɦ ɂɝʃɚɬɨɦ, ɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɫɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢɦ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɨɦ. ɇɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɢ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ,
ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ,
Ȼɚɞʃɢɦ ɞɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɬɪɨɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɬɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɰɚ.
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɭɜɟɤ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ – 24. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ/6.
ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ. ɇɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ, ɩɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ,
ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɟ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ
ɫɟɨɫɤɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɛɢɥɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɭ
ɝɨɞɢɧɭ. ɋɜɟ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɥɬɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ
ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɭ, ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ, ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɟ ɫɪɟʄɚ ɢ
ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ.
X YZ W
ɇɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ ɪɚɞʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ65 ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɟɱɟʃɟɦ ɢ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ
ɞɪɜɟɬɚ – ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɒ. Ʉɭɥɢɲɢʄɚ,66
ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ʁɟ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɨɬɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɞɭɯ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɭɯ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢʁɟ. ɉɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɬɢɯ
65
Ɉ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɛɢɦɧɚ
ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɢɜɧɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ,
ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ʁɨɲ: Ʌɚɫɬɚ ȭɚɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ II, ɋɜɪʂɢɝ 1996, 75-78; Ⱦɟʁɚɧ Ʉɪɫɬɢʄ, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɭ Ɉɲʂɚɧɭ,
ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ II, ɋɜɪʂɢɝ 1996, 89-94.
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ɒɩɢɪɨ Ʉɭɥɢɲɢʄ, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ – ɧɨɜɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1970, 32-43; ɂɫɬɢ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ, 19-23.
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ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɦ

ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ – ɨɞ ɫɟɱɟʃɚ, ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, ɞɨ
ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ.
ɇɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɫɬ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɦɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɚɛɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ
ɫɟɱɟʃɚ. ɉɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɟɥɨ
ɞɨɞɢɪɧɭɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɦ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɧɨɲɟɧɟ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ ɧɚ
ɪɭɤɚɦɚ. ɉɪɟ ɫɟɱɟʃɚ, ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ ɡɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɩɨɫɢɩɚɥɨ ɫɟ
ɞɨɧɟɬɨɦ ɦɟɲɚɜɢɧɨɦ ɠɢɬɚɪɢɰɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɦɭ
ɫɟ ɩɨɠɟɥɢ ɫɪɟʄɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɦɨɥɢ ɡɚ
ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ. Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ ʁɟ ɭɜɟɤ
ɫɟɱɟɧ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.
ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ ɛɢɪɚɨ ɰɟɪ, ɯɪɚɫɬ ɢɥɢ
ɛɭɤɜɚ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɻɟ ɛɚɝɪɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ. Ⱦɨ
ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ, ɞɪɜɨ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɞɪɠɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɞ
ɤɭʄɧɟ ɫɬɪɟɯɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɚ ɭɧɨɫɢɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ
ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰ, ɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɨɦ (ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɟɱɟʃɚ)
ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ. ɉɪɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɭ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɞɭɠɧɨ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ. ɍɧɨɫɢɨɰɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨ ɫɭ ɞɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɥɢ
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟʂɟ ɡɚ ɫɪɟʄɭ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ.
Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɟ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ.67 Ⱦɪɜɨ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫɩɚʂɢɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɭ.
Ɍɨɦ ɱɢɧɭ ɫɭ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ.
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɚɡɢ ɞɚ
ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɝɨɪɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɧɨʄɢ, ɬʁ. ɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɚɬɪɚ
ɭɝɚɫɢ.
67
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ.
68
Ʉɚɞ ɩɪɨɻɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ, ɨɫɬɚɰɢ (ɬʁ. ɧɟɢɡɝɨɪɟɥɢ

ɞɟɥɨɜɢ) ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ
(ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɲʂɢɜɚ).
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɚ ɫɥɚɦɚ68 ʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɍ ɤɭʄɭ ʁɟ ɭɧɨɲɟɧɚ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɨɦ. ɉɨ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɭ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɬɭɪɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɭ, ɭɡ
ɤɜɨɰɚʃɟ ɭɧɨɫɢɨɰɚ ɢ ɞɟɰɟ, ɚ ɩɨ ʃɨʁ ɫɭ ɛɚɰɚɧɢ ɨɪɚɫɢ. ɉɨ
ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɭ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɤɨɤɨɲɢʃɚɰ, ɩɱɟɥɢʃɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɚɦɛɚɪ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɚɤ ʃɨɦɟ
ɨɛɚɜɢʁɚɧɟ ɜɨʄɤɟ. ɋɥɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬ ɭ
ɦɚɝɢʁɢ ɩɥɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɥɚɦɚ ʁɟ, ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɭ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ
ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɚ. ɉɪɟɤɨ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ
ɜɪɟʄɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɫɭɪɚ ɢ ɧɚ ʃɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɜɟɱɟɪɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɭ, ɢɫɩɨɞ ɫɬɨɥʃɚɤɚ ɫɟ
ɭɜɟɤ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɚ.
Ɂɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɧɚ ʁɟɥɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɲɟɫɬɨɧɟɞɟʂɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ.
ȼɟɱɟɪɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɲɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢʁɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ
ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɛɟɪɢʄɟɬɧɨʁ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɛɭɞɟ ɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɯ
ʃɢɜɚ ɢ ɢɡ ɜɨʄʃɚɤɚ.
Ɉɛɚɜɟɡɧɚ ʁɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɛɚɞʃɭ
ɜɟɱɟɪɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ: ɩɚɫɭʂ, ɤɭɩɭɫ, ɪɢɛɚ, ɦɟɞ, ɚ ɨɞ ɜɨʄɚ – ɨɪɚɫɢ,
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Ɉ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨʁ ɫɥɚɦɢ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɧɩɪ.: ɒ. Ʉɭɥɢɲɢʄ, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ, 44-47; ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ɇɢɬ ɢ
ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1973, 191-208; ɂɫɬɢ, Ɍɪɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ,
Ɇɢɬ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1973, 209-218; Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ȶɭɩɭɪɞɢʁɚ,
Ⱥɝɪɚɪɧɚ ɦɚɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɋɪɛɚ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 23, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1982.
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ɥɟɲɧɢɰɢ, ʁɚɛɭɤɟ, ɫɭɜɟ ɲʂɢɜɟ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɨɜɢɯ ʁɟɥɚ

ɩɨʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɤɭɥɬɭ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɧɚ ɞɚʄɚɦɚ.
ɉɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɚɞʃɟɞɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ ɧɟɤɚɞ
ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɠɪɬɜɟɧɢ ɨɛɟɞ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɦ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɦɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɨ. ȼɟɱɟɪɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɢ
ɤɭɥɬɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɠɟɬ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ
ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɢɜɚɥɨ ɨɛɢʂɟ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ.69
X YZ W
ɉɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ
ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɫɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢɦ ɞɚɧɨɦ. ɇɚ ɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ.
ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ
ɞɚɧ:
• ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ,
• ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɢɜɚʃɚ
ɛɢɥɨ ɱɟɝɚ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ,
• ɤɥɚʃɟ (ɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɤɥɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ) ɢ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ,
• ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ,
• ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɟɞɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ,
• ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ,
• ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɫɥɚɦɟ,
• ɛɚɞʃɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ.
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Ⱦ. Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ 100 ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ, 299.
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ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɟ
Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɰɟɥɨɝ Ȼɚɞʃɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɜɪɲɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ
Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ɇɨɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢɬɢ
ɞɨ ɭɜɟɱɟ. ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ
ɞɚɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ. ɋɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɤɭʄɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɨɦɨʄɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. Ɇɨɪɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɭɪɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɡɚ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɪɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ
ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɫɜɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɬɟɤɧɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɱɢɫɬɨ, ɩɚ ɨɩɟɬ
ɧɚɻɭɛɪɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɢɲɱɢɫɬɢɦɨ.
ɉɪɟɞ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɨɞ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ ɢɦɚɨ
ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɨɛɚɜɢ ɞɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɢ. ɇɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɫɭ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɞɪɜɚ, ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɤɭʄɟ, ɤɭɜɚʃɟ,
ɩɪɚʃɟ, ɱɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɫɬɨɰɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ, ɬʁ. ɫɜɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ, ɞɨɤ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɻɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɢɦɚɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ
ɫɩɪɟɦɢ ɨɧɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɪɜɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ.
ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɥɚʃɚɧɢ ɢɡ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɦɚɥɟ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟ ɢ
ɦɟɬɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɤɥɚʃɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɱɢɫɬɢ, ɚ ɢ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɦɚɥɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɧɟ ɢɝɪɚʁɭ – ɤɚɠɟ ɫɟ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ,
ɫɤɥɚʃɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɦɪɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ
ɩɨɫɬɚɧ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ.
ɋ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɜɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɧɢʁɢɯ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ,
ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɝɞɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ
ɪɚɞʃɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɢɪɚʁɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɚɞɚ ɭ
Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʄɟ ɫɟɞɟɬɢ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɫɚɦɨ
ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ (ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɟ). Ɍɨ ɫɟ
ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɢɡ ɭɜɟɪɟʃɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɦɢɪɧɟ ɞɨɤ ɥɟɠɟ ɧɚ
ʁɚʁɢɦɚ.
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ɀɟɧɟ ɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɫɭ ɠɭɪɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɟ ɪɭɱɧɟ

ɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɩɪɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ. ɇɢʁɟ ɜɚʂɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɻɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
ɧɟɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɨ, ɚ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩʂɭʁɭ ɛɚɛɟ.
ɉɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ – ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɧɨɜɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɬʁ. ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɫɬɜɚɪ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɭʁɟ ɧɟɤɚ ɦɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɚ ɢɥɢ –
ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɛɚɤɚ – ɫɭɞɢʄ, ɬɟɤ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɢ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɨɜɢ. Ʉɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɫɭɞ
ɫɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɜɟʄ ɬɨɤɨɦ
Ȼɚɞʃɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ.
ɍ ɩɨɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɧɟɤɢɦ
ɞɟɥɨɦ ɨɞɟʄɟ. ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɡɚ ɞɟɰɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ
ɤɭɩɨɜɚɧɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢ, ʁɟɪ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɪɚɞɨɫɬ [ɡɚ ɞɟɰɭ],
ɩɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɤɭɩɨɜɚɥɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɰɚ ɪɚɞɭʁɭ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ɬʁ. ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ
ɝɪɨɛʂɟ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ
ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɇɨɜɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɢ
ɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɥɨ, ɫɤɨɪɨ ɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɢɞɟ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɪɟɱɟ
ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ: ɋɚɞ ɤɚɞ ɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢɞɟ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɭɨɱɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ. ɍ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ
ɭɨɱɢ ɫɜɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.
ȼɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡ

ɤɭʄɟ
ɇɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɚɜɚɥɨ ɧɚ
ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɰɭ. ɉɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɫɜɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɞɭɝɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɚ ɞɭɝ ɛɨɠɢʄɤɭʁɟ.
ɉɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ – ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɟ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɭɠɚɧ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ ɲɬɚ, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ʁɟ
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ɛɢɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɞɭɝɚ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ

ɧɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɞɚ ɭɡɟɬɚ ɫɬɜɚɪ ɛɨɠɢʄɤɭʁɟ ɭ ɬɭɻɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ
ɞɨ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɨ, ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨ
ɜɪɚɬɢ, ʁɟɪ ɧɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɞɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɤɭʁɟ ɜɚɧ ɤɭʄɟ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚ
ɫɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ (ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɨɥɢ) ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ
ɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɭʁɟ ɧɢɤɨɦɟ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ
ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɟɧɨ ɜɪɚɬɢ, ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɤɭʁɟ ɭ ɬɭɻɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ.
Ʉɥɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ

ɉɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ, ɤɥɚɥɚ ɧɚ
Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ. Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɪɚɞɢ ɬɚɞɚ, ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɭ ɤɨʂɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ,
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɟɱɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɠʃɭ (ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ), ɭ ɩɟʄɧɢɰɢ
ɢɥɢ ɮɭɪɭɧɢ (ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ). Ʉɚɤɨ ɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ
ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɤɢ. ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɩɟɤɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɠʃɭ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɞɪɭɠɢ ɞɜɨʁɟ
ɞɨ ɬɪɨʁɟ ɤɨɦɲɢʁɚ, ɬɟ ɤɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɥɨɠɟ ɜɚɬɪɭ ɢ ɩɟɤɭ.
ɉɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɟɱɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 9 ɢ 10 ɫɚɬɢ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ, ɚ
ɢɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɤɨ 5 ɞɨ 6 ɫɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɩɨɞɧɟ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɜɢ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɨɤɨ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ.
ɉɪɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɚ ɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ʃɟɝɚ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɭɰʃɚɜɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɧɝɢʁɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɢɫɩɟɱɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɟ
ʁɚɜɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ.
ɉɪɚɧɝɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɭɰɚɥɨ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɚ ɲɢɩɤɚ ɨɞ
ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɚɪɚ, ɩɪɨɛɭɲɟɧɚ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ɂɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɤɥɢɧ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ʃɭ ɥɚɤɨ ɭɥɚɡɢɨ. ɉɪɚɧɝɢʁɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɧ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɥɚɤɨ ɫɚɜɢɬʂɢɜɨɦ ɠɢɰɨɦ. „Ƚɥɚɜɚ“ ɩɪɚɧɝɢʁɟ ɫɟ
ɩɭɧɢɥɚ ɫɭɦɩɨɪɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭɛɚɰɢɜɚɨ ɭ ʃɟɧɭ ɲɭɩʂɢɧɭ. Ʉɥɢɧ ɫɟ
ɧɚɦɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɲɭɩʂɢɧɭ ɩɭɧɭ ɫɭɦɩɨɪɚ, ɞɪɠɢ ɫɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɭ ɪɭɰɢ ɢ
ɭɞɚɪɢ ʁɚɤɨ ɭ ɤɚɦɟɧ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ (ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ) ɩɭɰʃɚɜɭ.
ɍɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɭɦɩɨɪɚ, ɦɨɝɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɟ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨɞ ɲɢɛɢɰɚ.
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ɉɪɚɧɝɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɦɭɲɤɨ ɞɟɬɟ. ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ

ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɭɰɚʃɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ
ɩɭɰɚʃɟ „ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɭ ɦɨɞɢ“, ɫɚɦɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɚ.
ɉɭɰɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɩɢɲɬɨʂɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɟɬɚɪɞɟ.
Ɇɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ

ɉɨɫɚɨ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ
ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɫɚɨ ɫɭ ɭ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ, ɚɤɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɫɚɨ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɟɤɥɚ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ. ɋɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ
ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ. ɏɥɟɛɨɜɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɦɟɫɢɥɚ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɞɟɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ.
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ,
ɦɟɫɟ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɛɟɥɨɝ ɩɲɟɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɲɧɚ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɦɟɲɟʃɟ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢ (ɯɥɟɛɧɢ), ɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɤɭɩɨɜɧɢ ɬɚɡɟ ɤɜɚɫɚɰ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢ, ɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɬɡɜ. ɤɢɫɟɥɨ ɬɟɫɬɨ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɡɚɦɟɲɟɧɨ ɬɟɫɬɨ
ɭɫɤɢɫɧɟ, ɞɟɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɤɨɦɚɞɟ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɬɡɜ.
ɤɨɥɚɱɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɞɦɟɫɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɟ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɧɚɪɚ. ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ – ɬɡɜ. ɧɟɧɚɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ,
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚɧɚ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɨɦ. Ȼɟɥɨ ɩɲɟɧɢɱɧɨ ɛɪɚɲɧɨ ɫɟ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɥɨ ɡɚ ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɫɤɭɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɬɜɚ
ɬɟɲɤɨ ɞɨ ʃɟɝɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɟ.
ȳɟɞɚɧ ɤɪɚʄɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɨɜɢ
ɤɨɥɚɱɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɟ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɡɚ ɞɟɰɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɭ
ɩɨɫɥɚɫɬɢɰɭ. Ȼɟɥɢ ɯɥɟɛ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɢɦɚ, ɱɚɤ ɢ
ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɛɢɨ ɪɟɬɤɨɫɬ, ɚ ɤɨɞ
ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ
ɫɟ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɟ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɥɟɩɲɟɝ ɩɲɟɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɲɧɚ. ɋɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɨɞ ɧɚɲɟɝ, ɬɨ ʁɟ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɤɢ, ɚɥɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɢ ɨɞ ɤɭɩɨɜɧɨɝ [ɛɪɚɲɧɚ]. ɍ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
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ɫɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ: Ɍɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɢ ɩɢʄɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɟ, ɚɥɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ

ɧɢʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ.
Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɟ ɦɟɫɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ,
ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɜɟɤɪɜɚ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚ, ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ – ɪɚɧɨ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ. Ⱥɤɨ
ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ, ɨɧɞɚ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɠɟɧɟ.
ɇɟɦɚ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɟ ɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɦɟɫɢ ɬɟɫɬɨ,
ɨɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧ ɡɚ ɦɟɲɟʃɟ
ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɱɢɫɬ ɢ ɭɪɟɞɚɧ, ɲɬɚ ɝɨɞ ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ. ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɧɚɱɢʃɚɧɢ ɭɜɟɱɟ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ. ɋɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɟʄ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɨ, ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɛɢ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ
[ɬɚɤɨ].
ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɭ ɦɟɲɟɧɢ: ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɥɚɱ,
ɤɨɥɚɱ ɡɚ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ, ʃɢɜɚ, ɤɪɦɚɱɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɫɰɢɦɚ, ɤɢɤɚ, ɲɚɤɚ,
ɜɨɥɨɜɢ, ɛɭɤɥɢʁɚ (ɫɚɦɨ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ), ɤɨɥɚɱ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɤɭ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɩɨʁɚɜɢ ɤɨʁɚ
ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚ, ɡɚɩɚɠɚ ɫɟ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ
ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɲɚɪɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɦɚʃɢɯ
ɤɨɥɚɱɚ. Ɉɜɨ ɩɨɦɢʃɟɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɨʁɚɜɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ, ɭ
ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɩɚɤ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢ
ɤɨɥɚɱɢ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ ʁɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ (ɭ
ɩɨɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɝɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɡɚ ɫɢɬɨ). Ɉɜɚʁ ɤɨɥɚɱ ʁɟ
ɤɪɭɠɧɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ, ɫɚ ɝɨɪʃɨɦ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ
ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɨɦ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɞɨɞɚɰɢ ɨɞ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ,
ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʁɭ ɪɟʂɟɮɧɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ. ɍɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ
ɬɪɚɤɚ ɨɞ ɬɟɫɬɚ, ɧɚ ɝɨɪʃɨʁ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɫɬ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ. ɍ ɬɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ
ɭɦɟʄɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɞɚɰɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɬɢɫɤɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɤɭɪɧɢɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ
ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɥɨɜɨ. ɋɥɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɫɬɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ. ɍ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɞɨʃɨʁ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɭɪɟɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɤɪɫɬɚɫɬɢ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ
ɂɋ ɏɋ ɇɂ ɄȺ (“ɂɫɭɫ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɩɨɛɟɞɧɢɤ“). ɍ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ
ɫɥɨɜɧɨɝ ɨɬɢɫɤɚ (ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ) ɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɬɚʃɚ
ɬɟɫɬɚ ɭɦɟʄɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɭɱɢʄɢ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɚ. ɍ ɨɜɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ ɫɟ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɨ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚɨ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɡɚ
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(ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɭ) ɋɥɚɜɭ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɫɟɱɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɫɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɨɦ

ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. ɍ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
ɤɨɥɚɱ ɡɚ ɫɢɬɨ, ɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ,
ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ, ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢɤ... ɋɤɥɚʃɚ ɫɟ ɬɟɤ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɢɬɨ
ɫɬɚɜɢɥɟ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɪɭɱɚɤ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɢɬɚ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ. ɋɬɨʁɢ
ɭ/ɧɚ ɫɢɬɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɠɢɬɧɚ ɦɟɲɚɜɢɧɚ (ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ, ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ,
ɩɚɫɭʂ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ƚɨɪʃɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɚ ɲɚɪɚɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ
ɪɭɠɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɬɢɱɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɞ ɬɟɫɬɚ. ɉɬɢɱɢɰɚ
ɢɦɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɜɟɫɟʂɟ. ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɲɚɪɚ ɫɟ ɭɬɢɫɤɭʁɟ
ɫɥɨɜɨ (ɧɚ ɩɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ). ɍ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ, ɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɢ ɨɬɢɫɚɤ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ
ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɦɟɫɢɥɨ ɫɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ, ɢ
ɜɢɲɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ. ɋɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɧɚɦɟɧɭ: ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɭʄɭ, ɢɦɚʃɟ, ɫɬɨɤɭ...
ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ ʁɟɫɭ: ɨɪɚɱɢɰɚ, ɜɨɥɨɜɢ ɫɚ ɩɥɭɝɨɦ,
ɤɪɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɬɟɥɟɬɨɦ, ɨɜɰɚ ɫɚ ʁɚɝʃɟɬɨɦ, ɤɪɦɚɱɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɫɰɢɦɚ,
ɤɜɨɱɤɚ ɫɚ ɩɢɥɢʄɢɦɚ, ɤɨɥɚɱ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨɥɚɱ ɡɜɚɧ
ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ, ɲɚɤɟ, ɤɢɤɟ.
ɏɥɟɛ ɨɪɚɱɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɭɠɧɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ. ɍɤɪɚɲɚɜɚɧ ʁɟ
ɭɬɢɫɤɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɤɪɫɬ. ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɬɢɫɚɤɚ
ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɭɠɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ
ɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɟ ɨɞ ɬɟɫɬɚ.
Ɉɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɥɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ ɧɚɦɟʃɢɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ – ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ
ɦɟɫɢɥɨ ɲɚɤɚ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ – ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɤɢɤɚ ɢɬɞ.
ɉɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ
ɦɟɫɢɨ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɭ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ Ɇɚɥɢ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ʉɨɥɚɱ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɤɪɭɝɚ. ɍ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ʁɟ
ɲɭɩʂɢɧɚ. ɇɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɫɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɩɪɟɤɥɚɩɚʁɭ ɭ
ɜɢɞɭ ɲɚɤɚ. Ɍɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɡɚɫɟɰɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ
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ɩɪɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ ɲɚɪɚ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɨɦ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ

ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɭ, ɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɰɪɜɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɚɰ. ɇɟɤɨ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɭɤɪɚɲɚɜɚ ɪɭɠɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɞ
ɬɟɫɬɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɯ ɭɬɢɫɤɭʁɟ
ɫɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɚ ɭ ɫɥɨɜɧɢ ɨɬɢɫɚɤ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ.
Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ʁɟ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɢɡɞɭɠɟɧɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ (ɩɟɱɟ ɫɟ
ɭ ɦɚʃɟɦ ɩɥɟɯɭ). Ɂɚɫɟɰɚ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɞɭɠɢɧɢ, ɚ ɭ ɡɚɫɟɤɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɲɟʄɟɪ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ ɥɨɦɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ. ɍ
Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ʁɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ. Ƚɨɪʃɚ
ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɫɨ ɡɚɫɟɰɚ. ɍ ɡɚɫɟɤɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɨ, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ
ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɢɞɟ ɪɭɠɢɰɚ ɨɞ ɬɟɫɬɚ.
Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɜɨɥɨɜɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɦɟɲɟɧ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɢɦɚɥɚ ɜɨɥɨɜɟ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ, ʁɟɪ ɜɨɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɟɦɚ.
ȵɢɯɨɜɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɫɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɤɚɠɭ, ɩɪɟɭɡɟɥɢ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɢ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ.
Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɛɭɤɥɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜʂɟɧ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ
ɢɦɚ ɦɨɦɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɠɟɧɢɞɛɭ. ȳɟɞɧɚ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɥɚ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɤɚɞ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɫɢɧ ɨɠɟɧɢɨ.
Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢɨ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɭ ɲɬɚɥɭ ɢ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɝ ɤɪɚɜɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɫɩɟ ɠɢɬɨɦ, ɤɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ
ɤɢɞɚɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɚɞɟ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɨ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɝɪɥɭ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɟ. ɍ ɲɬɚɥɭ ʁɟ
ɢɲɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ ɜɪɥɨ ɛɪɡɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ (ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ).
ɋɜɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ, ɨɫɢɦ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɢ
ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɭ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɱɢʃɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɛɚɞʃɟɞɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ.
ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ

ɍ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ
ɭɧɨɲɟʃɭ ɢ ɩɚʂɟʃɭ ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
ɛɚɞʃɚɤ. Ɇɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɭɧɨɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ,
ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɝɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɦ
77
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɟɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ

ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ.70
Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ, ɢɡ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɟ
ɲɭɦɟ. ɍ ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɭ ɩɨɩɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɦ ɱɚɫɨɜɢɦɚ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ.71 ɋɟɤɭ ɫɟ ɰɟɪɨɜ ɢ
ɯɪɚɫɬɨɜ ɞɨɡɟɦʂɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɟɧɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɪɨɞɧɚ. ɉɨ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ʁɟ
ɢɲɚɨ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɢɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ, ɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɬɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɚɫɥɚ ɞɟɰɚ. ɑɟɫɬɨ ɢɞɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɤɨɦɲɢʁɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ. Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɫɟɱɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɲɢʁɭ ɢɥɢ
ɛɥɢɠɟ ɪɨɻɚɤɟ, ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɭ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɭɪɚɞɟ.
Ⱦɪɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɦɚɥɟ ʁɟ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɟ,
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɧɨɥɢɤɨ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɫɟʄɢ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɟɥɨɦɢɬɢ. ɋɟɱɟ ɫɟ ɦɥɚɞɨ ɞɪɜɨ [ɤɨʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɚ] ɢɡ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢɥɢ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɤɚɠɭ ɭ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ, ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɞɨɡɟɦʂɚɤ. Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɟ
ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟɱɟ ɫɟɤɢɪɨɦ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟɱɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɟ, ɧɨɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɛɚɪɟɦ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ (ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ) ɪɭɰɢ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɭ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɬɨ
ɪɟɬɤɨ ɱɢɧɢ. ɍ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɧɚɩɨɦɢʃɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨ
ɧɟ ɱɢɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ (ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ) ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɛɥɚ ɢɥɢ
ɝɪɚɧɟ.72
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɤɭʄɟ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɭɥɚɡɧɢɯ
ɜɪɚɬɚ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɥɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ.
70
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ʁɟ 6. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 2002. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɩɚʂɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɦ
ɰɪɤɜɨɦ. ɇɢɫɚɦ ɭɫɩɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɡɧɚɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɞ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ, ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ
ɜɨʂɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ. ɋɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ, ɭ
ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ʁɟ ɨɬɢɲɚɨ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.
71
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɟɤɚɨ ɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɬɢɦɚ - ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ ɦɪɚɤ. ȼɢɞɟɬɢ: Ɍɚɬɨɦɢɪ ȼɭɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ,
ɋɪɛɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ, II, ȼɪɚʃɟ 1986, 344.
72
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɫɟɤɭ ɜɟʄɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ
ɩɢʁɚɰɚɦɚ.
78
ɋ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɚ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ,73 ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨʁɢ

ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ ɜɟʄ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚ ɪɚɬɚ, ɫɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɨɤɨ ʃɟɝɚ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ. Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɬɪɟɧɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɧɚɩɨɪɟɞɨ ɫ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢʁɢɦ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ
ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ – ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɚ ɭ
ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɜɢɲɟ
ɩɨɫɩɟɲɭʁɭ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ. Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɞʂɢɜɢʁɢ ʁɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɤɨɞ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɜɟɨ, ɭ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ, ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɞɨ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɭɬɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɥɚɤɨ
ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɝɨɪɟɬɢ [ɨɛɝɨɪɟɬɢ] ɭ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɭ.
ɍ ɤɭʄɭ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɰɢ ɭɧɨɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɥɚɦɟ, ɬʁ. ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɡɚɜɪɲɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɪɚɞʃɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ
ɫɥɚɦɚ ɭɧɟɫɟ. ɍɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ʁɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɭ ɫɥɚɦɟ.
ɍ ɤɭʄɭ ɝɚ ɭɧɨɫɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ. Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɨɦ
ɭɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɪɟɧ. Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɭ ɫɥɚɦɟ, ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɛɢ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ ɪɭɰɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɭ ɢ ʃɨɦɟ ɞɚ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ, ɚɥɢ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɟɬɤɨɫɬ.
Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ.
1. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɟɧ ɫɚ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ
ɪɭɰɢ (ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ).
2. ɍɧɨɫɢ ɦɭɠ [ɛɚɞʃɚɤ] ɝɨɥɢɦ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ, ɞɟɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɜɟɤ ɢɦɚɨ
ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ – ɤɚɠɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ. Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ
ɧɟɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɥɚ: ɇɟ ɧɨɫɢ ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ
ɯɥɚɞɧɨ (Ɂɭɰɟ).
73
Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ⱦɪʂɚɱɚ, ɇɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɭ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 4, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1962, 95-104.
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3. Ɇɚ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɝɨɥɢɦ ɪɭɤɚɦ (Ɂɭɰɟ).

ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɭ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ ɧɚ
ɪɭɤɚɦɚ.
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɱɟɤɚ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɨɰɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɭɰɚ ɧɚ
ɜɪɚɬɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɭɥɚɡɢ, ɨɧ ɤɚɠɟ: ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫɟ ɪɨɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɋɪɟʄɚɧ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɚ ɨɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ: ȼɚɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɫɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɪɨɞɢ ɢɥɢ
ȼɚɢɫɬɢɧɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. ɋɪɟʄɚɧ ɛɢɨ. ɉɨɫɢɩɚ ɝɚ ɦɟɲɚɜɢɧɨɦ
ɩɲɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ. Ɇɟɲɚɜɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɫɢɬɭ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ
ɭɡɢɦɚ ɪɭɤɨɦ (Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ) ɢɥɢ ɭ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɢ, ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ɫɟ,
ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɭɡɢɦɚ ɪɭɤɨɦ (Ɂɭɰɟ).
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɤɚɞ ɤɚɞ ɭɧɟɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɫɚ ʃɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚ.
1. Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɥɚɦɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɜɚɬɪɭ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɩɪɟɥɨɦʂɟɧɢ
ɞɟɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɪɢ. ɉɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɪɟɬɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɚ, ɧɚ ɞɪɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɝɚʂ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ
ɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɭ (Ɂɭɰɟ).
2. Ɉɧ ɫɩɭɲɬɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɟ ɧɚ ɲɩɨɪɟɬ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɪɟ
ɧɢɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɥɚɦɚ. Ɉɬɤɢɞɚ ɝɪɚɧɱɢɰɭ ɫɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ, ɤɨʁɭ
ɡɚɤɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪʃɟ ʄɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɭɥɚɡɧɢɯ ɜɪɚɬɚ. Ƚɪɚɧɱɢɰɟ ɬɭ ɫɬɨʁɟ
ɫɟɞɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ (Ɂɭɰɟ).
3. Ɍɚɦɨ ɝɞɟ ɧɟɦɚ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɚ, ɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɭɧɨɫɢ, ɨɧ ɫɟ (ɢɫɬɨ
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɚ) ɫɬɚɜɢ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɢɤɨɧɟ (Ɂɭɰɟ).
4. Ⱦɨɧɟɬɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɩɭɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɬɪɭ ɞɚ ɨɝɨɪɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɨɝɨɪɢ,
ɫɩɭɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɭ (ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ).
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɠɢɜɟ ɫɚɦɢ, ɚ ɦɚɯɨɦ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ
ʂɭɞɢ, ɫɚɦɢ ɭɧɨɫɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɚɠɭ, ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɨɧɚɤɨ
ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɚɦ ɱɨɜɟɤ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɢ ɨɧɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɭɧɟɫɭ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɟɱɟ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɫɭ. ɍ
ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɢɞɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ. ɋɟɤɭ ɫɟ ɰɟɪɨɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɨɜɢɧɚ,
80
ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɞɚʁɟ ɜɚɪɧɢɰɚ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɬɚʃɚ ɫɬɚɛɥɚ. ɂɦɚ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɟɤɭ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɜɚ. ɍ ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɢɞɭ ɢ
ɞɟɰɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɩɪɚɜɧɨ (ɤɪɨɲʃɚ
ɧɚɝɨɪɟ) ɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɭʄɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɭɧɟɫɟ, ɨɬɤɢɧɟ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɚ
ɝɪɚɧɱɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɤɢɬɢ ɤɭʄɚ.
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɦɢɪɟ ɫɜɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ, ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɭ
ɤɭʄɭ. ȼɪɟɦɟ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ, ɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɲɟɫɬ ɢ ɨɫɚɦ ɫɚɬɢ ɧɚɜɟɱɟ. Ʉɨɥɢɤɭ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ
ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɞɚʁɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ
ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ: ȼɟʄ ɩɪɜɢ ɫɭɦɪɚɱɚɤ, ɧɢɝɞɟ ɠɢɜɟ ɞɭɲɟ
ɧɟɦɚ. ɂɫɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢ: Ɍɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɦ ɧɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɧɢɰɭ, ɧɟʄɭ
ɞɚ ɢɞɟɦ.
Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ ɭɧɨɫɢ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ. ɋɜɟ ɨɤɨ
ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɝɨɥɢɦ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ. ɍ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɟ ɢ
ɦɥɚɻɢ ɦɭɲɤɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ – ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɭɱɟ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ
ɤɚɠɟ ɤɚɞ ɭɥɚɡɢ: Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ɜɟɱɟ, ɱɟɫɬɢɬɚɦ ɜɚɦ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ.
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ: ɏɜɚɥɚ, ɞɚ ɫɢ ɠɢɜ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜ.
Ȼɚɞʃɚɰɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ:
1. ɍ ɲɩɨɪɟɬ ɞɚ ɡɚɝɨɪɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɭɫɬɟ ɭ ʄɨɲɚɤ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ
ɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɭ;
2. ɍ ɩɟɩɟʂɚɪɭ.74 Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɜɚɬɪɭ ɞɚ
ɡɚɝɨɪɢ. Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɨɦ ɭɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɞɪɟɧɚɤ ɢ ʇɚɤ ɫɚ
ɫɥɚɦɨɦ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ: ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɪɢ ɢɥɢ: Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ
ɫɟ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɡɚɞɟɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ. Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɜɚɬɪɨɦ ɪɚɞɢ [ɤɨɦɚɞ
ɤɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ʇɚɪɚ ɜɚɬɪɭ], ɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɪɟ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɡɚɝɚɪɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ
ɦɚɡɚɥɢ ɤɪɚɜɟ.
74
ɉɨɫɭɞɚ ɭ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɭ, ɢɫɩɨɞ ɥɨɠɢɲɬɚ.
81
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɫɥɚɦɟ

Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɡɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɨ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ.
ɂɩɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɧɟɬɟ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ
ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ɍ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ
ɧɟ ɭɧɨɫɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɞɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ ɰɢɬɢɪɚʁɭʄɢ
ɦɥɚɻɟɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɧɟ ɩɪʂɚʁɭ ɤɭʄɭ.
ɇɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɚɧɚ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɟ ʇɚɤ ɫɚ
ɫɥɚɦɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɭɜɟɱɟ ɭɧɟɬɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ɩɪɟɜɥɚɞɚɜɚɥɟ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɤɭʄɟ, ɭɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɭ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɟʄɨʁ
ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɢ, ɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɡɚɧ ɧɚɪɚɦɚɤ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɧɚɩɭʃɟɧɚ ɦɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɟʄɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɤɟɫɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟɤɨ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɥɚɦɭ, ɨɧɚ
ɫɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɢɜɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɲɢɥɭɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɟɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɫɚ. ɇɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɭ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɰɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɝɥɟɞɚ ɥɨɲɟ.
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɫɥɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɨɦ ɭ
ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɤɭʄɟ.
ɋɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɨɤɨ ɨɫɚɦ ɫɚɬɢ
ɧɚɜɟɱɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɜɨɝ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɞɨɲɚɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ. ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɨɻɟ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
ɭɧɟɫɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ. Ȼɨɠɢʄ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɧɨɫɢɨ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰ ɢɡ
ɤɭʄɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɬɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɩɭɲɬɚɧɚ ɦɥɚɻɢɦ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɋɦɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɭ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟɧɢ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. Ɉɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɫɭ
ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɦɭɲɤɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ,
ɜɟʄ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɟ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɫɚ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɭ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɟɫɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɩɪɜɨ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ
ɫɥɚɦɚ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɫɥɚɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɞɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɢɦɚ
ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɞɚɧɚɫ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɨ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɫɥɚɦɭ ɭ
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ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɚɦɚ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɢ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ

ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ʄɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɪɟɻɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ,
ɩɪɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɭ ɫɥɚɦɟ, ɩɪɜɨ ɤɭɰɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɧɚʁɚɜɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɫɥɚɦɭ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɝɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɱɟɤɚ ɫɚ ɫɢɬɨɦ
ɭ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɦɟɲɚɜɢɧɚ
ɩɲɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɞɜɚ, ɭɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ:
1. ɋɥɚɦɭ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɦɭɲɤɢ ɱɥɚɧ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɚ ɭ
ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɨɬɚɰ ɢ ɫɢɧ). ɉɪɢ ɭɥɚɫɤɭ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɤɚɠɟ: Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ɜɟɱɟ, ɚ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ: Ȼɨɝ ɬɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɨ. ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ, ɤɚɞ
ɭɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɟ ɫɚ: Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ɜɟɱɟ.
ɋɪɟʄɧɨ ɜɚɦ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɫɚɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɭɧɨɫɢɨɰɚ
ɫɥɚɦɟ ɢ ɨɬɩɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ: Ȼɨɝ ɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɚɨ ɢ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɢɦɚɨ.
Ɉɧɞɚ ɨɧ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɜɚɞɢ ɫɥɚɦɭ ɢɡ ʇɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɢɩɚ ɫɜɭɞɚ ɩɨ
ɤɭʄɢ, ɝɨɜɨɪɟʄɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ: ɤɜɨɰ, ɤɜɨɰ, ɤɜɨɰ… Ⱥɤɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢɦɚ
ɞɟɰɟ, ɨɧɚ ɢɞɭ ɡɚ ʃɢɦ, ɫɚɝɢʃɭ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɞɢɪɧɭ ɫɥɚɦɭ ɢ
ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɪɚʁɭ: ɩɢʁɭ, ɩɢʁɭ, ɩɢʁɭ… Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ
ɫɥɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɩɟ ɩɨ ɰɟɥɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ. ɍ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ
ɫɥɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɞɨ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɨɤɚɞɟ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɭɥɚɡɢ ɭ ʃɢɯ ɚɤɨ
ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɢɩɚʃɟɦ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɩɨ ɤɭʄɢ, ɞɟɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɭɬɟ
ɫɥɚɦɟ ɢɡɜɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ ʇɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɫɟ
ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ.
ɋɥɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɥʃɚɤɨɦ, ɚ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɥʃɚɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ʇɚɤɨɦ.
Ʉɚɞ ɞɨɻɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ, ɫɥɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɫɬɨɥɚ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɨɧ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɧɚ ʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɟɞɧɟ.
Ɉɜɚ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɝʃɢɡɞɚɪɟ, ɞɚ ɭ ʃɨʁ
ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ ɧɨɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ. ɍ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɛɚɰɚ ɭ
ɫɜɢʃɚɰ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɡɚɛɚɱɟɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ.
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2. ɋɬɚɪɢʁɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɫɥɚɦɭ ɭ ʇɚɤɱɟɬɭ. Ʉɚɞ ɨɬɜɨɪɢ

ɜɪɚɬɚ, ɨɧɚ ɤɚɠɟ: ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫɟ ɪɨɞɢ! ɋɪɟʄɚɧ ɜɚɦ Ȼɨɠɢʄ!
Ƚɞɟ ɜɚɦ ɫɟ ɥɟɠɭ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ? Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ ʁɟ: ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ
ɛɭʇɚɤɭ. Ɂɚɬɢɦ, ɨɧɚ ɤɜɨɰɚ ɩɨ ɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɢɡɛɚɰɭʁɟ ɫɥɚɦɭ. ɋɥɚɦɚ
ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɛɚɰɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ
ɛɚɞʃɚɤ. ȼɪɥɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɧɟ
ɱɢɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɫɥɚɦɟ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ʇɚɤɱɢʄɟɦ, ɫɬɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɫɬɨ. ɋɜɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɢ ɡɚ ʁɟɥɨ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʇɚɤɱɟ. ɇɟ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɥʃɚɤ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɜɟʄ ɨɧ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɢɜɟɧ
(ɧɟ ɤɪɢʁɟɦ ɝɚ).
Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɢɫɤɜɨɰɚ, ɚ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɨ,
ɫɬɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɝɭɠɜɚ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɧɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɧɚ
ʃɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟɞɧɟ ɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɞɨɻɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɛɚɱɟɧɟ ɫɥɚɦɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ, ɨɞ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɝ
ɩɪɟɤɪɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɚɦɱɢɰɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɭ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɛɚɰɚʃɚ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɩɨ ɤɭʄɢ ɩɨɱɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚ ɜɟʄ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɟɫɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɤɭʄɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɧɟ
ɱɢɫɬɢ ɧɢɬɢ ɫɪɟɻɭʁɟ. Ɍɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɢɡɧɟɫɟ
ɧɚɩɨʂɟ, ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ – ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ,
ɜɟʄ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɫɬɨɤɟ. ɇɟ ɱɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, ɧɟ ɛɢ ɢɲɱɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɫɪɟʄɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ, ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɱɢɫɬɢ
ɤɭʄɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɻɟ ɫɥɚɜɚ.
ɋɥɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɪɚɧɨ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ. ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɟ
ɬɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɩɪɟ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɚ ɫɭɧɰɚ, ɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨ
ɭɫɬɚʁɚʃɭ ɩɪɜɨ ɩɨɱɢɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɛɚɰɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɻɭɛɪɟ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɞɚ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ ɞɜɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ
ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ.
1. ɋɥɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɟɧɤɨɦ. ɉɨɫɢɩɚ ɫɟ
ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ. ɍɧɨɫɢ
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ɫɟ ɭ ʇɚɤɭ. ȹɚɤ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɜɚ

ɫɬɨɥʃɚɤɨɦ. ɉɪɟɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ.
2. ɍɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ʇɚɤɭ. Ɍɨ ɪɚɞɢ
ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɱɥɚɧ. ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɭɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ,
ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨɤɨ ɤɭʄɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɞɟɰɨɦ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ ʁɟ
ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɤɜɨɰɚɨ, ɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɫɭ ɡɚ ʃɢɦ ɩɢʁɭɤɚɥɚ. ɋɥɚɦɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɫɬɭɪɚɥɚ ɫɜɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɤɭʄɢ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ ɜɟʄ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ: ɩɨ ɧɟɤɚ ɫɥɚɦɤɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚ ɧɟ ɩɪʂɚ. Ʉɚɞ ɭɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ
ɤɚɠɟ: ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫɟ ɪɨɞɢ. ɋɪɟʄɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄ.
ɋɥɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ. ɍʁɭɬɪɭ,
ɤɚɞ ɞɨɻɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ, ɦɚɥɨ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɤɭɩɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɭ ɞɚ ɫɟɞɧɟ.
Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɥɟɝɥɟ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ. ɋɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɟɝɭ ɭ
ɢɧɤɭɛɚɬɨɪɭ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɢɥɢʄɢ ɤɭɩɭʁɭ ɢɡɥɟɠɟɧɢ – ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ʁɟ,
ɜɢɲɟ ɭ ɲɚɥɢ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɩɨɱɢɫɬɢ ɢ
ɛɚɰɢ ɩɨɦɚɥɨ ɭ ɲɬɚɥɭ, ɫɜɢʃɚɰ ɢ ɤɨɤɨɲɢʃɚɰ. ɇɟ ɛɚɰɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɻɭɛɪɟ. ɑɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ ɦɟɬɥɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɢ ɞɚ ɢɫɬɪɭɥɢ.
Ȼɚɞʃɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɫɥɚɦɟ ɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɛɢɨ ɢ
ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɢ ɡɚ
ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɥɨ ɞɭɠɢ
ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚʄɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ
ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɥɨ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɨɛɟɞɚ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧ ɫɚ
ɧɟɫɬɪɩʂɟʃɟɦ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɪɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜɢɬɢ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɚ, ɩɨ
ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.
ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɢɦ
ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɧɚ ɨɤɭɩɭ. ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ
ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɬɟɲɤɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ
ɢɫɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɛɭɞɭ ɧɚ ɨɤɭɩɭ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ
85
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ,

ɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɪɨɤɚ ɢ ɫɥ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ,
ɨɜɚʁ ɫɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ, ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ
ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ.
ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɟ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɜɟɞɟ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɭ ɦɟɪɭ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ ɨɤɭɩɟ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɜɚ ɫɬɨ (ɩɨ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ
ɪɚɡɚɫɬɪɬɚ ɫɥɚɦɚ) ɫɬɨɥʃɚɤɨɦ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɜɚɨ ɫɚɦɨ
ʇɚɤɨɦ. ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɯɪɚɧɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɨɤɚɞɢ
ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɞɭʁɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɢ ɤɚɻɟʃɟ
ɫɜɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ,75 ɧɚ ɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɢɬɨ,
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɯɥɟɛ ɨɪɚɱɢɰɚ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɤɭɜɚɧɚ ʁɟɥɚ, ɫɭɲɟɧɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɠɟ ɜɨʄɟ, ɚ ɨɞ
ɩɢʄɚ – ɪɚɤɢʁɚ, ɜɢɧɨ, ɫɨɤɨɜɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɍ ɫɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɬɪɢ
ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ, ɭɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɦ ɭ ɫɬɨɠɟɪ (ɤɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɚɥɟ ɬɪɢ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ), ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɪɚɫɢ, ɥɟɲɧɢɰɢ,
ʁɚɛɭɤɟ, ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢɤ, ɢɝɥɚ, ɤɨɧɚɰ, ɦɚɤɚɡɟ, ɩɥɟɬɢɜɨ ɢ ɫɥ.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɫɚ ɫɢɬɨɦ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ:
1. ɋɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɠɢɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ʃɟɝɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ. Ʉɨɥɚɱ
ɫɟ ɫɤɥɚʃɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɢɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɟ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɟ ɩɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɪɭɱɚɤ.
2. ɋɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɠɢɬɨ ɢ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ, ɨɪɚɫɢ ɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɞ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ.
3. ɋɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɠɢɬɨ, ɨɪɚɫɢ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ, ɜɨʄɟ.
ɍ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ
ɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ.
75
ɍ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɝɞɟ ɢɦɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɞɢ ɫɨɛɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɬɨʁɢ
ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
86
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ

ɨɤɚɞɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɚ ɨɞ ɡɥɚ, ɨɱɢɬɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɩɚɥɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ. Ɍɨɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ Ɉɱɟɧɚɲ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ
ɤɚɞɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ. ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɚɦɨ
ɭ ɨɧɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɢ
ɧɚɩɚɦɟɬ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɟɝɞɟ ɱɢɬɚ ɢɡ Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ.
Ⱦɨ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɫɟ ɱɢɬɚɥɨ: Ɉɬɱɟ
ɧɚɲ, ɢɠɟ ʁɟɫɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟɫʁɟɯ, ɞɚ ɫɜʁɚɬɢɬɫʁɚ ɢɦʁɚ ɬɜɨʁɟ, ɞɚ
ɩɪɢɞɟɬ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɢʁɟ ɬɜɨʁɟ, ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨʂɚ ɬɜɨʁɚ ʁɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟɫɢ
ɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɯʂɟɛ ɧɚɲ ɧɚɫɭɲɧɢʁ ɞɚɠɞ ɧɚɦ ɞɧɟɫ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚɦ
ɞɨɥɝɢ ɧɚɲʁɚ, ʁɚɤɨɠɟ ɢ ɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɢ
ɧɟ ɜɨɜɟɞɢ ɧɚɫ ɜɨ ɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɢʁɟ, ɧɨ ɢɡɛɚɜɢ ɧɚɫ ɨɞ ɥɭɤɚɜɚɝɨ. Ⱥɦɢɧ.
ɂɥɢ: Ɉɱɟ ɧɚɲ/ɤɨʁɢ ɫɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟɫɢɦɚ/ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɢɦɟ ɬɜɨʁɟ/ɞɚ
ɛɭɞɟ ɜɨʂɚ ɬɜɨʁɚ/ɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɭ/(ɯɥɟɛ ɧɚɲ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢ
ɞɚʁ ɧɚɦ ɞɚɧɚɫ)/ ɢ ɨɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɦ ɞɭɝɨɜɟ/ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɢ ɦɢ
ɨɩɪɚɲɬɚɦɨ ɞɭɠɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɚɲɢɦ/ɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɢ ɧɚɫ ɭ ɢɫɤɭɲɟʃɟ/ɢ
(ɧɨ) ɢɡɛɚɜɢ ɧɚɫ ɨɞ ɡɥɚ. Ⱥɦɢɧ.
Ʉɚɧɞɢɥɨ ɝɨɪɢ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟ ɭɝɚɫɢ. Ƚɨɪɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ,
ɫɥɚɛɢ ɫɭ ɮɢɬɢʂɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɥɚ ɭɩɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɜɟʄɚ ɡɚ
ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭɜɪɯ ɫɬɨɥɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɟ ɝɚɫɢ ɜɢɧɨɦ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɩɨɻɟ
ɧɚ ɫɩɚɜɚʃɟ.
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɤɚɞɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɪɟɻɟ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ
ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɡɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ. ɇɟɤɚɞɚ
ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɞɢ ɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ. Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɟ ɭ
ɩɨɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ: Ȼɟɲɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢɰɟ, ɟɜɨ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ.
Ʉɚɞ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɨɤɚɞɢ ɢ ɨɱɢɬɚ Ɉɱɟɧɚɲ, ɭɡɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɫɢɬɚ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɨɪɚɯɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɚɰɚ ɭ ʄɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɫɨɛɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ
ɜɟɱɟɪɚ. Ȼɚɰɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɪɚɯɟ, ɨɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ: ȼɨʁ ɢɦʁɚ ɨɰɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɚ ɢ
ɫɜɟɬɨɝɚ ɞɭɯɚ. Ⱥɦɢɧ. Ɉɪɚɫɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ ɭɧɚɤɪɫɧɨ ɭ ʄɨɲɤɨɜɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. Ȼɚɰɚʃɟ ɨɪɚɯɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ: ɩɪɟɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ (ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ),
ɠɦɭɪɟʄɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ (ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ), ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɫɟɛɟ (ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɢ
ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ).
87
ɉɪɜɢ ɨɪɚɯ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ, ɩɪɜɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ

ɋɭɧɰɭ. ɍ ʄɨɲɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɨɪɚɫɢ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɢɥɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ.
ɋɤɨɪɨ ɞɚ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɭɩɟ, ɩɚ
ɫɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɢ ɱɭɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ. ɉɨɧɟɤɨ ɢɯ ɢɡɥɨɦɢ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɡɚ
ɤɨɥɚɱɟ. Ɉɪɚɫɢ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɨ ɡɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ
ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɛɚɰɢ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɛɚɰɟ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ʁɟ ɛɚɰɚɨ ɩɨ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɪɚɯ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɢ ʄɨɲɚɤ. Ɉɪɚɫɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ ɭɧɚɤɪɫɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ
ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɩɪɜɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɟ: ɍ
ɢɦɟ Ɉɰɚ ɢ ɋɢɧɚ ɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱦɭɯɚ. Ⱥɦɢɧ. ɍ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɫɟ
ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ: ɩɭɬɧɢɤɭ, ɧɚɦɟɪɧɢɤɭ, ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ
ɡɞɪɚɜʂɭ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɭ ʄɨɲɤɨɜɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɪɚɯɚ, ɛɚɰɟ ɢ ɩɨ
ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɧɭ ʁɚɛɭɤɟ. Ɍɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɥɚɦɨɦ ɫɚɱɢɫɬɟ
ɢ ɤɨɦɚɞɢ ʁɚɛɭɤɟ ɢ ɛɚɰɟ ɤɨɞ ɫɬɨɤɟ. Ɉɪɚɫɢ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ,
ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɟ ɧɚ ɻɭɛɪɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɛɚɰɚʃɚ ɨɪɚɯɚ, ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʄɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ʁɟ ɭɡɢɦɚɨ ɯɥɟɛ ɜɨɥɨɜɢ ɫɚ
ɩɥɭɝɨɦ, ɜɭɤɚɨ ɝɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɨɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɭɡ ɪɟɱɢ: ɨʁɟ
ɱɚɱɚ. Ɉɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ
ɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɨ ɭɜɢɫ ɢ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ: Ⱦɚʁ Ȼɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɦ ɪɨɞɢ ɪɚɧɚ.
Ɉɜɚʁ ɞɟɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɚɦɬɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ
(ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ).
Ⱦɨ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ʁɟɥɚ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧɚ ɡɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ
ɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɧɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɛɪɨʁɭ (ɭɜɟɤ ɧɟɩɚɪɚɧ), ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ
ʁɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ. Ʉɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ: ɩɚɫɭʂ ɩɪɟɛɪɚɧɚɰ,
ɩɨɫɧɚ ɫɚɪɦɚ, ɪɢɛʂɚ ɱɨɪɛɚ, ɩɟɱɟɧɚ ɪɢɛɚ, ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɛɟɥɢ ɞɭɥɟɤ
(ɞɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɛɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɟɛɟɥɚ), ɩɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɛɚɧɢɰɚ ɫɚ ɞɭɥɟɰɢɦɚ
ɢɥɢ ʁɚɛɭɤɚɦɚ. ɉɨɛɪɨʁɚɧɚ ʁɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ʁɟɥɚ, ɧɚ ɬɪɩɟɡɢ ɫɭ ʁɨɲ
ɛɢɥɢ: ɨɪɚɫɢ, ɫɭɜɟ ɲʂɢɜɟ, ɫɭɜɟ ɫɦɨɤɜɟ, ɫɭɜɨ ɝɪɨɠɻɟ, ʁɚɛɭɤɟ,
ɦɟɞ, ɩɨɦɨɪɚɧʇɟ, ɤɪɭɲɤɟ… ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɧɚ ɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɨ ɜɨʄɟ (ɫɚɞɚ ɫɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ), ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ
88
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɟ – ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɩɢɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɚɥɢ

ɢ ɩɨ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɞɟɰɟ – ɛɚɧɚɧɟ, ɤɢɜɢ, ɭɪɦɟ, ɱɨɤɨɥɚɞɟ, ɛɨɦɛɨɧɟ ɢ
ɞɪ. ɋɪɟɞʃɟ ɢ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɜɪɫɬɟ ʁɟɥɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ
ɞɚ ɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɚɪɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɚɪɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ.
ɍ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚ ɢ
ɦɟɞ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɩɟɡɭ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɦɟɞ ɫɥɭɠɢ
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɤɥɟɧɢɯ ɬɟɝɥɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɭʁɟ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɭ ɬɪɩɟɡɭ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ,
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɩɢʄɚ: ɜɢɧɨ, ɪɚɤɢʁɚ, ɫɨɤɨɜɢ, ɭ
ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɩɢɜɨ, ɤɢɫɟɥɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɫɭ
ɩɢʄɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨ ɬɟɤ ɡɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɥɨ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ, ɜɢɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ. ɋ ɜɢɧɨɦ ɫɟ, ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ, ɭɡɢɦɚ ɭɡ
ɦɟɞ ɢ ɞɪɟɧɚɤ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɜɢɧɨ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɚ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ.
ɉɪɟɞ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ ɫɟ ɩɚɥɢ, ɭ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ,
ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ʉɚɧɞɢɥɨ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ
ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ ɝɨɪɢ
ɭ ɤɭʄɢ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɬɡɜ. ɦɚɥɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɬɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɲɩɨɪɟɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ. Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɭɩɚɥɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ ɢ ɨɱɢɬɚ
ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ, ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɫɟ ɜɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɩɚɥɟ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɬɨʁɟ ɭ ɫɢɬɭ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɚ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ. ɍ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɩɚɥɟ
ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ ɡɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ.
ɉɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɧɢɦ ɪɚɞʃɚɦɚ
ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɢ. ɉɪɜɨ ɫɟ ɭɡɢɦɚɨ ɦɟɞ, ɩɚ ɞɪɟɧ ɢ ɜɢɧɨ.
ɇɟɤɨ ɦɟɞ ɢ ɞɪɟɧ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ
ɜɟɱɟ. ɇɟɝɞɟ ɫɟ, ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ, ɜɟɱɟ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɦɟɞ ɢ ɨɪɚɫɢ. ȼɟɱɟɪɭ
ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɨɬɤɢɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɱɟ ɨɞ ɜɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ
ɨɪɚɱɢɰɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɲɚɤɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɦɭ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɚ. ɂɫɬɨ
ɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ. ɋɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ
ɩɨɫɥɭɠɭʁɭ ɨɞ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ʁɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɭ. ȼɢʂɭɲɤɟ ɢ ɧɨɠɟɜɢ
89
ɫɟ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ, ɯɥɟɛ ɫɟ ɥɨɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɞɚ, ɚ

ɪɢɛɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɟ ɩɪɫɬɢɦɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɫɟ ɫɚ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɧɨɠɟɜɚ ɢ ɜɢʂɭɲɚɤɚ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ ɫɚ ʁɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɢ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɨɪɚɯɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɨɪɚɫɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʁɭ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚɥɢ ɫɭɞɨɜɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɚɞɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞ, ɧɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɫɚɱɢɲʄɚʃɚ
(ɱɢɲʄɟʃɚ) ɤɭʄɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ, ɫɜɟʄɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɝɨɪɟ ɭ ɫɢɬɭ ɝɚɫɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ ɦɟɲɚɜɢɧɭ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ, ɤɨʁɭ
ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɢɡ ɫɢɬɚ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɨʂɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɢ ɨɧɚ
ɠɢɬɚɪɢɰɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɥɟɩɢɥɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɟʄɟ. Ʉɚɧɞɢɥɨ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ
ɞɚ ɝɨɪɢ ɞɨɤɥɟ ɝɨɞ ɢɦɚ ɭʂɚ ɢ ɮɢɬɢʂɚ.
ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɨ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ ɜɟɱɟɪɢ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ
ɫɩɚɜɚʃɟ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɟɧɢ ɫɭɞɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɫɤɥɚʃɚʁɭ,
ɩɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɭ.
Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ ɫɚ ʁɟɥɨɦ, ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ:
1. ɋɭɞɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɫɤɥɚʃɚʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɭ. Ɇɪɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɤɭɩɟ,
ɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɞ ʇɚɤɚ;
2. ɋɭɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɞɨ ɫɭɬɪɚɞɚɧ. ɇɟ ɞɢɪɚ ɫɟ
ɧɢɲɬɚ ɞɨ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ, ʁɟɪ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɭɧ ɚɫɬɚɥ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɰɟɥɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɧɨɠɟɜɢ ɢ
ɜɢʂɭɲɤɟ, ɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚ. ɇɟ ɥɨɦɟ ɫɟ
ɨɪɚɫɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚɥɢ ɫɭɞɨɜɢ.
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɞɚ ɬɟ ɧɨʄɢ ɩɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɬɪɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɭɝɚɫɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɚɦ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɧɨʄɢ ɜɚɬɪɚ ɧɟ ɱɭɜɚ. ɍʁɭɬɪɭ ɫɟ, ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɪɚɧɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɢ.
ɂɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɞɨɻɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ. Ʉɚɩɢʁɚ
ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɧɟ ɭɻɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɩɨɠɟʂɚɧ.
90
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 6. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ – ɞɚɧ, ɜɟɱɟ, ɧɨʄ 6. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ – ɞɚɧ, ɜɟɱɟ, ɧɨʄ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, ɲɭɦɚ Ʉɭʄɚ/ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ/ɲɭɦɚ
ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ, ɇɟɞɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɯ
ɫɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ
ɤɭʄɟ, ɩɪɢɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɰɚ (ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨ),
Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ, ɤɥɚʃɟ
ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɰɚ, ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ,
ɪɭɱɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɩɭɰɚʃɟ ɩɟɬɚɪɞɢ,
ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ, ɤɥɚʃɟ ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ
ɢ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ, ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ
ɩɭɰɚʃɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɧɝɢʁɚ, ɩɨɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ
ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɢ
ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɥɚɦɟ, ɛɚɰɚʃɟ ɨɪɚɯɚ,
ɩɨɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɫɬɨɥɚ,
ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɟ, ɛɚɰɚʃɟ ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ,
ɨɪɚɯɚ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɥɚ, ɱɢɬɚʃɟ
ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ, ɜɟɱɟɪɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɩɚʂɟʃɟ
ɤɚɧɞɢɥɚ, ɱɢɬɚʃɟ
ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ, ɜɟɱɟɪɚ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ,
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
ɞɟɰɚ ɞɟɰɚ
Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ, ɫɥɚɦɚ, Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ, ɫɥɚɦɚ,
ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ, ɫɢɬɨ ɯɥɟɛ, ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ, ɫɢɬɨ, ɯɥɟɛ,
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɨɪɚɫɢ, ʁɚɛɭɤɚ, ɞɪɟɧɚɤ, ɨɪɚɫɢ, ʁɚɛɭɤɚ, ɞɪɟɧɚɤ,
ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɫɜɟʄɚ, ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɫɜɟʄɚ, ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ,
ɫɬɨ, ɤɚɲɢɤɟ, ɜɢɧɨ ɫɬɨ, ɤɚɲɢɤɟ, ɜɢɧɨ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɉɨɡɚʁɦɢɰɚ ɉɨɡɚʁɦɢɰɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 11: Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
91
Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨ – Ȼɨɠɢʄ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ (ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ Ȼɚɞʃɢ

ɞɚɧ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ) ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɭ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. Ȼɚɞʃɟɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ
ɞɨɫɬɚ ɢɫɩɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɢ (ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ), ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ
ɱɢɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɧɟɪɚɡɞɜɨʁɧɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ
ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɨɞɜɨʁɢɜɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ „ɤɚɨ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ“.76 Ɇɧɨɝɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɜɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ, ɩɚ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɩɢɫ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ 25. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪɚ/7. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ.
ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɚʃɭ, ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ
ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ
ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɢɦɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɢɡ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɭɬɢɫɤɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
„ɧɚʁɩɭɧɢʁɢ“ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ.
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɦ ɪɨɻɟʃɭ ɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɬɨɦɟ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ.
X YZ W
Ȼɨɠɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ,
ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɜɚʂɚ ɩɨɧɟɲɬɨ ɢ
ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ
ɭɩɭʄɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤʄɟɪɢ ɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɟ ɪɭɱɧɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
„ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɜɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɢʄɢ ɨɞ ɪɭɤɟ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɰɟɥɟ
76
Ⱦ. Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ, 294-295.
92
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɧɟ ɨɬɩɨɱɧɟ ɞɚ ɬɤɚ, ɩɥɟɬɟ,

ɲɢʁɟ ɢɬɞ.“77
ȳɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɩɭɰɚʃɟ. Ʉɚɤɨ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢ Ɇ. Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɢɜɚɥɟ,
„ɡɜɢɠɞɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɭɪɲɭɦɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɝɥɚɜɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɨɩɟɬ ɩɭɰɚɥɨ. ɇɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɦɪɬɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɛɢɥɨ, ɩɚ ɫɟ
ɨɩɟɬ ɩɭɰɚɥɨ. Ɍɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɟɫɟʂɟ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɦɢɥɨ...“78
ɍ ɰɟɥɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɨ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɭɡɢɦɚɥɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɚ
ɢɡɜɨɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ɩɪɨɩɪɚ-
ʄɟɧɨ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɢ, ɛɚɰɚʃɟɦ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ ɢ ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦ
ɞɪɟɧɚ.79 ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ
ʁɚɤɨɜɧɚ. ɋɥɭɠɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɞ ʃɟ ɩɨɩɢʁɟ
ɩɪɟ ʁɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɨɦɟ ɡɚɦɟɫɢ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ.80
ɇɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɫɟ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɩɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɠɢɜɢɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɚ
ɫɬɨɤɚ. Ʉɨɞ Ȼɚɧɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɏɟɪɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ
ɲɬɨ ɩɨɻɟ ɫɬɨɰɢ, ɧɚ ɪɭɤɭ ɧɚɜɭɱɟ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɩɨ
ɦɚɥɨ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ ɢ ɠɢɬɚ, ɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɪɭɰɢ ɧɨɫɢ ɫɜɟʄɭ. ɋɜɚɤɨ
ɝɪɥɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɦɢɥɭʁɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɟʄɢ: ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɠɢɜɨ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨ ɢ
ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨ.81 ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɭ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ.82
77
ɋɪɟɛɪɢɰɚ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ ɢ Ɇɢɥɤɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȳɚɪɦɟɧɨɜɰɢ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ
ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 73, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1958, 109.
78
79
ȳɨɜɚɧ ȿɪɞɟʂɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɨ ɒɭɦɚɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ (ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɨ ɉ.
ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ), ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
64, 160.
80
81
Ȼɚɧɚɬɫɤɟ ɏɟɪɟ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1958, 299.
82
ȳ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɚ, 92; Ɇ. ȭ. Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ, ɀɢɜɨɬ
ɋɪɛɚ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ, 169; ɉ. ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɭɠɚ, 228-230.
93
ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ʁɟɫɬɟ

ɞɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɛɢɦɧɚ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.83 ɉɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɝɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɨɫɟɬɢɥɚɰ ɤɭʄɟ. ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɤɭʄɭ ɩɨɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ,
ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ (ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ, ɧɩɪ.). Ɉɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ, ɩɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.
Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɪɭɱɢɜɚɨ (ɨɛɢɱɧɨ
ɧɟɤɨ ɦɭɲɤɨ ɱɟʂɚɞɟ). Ⱥɤɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢ ɞɚ ɤɭʄɚ
ɧɚɩɪɟɞɭʁɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.84
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Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ,
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ
ɫɭ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɢɡ ɨɩɢɫɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɱɢɧɟ:
• ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ,
• ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨ ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ,
• ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ,
• ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ,
• ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɪɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ,
• ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ.
83
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ: Ɇ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 38-39.
84
Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɫɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2001, 436. Ɉ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɢ ɭɥɨɡɢ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: ɒɩɢɪɨ
Ʉɭɥɢɲɢʄ, ɉɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɞɚɪɢ, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1970, 115-135; ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɪɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, 209-228.
94
Ⱦɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ
ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
ɭɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɧɨʄɢ, ɚ ɧɚʁɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɬɪɢ ɫɚɬɚ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ. ɑɢɦ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɭ, ɬʁ. ɩɪɟ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɚ ɫɭɧɰɚ,
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɨ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɧɚɪ ɭ
ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ. ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɲɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ
ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ. ɍ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɠɢɬɨ
(ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ) ɢɡ ɫɢɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɭ. Ʉɚɞ ɛɢ
ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɤɨɞ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɜɨɞɨɧɨɲɚ ɛɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ: ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫɟ ɪɨɞɢ,
ɯɥɚɞɧɚ ɜɨɞɨ, ɚ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɛɢ ɩɨɥɢɜɚɨ (ɩɨɫɢɩɚɨ) ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨɦ
ɠɢɬɧɨɦ ɦɟɲɚɜɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɢɬɢɨ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɬɨɱɢɨ
ɜɨɞɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɧɚɱɟɬɚ. Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɭɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɭ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ: ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫɟ ɪɨɞɢ, ɚ ɨɧɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɚ:
ȼɚɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɫɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɪɨɞɢ, ɢ ɩɨɫɢɩɚɥɚ ɝɚ ɠɢɬɨɦ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɭɡɢɦɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɫɢɬɚ. ɉɪɨɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢɦ
ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɟ, ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɨɞɥɚɫɤɚ ɩɨ
ɧɟɧɚɱɟɬɭ ɜɨɞɭ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɨ ɭ ʁɨɲ ɩɨɧɟɤɨɦ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚ ɛɭɧɚɪ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ. ɉɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɫɚ ɛɭɧɚɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɚ
ɧɚɬɨɱɢɦ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ – ɤɚɠɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ.
Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɨ ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɞɨɧɟɬɟ ɧɟɧɚɱɟɬɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɞɜɚʁɚɥɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɞɟɨ ɡɚ ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ, ɚ ɞɟɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɦɟɫɢ
ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ ɢ ɫɩɪɟɦɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɛɭɞɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɟ. ɋɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɨɧɟɬɨɦ
ɜɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɩɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɲɬɢɧɭ. Ʌɢɰɟ ɢ ɪɭɤɟ ɫɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɪɢɫɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɭɦɢɜɚʃɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɭɲɟ.
Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɨ ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɦ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ
ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ.
95
ɉɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ (ɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ) ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ/ɛɭɧɚɪɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ʁɟ
ɫɟɤɚɨ ɦɟɫɨ ɨɞ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɦɢɜɚʃɚ, ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭɡɢɦɚɥɢ
ɦɟɞ, ɞɪɟɧ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɟ. ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢ, ɫɜɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɭɡɢɦɚɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɞ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɞ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ʁɟɥɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɞɟɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɫɜɟ ɨɛɚɜɢ, ɬɟɤ ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɪɭɱɤɨɜɚɥɨ (ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚɥɨ). ɍ ɬɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ
ʁɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ ɨɞ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ. ɋɜɟ ɨɜɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɞɨɻɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ. ɍ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɨɞ ɛɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ, ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɨɦ. ɍ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɞɨɻɟ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ ɩɨɫɧɨɦ ɯɪɚɧɨɦ, ɨɧɚ ɫɟ
ɫɤɥɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɨɥɚ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚɥɨ ɬɟɤ ɤɚɞɚ ɞɨɻɟ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢ ɦɟɫɨɦ ɨɞ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ, ɬɟɤ ɨɧɞɚ
ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɟ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɨɞ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɨɤɭɫɟ ɞɟɰɚ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɨɦɪɫɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨ ɞɟɬɟ,
ɨɧɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɢ ɩɨɞɦɥɚɞɚɤ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢ, ɚ ɚɤɨ ɬɨ
ɩɪɜɨ ɭɱɢɧɢ ɦɭɲɤɨ, ɨɧɞɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɭɲɤɢ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɩɪɜɨ ɭɡɢɦɚɥɢ ɞɪɟɧɚɤ ɢ
ɦɟɞ: ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɞɪɚɜ ɢ ʁɚɤ ɤɚɨ ɞɪɟɧ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ:
ɋɜɚɤɨ ɞɟɬɟ ɭɞɚɪɢɦ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨ ɝɥɚɜɢ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɡɞɪɚɜɢ ɤɨ ɞɪɟɧ.
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢɫɬɢɱɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɪɟɧɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɞ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭɡɢɦɚɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɞɪɟɧɚɤ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɚɨ: Ⱦɟɰɚ ɬɨ ɧɟ
ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɪʂɚɜɨ.
ɍ ɩɨɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɞ
ɩɨɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɞɦɚɯ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɦɟɫɨ ɨɞ
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ. ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɫɚɱɟɤɚ ɞɚ ɞɨɻɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ
ɞɚ ɞɨɪɭɱɚɤ, ɩɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɞ
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɡɚ
ɞɨɪɭɱɚɤ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɢɪ.
96
Ⱦɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ
Ⱦɨɤ ɧɟ ɞɨɻɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɫɟɞɧɟ, ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢɦɚ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟɞɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɯɨɞɚ ɛɨɫ ɩɨ ɤɭʄɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɧɟ ɢɡɧɟɫɟ ɢɡ
ɤɭʄɟ. Ɉɜɢɯ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɨ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚ.
ɉɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɨɻɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ. Ɉɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɞɚ
ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɫɪɟʄɭ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ.
Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɪɚɞɢʁɟ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɟɰɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɟ, ʁɟɪ
ʄɟ ɨɧɚ, ɩɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, ɞɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɤɭʄɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ
ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɭɧɭɰɢ. Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ʁɟ
ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚɦ ɩɟɬɥɨɜɟ, ɛɢɥɢ ɛɢ ɦɭɬɚɜɢ – ɜɢɲɟ ɭ ɲɚɥɢ ɤɚɠɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤ, ʁɟɪ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɧɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ
ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɛɟɛɚ. Ɇɨɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ʃɟɝɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɬɨ ɡɚ ɞɟɞɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɫɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɭɧɭɤ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁ.
ɍ ɤɪɚʄɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɭ ɪɚɧɢɦ ʁɭɬɚɪʃɢɦ ɫɚɬɢɦɚ. ȼɟʄ
ɨɞ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɚɠɟʃɚ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɧɟɜɭ. ɍ
ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɞɨɻɟ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɭ ɚɤɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɭɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɤɚɠɟ: ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫɟ
ɪɨɞɢ, ɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ: ȼɚɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɫɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɪɨɞɢ, ɢ
ɩɨɫɢɩɚ ɝɚ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɢ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɫɢɬɭ ɧɚ
ɫɬɨɥɭ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɭɻɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɩɪɢɥɚɡɢ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɭ ɢ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢ ɧɨɜɱɢʄ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢɥɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɭ
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɭ ɫɥɚɦɭ. ɋɬɨɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɚ. Ʉɚɞ
ɫɟɞɧɟ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɚɞɨɦ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ʇɚɪɚ
ɜɚɬɪɭ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɦɚɥɚ ɞɟɰɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɧɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɲɬɚ
ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ, ɬɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ
ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ʃɢɯ. ȼɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ʇɚɪɚ ɯɪɚɫɬɨɜɢɦ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɨɦ.
97
ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ: Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɚɪɧɢɰɚ, ɬɨɥɢɤɨ

ɝɨɞɢɧɢɰɚ/ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɚɪɧɢɰɚ, ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɨɥɨɜɚ/ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɚɪɧɢɰɚ,
ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɨɜɚɰɚ/ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɚɪɧɢɰɚ, ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɚɫɢʄɚ/ɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɜɚɪɧɢɰɚ, ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɢɥɢʄɚ..., ɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ, ɬɟɲɤɟ
ɤɟɫɟ, ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ ɫɚ ʇɚɪɚʃɟɦ ɜɚɬɪɟ,
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɭ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɭ ɦɟɞ, ɞɪɟɧ, ɜɢɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢ
ɞɨɪɭɱɚɤ. Ɂɚ ɞɨɪɭɱɚɤ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɯɥɟɛ ɢ ɦɟɫɨ ɨɞ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɪɭɱɤɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɢɞɟ ɤɭʄɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɞɨ
ɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ.
ɍɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟ
ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɝ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɬɤɨɫɬ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɚɦɬɢ.
Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɨɜɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɥɟ (ɜɪɥɨ ɪɟɬɤɨ). Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɭɜɟɞɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɢɩɚ ɠɢɬɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ. ɉɭɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɠɢɬɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɚ, ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ
ɜɪɚʄɚ ɭ ɫɬɚʁɭ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɪɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ

Ⱦɨ ɪɭɱɤɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɚɜɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ: ɤɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ/ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ ɢ ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ
ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ.
- Ʉɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ/ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ. ɍʁɭɬɪɭ ɪɚɧɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɤɨʂɟ
ɩɟɬɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɭ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɭɩɭ ɡɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ. ɋɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ
ɫɭɩɟ ɡɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ. ɍ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɤɨʂɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ, ɦɟʃɚɨ ʁɟ
ɤɨɤɨɲɤɭ ɤɨɞ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɤɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɤɨʂɟ,
ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨ ɩɢɥɟ ɡɚ ɬɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɜɚɞɢ ɢɡ
ɡɚɦɪɡɢɜɚɱɚ.
- Ɇɟɲɟʃɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ. Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɦɟɫɢ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɡɨɜɟ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ. ɑɟɫɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ
ɨɞ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɲɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɜɚɫɰɚ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ
ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɛɟɥɨɝ ɩɲɟɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɲɧɚ. Ɉɤɪɭɝɥɨɝ ʁɟ
ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɟɱɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɟɩɫɢʁɢ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɩɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ.
98
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ, ɚɥɢ

ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɚ ɩɪɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɞɢɡɚʃɚ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ (ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ),
ɬʁ. ɩɪɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɫɚ
ɜɨɞɨɦ ɞɨɧɟɬɨɦ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ/ɛɭɧɚɪɚ (ɬɡɜ. ɜɨɞɢɰɨɦ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ,
ɧɟɧɚɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɦ). ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɚ
ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɦ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɨ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɧɚɩɨʂɟ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɭ.
ɑɟɫɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ: ɭ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜɢ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɨɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɲɩɨɪɟɬ ɞɚ
ɩɪɨɤɭɜɚ. Ʉɚɞ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɤɭɜɚ, ɫɢɩɚ ɫɟ ɛɪɚɲɧɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ
ɦɟɲɚ. ɋɦɟɫɚ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɢɲɟ ɬɜɪɞɚ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɦɚɡɚɧ ɩɥɟɯ ɢ
ɩɟɱɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɭ. ɍ ɬɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɭɛɚɰɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢ
ɧɨɜɱɢʄ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɧɚ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɭ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɭ. ɍ
ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɭ ɬɟɫɬɨ ʁɨɲ ɭɛɚɰɢ
ɩɚɫɭʂ, ɩɲɟɧɢɰɭ, ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ, ɞɪɟɧɚɤ, ɞɭɥɟɱɧɨ ɫɟɦɟ, ɫɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ
ɨɬɤɢɧɟ ɤɨɦɚɞɢʄ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ʁɚɪɚɦ ɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɞɢʄɚ ɞɪɟɧɤɚ.
ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ, ɨɞ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ, ɭ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ ɭɛɚɰɢ ɫɚɦɨ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɨɜɱɢʄ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ
ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɢɪ ɢ ɭʂɟ.
Ƚɨɪʃɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ ɲɚɪɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɬɪɫɤɟ.
Ɍɪɢ ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ɬɪɫɤɟ ɭɜɟɠɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɦ ɢ
ɪɚɲɢɪɟ ɭ ɫɬɨɠɟɪ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɢ, ɜɭɤɭ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɫɬɭ ɞɚ
ɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɲɚɪɭ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɚ ɢɡɚɲɥɚ ɢɡ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ʁɨɲ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɬɚ, ɧɢɤɨ ɨɞ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɡɚɩɚɦɬɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ ɩɟɤɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɪɚɜɢɰɢ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɦɟɫɢ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ
ɨɞ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɲɧɚ. ɍ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɧɨɜɚ. ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɱɧɟ ɞɚ ʇɚɪɚ
ɜɚɬɪɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɢɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɱɢʄ ɦɨɠɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɧɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢ. Ⱥɤɨ
ɫɟ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɦ ɢɡɝɭɛɢ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɞɚʁɟ ɧɨɜɢ. ɑɟɫɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ
ɥɨɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɟɱɟʃɚ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ. Ɍɨ ɪɚɞɟ ɫɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ.
ɋɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɧɚɻɟ ɫɚɤɪɢɜɟɧɭ ɩɚɪɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɪɥɨ
ɫɪɟʄɚɧ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. ɇɨɜɱɢʄ ɫɟ ɥɟɩɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɮɨɧ, ɝɞɟ
ɫɬɨʁɢ ɞɨɤ ɫɚɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɟ, ɱɭɜɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɡɚ
99
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ, ɚ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɟ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ, ɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɧɨɜɱɢʄɚ ɤɭɩɭʁɟ

ɫɨ (ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɞɨɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ)
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɫɬɨɰɢ.
• ɉɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɫɬɨɤɟ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɪɚɧɨ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɚɡɢ
ɫɬɨɤɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɭɻɟ ɭ ɫɬɚʁɭ ɧɚɯɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɨɤɭ ɫɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɠɢɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɞɪɠɢ ɭ ʇɟɩɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɢ.
• ɉɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɠɢɜɢɧɟ. ɀɢɜɢɧɭ ɩɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɨɦ. ɇɨɫɟ ɫɢɬɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɠɢɬɨ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ
ɯɪɚɧɟ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ.
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ
ɇɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɫɟ ɪɭɱɚɥɨ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ ɩɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ, ɩɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɩɨɞɧɟ. ɋɚɦ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɩɪɚɬɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɢ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ: ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ, ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ,
ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɥɨɦʂɟʃɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ, ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɛɢɨ ɨɤɨ ɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ, ɫɜɟ
ɩɪɟɞɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɩɪɟ ɞɜɚɧɚɟɫɬ ɫɚɬɢ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ
ɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ ɩɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɨɞɧɟ. ɍ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɫɟ
ɪɭɱɚ ɢ ɨɤɨ ɞɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɫɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɧɟ. ɋɜɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɪɟɞ
ɪɭɱɚɤ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ, ɫɚɦɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɢ.
• Ʉɚɻɟʃɟ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ. ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ
ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɨɤɚɞɟ ɬɪɩɟɡɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ
ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ. ɍɡ ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ, ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ
ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ (Ɉɱɟɧɚɲ).
• ɉɚʂɟʃɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ. ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɞɢ ɤɭʄɚ,
ɩɚɥɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɫɢɬɭ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɜɟʄ ɩɚʂɟɧɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɩɪɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ. ɋɜɟʄɢɰɟ ɩɚɥɢ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ. Ƚɚɫɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ, ɛɚɰɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ
ɠɢɬɚɪɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɫɢɬɭ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ
ɫɭɜɟ ɩɚ ɛɪɡɨ ɝɨɪɟ (ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɭʁɭ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɫɤɟ), ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɭɩɚɥɢɨ ɤɨɧɚɰ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ
100
ɭɜɟɡɚɧɟ, ɝɚɫɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ ɫɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɦ

ɪɭɱɤɨɦ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɫɜɟʄɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɱɢɪɚɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɪɯɭ ɫɬɨɥɚ. Ɉɧɚ
ɝɨɪɢ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɟɱɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ. Ƚɚɫɢ ɫɟ ɜɢɧɨɦ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɧɟɤɨ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɨɤɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɩɪɟ
ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɭɱɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɚɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɜɟʄɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ
ɱɢɪɚɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɪɯɭ ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɩɚɥɟ ɬɪɢ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ ɭɜɟɡɚɧɟ
ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɦ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɬɨʁɟ ɭ ɫɢɬɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɢɝɧɟ ɭɫɥɚɜɚ,
ɫɜɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɝɚɫɟ ɜɢɧɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɟ ɱɢɬɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ. ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ
ɫɚɦ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ: Ⱦɨɤ ɫɟ ɱɢɬɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ,
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɫɬɨʁɟ ɨɤɨ ɫɬɨɥɚ. ɉɪɟɞ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɨ ɱɚɲɚ ɜɢɧɚ. Ⱦɜɚ
ɩɭɬɚ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɝɭɬʂɚʁ ɜɢɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɝɭɬʂɚʁɚ
ɞɨɩɭʃɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɱɚɲɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɱɢɬɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ, ɱɚɲɚ ɜɢɧɚ ɫɟ
ɢɫɩɢʁɟ ɨɞʁɟɞɧɨɦ.
• ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ. ɍɫɥɚɜɚ (ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ) ɫɟ
ɞɢɡɚɥɚ ɨɤɨ ɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ. ɋɚ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ,
ɩɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟɱɟʃɚ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɢɡɚ ɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɢɥɢ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɫɚ ʃɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɟɤɚɨ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ.
Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ ɫɟɤɚɨ ɭɧɚɤɪɫɬ, ɧɚ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ,
ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɩɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɞɟɨ ɤɨɪɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɢ. Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ
ɩɨɫɢɩɚɨ ɜɢɧɨɦ. ɋɜɚɤɭ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɧɭ ɧɚɢɡɦɟɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ
ɞɚ ɩɨʂɭɛɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɢ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ, ɭɡ ɪɟɱɢ: ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɩɨ
ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫ. Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɫɢɨ: ʁɟɫ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ. Ⱥɤɨ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ
ɧɟ ɡɧɚ ɲɬɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɠɟ, ɪɟɱɢ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ.
• Ʌɨɦʂɟʃɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ. ɑɟɫɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɥɨɦɢɥɚ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɫɟɱɟʃɚ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ. ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢ ɥɨɦʂɟʃɭ
ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ, ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɨɥɢ. Ɉɜɚ ɫɨ ɫɟ
ɨɩɤɪɨʁɢ, ɢɡɜɚɞɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɚʁɟ ɫɬɨɰɢ.
ɑɟɫɧɢɰɭ ɫɭ ɥɨɦɢɥɢ ɫɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɚ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ
ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɱɤɭ. Ʉɪɚʁɟɜɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɭ
ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɢ, ɧɟ ɩɭɲɬɚʁɭʄɢ, ɨɤɪɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɭɞɟɫɧɨ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɬɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɧɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɨɦɢ (ɤɢɞɚ), ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɢɠɟ
ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɭɜɢɫ. Ƚɥɟɞɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɤɨɝɚ ʄɟ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ
101
ɤɨɦɚɞ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɬɚʁ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚʁɡɞɪɚɜɢʁɢ ɢ

ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɪɚɞɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɢɦɚʃɭ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɻɟ ɧɨɜɱɢʄ, ɬɚʁ ʄɟ
ɡɚɪɚɻɢɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɰɟɥɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɨɜɱɢʄ ɢɡ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ
ɫɟ ɥɟɩɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɮɨɧ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɫɬɨɥɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɟ, ɡɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɟ
ɤɭɩɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɨ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɬɪɨɲɢɥɚ. Ɉɞ ɨɜɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɞɚɜɚɥɨ
ɫɟ ɢ ɫɬɨɰɢ. ɑɟɫɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɤɢɞɚ. ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɧɢɫɚɦ
ɱɭɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɧɨɠɟɦ. ɋɜɚɤɨ ɨɞ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ ɦɨɪɚɨ ʁɟ
ɞɚ ɭɡɦɟ ɛɚɪ ɤɨɦɚɞɢʄ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɥɨɦɢɥɢ
ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ ɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟɦ ɭɤɪɭɝ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɚ ɫɚɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ
ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟʄɢ ɢ ɧɨɠɟɦ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɨɜɢʁɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɭ ɨɧɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ
ɜɨɞɟ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭʂɟ ɢ ɫɢɪ. ɍ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨʁ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɢ, ɧɚ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ ɫɟ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɨɥɢ. ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɨ ɫɚ
ɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟɦ, ɫɚ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɜɚɞɢɥɚ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɫɨ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ
ɨɛɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɚ ɫɨʂɭ ɢ ɜɚɻɟʃɟɦ ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɞɚɜɚɧ ɫɬɨɰɢ.
Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɧɚɻɟ ɧɨɜɱɢʄ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ, ɬɚʁ ɫɟ
ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɫɪɟʄɧɢɦ. ɇɨɜɱɢʄ ɫɟ ɥɟɩɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɮɨɧ ɢ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɬɚɦɨ
ɞɨɤ ɫɚɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɟ, ɱɭɜɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ
ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ, ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
• Ɋɭɱɚɤ. Ɋɭɱɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɟɱɟʃɚ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɢ ɥɨɦʂɟʃɚ
ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ, ɡɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɢ ɫɭɩɚ ɨɞ
ɩɟɬɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ. Ɉɞ ɫɥɚɬɤɨɝ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧɟ
ɩɢɬɟ ɫɚ ʁɚɛɭɤɚɦɚ (ɜɢɲʃɚɦɚ) ɢɥɢ ɲɬɪɭɞɥɚ, ɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟ – ɤɨɥɚɱɢ.
• Ƚɚɲɟʃɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɚ. Ʉɚɞ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɢɝɥɚ ɭɫɥɚɜɚ ɩɪɟ
ɫɚɦɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ, ɫɜɢ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɛɢ ɝɚɫɢɥɢ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ ɠɢɬɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɢɬɚ.
Ɉɧɨ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɭɯɜɚɬɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɚɦɚ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ
ʄɟ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɨʂɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɢ. ɋɜɟʄɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ.85
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Ɉɫɬɚɰɢ ɜɨɫɤɚ ɨɞ ɫɜɟʄɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ, ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ
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Ʉɚɞ ɪɭɱɚ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɢɞɟ ɤɭʄɢ. ɇɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ ɧɢʁɟ

ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɭ ɞɚʁɭ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɢ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɢ ɞɚɪ (ɱɚɪɚɩɟ, ɩɟɲɤɢɪ, ɤɨɲɭʂɚ, ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɥ.),
ɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ – ɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ. ɉɪɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɫɜɢ ɫɟɞɟ ɤɨɞ
ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɤɭʄɚ. ɇɟ ɢɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɢɤɨɦɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɬɭ, ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɚɠɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ.
ɇɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɫɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ, ɧɟ ɱɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɭ
ɫɟ ɫɭɞɨɜɢ (ɦɚɞɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɨ ɬɚʃɢɪɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɟɪɟ), ɧɟ
ɱɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨɦ ɯɪɚɧɨɦ. ɂ ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ:
ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɨɞɦɚɪɚʃɭ.
ɉɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɫɬɨɤɟ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɤɨɞ ɫɬɨɤɟ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɨɤɭ ɩɨɥɚɡɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰ, ɚɥɢ
ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɡɚɭɡɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɨɦ ɜɚɧ ɤɭʄɟ, ɬɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ.
ɍɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɭ ɲɬɚɥɭ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɫɬɨɤɭ ɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫɟ
ɪɨɞɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɢɩɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɬɢɦ ɠɢɬɨɦ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɡɟɨ ɢɡ ɫɢɬɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟʃɚ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɫɬɨɤɭ. ɋɬɨɤɚ
(ɤɪɚɜɟ ɢ ɫɜɢʃɟ) ɫɟ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɠɢɬɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɢɩɚ
ɠɢɬɨɦ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ: Ⱦɨɛɚɪ ɞɚɧ ɢ ɫɪɟʄɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. ɍ
ɧɟɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɲɬɚɥɚ ɤɢɬɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɟɧɤɨɦ – ɞɚ
ɫɬɨɤɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɚ. Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɲɬɚɥɟ ɫɤɢɧɟ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɫɬɢɝɧɟ.
ɍ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚ ɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɪɢ. Ɉɧ
ʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɨɪɟʃɟ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɪɚɧɨ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɲɬɚɥɭ, ɝɞɟ
ɫɟ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɫɢɩɚɥɚ ɠɢɬɨɦ ɢ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ʁɨʁ ɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɤɨɦɚɞɢ
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ʃɨʁ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɢ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ,
ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ.
ɉɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɠɢɜɢɧɟ. ɇɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ
ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɤɨɞ ɠɢɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɢ ʁɟ ɦɟɲɚɜɢɧɨɦ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ
ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ, ɤɨʁɭ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɫɢɬɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ
ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɰɪɤɜɢ.
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ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ,

ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɯɪɚɧɢ ɠɢɜɢɧɭ.
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɪɚɞɢ, ɩɨɫɚɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ.
ɉɪɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɬɟ, ɬʁ.
ɬɭɻɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ. ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɢʄɢ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɪɭɱɤɚ ɛɢ ɦɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɞɚɥɚ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɢɫɩɟɤɥɚ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ. Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ ɜɟɡɢɜɚɨ ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɦ. ɍɡ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɞɚɜɚɥɟ ɩɚɪɟ (ɩɪɢɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɚɱ) ɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɞ ɞɚɪɨɜɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɞɚɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɟ ɪɭɱɚɥɨ ɨɤɨ ɞɜɚ ɫɚɬɚ ɩɨɩɨɞɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɢɤɚɤɜɢɯ
ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢʁɚ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɟɤɢɯ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. ɉɨɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɱɢɫɬɢ ɤɭʄɭ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɻɭɛɪɟ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɞɨ
ɫɭɬɪɚɞɚɧ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɧɟɤɢɯ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. ɉɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɨɧɢɯ ɧɚʁɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢʁɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ
ɨɞɥɨɠɢɬɢ. ɍ ɩɨɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɱɢɫɬɢ ɜɟʄ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ,
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɨɧɢɦ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ.
Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ

Ɍɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɱɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚ. ɍɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ɫɟ
ɪɚɧɨ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɟɨ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. ɑɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɩɪɟ
ɫɭɧɰɚ. ɋɥɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɫɟɞɟɨ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ
ɝʃɢɡɞɚɪɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɨɫɟ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɛɚɰɢɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɜɢʃɚɰ.
Ɉɪɚɫɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɚɰɚɧɢ ɭ ʄɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɤɭɩɟ ɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɞɚ
ɫɬɨʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ.
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Ȼɚɞʃɚɰɢ ɫɟ
1. ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɚ ɲʂɢɜɭ. Ɉɫɬɚʁɭ ɧɚ
ɞɪɜɟɬɭ ɞɨɤ ɢɯ ɜɟɬɚɪ ɧɟ ɡɛɚɰɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɢɯ ɧɟɤɨ ɢɡɝɨɪɢ, ɚ
ɧɟɤɨ ɢɯ ɛɚɰɢ ɭ ʄɨɲɚɤ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɢɞɟ;
2. ɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɪɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɭ:
Ɋɭɠɧɨ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ. ɒɬɚ ɡɧɚɦ ɞɚ ɥ ɜɚʂɚ.
Ʉɭʄɚ ɫɟ ɱɢɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɥɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ: ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ
ɛɚɲɬɟɧɫɤɚ – ɨɞ ɩɪɭʄɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɛɢʂɤɟ ɦɟɬɥɟ. Ɇɟɬɥɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɻɭɛɪɟɬɨɦ ɞɚ ɢɫɬɪɭɥɢ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɦɟɬɥɚ ɦɨɠɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɧɨɜɚ, ɤɭɩʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɢʁɚɰɢ. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɤɭʄɟ
ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɝ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɟ
ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɚɞɧɟ.
ɋɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɨ ɫɦɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ
ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɝɚɡɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɤɭʄɟ ɩɪɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɫɜɢ ɫɭɞɨɜɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɧɢ ɨ Ȼɨɠɢʄɭ.
Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɬɟɜɚɧ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢʁɚ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɫɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɧɨ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ
ɱɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɤɭʄɚ. Ȼɚɞʃɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɪɨɞɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ, ɚ
ɫɥɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɤɨɞ ɫɬɨɤɟ. Ɇɟɬɥɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɻɭɛɪɟ. ɍ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɫɥɚɦɚɪɢɰɚ, ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɦɟʃɚɧɚ
ʁɟ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɥɚɦɚɪɢɰɚɦɚ. ɋɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɫɥɚɦɚ, ɫɬɚɪɚ ʁɟ
ɜɚɻɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɩɚʂɢɜɚɧɚ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɱɢɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ.
ɋɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɲɱɢɫɬɢ ɛɚɰɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɫɬɨɤɟ (ɤɪɚɜɚ,
ɫɜɢʃɚ, ɤɨɤɨɲɚɤɚ), ɚ ɧɟ ɛɚɰɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɻɭɛɪɟ. ɑɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ
ɦɟɬɥɨɦ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɛɚɰɢ ɧɚ ɻɭɛɪɟ ɞɚ ɢɫɬɪɭɥɢ.
Ȼɚɞʃɚɰɢ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɞɚ ɫɬɨʁɟ. Ⱦɟɨ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ʇɚɪɚ ɜɚɬɪɚ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɪɢ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
ɧɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɩɢɬɢ ɤɚɮɭ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɛɭɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢɦɚ ɤɨ ɧɟ
ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
105
ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɪɨɞɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɧɱɚɧɨ, ɚ ʁɨɲ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɨ

ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɥɨɲɚ ɢ ɬɟɲɤɚ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɢ ɜɨʄɤɟ ɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɞɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɨɛɥɚɱɚɧ, ɚ ɚɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɫɧɟɝɚ, ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɪɨɞɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɂɧɚɱɟ, ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɩɪɟɛɪɨʁɚɜɚɨ
ɧɨɜɚɰ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɝɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɰɟɥɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.86
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 7. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ – ʁɭɬɪɨ, ɞɚɧ 7. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ – ʁɭɬɪɨ, ɞɚɧ
ɢɡɜɨɪ/ɛɭɧɚɪ, ɤɭʄɚ, ɱɟɫɦɚ, ɤɭʄɚ, ɲɬɚɥɚ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ
ɲɬɚɥɚ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ/ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ,
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ
ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɭ, ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ, ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ,
ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ, ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ,
ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ, ʇɚɪɚʃɟ ɜɚɬɪɟ, ɤɥɚʃɟ
ʇɚɪɚʃɟ ɜɚɬɪɟ, ɤɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ/ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ, ɦɟɲɟʃɟ,
ɩɟɬɥɚ, ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ, ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɠɢɜɢɧɟ, ɠɢɜɢɧɟ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ
ɤɚɻɟʃɟ, ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɤɚɻɟʃɟ, ɩɚʂɟʃɟ
ɫɜɟʄɢɰɚ, ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɫɜɟʄɢɰɚ, ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ,
ɥɨɦʂɟʃɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ, ɥɨɦʂɟʃɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ,
ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ, ɝɚɲɟʃɟ ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ, ɝɚɲɟʃɟ
ɫɜɟʄɟ/ɫɜɟʄɢɰɚ, ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɫɜɟʄɟ/ɫɜɟʄɢɰɚ, ɪɭɱɚɤ,
ɞɚɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ, ɞɚɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ,
ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ
86
Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ ɐɜɟɬɢʄ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ – ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ „ɏɪɨɧɢɤɟ
ɫɟɥɚ“, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2003, 175.
106
ɜɨɞɚ, ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ, ɠɢɬɨ, ɜɨɞɚ, ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ, ɠɢɬɨ,

ɦɟɞ, ɞɪɟɧɚɤ, ɛɚɞʃɚɤ, ɦɟɞ, ɞɪɟɧɚɤ, ɛɚɞʃɚɤ,
ɜɢɧɨ, ɩɟɬɚɨ, ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ, ɜɢɧɨ, ɩɟɬɚɨ, ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ,
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ,
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ,
ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ/ɫɜɟʄɚ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ/ɫɜɟʄɚ
ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɩɢʁɟʃɟ ɤɚɮɟ, ɫɟɞɟʃɟ ɧɚ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɢ, ɯɨɞɚʃɟ ɛɨɫɢɯ -//-
ɧɨɝɭ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 12: Ȼɨɠɢʄ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ

ɬɡɜ. ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɞɚɧɟ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɦ. Ⱦɚɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 10. ɞɨ 13. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ, ɡɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨ ɞɚ ɠɟɧɟ ɧɟ
ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ: ɩɪɚʃɟ ɜɟɲɚ, ɲɢɜɟʃɟ, ɩɪɟɞɟʃɟ
ɜɭɧɟ, ɬɤɚʃɟ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ, ɜɟɡɟʃɟ ɢ ɫɥ.
ɋ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɟ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɪɚɞɢ
ɧɟɤɢ ɦɚɥɢ ɪɚɞ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɪɚɞ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɭ ɨɜɚ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɩɪ. ɲɚɥ, ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ, ɦɚɥɢ ɜɟɡ ɢ ɫɥ. ɇɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɭɪɚɞɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɨ ɧɟɤɢ ɜɟʄɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɞ
(ɬɤɚʃɟ ɧɩɪ.), ɨɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚɨ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɋɜ.
ȳɨɜɚɧɚ.
107
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 10-13. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ -//-
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɤɭʄɚ -//-
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɠɟɧɟ, ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ -//-
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ „ɦɚɥɢ ɪɚɞ“ – ɲɚɥ, ɤɚɩɚ... -//-
ɩɪɚʃɟ ɜɟɲɚ, ɜɟɡɟʃɟ,
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ, ɩɪɟɞɟʃɟ, -//-
ɬɤɚʃɟ...
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 13: Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ
Ɉɛɪɟɡɚʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ/ɋɜɟɬɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ

ȼɟɥɢɤɢ/ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ/Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ.
Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɦ

ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɚɞɚ 1./14. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɋɜɟɬɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ. ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ,
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ, ɲɬɨ
ɫɟ ɞâ ɧɚɫɥɭɬɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ.
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɢ 14. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɛɪɟɡɚʃɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ʁɟ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɜɚɠɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢɦ
ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ɩɚ ɢɡ ʁɟ
ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ, ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɧɚɡɢɜ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɉɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ Ɇɚɥɨɝ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ
108
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɡɨɜɟ

ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ.87 Ɂɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɨɞ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɚ ɡɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɭɡ ɨɫɬɚɥɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɭ
ɯɪɚɧɭ.
ɉɨ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ Ƚɨɪʃɟ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ
ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɨʁɢɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɲɧɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɨ ɫɟɦɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɝ ɩɨɜɪʄɚ, ɫɚ ɠɟʂɨɦ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɛɭɞɟ
ɪɨɞɧɚ. Ƚɨɪʃɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɲɚɪɚɧɚ ɛɨɰɤɚʃɟɦ
ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɬɪɢ ɭɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɨ ɢ ɭ
ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ.88
ɍ Ʌɟɜɱɭ ɢ Ɍɟɦɧɢʄɭ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɨɞɧɚ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɚɤɨ ɧɚ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɩɚɞɧɟ ɫɧɟɝ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɞɟ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɨ.
ɇɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɛɟɪɢʄɟɬɚ ɭ
ɩɨʂɭ, ɛɢɬɢ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɩɱɟɥɚ.89
X YZ W
Ʉɚɨ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɢ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ, ɢɡ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɝɚ
ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɟɦ. Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ,
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚɧ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɭ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ.
87
Ɉ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɢ: Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪ Ɋ. ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, ȼɚɫɢʂɢɰɚ, ɇɚɲ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ 2,
ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1984, 65-76; ɋɚʃɚ Ɂɥɚɬɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȼɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ ɢ
ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɟ Ɋɨɦɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ LII,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2004, 155-164.
88
ȳ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɚ, 96; ɉ. ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɭɠɚ, 234.
89
ɋ. Ɇɢʁɚɬɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɟɜɚɱ ɢ Ɍɟɦɧɢʄ, 129; Ⱦɟɧɚ Ⱦɟɛɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɉɨʂɭ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 1, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1907, 252.
109
Ɂɚ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ

ɝɥɚɜɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɚ ɭɡ ɨɫɬɚɥɭ ɯɪɚɧɭ ɡɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɟɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɪɟɻɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ. Ƚɥɚɜɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ
ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚ (ɥɭɩɚ) ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɤɭʄɟ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ
ɝɥɚɜɚ. ɋɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɟɱɟ ɢ ɛɭɬ. ɍɜɟɤ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɞɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ
ɦɟɫɚ. Ɂɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɫɟ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɨɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ʁɨɲ
ɩɨɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɜʂɚɥɨ. Ɉɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɟɤɥɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ ɨɞ
ɤɢɫɟɥɨɝ ɬɟɫɬɚ. ɍ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɨɫɧɨɝ
ɩɚɫɭʂɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɧ ɡɚ Ȼɚɞʃɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ
ɦɚɥɨ ɛɨʂɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨʁ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɛɢ ɪɟɤɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɞɚɧɭ.
ɇɚ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɩɟɤɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ
ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɯɥɟɛɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ. Ɍɨ
ʁɟ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɤɚɠɭ, ɛɢɥɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɩɪɨʁɟ.
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɲɧɚ. ɉɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ʁɟ
ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɭ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɭ, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ. Ɍɟɫɬɨ ɡɚ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɨɰɤɚ ɩɪɟ
ɩɟɱɟʃɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɪɚɞʃɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɬɪɢ ɰɟɜɱɢɰɟ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɨɞ ɬɪɫɤɟ, ɭɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɦ. ȳɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɚ
ɩɟɱɟʃɟɦ (ɨɞɧ. ɝɥɚɜɨɦ) ɨɞ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ
ɞɚɧ. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɰɭ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɨɤɪɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɪɭɱɚɤ
ɭɤɪɭɝ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɫɬɨɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɫɭ ʁɟ ɥɨɦɢɥɢ. Ʉɨ
ɨɞɥɨɦɢ ɜɟʄɟ ɩɚɪɱɟ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚʁɫɪɟʄɧɢʁɢ ɭ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
ɉɪɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɢ ɥɨɦʂɟʃɟ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ. ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ, ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ
ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɫɢ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɭ, ɤɚɠɟ: ɉɪɟɤɢɧɭɥɚ ɫɚɦ,90 ɩɚ ɧɟ ɢɞɟ ɞɚ
„ɩɨɜɪʄɟɦ“. ɇɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚʄɚ, ɚ ɢ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɧɟʄɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɟ.
90
ɍɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ: ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɟ, ɧɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɜɪɚʄɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ – ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɧɨɜɨ ɭɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ.
110
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɩɟɱɟ, ɰɟɜɱɢɰɨɦ

ɜɚɻɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɚɞɢʄɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɤʂɭɰɚʁɭ.
ɋɚɞɚ ɫɟ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɝɚɱɚ
ɢɥɢ ɩɢɬɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɧɨɠɟɦ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɥɨɦɢ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ.
ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɢ ɞɚɪ
ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɢ ɞɚɪ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɨ ɧɚ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. Ɉɜɚʁ
ɞɟɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ. ɉɨɤɥɨɧ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɭ ɫɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɟʄ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɞɚʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ.
ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɨɞ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɢ ɡɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ. Ɉɜɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞ ɇɨɜɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ (ɬʁ. ɧɚ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ) ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ
ɝɪɨɛʂɟ. ɍ ɢɫɬɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɥɟʄɤɚ ɨɞ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ. ɋɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɟʂɚɧɢ ɫɭ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ʁɨɲ ɢ
ɦɪɬɜɚɱɤɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɢɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɡɚ ɦɪɬɜɟ.91
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɢ Ɇɚɥɨɝ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ
ɝɪɨɛʂɟ. Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɨɞ
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɭ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɲɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɟ
ɤɨɲɭʂɟ ɡɚ ɞɟɰɭ. Ʉɨɲɭʂɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɞɟɬɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɤɨɜɚɥɨ, ɬʁ.
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɫɤɥɚʃɚɥɚ ɫɟ. Ɉɜɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ
ɤɨɲɭʂɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɬɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ.
ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɩɚɞɚɜɢɰɭ ɚɤɨ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ
ɫɚɲɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɤɨɲɭʂɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ
ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɤɚɨ ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɝɭɛɟʄɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢ
ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ.
91
Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ. ɇɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ
ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧ ʁɟɪ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɠɭ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ.
111
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɤɭʄɚ ɤɭʄɚ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ
ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɟ,
ʁɟɞɟʃɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ, ɱɟɤɚʃɟ ɇɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ
ɲɢɜɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɲɭʂɟ
ɞɟɬɟɬɭ
ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ, ɝɥɚɜɚ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ -//-
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɩɚɪɱɟ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɟ
ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɫɪɟʄɭ, -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ
ɞɟɰɢ ɫɟ ɲɢʁɟ ɤɨɲɭʂɚ -//-
ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɯ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 14: Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ/ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ –

Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ
Ɂɢɦɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɭ ɨɞ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɭ

Ȼɚɞʃɢɦ ɞɚɧɨɦ, ɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟɦ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ʁɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɟ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɡɥɟ
ɫɢɥɟ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ
ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɧɟ ɧɟɤɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɲɟɬɚʃɚ ɧɨʄɭ.
X YZ W
112
ɉɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ, ɨɜɨ ɫɭ ɞɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢ

ɫɟʄɚʃɭ ɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢʁɫɤɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɢɦ
ɪɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɢ ɤɪɲɬɟʃɟɦ ɭ ɪɟɰɢ ȳɨɪɞɚɧɭ.
X YZ W
Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ (ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɟɦ ɢ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟɦ) ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ,
ɨɛɪɟɞɢ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ, ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɥ., ɲɬɨ ɝɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɢɡ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ. ɉɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɨɜɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɭ
ɩɪɟɥɨɦɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢ ɡɚ
ɨɩɚɫɚɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ – ɬɚɞɚ ɞɭɲɟ ɭɦɪɥɢɯ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɟɱɢɫɬɟ ɫɢɥɟ,
ɭɥɚɡɟ ɦɟɻɭ ʂɭɞɟ.92
ɇɚɪɨɞ ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɜɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɂɫɭɫ
ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɤɪɲɬɟɧ ɩɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɨɜɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ
ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢɦ.93
X YZ W
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ ɞɜɚɧɚɟɫɬ ɞɚɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɢ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧ ʁɟ, ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ, ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢɦ ɞɚɧɢɦɚ.94 ɇɟ
ɤɪɫɬɢ ɫɟ, ɡɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ. ɋɚɞɚ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɨ ɩɚɦɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɜɢ
ɞɚɧɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɢɬɚ ɡɚ ɞɚɧɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɢ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ ɡɧɚʁɭ
ɞɚ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɟɥɨɜɚɥɟ ɡɥɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɧɟɫɭ ɡɥɨ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ. ɇɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɞɭɝɨ
ɝɨɪɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ [ɦɢɫɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɜɟɱɟ]. ɇɟ ɢɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɨʄɭ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɟ
ɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɨʄɭ ɛɨɪɚɜɢ ɲɬɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɤɭʄɟ:
92
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, 378-380.
93
94
ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢɦ ɞɚɧɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ. ɍ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɧɢɫɚɦ ɧɚɢɲɥɚ ɤɨɞ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɜɭ ɬɟɦɭ.
113
Ɍɚɦɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɚ ɞɚ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɨɦɪɤɧɟɲ. ɀɭɪɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɢ ɞɨɤɥɟ

ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ ɧɟ ɥɟɝɧɭ [ɞɨ ɫɭɦɪɚɤɚ]. ɍ ɬɟ ɞɚɧɟ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ, ɫɚɞ
ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɝɥɟɞɚ, ɧɟɝ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɝɥɟɞɚ. ɇɟɦɚ ɤɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɚ ɞɟɰɟ.
Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɜɚɦɩɢɪɢ. Ɇɨɝɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɞɟɫɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɥɨɲɟ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɛɟɝɚɥɨ ɤɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɜɚɦɩɢɪ ɧɚɩɚɨ.
Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɦɨʁɢɯ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ.
ɍ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɬɢɯ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ – ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɩɚɦɬɟ ɩɪɢɱɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɤɪɭɠɢɥɟ ɩɨ ɫɟɥɭ. ɇɟɤɢɯ ɫɚɦ ɫɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨɞɫɟɬɢɥɚ,
ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɱɭɥɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ɨ ɬɢɦ
ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢɦɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɱɚɥɨ. ɇɚɜɟɲʄɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ, ɨɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɢɯ
ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ ɢɫɩɪɢɱɚɥɢ.
ɉɪɢɱɚ 1.
ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ [ɞɚɧɢ]. ɉɪɢɱɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢ
ɫɬɚɪɚɰ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɜɚɲɬɚ ɜɢɞɢɲ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɚɞ
ɧɚɢɻɟɲ... ȼɢɞɢɲ – ɢɞɟ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɟɛɢ, ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚɲ – ɧɟɦɚ ɝɚ.
Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɱɚɨ ɧɚɦɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɢɲɚɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɦɭ ɛɟɡ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
ȼɢɞɟɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɧɨʄɭ. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɚɮɚɧɢ. ɂ ɤɚɠɟ: 'ȳɚ ɢɞɟɦ, ɤɚɞ
ɜɢɞɢɦ ɢɞɟ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɝɥɚɜɟ'. ɂ ɬɨ ɫɭ
ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɨɜɢ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ, ɚ ɦɪɚɤ ɩɚɞɚ, ɚ ɬɢ [ɛɟɠɢ] ɭ ɤɭʄɭ.
ɂɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɨɲɟ ɞɟɫɢ ɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɬɟɤɧɟɲ ɧɚɩɨʂɭ.
ɉɪɢɱɚ 2.
Ⱦɟɞɚ ɨɞ... ȵɢɯɨɜ ɞɟɞɚ ɢɲɨ ɢɡ ɤɚɮɚɧɟ. ɂ ɨɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɨ
ɤɭʄɭ. Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɧɭɥɨ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ [ɫɟɥɚ]. [ɒɬɚ
ɦɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ?] ɇɟɤɢ ɝɚ ʁɚɲɢɥɢ. Ȼɨɝ ɝɚ ɩɢɬɚʁ. Ɍɟɪɚɥɢ ɝɚ ɬɚɤɨ.
ɂ ɤɚɞ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɡɚɩɟɜɚɥɢ, ɨɧ ɨɫɜɚɧɭɨ ɢɡɧɚɞ „Ɍɪɚɧɲɩɟɞɚ“. [Ⱦɚ ɥɢ
ɦɭ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɨ?] ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ ʁɟ ɭɦɪɨ. Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɨ,
ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɱɟɤɨ ɧɨʄ.
ɉɪɢɱɚ 3.
Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ. ȳɨɲ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɡɚ. ɉɭɬɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ
ɜɨɡɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɨ. Ʉɚɞ ɦɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɡɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
114
ɫɧɟɝ. ȼɪɚʄɚɨ ɫɚɦ ɫɟ ɤɚɫɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɭɝɟ ɤɭʄɢ. Ɇɨɪɚɨ ɫɚɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɻɟɦ

ɤɪɨɡ ɰɟɥɨ ɫɟɥɨ, ʁɟɪ ɠɢɜɢɦ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ. ɋɪɟʄɨɦ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɚ
ɤɨɥɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɨɰɪɬɚɜɚɨ ɬɪɚɝ ɬɨɱɤɨɜɚ. ɇɢɫɚɦ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɞɚ
ɝɚɡɢɦ ɫɧɟɝ. ɂɞɭʄɢ, ɨɞʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɢɦ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɪɚɫɤɪɫɧɢɰɢ
ɭɩɚʂɟɧɟ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɝɨɪɟɥɟ. ɉɥɚɦɟɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɜɚɨ ɱɚɫ ʁɚɱɢ, ɱɚɫ
ɫɥɚɛɢʁɢ. ɉɨɤɭɲɚɜɚɨ ɫɚɦ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɦ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ. Ʉɚɞ ɫɚɦ
ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɢɨ, ɩɥɚɦɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟɫɬɚɨ. [Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɨ?] ɋɭɬɪɚɞɚɧ ɫɚɦ ɛɢɨ ɥɨɲɟ. Ⱦɨɲɥɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ
ɞɚ ɦɢ ɭɝɚɫɢ ɭɝʂɟɜʂɟ. Ʉɚɠɟ: ɫɩɚɫɢɥɨ ɦɟ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɢɲɨ
ɬɪɚɝɨɦ ɬɨɱɤɨɜɚ.
ɉɪɢɱɚ 4.
ɉɪɢɱɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɢɞɨ. Ɇɨʁɚ ɫɜɟɤɪɜɚ ɢ ʁɚ
ɫɦɨ ɨɬɢɲɥɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɫɦɭ ɞɚ ɧɚɬɨɱɢɦɨ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɉɞʁɟɞɚɧɩɭɬ ɤɭɱɟɧɰɟ
ʁɟɞɧɨ – ɰɪɧɨ, ɝɨɥɨ, ɫɤɪɨɡ ɢɡɚ ɧɚɫ. ȳɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɝɧɟɦ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɭɞɚɪɢɦ –
ʃɟɝɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢɝɞɟ. ȳɚ ɧɚɬɨɱɢɦ ɜɨɞɭ – ɨɧɨ ɢɡɚ ɥɟɻɚ. ȳɚ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ
– ɨɧɨ ɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɭ [ɫɬɚɪɚ Ɇɟɫɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ], ɧɚ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɰɟ. Ɇɢ ɩɨɻɟɦɨ ɤɭʄɢ – ɨɧɨ ɢɡɚ ɥɟɻɚ. ɇɢʁɟ ɧɚɫ ɞɢɪɚɥɨ.
Ȼɨʂɟ ɲɬɨ ɝɚ ɧɢɫɚɦ ɭɞɚɪɢɥɚ. ɋɜɟɤɪɜɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɚɥɚ. ɇɢʁɟ ɫɟ
ɧɢɲɬɚ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɝɚ ɧɢɫɚɦ ɭɞɚɪɢɥɚ.
Ɂɚɲɬɨ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɤɚ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɥɚ ɧɚ
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ: Ɇɨɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɢʄɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɭ. ɉɭɤɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɚ ɤɚɰɚ.
ȼɨɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɰɭɪɢɥɚ, ɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ. Ɉɬɚɞɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɥɚ –
ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɬɨɱɢɥɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɨ ɧɨʄɢ.
ɉɪɢɱɚ 5.
Ʉɚɞ ɝɚ ɭɯɜɚɬɢ ɧɨʄ ɧɚɩɨʂɭ, ɫɜɟɤɪɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɜɢɞɢ ɞɭɝɭ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ʃɟɝɚ...
ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɠɟɧɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɞɚ

ɪɚɞɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ: ɬɤɚʁɭ, ɩɥɟɬɭ, ɩɟɪɭ ɢ ɫɥ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ
ʄɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɞ ɡɥɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ.
115
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɉɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɞɨ
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɂɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɋɟɨɫɤɢ ɚɬɚɪ -//-
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ -//-
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ Ɂɥɟ ɫɢɥɟ -//-
ɒɟɬɚʃɟ ɧɨʄɭ, ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ -//-
ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 15: ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ 5./18.

ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ. ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ.
ȵɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚ Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɨ ɡɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ
ɤɭɜɚʃɟ ɩɢɯɬɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɟ ɫɭɬɪɚɞɚɧ. ɇɚ Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ɫɟ
ɩɨɫɬɢ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɭɫɪɟɞ ɦɟɫɨʁɟɻɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ
ɞɟɥɢ ɦɪɫɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɥɟ ɞɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɢɯ ɦɟɫɨʁɟɻɚ. ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ
ʁɟɥɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɨɞ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɢ.95
X YZ W
95
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, 308-309; Ɇ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɋɪɛɚ, 125-126.
116
ɍ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ

ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ Ɍɟɨɩɟɦɩɬɚ ɢ Ɍɟɨɧɟ. ɂɧɚɱɟ, ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ
ɤɚɨ Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ – ɫɥɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɤɪɫɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɚ Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ɜɚʂɚ
ɦɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɟ ɨɞ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɧɚ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɨ.96
Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ɤɭɜɚʁɭ ɩɢɯɬɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ
ʁɟɞɭ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ.97
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɢ
ɫɜɚɤɨ „ɤɨ ɫɟ ɤɪɫɬɨɦ ɤɪɫɬɢ“. ȼɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɥɚ ɡɚ
ɩɢʄɟ, ɭɤɪɫɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɫɬɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɡɞɪɚɜɚ.98
X YZ W
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɠɚɤ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɜɢɲɟ ɜɚɠɢ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɂɡɛɟɝɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ɬɟɠɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ.
ɇɟɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚɨ ɦɪɫ. ɋɚɦɨ ɫɟ
ʁɟɥɚ ɩɨɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ. Ɇɥɚɻɢ
ɫɤɨɪɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɞɨɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɛɢɨ ɜɟɡɚɧ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɫɟʄɭʁɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɤɪɲɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ.99
96
ȳ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɚ, 96.
97
Ɇ. ȭ. Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɋɪɛɚ, 178.
98
99
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɧɚɥɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ
ɫɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɡɧɚɥɢ, ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ
117
ɇɚ Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɤɭɜɚʁɭ ɩɢɯɬɢʁɟ, ɚ ʁɟɞɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ

Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɋɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ -//-
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ
ɉɨɫɬ ȼɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ
Ʉɭɜɚʃɟ ɩɢɯɬɢʁɚ -//-
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɉɨɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ, ɩɢɯɬɢʁɟ -//-
Ɇɪɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ȳɟɞɟʃɟ ɦɪɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ
ɩɨɫɬɢ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 16: Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃe
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ 6./19.

ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ.
ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɭ ɨɛɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɨɦ ɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ, ɚ
ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɤɪɨɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɤɪɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ
ɡɚɤɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɫɬɟɪɭʁɟ
ɧɟɱɢɫɬɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɢɡ ɱɨɜɟɤɨɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ
ʁɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɚɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɬʁ. ɩɪɟɥɚɡɚɤ ɢɡ ɧɟɱɢɫɬɨɝ
ɧɚ ʃɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ.
118
(ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɨɝ) ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, „ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɡɟɦɚʂɫɤɨɝ

ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢɫɬɟɪɭʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɲɬɟɬɨɱɢɧɫɤɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɢ“.100
X YZ W
Ɉɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɤɪɲɬɟʃɚ ɂɫɭɫɚ
ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɭ ɪɟɰɢ ȳɨɪɞɚɧɭ. Ʉɪɫɬɢɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ
ɫɜɟɬɭ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɬɚʁɧɚ ɛɨɠɚɧɫɤɟ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ.
X YZ W
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɪɚɧɨ, ɩɪɟ ɫɭɧɰɚ
ɢɲɚɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɧɚɪ ɞɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɜɨɞɭ. ɉɪɟ
ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ, ɢɡɜɨɪ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɢɩɚɨ ɠɢɬɨɦ. Ʉɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɫɟ, ɢɫɩɪɟɞ
ɤɭʄɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɝɚ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɫɟɤɢɪɚ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɟɱɢɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ
ɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɭɧɰɭ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɫɟ, ɫɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɟɤɢɪɟ,
ɭɦɢɜɚɨ ɛɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ, ɫɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɤɨɤɚ ʁɟ
ɭɫɤɚɤɚɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ. ɂɫɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ.101
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɩɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ „ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚɧɚ ɛɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟɧɫɤɚ ɜɨɞɢɰɚ“,
ɤɨʁɭ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɥɟɤɨɜɢɬɨɦ. Ɉɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɢɩɚʁɭ
ɧɟɱɢɫɬɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɧɨɜɚɰ, ɪɭɛʂɟ, ɛɟɥɢ ɫɦɨɤ, ɥɟɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
ȵɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɢɜɚɨ ɛɨɥɟɫɧɢɤ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚ
ɪɚɡɛɨɥɢ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɩɨɤɜɚɪɢɬɢ.102
X YZ W
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ
ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɠɚɤ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɋɚ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟɦ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɨ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɡɜ. ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɪɚɞɚ
100
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, 37-38; ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ, 40-42.
101
102
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɤɨɞ ɛɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
119
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ (ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ

ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɚ.
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɟ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɡɚ ɐɪɤɜɭ. ɇɚ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɫɟ
ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɪɚɧɨ ɢɞɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɚ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɛɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟɧɫɤɟ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ.
Ɍɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɩɚ ɫɚɞɚ
ɠɢɬɟʂɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɢʄɢ ɭ Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ. ɐɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɭ
ɢ ɭɡɢɦɚʃɭ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɠɟɧɟ ɨɞ
ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ.
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟɧɫɤɚ ɜɨɞɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɱɭɜɚ ɫɟ
ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɥɟɤ (ɩɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ʃɨɦɟ
ɭɦɢɜɚ). Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɦɢɜɚ, ɨɤɪɟɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɭɧɰɭ. ȼɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ
ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɭ ɥɟɤɨɜɢɬɨɫɬ ɨɜɟ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɂɞɪɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɱɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɡɚ
ɫɜɟ. ɉɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, ɨɜɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɤɜɚɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɭɝɨ ɫɬɚʁɚɬɢ ɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢ ɥɟɤɨɜɢɬɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ.
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɢɰɨɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɱɟɫɬɢɬɢ ɧɟɤɨ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɪɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɫ ɞɭɲɨɦ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚ ɜɟʄɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɭɬɪɨɲɢ, ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɝ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ. ɍ
ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɟ ɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ʁɟ
ɭɡɟɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ – ɩɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ – ɧɟ ɝɭɛɢ ɥɟɤɨɜɢɬɚ ɢ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ.
ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɢɥɢ ʁɟ, ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ,
ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɧɨʄ ɭɨɱɢ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ
ɨɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɧɟɛɟɫɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ Ȼɨɝ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɡɧɚ
ɫɟ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɨ ɡɚɤɨɩɚɧɨɦ ɛɥɚɝɭ: ɇɨʄɭ ɫɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɚ ɧɟɛɨ, ɩɨɠɟɥɢɲ
ɫɪɟʄɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟɜɚ – ɬɭ ʁɟ ɡɥɚɬɨ. ɇɟɤɢ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɡɚɤɨɩɚɨ ɛɥɚɝɨ.
ɉɪɨɧɚʄɢ ʄɟ ɝɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɭɛɢʁɟ ɫɟɞɦɨɪɨ ɛɪɚʄɟ. ɑɭɨ ɬɨ ɧɟɤɢ
ɫɟʂɚɤ, ɩɚ ɤɚɠɟ ɠɟɧɢ: „ɇɚɫɚɻɭʁ, ɠɟɧɨ, ɤɜɨɱɤɭ. ɋɬɚɜɢ ɲɬɨ
ɜɢɲɟ ʁɚʁɚ“. Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɩɢɥɢʄɢ ɢɡɜɟɥɢ, ɛɢɥɨ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɩɟɬɥɨɜɚ. ɋɟʂɚɤ
ɢɦ ɩɨɫɟɱɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟ ɡɥɚɬɨ.
120
ɇɚ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ:

ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɢ, ɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ: ȼɚɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɫɟ [ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ]
ʁɚɜɢ. ɂ ɨɜɚʁ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ.
Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɥɨ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ɡɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɟ, ɧɚ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɨɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ. ɍ
ɬɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ, ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɪɚɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɭɥɚɡɧɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɟɤɢɪɚ ɢ
ɠɚɪ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɤɚɤɚɥɢ ɫɤɨɤɨɦ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
ɇɚ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɭ ɩɢɯɬɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɭɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ.
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɬɟɠɚɤ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɥɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ɬɟɠɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ.
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɟ ɢɞɭ ɩɨ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɭ
ɰɪɤɜɭ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ. ȼɟɪɭʁɭ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɨɜɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɦɨʄ
ɢɡɥɟɱɟʃɚ. ɉɨ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɞɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɦɥɚɻɢ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɞɚʁɟ
ɨɜɨʁ ɜɨɞɢ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɜɨɞ: ɋɬɚɧɟɦ ɲɬɨ
ɛɥɢɠɟ ɩɨɫɭɞɚɦɚ ɫɚ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚɦ ɞɚ ɭɡɢɦɚɦ ɞɨɥɢɜɚɧɭ
ɜɨɞɭ, ɤɚɠɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɤɭʄɢ, ɫɜɢ ɫɟ
ɭɦɢʁɭ ɞɨɧɟɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɦ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɞɟɰɚ ɩɨɩɢʁɭ ɝɭɬʂɚʁ ɢ
ɫɭɦɢʁɭ ɫɟ. ɋɚɞɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɞɚ ɩɢʁɭ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɚ,
ɫɚɦɨ ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɟ ɛɨɥ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɨɜɚ ɜɨɞɚ ʁɟ
ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɨɱɢ: ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɥɟɤ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɭɡɢɦɚ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɮɥɚɲɭ ɭɛɚɰɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ
ɛɨɫɢʂɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɤɚɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ
ɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɡɦɟ ɢɡ ɰɪɤɜɟ. Ɉɜɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɜɚɪɢ. ɋɬɨʁɢ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɨɫɬɚɧɟ, ɩɪɨɫɢɩɚ ɧɚ ɰɜɟʄɟ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɧɨʄ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪ (ɱɟɫɦɭ) ɩɨ ɜɨɞɭ.
ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ Ȼɨɝ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɩɨɧɨʄ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɧɚ
ɬɪɟɧɭɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɫɭɲɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɬɟɱɟ. Ɉɜɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɟ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ. ɋɚɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɢɤɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ.
121
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
ɫɟɥɚ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɫɟɥɚ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɬɟɠɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ʁɟɞɟʃɟ ɩɢɯɬɢʁɚ Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɬɟɠɢɯ
ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ʁɟɞɟʃɟ ɩɢɯɬɢʁɚ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ, (ɫɤɨɪɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ),
ɩɪɟɫɤɚɤɚʃɟ ɫɟɤɢɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ,
ɠɚɪɚ, ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɩɨɧɨʄ ɧɚ ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ
ɢɡɜɨɪ
Ɉɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɫɟɤɢɪɚ,
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ɉɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɢɯɬɢʁɟ
ɠɚɪ, ɩɢɯɬɢʁɟ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ Ʌɟɤɨɜɢɬɨɫɬ ɜɨɞɟ Ʌɟɤɨɜɢɬɨɫɬ ɜɨɞɟ
Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɧɢɯ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɧɢɯ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 17: Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɢ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɟɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ

ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɢ Ȼɟɥɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ (ɧɩɪ. ɭ
ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ) ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɧɢɰɟ (ɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ), ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɮɚɲɚɧɤɟ (ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ). ɇɚɡɢɜ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɚɨ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɢ
ɡɛɨɝ ɢɡɨɛɢʂɚ ɭ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɢʄɭ.103
103
Ɇ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 152-153; ɋɪɩɫɤɢ
ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ, 303.
122
X YZ W
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɟ
ɢɝɪɚɧɤɟ, ɩɪɟɥɚ, ɩɨɫɟɥɚ, ɫɜɚɞɛɟɧɚ ɜɟɫɟʂɚ. ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɚ, ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɟ
ɫɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ.104
ɍ ɋɬɚɩɚɪɭ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɠɟɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɟ
ɩɪɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɟ ɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ
ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ.105
X YZ W
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ Ɉɞ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɞɨ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚ Ɂɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɨ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɫɟɥɨ -//-
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ -//-
Ɋɚɞʃɟ Ɂɚɛɚɜɟ, ɜɟɧɱɚʃɚ -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 18: Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɩɚ ɞɨ Ȼɟɥɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ

ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɚ.
ɋɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɟ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɨɞɪɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɭɡ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ
104
ɉ. ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɭɠɚ, 234, 236-239; Ɇ. Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ
ɋɪɛɚ, 177.
105
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ 2003. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɋɬɚɩɚɪɭ.
123
ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ, ɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɤɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ

ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɚɜɚʃɚ ɜɟʄ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ,
ɧɢɫɭ ɧɢ ɱɭɥɟ. ɋɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ʁɟɫɬɢ ɦɪɫɧɭ
ɯɪɚɧɭ. Ȼɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɦɪɫɧɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɨɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɞɨ ɉɨɫɬɚ. ɂɫɬɨ
ɬɚɤɨ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɚɜɚ, ɫɟɞɟʂɤɢ, ɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɜɟɧɱɚɜɚɬɢ ɢ
ɤɪɲɬɚɜɚɬɢ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɫɨʁɟɻɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɨ ɫɟ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɞɟʂɨɦ ɢ
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚɦɚ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ Ʉɪɫɬɢɬɟʂ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ 7./20.

ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɜɚɠɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ
ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɭɡɞɢɝɧɭɬ. ɍ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɦ ȳɨɜɚɧɭ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ
ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɨɠɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ ʁɟ
ɛɨɠɚɧɫɤɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤ ɤɭɦɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɬɜɚ.106
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ.
X YZ W
ɋɚɛɨɪ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɪɫɬɢɬɟʂɚ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ. ȵɟɝɨɜɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɢ ɤɪɲɬɟʃɟɦ ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ
ȳɨɜɚɧ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɭɡɞɢɝɧɭɬ ɧɚɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɫɜɟɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨʁ
ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɢ.
X YZ W
106
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ, 396-398.
124
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɠɟɧɟ

ɧɢɫɭ ɪɚɞɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɤɚɡɧɢɨ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦ ɧɨɝɭ
ɢɥɢ ɪɭɤɭ.107
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ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɭɦ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ
ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ, ɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɠɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ, ɩɚ ɫɟ
ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ. ɇɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ
ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ
ɫɥɚɜɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɉɞ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɞɨ
ȼɪɟɦɟ Ɂɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɨ
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɫɟɥɨ (ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ) Ʉɭʄɚ, ɫɟɥɨ (ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ)
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
(ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ) (ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ)
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 19: ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ
107
125
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɋɜɟɬɨɦ ɋɚɜɢ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɫɟ 14./27.

ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ. ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɪɟɞ
ɫɜɟɬɚɰɚ ɧɚʁɞɭɛʂɟ ɭɬɢɫɧɭɬɢɯ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɫɜɟɫɬ. Ɂɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ
ɨɜɨɝɚ ɫɜɟɰɚ ɧɚɪɨɞ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɜɟɡɚɨ ɢ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɚʃɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɦɢɬ.
Ɉɞ 2. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1840. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɥɚɜɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɨɧ. ɉɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɫɥɚɜʂɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ. ɋɚ
ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɫɟ 1991. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
Ʉɚɨ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɨɞ
1992. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.108
X YZ W
Ɋɚɫɬɤɨ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ, ɪɨɻɟɧ
ʁɟ ɨɤɨ 1174. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚʁɦɥɚɻɢ ʁɟ ɫɢɧ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɠɭɩɚɧɚ
ɇɟɦɚʃɟ. Ɂɚɤɚɥɭɻɟɪɢɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ 1190. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ
1219. ɢɡɞɟʁɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ
ɩɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ. ɍɦɪɨ ʁɟ 1235. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ
ɛɭɝɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ Ɍɪɧɨɜɭ. ȵɟɝɨɜɟ ɦɨɲɬɢ ɫɭ 1237. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɩɪɟɧɟɬɟ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɭ, ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ɫɭ ɢɯ Ɍɭɪɰɢ
ɩɪɟɧɟɥɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɫɩɚɥɢɥɢ ɧɚ ȼɪɚɱɚɪɭ 1594. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
X YZ W
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ
ɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɜɟɡɚɧ ɢ
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɫɤɢ ɪɚɞ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɭɱɢɨ ʁɟ
108
ɇɟɧɚɞ ȴɭɛɢɧɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɫɬɤɨ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ, Ɋɚɫɤɨɜɧɢɤ 63-
66, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1991, 148.
126
ɧɚɪɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɚɦɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ

ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɢ ɫɥ.).109
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ. Ɉɞ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɋɜ.
ɋɚɜɟ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɚɦɚ. Ɉɛɧɨɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɢ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ – ɜɟʄ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ.
Ɉɩɢɫ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɢɦɚ
ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɨʁ ɲɤɨɥɢ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɜɢɻɟɧɨʁ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢ 1998. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɚɱɢʃɚɜɚʁɭ ɬɪɢ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ:
• ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ,
• ɩɪɢɪɟɞɛɚ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɢ,
• ɪɭɱɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɪɟɞɛɟ.
ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ
ɋɥɭɠɛɭ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ. ɉɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ
ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ, ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɢ (ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɰɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ). ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɢ ɯɨɪ ɩɟɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɚɜɫɤɭ
ɯɢɦɧɭ.
109
ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1927;
ɇɚɞɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ-ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɚ ɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɦ ɋɚɜɢ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɪɟɱ, Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ,
ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ɋȺɇɍ, ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ 38, Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ
ɧɚɭɤɚ 6, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1987, 287-300; ȴɭɛɢɧɤɨ Ɋɚɞɟɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, Ʉɭɥɬ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ, Ʌɢɰɟɭɦ 5, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɰ
2001, 89-103.
127
ɉɪɢɪɟɞɛɚ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɢ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɫɜɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. Ɍɭ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚ ɠɢɬɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɬɨɝɚ
ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɪɚɬɚɤ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɚɧ ɪɟɰɢɬɚɥ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɟ.
Ɋɭɱɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɪɟɞɛɟ

Ɋɭɱɤɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɲɤɨɥɟ,
ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɝɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɲɤɨɥɟ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
ɋɚɜɟ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɜɟʄ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɞɛɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɭ
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɟ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɞɛɨɪ ɛɪɨʁɢ ɭ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ 14 ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ, ɚ ɭ
Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ – 22 ɱɥɚɧɚ.
ɍɨɱɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɫɥɚɬɤɢɲɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɢ
ɞɟɰɢ. ɂɧɚɱɟ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɫɥɚɜɟ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɞɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɚ ɪɚɞ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɟ. ɍ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚʃɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɨɜɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ „ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɭ ɤʃɢɝɚ
ɡɚ ɞɟɰɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ“. ɇɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɲɭ ɢ
ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ.
ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɫɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ

ɍ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɫɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɟ. ɇɢɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɧɢ ɩɪɢɱɟ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɫɜɟɰɟɦ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɱɢɨ
ɋɪɛɟ ɫɜɟɦɭ, ɩɚ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɦɟʃɚɜɚʃɭ. ȼɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ
ɨɩɢɫɦɟʃɚɜɚɨ ʂɭɞɟ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɨ ɫɪɩɫɬɜɨ.
Ɉɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɫɟ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ.
ɋɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɚɤɨ ɡɚɝɪɦɢ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɭ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɥɨɲ ɩɪɟɞɡɧɚɤ
(ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɡɧɚɤ ɤɪɢɡɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɬɚ). Ʉɚɞ ɝɪɦɢ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɭ,
ɛɢʄɟ ɚɥɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɉɪɨɩɚɲʄɟ ɫɜɟ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ 1994. ʁɚɤɨ ʁɟ
128
ɝɪɦɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɭ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ: ɉɨɛɢʄɟ ɫɜɟ

ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɢ ɝɪɦʂɚɜɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɥɨɲɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɡɧɚɤɨɦ,
ɩɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɚ. ɉɚ ɢ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ (ɦɢɫɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ 1999. ɝɨɞɢɧɭ)
– ɤɚɠɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ ɢɡ Ɂɭɰɚ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɞɚ ɝɪɦɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɝɪɦɢ ɧɚ
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɭ, ɬɨ ɫɥɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɭ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɨɱɢ
ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɲɤɨɥɚ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ,
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ
ɞɟɰɚ
Ɉɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɠɢɬɚ, ɫɟɱɟʃɟ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//-
ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɩɪɢɪɟɞɛɚ, ɪɭɱɚɤ
ɋɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɫɜɟʄɚ,
ɠɢɬɨ
Ƚɪɦʂɚɜɢɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɥɨɲ Ƚɪɦʂɚɜɢɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɥɨɲ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ
ɩɪɟɞɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɡɧɚɤ
Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɧɢɯ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɧɢɯ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 20: ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɢɮɭɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ 1./14. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ

ɩɪɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɫɚ
ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɨɦ. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ,
ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚɪɢɦɚ.
X YZ W
129
ɉɨ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɦɚɥɟɧɚ ɛɚɜɢɨ

ɱɭɜɚʃɟɦ ɝɭɫɚɤɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɲɤɨɥɭʁɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɛɢɫɬɚɪ, ɨɛɞɚɪɟɧ ɢɫɰɟɥɢɬɟʂɫɤɢɦ ɦɨʄɢɦɚ, ɥɟɱɢɨ
ʁɟ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɫɧɢɤɟ, ɩɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɛɢɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɭɨ. ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɩɪɨɝɨɧɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɭɻɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɦɭɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɟɪɟ.
X YZ W
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ
ɞɚɧ ɭɛɚɞɚ ɭɝɚɪɚɤ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ, ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɡɢɦɚ
ɩɨɩɭɲɬɚ ɢ ɫɧɟɝ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɩɢ. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɩɨ
ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɭ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɪɟɠɟ ɛɚɪ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɥɨɡɚ.110
ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɚ
ɤɚɨ ɝɭɲɱɢʁɟɝ ɫɜɟɰɚ. ɀɟɧɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɰɚ ɡɛɨɝ
ɠɢɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɝɭɫɚɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ,
ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɨɪɟɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɥɨɡɚ.111
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɤɚɨ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɪɟɡɭʁɟ
ɥɨɡɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɢ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɚ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ. ɉɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɜɪɚʄɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɨɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɥɨɡɟ
ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ.
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ, ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɧɚ ɋɜ. Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɭɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɤɨɲ ɢ ɚɦɛɚɪ ɞɚ ɩɬɢɰɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɞɢɪɚɥɟ ɭɫɟɜɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɟʁɚɧɢɦ ʃɢɜɚɦɚ. ɏɪɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɡɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ,
ɭɡɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɧ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ.
110
111
130
ɇɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɚ ɜɚʂɚ ɨɪɟɡɚɬɢ ɛɚɪ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɱɨɤɨɬ

ɥɨɡɟ ɭ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚɥɢ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ. ɇɟɤɢ
ɡɧɚʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɞɚɧ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚɪɚ. ȼɢɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɢɪɚɲ ɞɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɚ. ɉɪɟɬɨɱɢɲ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɲ. ɇɟʄɟ ɰɜɟɬɚɜɚɬɢ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ
ɯɪɚɧɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɦɢɲɟɜɚ. Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɚ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɚ ɫɭ ɢ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ.
ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɡɚɪɟɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɥɨɡɚ. ɋɚɞ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɭ
ɜɪɚʄɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 14. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 14. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ/ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ Ɂɚɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɡɟ Ɂɚɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɡɟ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ʌɨɡɚ Ʌɨɡɚ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ Ɉɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɡɟ Ɉɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɡɟ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɍɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 21: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ – ɋɪɟɬɟɧɢʁɟ
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ 2./15.

ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚʃɟ ɡɢɦɟ ɢ ɥɟɬɚ. Ɉɜɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ 544.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɍ ʁɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɯɪɚɦɭ ɫɭɫɪɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ
131
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, ɦɥɚɞɢ ɂɫɭɫ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɰ

ɋɢɦɟɭɧ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ.
X YZ W
ɉɨ ɲɨɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ,
ɨɞ ɋɪɟɬɟʃɚ ɞɚɧɢ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɞɚ ɛɢɜɚʁɭ ɞɭɠɢ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢʁɢ. ɇɚ
ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɫɭɫɪɟʄɭ ɡɢɦɚ ɢ ɥɟɬɨ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ
ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɦɟɱɤɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɫɜɨʁɟ ʁɚɡɛɢɧɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɢɡɚɻɟ
ɧɚɩɨʂɟ, ɚɤɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɟɧɤɭ, ɨɧɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ
ɜɪɚʄɚ ɭ ʁɚɡɛɢɧɭ, ɚ ɡɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɨɲ ɲɟɫɬ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟɧɤɭ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ, ɨɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɚ ɲɟɬɚ ɩɨ
ɲɭɦɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɯɪɚɧɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɢɦɚ ɛɥɢɠɢ ɤɪɚʁɭ.
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ,
ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɤɚɻɭʁɭ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɚɥɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ. Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɭ ɠɟɧɟ
ɞɟɥɢɥɟ ɩɲɟɧɢɱɧɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɤɪɫɬɚ (ɛɚɛɭɪɢɰɟ).112
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Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ. ɉɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ, ʁɟɪ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ.
ɋɚɱɭɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɚɲɢɦ
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ, ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ – ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ʁɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɡɢɦɟ ɢ ɥɟɬɚ. ɂ ɨɜɞɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ
ɩɪɢɱɚ ɨ ɦɟɞɜɟɞɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɭɬɪɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ʁɚɡɛɢɧɟ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɠɢ
ɯɪɚɧɭ, ɩɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɧɱɚɧ ɞɚɧ, ɨɧ ʄɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɟɧɤɭ ɢ, ʃɨɦɟ
ɭɩɥɚɲɟɧ, ɜɪɚɬɢʄɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɟʄɢɧɭ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɡɢɦɫɤɢ ɫɚɧ. Ɍɢɦɟ
ɫɟ, ɩɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, ɡɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɚɜɚ ɡɚ ʁɨɲ ɲɟɫɬ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ
ɨɛɥɚɱɧɨ ɢ ɦɟɞɜɟɞ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɟɧɤɭ, ɨɧ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɠɢ
112
132
ɯɪɚɧɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɢɦɚ ɛɥɢɠɢ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɬʁ. ɞɚ ʄɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ

ɩɨɱɟɬɢ ɨɬɨɩʂɚɜɚʃɟ.
ɉɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɤɚɡɚɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ, ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɚ ɝɪɟʁɟ
ɫɭɧɰɟ, ʁɟɪ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɭɲɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɬɚɦɧɨ [ɨɛɥɚɱɧɨ],
ɛɢʄɟ ɪɨɞɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. Ɉɜɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɭ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ
ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 15. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 15. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ Ɉ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ Ɉ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 22: ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ
Ʉɭɥɬ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ

ʁɟ ɨɞ ɞɚɜɧɢɧɚ ɜɪɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɨ. ɋɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɤɟ – ɛɥɢɠɟ ɢ
ɞɚʂɟ ɭɦɪɥɟ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɟ,
ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɞɭɝɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
113
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ.
ɍ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ, ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɦ ɞɚɧɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨ
ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ. Ɉɩɲɬɢɦ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɟ:
113
Ɇ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 93.
133
ɡɢɦɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ – ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ, ɥɟɬʃɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ

– ɩɪɟɞ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ, ʁɟɫɟʃɟ – ɩɪɟɞ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ɢ ɜɚɫɤɪɲʃɟ
(ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ) – ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ.114
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Ɋɢɬɭɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɟ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ: ɚ) ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ – ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɞɚ
ɫɜɟɬɥɨɫɬ ɫɜɟʄɟ ɨɫɜɟɬʂɚɜɚ ɭɦɪɥɢɦɚ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢ ɫɜɟɬ; ɛ)
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɯɪɚʃɟʃɟ ɞɭɲɚ – ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɤɨɦɲɢʁɚɦɚ,
ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɪɨɬɢʃɢ, ɤɚɨ ɡɧɚɤ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɟ; ɜ)
ɩɨɥɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɧɨɦ; ɝ) ɤɢʄɟʃɟ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɚ
ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ ɢ ɰɜɟʄɟɦ ɢ ɞɪ.115
Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɟʄɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ
ɦɪɬɜɢɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɚɧɟ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɢ ɩɚɥɢ ɢɦ ɫɜɟʄɟ, ɚɥɢ ɞɚ
ɫɜɟʄɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɜɪɟɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ.116
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ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ,
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ: Ɂɢɦɫɤɟ – ɩɪɟɞ
ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ; Ⱦɭɯɨɜɫɤɟ – ɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ
(Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ); Ɇɢɯɨʂɫɤɟ – ɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɉɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝ Ʉɢɪɢʁɚɧɚ
Ɉɬɲɟɥɧɢɤɚ (Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ) ɢ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɫɤɟ – ɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ (Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ). Ɉɞ ɫɜɢɯ
ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɚ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ Ɂɢɦɫɤɟ, ɤɨʁɟ
ɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɟ
ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɟɯ
ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ ɧɟ ɢɡɚɻɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ.
114
ɂɫɬɨ, 93-94; ɋɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, 186.
115
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, 186.
116
134
Ɂɢɦɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɇɟ ɦɟʃɚʁɭ

ɞɚɧ, ɜɟʄ ɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɭɜɟɤ ɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ, ɚɥɢ ɦɟʃɚʁɭ ɞɚɬɭɦ. Ⱦɚɬɭɦ ɫɟ
ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɍɫɤɪɲʃɟɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ, ɬʁ. ɨɞ
ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɚɞɚ ɍɫɤɪɫ.
Ɉɩɢɫ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɢɡ
ɫɟɥɚ Ɂɭɰɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ, ɝɥɟɞɚɧɨ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɜɚ
ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ (Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ). ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɭ
Ɂɢɦɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ, ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɢ
ʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ. ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɚ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟʄɭʁɭ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢ ɭɦɪɥɢɯ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ
ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ.
ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʄɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ
ɢɡɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 13 ɢ 14 ɫɚɬɢ.117 ɋɜɟ
ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɟ
ɝɪɨɛɨɜɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɨ ɭ ɪɚɧɢɦ ʁɭɬɚɪʃɢɦ ɫɚɬɢɦɚ. ɇɟɪɟɬɤɨ
ɫɟ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɟ 8 ɫɚɬɢ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ, ɬɚɤɨɪɟʄɢ ɭ ɦɪɚɤ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɢɡɥɚɫɰɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɩɨɞɧɟɜɭ.
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɞɚɧ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɟ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɢʄɟ ɡɚ ɞɭɲɟ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɠɢɜɢ ɫɟɬɟ ɧɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɜɧɨ
ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤɥɟ ɫɟɠɟ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ.
ɉɪɟɞ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ʁɟɥɚ,
ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ
ɞɭɲɭ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɠɟɧɟ ɦɟɫɢɥɟ ɢ ɩɟɤɥɟ ɯɥɟɛ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɩɢʃɟ,
ɤɪɨɮɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɯɬɥɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ. Ɂɚ Ɂɢɦɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ
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ɋɚɦɨ ɞɜɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ. ȳɟɞɚɧ
ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɧɚɜɟɨ ʁɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ.
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ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɭɲɟɧɚ ɩɥɟʄɤɚ ɨɞ ɭɛɨʁɧɢɰɟ,118 ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ

ɛɚɪɢɥɚ ɞɚɧ ɭɨɱɢ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ. ɉɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚ, ɚ ɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɭ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ, ɡɚ Ɂɢɦɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɤɭɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɢɯɬɢʁɟ.
Ɉɞ ɜɨʄɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɨɲɟɧɟ ʁɚɛɭɤɟ, ɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ – ɩɨɦɨɪɚɧʇɟ,
ɛɚɧɚɧɟ, ɩɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɜɨʄɟ. Ɉɞ ɩɢʄɚ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɟ: ɜɨɞɚ, ɪɚɤɢʁɚ, ɫɨɤ,
ɤɚɮɚ ɢ ɰɪɧɨ ɜɢɧɨ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɚ.
ɇɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɚɤɨ ɢɯ
ɢɦɚ. ɉɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ. Ⱦɨɧɟɬɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɢʄɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ
ɩɨɪɟɞ ɝɪɨɛɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ. ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɨɛɭ, ɨɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɥɢʁɟ ɜɢɧɨɦ ɢ
ɨɤɚɞɢ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ. ɉɪɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɥɟ ɞɨɧɟɬɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ, ɫɜɢɦɚ
ɭɦɪɥɢɦɚ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɝɪɨɛɭ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ʃɢɯ ɨɞɜɨʁɢ, ɩɚ ɫɟ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɩɚɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢɦɚ. ɋɜɢ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢ ɛɥɢɠɢɯ
ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɜɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɞɟ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ. Ɉɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ
ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ, ɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɠɟɧɟ, ɩɚ ɢ
ɦɥɚɻɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɚɥɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ, ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢ ɨɤɚɞɟ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ ɢ
ɩɪɟɥɢʁɭ ɜɢɧɨɦ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɟɬɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɨɛɭ. ɉɪɟ
ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɟ ɠɢɜɢ, ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɭ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɨɞ
ɫɜɟɝɚ ɞɨɧɟɬɨɝ ɩɨɦɚɥɨ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɜɢɦɚ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ.
ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɭʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɭɦɪɥɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɭ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɟɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɜɟ
ɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɜɢɦɚ ɭɦɪɥɢɦɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɞɥɚɫɤɚ ɫɚ ɝɪɨɛɚ, ɫɜɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɩɨɤɭɩɢ ɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ
ɐɢɝɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɢʁɢɯ ɫɟʂɚɧɚ. ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ
ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɫɟ ɫ ɩɪɚɤɫɨɦ ɧɟɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɬɨ
ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɪɚɞɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɨɛɭ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɧɢ ɭɦɪɥɢɦɚ,
ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɟ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɲɥɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ ɫɚ
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ɍɛɨʁɧɢɰɚ – ɫɜɢʃɚ ɬɨɜʂɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɤɥɚɥɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ
ɡɢɦɟ (ɩɪɟ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɚ).
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ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ, ɞɟɥɢ ɫɟ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɠɢɜɢɦɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɞɭɲɭ

ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʃɢɪ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɫɥɭɠɚɜɧɢɤ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɞ ɞɨɧɟɬɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ
ɭɦɪɥɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɭ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɏɪɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɩɭɬɚ, ɚ ɧɚɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɩɭɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɭ. ɉɢʄɟ ɡɚ
ɞɭɲɭ ɧɭɞɟ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɞɚʁɟ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɠɟ: ɍɡɦɢ ɡɚ
ɞɭɲɭ ɦɨʁɨʁ/ɦɨɦɟ (ɢɦɟ). Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɚ, ɭɡɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨʂɭɛɢ
ɩɪɢɦʂɟɧɨ, ɩɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ: Ȼɨɝ ɞɚ ʁɨʁ/ɦɭ ɞɭɲɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɟʂɟʃɟ
ɯɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɠɟɧɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɢ
ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢɦɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɢ, ɢ ɧɚ
ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɟ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ.
ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʄɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ,
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɭɲɭ, ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɫɟ, ɧɚ
ɝɪɨɛʂɭ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɨ ɫɬɨɥʃɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɨɮɪɚ. ɇɚ ɱɟɥɭ ʁɟ
ɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɱɥɚɧ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɨ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɭ –
Ɉɱɟɧɚɲ, ɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɨɮɪɟ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ Ɉɱɟɧɚɲ, ɫɜɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɫɬɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ
ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ: ɇɚɲɢɦ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɭɲɭ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ: Ȼɨɝ
ɞɚ ɢɦ ɞɭɲɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɩɢʄɟɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɭɡɢɦɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢ ɨɞ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɨ: Ⱦɚ
ɫɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɡɚɥɨɝɚʁɢ, ɞɚ ɦɪɬɜɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɝɥɚɞɧɢ. Ⱦɨɤ ɫɭ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɢ ɫɚ ɤɥɭɩɚɦɚ, ɯɪɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɟ,
ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ – ɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɭ. Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ
ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɫɭ ɢɲɱɟɡɥɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ ɞɚ ɢɯ
ɨɤɚɞɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɨɱɢɬɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɭ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɠɢɜɢɯ
ɯɪɚɧɨɦ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢɦɚ, ɪɚɡɢɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ.
ȼɪɚʄɟɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɚ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɟ. ɇɢʁɟ ɫɟ
ɛɚɰɚɥɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɦɪɬɜɢ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɢ
ɝɥɚɞɧɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɚ ʃɢɦɚ. ɂɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɞɚʁɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚɦɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɩɫɢɦɚ.
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ɇɚ ɞɚɧ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ

ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ. Ɉɜɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ
ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ, ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ
ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɛɥɢɠɨʁ ɢ ɞɚʂɨʁ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɢ. ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ
ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ.
ɂɡɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɢʄɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɟ
ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɭɲɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɚɻɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛ, ɩɪɜɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɞɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚ ɜɢɧɨɦ. ɋɜɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɚɥɟ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɢ ɭɩɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɚ.
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɤɚɻɟʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚʃɚ ɜɢɧɨɦ.
Ɉɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɟɫɟ, ɩɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢɦ
ɫɪɨɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ. ɋɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɟ ɥɟɩɢʃɟ (ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ
ɤɭɩɭʁɭ), ɩɟɱɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɨ, ɩɢʄɚ, ɜɨʄɟ, ɫɥɚɬɤɢɲɢ. Ɉɞ ɩɢʄɚ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɟ:
ɜɨɞɚ, ɪɚɤɢʁɚ, ɫɨɤɨɜɢ, ɩɢɜɨ...
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɥɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨ
ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɭ ɫ ɝɪɨɛʂɚ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɨɜɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ
ɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɤɭʄɚ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɢɡɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɢ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ. ɇɟɦɚ
ɧɢɲɬɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɨ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɪɚɧɨ ɢ
ɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɨɛɢʂɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɤɨɬɚɪɢɰɟ ɩɭɧɟ. ɋɚɞ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ.
ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ ɜɨɥɟɨ. Ɇɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ – ɤɚɠɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ – ɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɧɨɫɢ
ɝɨɪɟ ɯɪɚɧɭ [ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɫɟɥɚ], ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ
ɧɨɫɢ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ... ɋɜɟ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɚɞ ɫɜɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɭ ɦɟɪɭ.
Ɂɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɫɭ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧɟ ɥɟɩɢʃɟ
(ɩɨɫɤɭɪɢɰɟ) ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɦɟɫɟ: Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ –
ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɥɟɩɢʃɚ. ɉɟɤɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɢ ɩɢɬɚ. ɍʁɭɬɪɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢɥɨ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɢ, ɞɚ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɩɨɻɟ, ɛɭɞɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɚɡɟ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ
ɤɭɩɭʁɟ.
138
Ƚɪɨɛɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɞɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚʁɭ ɜɢɧɨɦ. Ɉɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɟ

ɫɜɟʄɟ ɢ ɰɜɟʄɟ. ɋɜɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɚɥɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɟʃɭʁɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɭɦɪɥɨɦ ɧɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɝɪɨɛɭ.
Ⱦɟɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɟɬɨ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɚ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɨɦ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɨɦ, ɚ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ. ȳɟɞɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɫɨɮɪɟ,
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟ ɫɜɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɭ. Ɂɚ
ɫɨɮɪɨɦ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɭ. Ɇɨɥɢɬɜɭ
ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɱɢɬɚ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɚɧ. ɇɟɦɚ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ ɬɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɨ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ʃɟɝɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɪɟɬɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ɉɪɟɬɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ
ȼɪɟɦɟ
ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɉɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɞ ɍɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɉɨɫɬ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ,
ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ,
ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ, ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ
ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɢɧɨɦ ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ
ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɢɧɨɦ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɨɮɪɚ ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɱɢɬɚʃɟ
ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ: ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ – ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰ – ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɏɪɚɧɚ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɜɢɧɨ ɏɪɚɧɚ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɜɢɧɨ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɋɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 23: Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ, ɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ

ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɜɚɥɨ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ.
139
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ

ɪɚɞɢɥɨ. Ⱥ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɲɬɚ ɪɚɞɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɜɚ
ɜɪɚʄɚɥɢ ɤɭʄɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫ ɝɪɨɛʂɚ ɜɪɚʄɚɥɢ ɩɢʁɚɧɢ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɟɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ ɩɟɫɦɢɰɚ:
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, ɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɢ,/ɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ,/ɫɜɨʁɢɯ
ɦɪɬɜɢɯ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɟɬɢ/ ɢ ɝɪɨɛ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɢ.
Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɭ Ɇɟɫɧɨʁ ɢɥɢ Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɨʁ ɧɟɞɟʂɢ, ɬʁ. ɩɪɟɞ

Ȼɟɥɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ, ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ. Ɉɞ ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɚ
ɞɨ ȼɚɫɤɪɚ ɧɟ ʁɟɞɟ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɨ. Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɟɬɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ „ɩɪɚɡɧɢ“ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨʁ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ.
X YZ W
ɉɚɞɚʁɭ ɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɩɪɟ Ȼɟɥɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚ. Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ
ɫɭ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 24: Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
140
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ
Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ʁɟ ɫɟɞɦɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɇɟɫɧɢɯ ɢ Ȼɟɥɢɯ

ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚ. ɇɟɦɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɞɚɬɭɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ʃɟɧɨɝ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ. Ȼɟɥɚ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɛɢɥɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɟ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɟ,
ɡɚɛɚɜɟ, ɢɝɪɟ ɢ ɜɟɫɟɥɢʁɟ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ
ɧɚʁɜɟɫɟɥɢʁɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɟɞɪɢʁɚ ɫɟɞɦɢɰɚ ɰɟɥɨɝ Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɚ.
X YZ W
Ⱦɚɧɢ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨʁ ɧɟɞɟʂɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ
ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɢɦ ɪɚɞʃɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɧɚ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɞɜɚʁɚɥɟ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ.
ȳɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɯɪɚɧɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ʁɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ,
ɛɢɨ ɛɟɥɢ ɫɦɨɤ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɨɞ ɦɥɟɤɚ), ɩɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɢ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɢɦɟ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ ɨɜɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ
ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɭ ɜɟʄɟɦ ɞɟɥɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Ɂɚ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɟ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɚɦɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɪɭɲɚɜɚʃɟ, ɭɡ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɦɚɫɤɢ ɢ ɛɨʁɚ, ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɩɯɨɞɚ. Ɇɚɫɤɢɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ,
ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɰɟɥɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ,119 ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɱɭɜɚɥɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɉɨɞɭɧɚɜʂɭ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ
119
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ⱦ. Ⱦɟɛɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɉɨʂɭ, 309-311; Slobodan Zeþeviü, Elementi naše mitologije u
narodnim obredima uz igru, Radovi V, Zenica 1973, 17-61.
141
ɚɪɚɩɢ120, ɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ

ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɋɪɟɦɭ, ɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ.121 Ɉɩɲɬɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ʂɭʂɚʃɟ ɢ ɜɢɬɥɚʃɟ, ɤɚɤɨ
ɨɦɥɚɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɟɰɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ.122
X YZ W
Ȼɟɥɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɫɭ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɭɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ
ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɥɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ
ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɢ, ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ,
ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɟɞ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ.
Ɋɢɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ
ɧɟɞɟʂɟ:
• ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɢɫɯɪɚɧɚ,
• ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨ ʂɭʂɚʃɟ,
• ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ.
Ɋɢɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɢɫɯɪɚɧɚ
Ⱦɨ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɜɪɥɨ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɚ,
ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ʁɟɞɭ ɦɥɟɤɨ, ɫɢɪ ɢ
ʁɚʁɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ʁɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɢɪ ɢ ɦɥɟɤɨ ɢ
ʁɟɞɭ, ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ, ɜɟʄ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɚɜɢɤɚ ɭ ɢɫɯɪɚɧɢ.
120
Ɇ. ɂɥɢʁɢɧ ɢ Ɉ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɢɝɪɟ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 172-
178.
121
Ɇ. Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 191-195.
122
Ɇɢɥɢɰɚ ɂɥɢʁɢɧ, Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɨ ʂɭʂɚʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ, Ɋɚɞ IX Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ
ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ Ɇɨɫɬɚɪɭ ɢ Ɍɪɟɛɢʃɭ 1962, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 1963,
273-285.
142
Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɨ ʂɭʂɚʃɟ
Ⱦɨ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ʂɭʂɚɲɤɭ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɭ
ɤɭʄɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɦɚɥɭ ɞɟɰɭ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ, ɤɚɠɭ, ɜɚʂɚɥɨ ɪɚɞɢ
ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ.
ɍ ɫɟɥɭ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɟʄɨʁ ɪɚɫɤɪɫɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɜɢɬɨ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ
ɨɤɭɩʂɚɥɚ ɨɦɥɚɞɢɧɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɞɜɨʁɟ ɜɢɬɥɚ, ɚ ʃɢɯ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɨ
ɢɯ ɝɭɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɜɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɨ ʁɚɱɢ ɞɪɜɟɧɢ ɫɬɭɛ – ɫɬɨɠɟɪ.
ɇɚ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɝɨɪʃɢ ɤɪɚʁ ɭɝɥɚɜʂɢɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɚ ɲɢʂɰɢɦɚ
ɧɚ ɜɪɯɭ, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɟ ɞɜɟ ɭɤɪɲɬɟɧɟ ɞɪɜɟɧɟ ɦɨɬɤɟ. ɇɚ
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ ɦɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɞɜɟ ɞɪɜɟɧɟ ɞɪɲɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɫɥɭɠɢɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɪɠɚɱɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟɞɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɧɭɥɢ.
Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟ, ɜɢɬɥɚʁɭ ɨɫɨɛɟ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɢɫɬɟ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ (ɤɢɥɚɠɟ). Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ,
ɩɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟ.
Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɨ ʂɭʂɚʃɟ, ɤɚɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɧɨɝ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚ,
ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɥɨ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɢ
ɞɟɰɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɡɚɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ʁɨɲ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɧɟɤɨ
ɡɚɜɟɠɟ ʂɭʂɚɲɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɚɜɟ ɞɟɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ
ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚ.
Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ, ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ, ɤɚɨ
ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ, ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɭ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɤɥɚɞɧɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɭ
ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɫɟʄɚʃɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɚ
ɬɨɤɨɦ 2002. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɚɡɧɚɥɚ ɫɚɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɚ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ
ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɥɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɐɢɝɚɧɱɢʄɚ, ɚ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ
ɱɭɥɚ ɫɚɦ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɨ ɩɪɟ ɞɜɟ ɞɨ ɬɪɢ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɇɚɫɤɢɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɞɟɰɚ ɦɥɚɻɟɝ ɭɡɪɚɫɬɚ.
143
Ɇɨɞɟɥ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɦɨɦ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɭ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ, ɬʁ.

ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ (ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɫɟʄɚʃɢɦɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ), ɢ
ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ 1945 ɞɨ 1960. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ʁɟ
ɞɟɥɭ ɪɟɞɭɤɨɜɚɧ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɛɢɨ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢʁɢ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. ɇɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ
ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɟ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ.
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɥɢ „ɧɚɜɥɚɱɢɥɢ ɧɚ
ɫɟɛɟ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɯ ɦɚɫɤɢ, ɩɪɟɜɪɧɭɬɟ ɲɭɛɚɪɟ, ɩɪɟɜɪɧɭɬɟ
ɤɨɠɭɯɟ, ɦɚɡɚɥɢ ɭɝʂɟɜʂɟɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɦɟɞɜɟɞɚ,
ɜɭɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ, ɜɟɲɬɢɰɟ. Ɍɟ ɦɚɫɤɨɬɟ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɫɚɦɟ ɩɟɜɚɥɟ, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɫɜɢɪɚɥɢ ɧɚ 'ɜɢɨɥɢɧɢ' ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ
ɨɞ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɨɜɢɧɟ, ɚ ɞɨɛɨɲ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɞ ɤɭɯɢʃɫɤɟ ɲɟɪɩɟ ɢɥɢ
ɬɟɩɫɢʁɟ.“123
Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɭ Ȼɟɥɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɤɚɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɱɢɱɚ, ɢɡɧɟɦɨɝɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɪɢɨ, ɢ ɦɨɥɢ
ɞɨɛɪɨɞɭɲɧɟ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɞɚʁɭ ɲɬɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɥɟɛɚ, ɦɟɫɚ,
ɫɥɚɧɢɧɟ, ʁɚʁɚ, ɩɚɫɭʂɚ, ɥɭɤɚ... ɋɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ. ɍ
ɪɭɰɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɧɨɫɢ ɲɬɚɩ. ɋɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɞɟɬɟ ɞɚ ɧɨɫɢ
ɤɨɪɩɭ. ɍ ɨɩɯɨɞ ɦɨɝɭ ɢʄɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɞɜɟ ɠɟɧɟ, ɚ ɭ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɭ ɢɲɥɟ ɢ
ɐɢɝɚɧɤɟ.124
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ, ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɭ ɞɚɧɢɦɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɩɪɚɜɟ. Ɇɚɫɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɧɨɲɟɧɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɡɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɥɚɲɟɧɢɰɟ.125 Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɦɥɚɞɢʄɢ. ɋɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ
123
Ɇɢɥɚɞɢɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ Ƚɢʁɚ, Ɂɭɰɟ: ɫɟɥɨ ɩɨɞ Ⱥɜɚɥɨɦ, „ɏɪɨɧɢɤɟ ɫɟɥɚ“,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1996, 171.
124
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɥɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ʁɭɪɢɥɟ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɞɟɰɭ, ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ.
125
ɉɥɚɲɟɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ Ɇ. ɂɥɢʁɢɧ ɢ Ɉ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɢɝɪɟ ɭ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 171.
144
ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɟ ɞɟɰɚ. ɉɨɜɨɪɤɚ ʁɟ

ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɟɥɨ, ɭɡ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɨɞɭɲɟɜʂɟʃɟ. ɋɜɨʁɢɦ
„ɭɥɨɝɚɦɚ“ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ: ɦɥɚɻɢ – ɡɚɬɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɟ, ɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ – ɲɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɚɱɟɤɭʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ
ɨɞɝɨɧɟɬɧɭ ɱɢʁɟ ɞɟɬɟ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ.
ȳɟɞɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ
Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɢɲɥɟ ɫɭ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ. Ȼɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɟɜɟɧɢ ɭ
ɩɪɟɜɪɧɭɬɭ ɨɞɟʄɭ, ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɢ ɫɭ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɲɟɲɢɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɲɭɛɚɪɟ, ɧɚ
ɥɢɰɭ – ɦɚɫɤɟ, ɭ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ – ɲɬɚɩɨɜɟ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɛɚɛɚ,
ɞɟɞɚ... ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ. ɍ ɩɨɜɨɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɲɥɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɞɨ
15 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɭɻɭ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, ɧɢɫɭ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ
ɤɭʄɭ, ɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɧɢɧɭ, ɪɟɻɟ ɧɨɜɚɰ. Ɍɨ
ɫɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɧɢɤɨ ɪɚɞɢɨ – ɤɚɠɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɭɜɟɪʂɢɜɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ
ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ.
Ɍɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɧɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ
ɧɢ ɭ ɪɭɤɟ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɐɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɋɭɛɨɬɚ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɋɟɨɫɤɢ ɚɬɚɪ Ⱦɟɨ ɫɟɥɚ
Ɉɛɢɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɤɭʄɚ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ Ɉɛɢɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɤɭʄɚ
ɜɢɬɥɚʃɟ, ʂɭʂɚʃɟ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ɇɚɫɤɟ, ɜɢɬɨ, ʂɭʂɚɲɤɟ Ɇɚɫɤɟ
Ɋɚɞ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ, ɠɟɧɫɤɢ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ -//-
ɪɚɞɨɜɢ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 25: Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
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Ȼɟɥɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ
Ȼɟɥɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɩɪɟɞ

ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɟɝ ɉɨɫɬɚ. ɉɨɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ʁɟɪ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɚɞɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ.
Ȼɟɥɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɫɩɨɧɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɞɜɚ, ɧɚɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ –
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɯɪɚɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ
ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ, ɢ ɉɨɫɬɚ, ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɥɟ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɢ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ, ɨɞ ɢɫɯɪɚɧɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɝɪɭɠɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɢ
ɉɪɨɲɬɟɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ, ɲɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɚɲɬɚʃɚ
ɦɟɻɭ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ. ȼɟɱɟɪɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɚ ɭ
ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɚɧɟ. ɉɪɟɞ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ, ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ
ɱɟʂɚɞɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɟ ɛɚɪ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɱɟɧ ɛɟɥɨɝ ɥɭɤɚ ɢ ɤɭɜɚɧɨ ʁɚʁɟ. ɉɨ
ɜɟɱɟɪɢ ɛɚɛɟ ɬɪʂɚʁɭ ɞɟɰɢ ɬɚɛɚɧɟ ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ ɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɩɨɻɭ
ɞɚ ɫɩɚɜɚʁɭ, ɨɧɞɚ ɢɦ ɨɛɭɤɭ ɩɪɟɜɪɧɭɬɭ ɤɨɲɭʂɭ.“ Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ
ɪɚɞɢ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɧɟɱɢɫɢɬɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ.126
X YZ W
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ
ɧɟɦɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ. Ɉɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɫɚ
ɜɢɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ.
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɜɪɯɭɧɚɰ ɢ ɤɪɚʁ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɟ ɢɫɯɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢ ɉɨɫɬ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɟ
ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ, ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ
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ɉɟɬɚɪ ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɭɠɚ, 239.
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ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɪɭɱɤɚ/ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɡɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɟ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ

ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ.
Ɋɢɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɝɨɡɛɚ
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɧɨɦ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ.
ȼɟɱɟɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɲɬɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɭɜɟɱɟ. ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɬɡɜ. ɦɚɫɧɚ
ʁɟɥɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ: ɱɨɪɛɚ, ɤɭɩɭɫ, ɦɟɫɨ, ɤɨɥɚɱɢ ɨɞ ɤɢɫɟɥɨɝ ɬɟɫɬɚ,
ɝɢɛɚɧɢɰɟ. ɋɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ʁɚʁɚ ɢ ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ. Ɉɞ
ɦɟɫɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɧɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧɚ ɨɛɚɪɟɧɚ, ɩɚ ɡɚɩɟɱɟɧɚ
ɨɫɭɲɟɧɚ ɫɜɢʃɫɤɚ ɩɥɟʄɤɚ ɨɞ ɫɜɢʃɟ ɡɚɤɥɚɧɟ ɭ ʁɟɫɟɧ, ɬɡɜ.
ɭɛɨʁɧɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ.
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɩɥɟʄɤɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɧɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ
ɫɜɢʃɫɤɨ ɦɟɫɨ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɭ ʁɟɫɟɧ, ɜɟʄ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ, ɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɢ
ɦɟɫɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ – ɫɭɲɟʃɟɦ. Ɇɟɫɨ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɱɭɜɚ ɭ ɡɚɦɪɡɢɜɚɱɢɦɚ. Ɍɤɨɻɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɜɟɱɟɪɚ, ɜɟʄ ɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ. ɍɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɥɟʄɤɟ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ
ɫɩɪɟɦɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɢɥɟɬɢɧɚ.
Ɉɛɚɜɟɡɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɧɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ʁɟɫɭ ʁɚʁɚ ɢ ɛɟɥɢ
ɥɭɤ. Ȼɚɪɟɦ ɩɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ʁɚʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɨɞ
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ. ȳɚʁɚ ɫɭ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɧɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ.
ȴɭɫɤɟ ɨɞ ʁɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ; ɧɟ ɩɚɦɬɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɭ
ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ʁɟɨ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ, ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ ɫɭ
ɩɪɟɞ ɫɩɚɜɚʃɟ ɦɚɡɚɧɢ ɞɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɩɚɥɚ. ɉɨ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɭ, ɧɚ
ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɟ ɲɬɢɬɢɥɨ ɨɞ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ – ɛɟɥɢ
ɥɭɤ ɢɦɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɭ ɦɨʄ ɞɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ.
Ɍɟɠɢ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ, ɲɬɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ, ɞɚ ɨɛɟɞɭ
ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɬɟɲɤɨ
ɢɡɜɨɞʂɢɜɨ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɪɚɞɧɨ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɧɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ʁɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɱɢɫɬɟ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɫɚ ɫɬɨɥɚ. ɑɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ
ɧɚʁɫɢɬɧɢʁɚ ɦɪɜɚ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɩɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɧɟ ɧɚ
ɡɟɦʂɭ. ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɨɦɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟ ɡɥɨ
ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɥɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɢ
ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɜɚɥɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɪɚɞʃɚɦɚ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɢ
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ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɦɚɡɚʃɚ ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ, ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ

ɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɪɯɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɤɭʄɟ ɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ.
1. ɉɪɟ ɨɞɥɚɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɤ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ (ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɚɤɨ
ɧɟɦɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɟ) ɭ ɲɩɨɪɟɬ, ɧɚ ɜɚɬɪɭ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɞɚɧɚ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨ ɩɚɪɱɟ ɝɭɦɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɝɨɪɢ. Ƚɭɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɞɚ
ɝɨɪɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɟ ɫɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ɭ ɨʇɚɤɭ, ɩɚ
ʄɟ ɫɦɪɚɞ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɨɬɟɪɚ.
2. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɭ ɜɚɬɪɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɤɚɦɟɧ, ɭɡ ɪɟɱɢ: Ʉɨ ɞɨɻɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ, ɤɚɦɟɧ ɦɭ ɡɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɫɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ,
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɭ, ɦɢɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɟ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɫɭ
ɱɭɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɝɨɪɟɥɢ ɤɚɦɟɧ ɢɡ ɲɩɨɪɟɬɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɭɛɨɞɟ
ɧɚ ɟɤɫɟɪ, ɤɚɦɟɧ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɭ ɲɩɨɪɟɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɢʁɚ. ɍɫɢʁɚɧɢ
ɤɚɦɟɧ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɭ ɤɨɮɭ ɫɚ ɜɨɞɨɦ, ɚ ɭɛɨɞɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ
ɩɚɪɢɥɨ ɧɚɞ ɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɦ.
3. ɉɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ, ɧɚ ɭɥɚɡɧɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɚɛɚɞɚɧ ɧɨɠ.
4. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɤ, ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ
ɛɚʁɚɥɢɰɟ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɧɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɨ
ɦɚɥɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɞɚɧ. ɋɩɪɟɦɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɛɟɡ
ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɨʁɟɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧɚ ʁɟ
ɱɨɪɛɚ, ɫɚɪɦɚ, ɩɢɬɚ, ɛɭʄɤɚɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ.127 Ɉɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧɢ ɫɭɜɚ ɲɭɧɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɟʄɤɚ, ʁɚʁɚ ɢ ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ. Ʉɨ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɥɟʄɤɭ, ɩɟɱɟ ɦɟɫɨ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɨɞ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɟ ɩɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ʁɚʁɟ. ɉɪɟɞ
ɫɩɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɚɡɚɥɢ ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɞɟɰɚ ɪɚɞɢ
ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ (ɩɨ ɱɟɥɭ, ɩɨɞ ɦɢɲɤɨɦ, ɩɨ ɬɚɛɚɧɢɦɚ), ɚɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɢ
ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ ɢ ɭɪɨɤɚ.
127
„Ɋɟɻɟ“ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨ ɤɢɫɟɥɨ ɬɟɫɬɨ (ɛɪɚɲɧɨ, ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɨ), ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ
ɪɭɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɢɫɤɚ. Ɍɟɫɬɨ ɤɨʁɟ „ɢɡɚɻɟ“ ɢɡ ɲɚɤɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɲɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɭ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɜɪɟɥɨɝ ɭʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɠɢ (ɧɟɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɭɲɬɢɩɚɤɚ).
148
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ
ȼɪɟɦɟ
ɉɨɫɬɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ
Ʉɭɜɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ, ɦɚɡɚʃɟ
ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ɤɚɦɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɭɦɟ ɭ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɭɦɟ ɭ
ɲɩɨɪɟɬ, ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚʃɟ
ɲɩɨɪɟɬ , ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ
ɛɚʁɚɥɢɰɚ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ
ɯɪɚɧɟ
ɯɪɚɧɟ
ȳɚʁɚ, ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ,
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ȳɚʁɚ, ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ
ɤɚɦɟɧ/ɝɭɦɚ
Ɇɨʄ ɛɟɥɨɝ ɥɭɤɚ, ɤɚɦɟɧɚ
Ɇɨʄ ɛɟɥɨɝ ɥɭɤɚ,
ɢ ɝɭɦɟ,
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɤɪɨɡ
ɜɟɲɬɢɰɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɤɪɨɡ
ɨʇɚɤ
ɨʇɚɤ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 26: ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ
ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɢɥɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚʁɞɭɠɢ ɢ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɫɬ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ. Ɍɪɚʁɟ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – ɨɞ
ɑɢɫɬɨɝ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɤɚ, ɩɚ ɞɨ ɫɭɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ. ɋɜɚɤɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ: ɑɢɫɬɚ (ʁɨɲ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɉɪɜɨɩɨɫɧɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɭ), ɉɚɱɢɫɬɚ,
Ʉɪɫɬɭɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ, ɋɪɟɞɨɩɨɫɧɚ, Ƚɥɭɜɚ, ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɚ.128
128
149
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ
ɉɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɢɥɨ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ. ɉɨɱɢʃɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɑɢɫɬɢ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ. ȼɟʄ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɫɟ ɫɚ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦ ɫɤɪɚʄɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɟɝ
ɩɨɫɬɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɩɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɫɜɟɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
ɉɪɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɢʄɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ. ɋɚɦɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ (ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɭɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ) ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ. Ⱦɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ,
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɧɚɪɚɲɬɚʁ, ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɭɠɢɦ
ɩɨɫɬɨɦ. ɇɢʁɟ ɪɟɬɤɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ. ɉɨɫɬ ʁɟ
ɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɛɥɚɠɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɭʂɭ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɉɨɫɬɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ, ɢ ɬɨ
ʁɟɞɧɨɧɢɱɟʃɟɦ (ɧɟʁɟɞɟʃɟɦ), ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɟ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɫɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ
ɧɚ ɜɨɞɢ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ʁɟɞɭ ɦɟɫɨ, ɦɥɟɤɨ, ɫɢɪ ɢ ʁɚʁɚ. ɏɪɚɧɚ
ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɭʂɭ ɢ, ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɪɟɻɟ, ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɢ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɋɟɞɚɦ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ/ɫɟɞɚɦ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɞɚɧɚ/ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
ȼɪɟɦɟ
ɞɚɧɚ/ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɟɬɚɤ ɉɟɬɚɤ/ɫɟɞɚɦ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɉɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɉɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɉɨɫɬɚ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ
ɉɨɫɬɚ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ Ɇɪɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ Ɇɪɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 27: ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
150
Ɉɞ ɤɚɞɚ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ

ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɭɬɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɉɨɫɬɚ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɨ,
ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɢɜɚɨ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ.
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɟ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɭʁɭ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ.
Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɜɨ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ
ɭ ɩɪɜɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ (ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɑɢɫɬɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ).
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɟ.
ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɉɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ (ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɟɝ) ɩɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ

ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ, ɚ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɞɚɧ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɧɟɞɟʂɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ. ɂɦɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɡɚ ɧɚʁɞɭɠɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɪɨɠɢ ɩɨɫɬ ɭ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ.
X YZ W
Ɉɫɢɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɭɻɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ,
ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɨɤɭɩɚʁɭ ɢ
ɨɩɟɪɭ, ɬɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ ɩɨɫɬ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɫɬ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɨɜɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɩɨɫɬɢɥɢ ɫɜɢ, ɛɟɡ
ɢɡɭɡɟɬɤɚ. ɋɬɚɪɢʁɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɫɭ ɱɚɤ ʁɟɞɧɨɧɢɱɢɥɢ ɰɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ
ʁɟɞɭʄɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɜɟɱɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢ ɬɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɢɲɟ.129
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɚ ɫɟɞɦɢɰɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ ɡɜɚɥɚ,
ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɢɥɢ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ. ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɞɚɧ
ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɧɟɞɟʂɢ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ. ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɱɢɫɬɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɥɨ, ɬʁ. ɨɞɦɚɲʄɢɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɫɭɻɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ
129
151
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ. Ɉɫɬɚɰɢ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ

ɐɢɝɚɧɢɦɚ. ɋɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ ɡɚɦɪɡɢɜɚɱ, ɚɥɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɟ.
ɀɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɨɩɪɚɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɫɭɞɨɜɟ ɨɞ
ɦɚɫɧɨʄɟ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɜɟʄɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɩɚ
ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɧɟ. ɋɜɟ ɲɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɛɚɰɚɥɨ ɫɟ,
ɞɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɬɨɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɐɢɝɚɧɢɦɚ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɭɡɟɬɢ
ɛɢɥɨ ɲɬɚ ɦɪɫɧɨ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɬ. ɇɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɟ
ɩɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɟ. ɉɨɧɨɜɧɢ ɦɪɫ ʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧ ɬɟɤ ɧɚ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɚɰɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɧɟ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɟ
ɫɭɬɪɚɞɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɟɤɨ ɤɨ, ɭ
ɤɭʄɢ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ.
ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɠɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɥɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɭɻɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɢɫɤɭɜɚɜɚɥɟ ɭ ɰɟɻɢ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɱɢɫɬɢɥɟ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɭ
ɤɭʄɭ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ,
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɉɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ „Ɉɞɦɚɲʄɢɜɚʃɟ“ ɫɭɞɨɜɚ ɉɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɋɭɞɨɜɢ -//-
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ȳɟɞɟʃɟ ɦɪɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ ȳɟɞɟʃɟ ɦɪɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 28: ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
152
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ 9./22. ɦɚɪɬɚ. ɇɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɫɭ

ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. Ⱦɚɧ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ ɭɛɪɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɡɜ.
ɜɚɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɚɧɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ
ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ.
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ ɫɭ, ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ
ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ – ɡɢɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɨ ɨɫɟɬɧɨ
ɨɬɨɩʂɚɜɚʃɟ. Ɉɬɨɩʂɟʃɟ ɛɭɞɢ ɢɧɫɟɤɬɟ, ɝɦɢɡɚɜɰɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɛɢʂɤɟ. ɀɢɜɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ „ɢɡɪɚʃɚ“ ɢɡ
ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɩɚ ɫɭ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɟ
ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɪɯɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ
ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɨɞ ɲɬɟɬɨɱɢɧɚ (ɡɦɢʁɚ, ɦɢɲɟɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ.)
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɋɜɟɬɢɯ 40
ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɋɟɜɚɫɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ – ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɯ
ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɭɻɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɦɪɬ ɤɚɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɲɭɦɚɞɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɫɭ ɫɤɚɤɚɥɚ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ɡɚɩɚʂɟɧɢɯ ɜɚɬɪɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ.130 ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɢ
Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɨʁ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɢ ɤɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɥɚɞɭ ɤɨɩɪɢɜɭ. ɍ
Ƚɪɭɠɢ131 ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ʁɟɥɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɛɭɜɚ, ɚ ɭ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɢ132
– ɪɚɞɢ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɧɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ
ɪɚɧɨ, ɩɪɟ ɫɭɧɰɚ, ɱɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, ɤɭʄɚ, ɲɬɚɥɚ, ɜɨʄʃɚɤ.
130
ȳ. ȿɪɞɟʂɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɨ ɒɭɦɚɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ, 163.
131
132
ȳ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɚ, 98.
153
ȭɭɛɪɟ ɫɭ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɥɟ ɢ ɩɚɥɢɥɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ

(Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ). ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɨɞɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɡɦɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɢɦ
ɱɢɧɨɦ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɦɢʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ
ɩɨʂɭ ɢɥɢ ɲɭɦɢ. ɂ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɻɭɛɪɟ ɫɤɭɩʂɚ ɢ ɩɚɥɢ.
Ƚɥɟɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨ ʄɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɚ ɭɩɚɥɢ, ɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɥɢ ɞɚ
ɫɦɪɞɢ.
Ⱦɨ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɚɰɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟʁɚɥɢ ɤɪɨɦɩɢɪɢ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ
ʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ ɫɚɤɫɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɰɜɟʄɟɦ. ɐɜɟʄɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ
ɡɟɦʂɚ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɤɨɩɚ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɜɨɞɢ ɢ ɧɚ
ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɛɚɲɬɢ ɡɚɫɚɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɫɚɞɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɰɜɟɬ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɧɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɟ ɫɟʁɟ ɪɚɫɚɞ ɡɚ ɥɟɬʃɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ. ȳɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ
ɦɥɚɞɚ ɤɨɩɪɢɜɚ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɬɥɟ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɟ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 22. ɦɚɪɬ 22. ɦɚɪɬ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɦɥɚɞɚ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɦɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ
ɢ
ɉɚʂɟʃɟ ɻɭɛɪɟɬɚ,
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɡɦɢʁɚ, ɉɚʂɟʃɟ ɻɭɛɪɟɬɚ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɧɨʄɟʃɟ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɤɨɞ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ, ɤɭɜɚʃɟ
ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɚ, ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɤɨɩɪɢɜɟ
„ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɢʄɚ“
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬ
„ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɢʄɢ“ ɉɨɤɥɨɧɢ
ɢ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃ
ȼɚʂɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɞɢɬɢ ɰɜɟʄɟ -//-
ɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 29: Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
154
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɦɥɚɞɚ ɧɨʄ ɭɨɱɢ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɚɰɚ

ɨɞɟ ɤɨɞ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɫɩɚɜɚ. Ɇɟɫɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ
ɯɥɟɩɱɢʄɢ, ɬɡɜ. ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɢʄɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɞɨɦ.
Ⱦɚɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɧɨɦɟ ɤɨ ɞɨɻɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ
ɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɫɜɟɤɪɜɚ.
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɛɪɚɱɧɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɢ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɜɟɧɱɚɥɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ: Ⱦɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɡɞɪɚɜɢ,
ɞɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɟɰɟ. ɋɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɟ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɛɥɢɠɢ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ
ɦɥɚɞɟɧɚɰɚ ɢ ɤɭɦɨɜɢ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɭ ɩɨɫɬ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɫɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɦɪɫɧɨ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ
ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɪɨɞɢ ɞɟɬɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɨɞ
ɦɥɚɞɟɧɚɰɚ (ɬʁ. ɨɞ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɚ).
Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ
Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ

25. ɦɚɪɬɚ/7. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ. ȼɪɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ. ɉɪɟɦɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ, Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ
ɞɨɲɥɨ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɚɧɨɦ „ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ“,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɛɭɻɟʃɚ ɠɢɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɥɚɠɟʃɚ ɢɡ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ
ɲɬɟɬɨɱɢɧɚ. ɇɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɥɚ ɢ
ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.133
X YZ W
Ⱦɟɜɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, ɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɚɥɚ Ȼɨɝɭ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɜɟɱɧɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɢ,
ʃɨʁ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɢɨ ɚɪɯɚɧɻɟɥ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨ ɢ ɪɟɤɚɨ: „Ɋɚɞɭʁ ɫɟ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɧɚ, Ƚɨɫɩɨɞ ʁɟ ɫ ɬɨɛɨɦ, ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɚ ɫɢ ɬɢ ɦɟɻɭ
ɠɟɧɚɦɚ“. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɚ, ɩɨ Ȼɨɠʁɨʁ ɜɨʂɢ, ɪɨɞɢɬɢ
133
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, 27-29.
155
ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟʂɚ – ɋɢɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʁɟɝ. ɍ ɫɩɨɦɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ ɰɪɤɜɚ

ʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ.
X YZ W
ɉɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, ɡɢɦɚ ɬɪɚʁɟ ɞɨ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ,
ɩɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɱɭɬɢ: „Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ɫɢɤɢɪɭ
ɦɢ ɧɚɻɢ“, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɩɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɫɧɟɝ ɢ
ɡɬɪɩɚɨ ɫɟɤɢɪɭ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ.134
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 7. ɚɩɪɢɥ 7. ɚɩɪɢɥ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ Ʉɭʄɚ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ -//-
ɉɪɟɞɜɢɻɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɫɟʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ʉɭɤɭɪɭɡ, ɻɭɛɪɟ Ʉɭɤɭɪɭɡ
Ƚɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ Ƚɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ
ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ
ɩɨʂɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɩɨʂɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ,
ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ „ɬɟɠɢɯ“ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ „ɬɟɠɢɯ“
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 30: Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɍ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨ

ɜɢɞɢ ɡɦɢʁɭ ɩɪɟ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ɨɧ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɛɢʁɟ, ɨɬɤɢɧɟ ʁɨʁ
134
156
ɢ ɪɚɡɦɪɫɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɭ, ɩɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɟʁɟ ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɟ ɤɪɨɡ

ʃɭ. ɉɨɫɬɚʄɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɢɬ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɱɟɧ ɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɥɭɤɚ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɩɨɞ
ʁɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɨɞɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ – ɦɨʄɢ ʄɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɭ
ɠɟɧɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ.135
X YZ W
ɇɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɥɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɻɭɛɪɟɬɚ ɢ
ɩɚɥɢɥɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɚ ɨɞ ɦɭɜɚ,
ɜɚɲɢ, ɛɭɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ „ɬɟɲɤɢɦ“ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ.
ɇɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɝɥɟɞɚ ɤɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ. Ʉɚɠɟ ɫɟ:
Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬ – ɩɪɢɩɨɜɟɫɬ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɥɟɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɛɢʄɟ ɫɭɲɧɨ ɥɟɬɨ,
ɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɨ, ɛɢʄɟ ɪɨɞɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ȼɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɡɢɦɚ ɬɪɚʁɟ
ɞɨ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɬɚɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟʁɚɬɢ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ.
ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ʁɟ ɲɟɫɬɚ, ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ

ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɟɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ. ɇɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ
ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ – ɩɨ ɐɜɟɬɢɦɚ.
X YZ W
Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɐɜɟɬɧɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ, ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ
ɤɪɟɱɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɜɨʄɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɪɨɞɢɥɨ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ,
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɜɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɧɚɫɚɻɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɜɨɱɤɟ.136
Ɉɜɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɥɚ ɤɨɫɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɰɜɟɬɚɜɚɥɚ.
ɂɧɚɱɟ, ɨɜɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɫɟ ɤɢɬɢɥɨ ɜɪɛɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɭʄɟɦ ɢ ɤɨɩɪɢɜɨɦ,
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɜɪɛɚ.137
135
136
Ɇ. Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛ., 231.
137
157
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɨ
ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ʃɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɟʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɛɢʂɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɰɜɟɬɚɜɚɬɢ, ɚɥɢ
ɧɟʄɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɥɨɞɚ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɫɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɰɜɟɬɚɜɚɥɚ,
ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ ʁɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɢ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɧɨ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ (ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟʃɟ, ɲɤɨɥɚ), ɲɬɨ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ
ȼɪɟɦɟ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɉɨɜɪʄɟ ɉɨɜɪʄɟ
ɋɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɪʄɚ, ɩɪɚʃɟ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɋɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɪʄɚ
ɤɨɫɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 31: ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɚɞɚ ɭ

ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɐɜɟɬɧɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ – ɨɫɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɲɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɚ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ
ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɢ ȼɪɛɢɰɚ, ɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ
ɞɚɧ ɤɢɬɢ ɜɪɛɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɭʄɟɦ.
158
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Ɉɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɚɫɤɪɫ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜ,
ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ, ɋɢɧ Ȼɨɠʁɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ,
ɫɥɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɫɦɪʄɭ.
Ʉɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɭɫɤɪɫɧɭʄɚ ɞɪɠɢ ɫɟ ɜɪɛɢɰɚ,
ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ, ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɥɟ ɝɪɚɧɱɢɰɟ ɜɪɛɟ ɧɨɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ
ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ, ɚ ɫɭɬɪɚɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɟ ɜɟɪɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ
ɰɪɤɜɢ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ, ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɤɧɟɡɚ (ɰɚɪɚ) ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɦɭɱɟɧɢɱɤɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɭɲɚɨ ɭ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɭ. Ɉɜɚ ɜɟɡɚ ʁɟ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɱɭɬɢ ɤɭɤɚɜɢɰɭ,
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɝ ɫɬɨɦɚɤɚ, ʁɟɪ ɬɨ ɧɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɚɜɚ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɭ.138
ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɩɚɥɢɥɨ ɻɭɛɪɟ,
ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɭɻɨʁ ɦɟɻɢ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɚ ɨɞ ɛɭɜɚ.139
ɍ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɭ ɥɨɠɟɧɟ ɜɚɬɪɟ, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦ ɞɚɧ, ɪɚɧɨ
ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɩɪɟ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɚ ɫɭɧɰɚ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ
ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɥɭɩɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ. ɋɜɟ ʁɟ
ɪɚɻɟɧɨ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɨɞ ɡɦɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɝɚɦɚɞɢ.140
ɍ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɫɟɥɚ
ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɥɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɭ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɩɯɨɞ ɢɲɥɟ
ɞɜɟ ɞɨ ɬɪɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰ
138
Ⱦ. Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ, 318.
139
140
159
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɨɫɢɨ ʄɟɦɚɧɟ.141 Ʌɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɢ

ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɫɟɥɚ ʁɨɲ ɢ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.142
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ, ɫɭ ɢɲɥɟ ɥɚɡɚɪɤɟ
(ɥɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ). ɍ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɬɪɨʁɟ: ɦɭɡɢɤɚɧɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɜɢɪɚ
ɜɢɨɥɢɧɭ, ɠɟɧɫɤɨ ɞɟɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 5 ɢ 10 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɢɝɪɚ ɢ ɩɟɜɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɚ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɚ, ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 15 ɢ 18 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ,
ɤɨʁɚ ɧɨɫɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɟ ɞɚɪɨɜɟ. Ȼɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɭ,
ɱɢɫɬɭ ɨɞɟʄɭ. Ɉɤɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜɢʁɚɥɢ ɜɪɛɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɱɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ. Ƚɪɭɩɚ ʁɟ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, ɚɥɢ
ɧɢʁɟ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɤɭʄɟ ɢɝɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɟɜɚɥɚ.
Ⱦɟɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɝɪɚ, ɭɡ ɬɨ ɢ ɩɟɜɚ: Ɉ ɲɚɪɚʁɚɲɚ! [ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ: Ɉɩ, ɲɚ,
ʁɚɪɚɲɚ...]/Ɂɚɲɬɚ ɢɝɪɚ ɥɚɡɚɪɤɚ?/Ɂɚ ɥɟɛɚ!/Ɂɚ ɦɟɫɚ!/Ɂɚ ɤɨɦɚɬ
ɫɥɚɧɢɧɟ!/Ɂɚ ɱɚɲɭ ɪɚɤɢʁɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɢɪɚɰ ɧɚɩɢʁɟ! ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ
ɥɚɡɚɪɤɟ ɞɨɻɭ ɞɨ ɤɭʄɟ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢɥɚ ɨɧɨ ɱɢɦɟ
ʄɟ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɞɚɪɭʁɟ. ɉɨɧɟɤɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚɲɚɥɢ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ,
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ: ɂ ʁɚ ɛɢɯ ɢɝɪɚɨ ɡɚ ɫɥɚɧɢɧɭ ɢ ɪɚɤɢʁɭ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɭ Ʌɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ ɢɲɥɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. Ȼɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɐɢɝɚɧɤɟ.
Ɉɩɚɫɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɜɪɛɨɦ ɨɤɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɚ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɢɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ
(ɢɡɜɨɪ). ɉɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɧɢ
ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ. Ʉɨɞ ɩɪɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɭ, ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɚ
ɢɡɥɚɡɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɝɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɲɢɧɟ ɜɪɛɨɦ. ɇɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ
ɨɧɚʁ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɟ.143 ɇɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɜɪɛɟ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɟ ɤɭʄɢ. ȼɟɡɭʁɭ
141
142
Ⱦɪɚɝɨɫɥɚɜ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɨɦɟɧɚ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 72, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997, 109-121.
143
Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ. ɍ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɨ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ.
160
ɫɟ ɨɤɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ. Ɍɨ ɛɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɛɢɰɚ ɤɚɨ

ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɱɢʁɟɦ ɢɦɚʃɭ ɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɜɨɞɟ. ɋɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ
ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ ȼɪɛɢɰɭ.
ɇɚ ȼɪɛɢɰɭ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɡ ɫɜɢɯ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ
ɢɲɥɨ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɢ
ɬɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɟ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɢɡ Ɂɭɰɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɚ ɨɞɥɚɠɟʃɟɦ ɭ
ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨ ɫɟɥɨ. ɋɜɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɲɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ
2002. ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ʁɟ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ ȼɪɛɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɞɟɨ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɻɚɤɚ
ɩɪɟɞɲɤɨɥɫɤɨɝ ɭɡɪɚɫɬɚ.
ɇɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ [ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɪɚɧɨ] ɫɟʁɟ ɫɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ, ɧɚ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɟɪɟ.
ɇɚ ȼɪɛɢɰɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɰɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɭ
ɡɜɨɧɰɚ ɢ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɜɪɛɚ. ȼɪɛɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɰɢ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɨɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɢɥɢ
ɨɤɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɚ, ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɬɚɧɤɚ ɤɚɨ ɜɪɛɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɭ ɤɨ ɜɪɛɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɋɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɐɜɟɬɢ ɋɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɐɜɟɬɢ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɫɟɥɨ, ɰɪɤɜɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ, ɞɟɰɚ, ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɞɟɰɚ,
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ Ʌɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ, ɜɪɛɢɰɚ ȼɪɛɢɰɚ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ȼɪɛɨɜɨ ɩɪɭʄɟ ȼɪɛɨɜɨ ɩɪɭʄɟ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɇɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɱɭɬɢ ɤɭɤɚɜɢɰɭ -//-
ɂɡɥɚɤ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɫɚ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ -//-
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɦɚɤɨɦ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 32: Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
161
ɉɨɲɬɨ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ

ɢɡɜɨɪ (ɱɟɫɦɚ) ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧ ɠɚɥɨɫɧɨɦ ɜɪɛɨɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ
ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɢɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɞɟɰɨɦ ɬɚɦɨ ɧɚ ȼɪɛɢɰɭ. Ɇɨɦɰɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɭ ɜɪɛɭ
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚ ɢ ɞɟɥɢ ɞɟɰɢ. ɋɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɞɚʁɟ ɞɟɰɢ ɢ ɛɨɦɛɨɧɟ
ɢ ɡɜɨɧɱɢʄɟ. Ⱦɨ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ.
ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɞɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ ɧɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɱɭɬɢ
ɤɭɤɚɜɢɰɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɝ ɫɬɨɦɚɤɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɢɨ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ
(ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɟɰɚ) ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɞ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɦɟɬɧɟ ɭ ɭɫɬɚ.
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ.
ɍɥɚɡɚɤ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɭ ȳɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ – ɐɜɟɬɢ
ɐɜɟɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ

ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɭɜɟɤ ɫɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ, ɬʁ. ɩɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɨɦ ɛɭɻɟʃɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢʁɟ.
X YZ W
Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɐɪɤɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɡɧɚɤ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɧɚ
ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜ ɭɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ȳɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ, ʁɚɲɭʄɢ ɧɚ
ɦɚɝɚɪɰɭ, ɞɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧ ɫ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɨɲʄɭ. ɂɩɪɟɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɭ
ɛɚɰɚɧɟ ɩɚɥɦɢɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɱɢɰɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɰɜɟʄɟ, ɩɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ
ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ.
X YZ W
Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɐɜɟɬɢ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨ, ʁɟɫɬɟ ɛɪɚʃɟ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɨɝ ɛɢʂɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɚɩɚ ɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ʃɢɦɟ ɤɢɬɟ
162
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ. ȼɨɞɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɩʂɟɧɨ ɛɢʂɟ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɡɚ ʁɭɬɚɪʃɟ

ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ.144
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ɩɚɞɚ
ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɬɡɜ. ɐɜɟɬɧɚ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ
ɉɚʂɟʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɤɪɩɚ, ɪɚɞ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɨɤɨ ɰɜɟʄɚ, Ɋɚɞ ɨɤɨ ɰɜɟʄɚ
ɩɪɢɱɟɫɬ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɋɬɚɪɟ ɤɪɩɟ, ɰɜɟʄɟ ɋɬɚɪɟ ɤɪɩɟ, ɰɜɟʄɟ
ɉɚʂɟʃɟ ɤɪɩɚ ɨɞɛɢʁɚ ɡɥɟ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ -//-
ɞɭɯɨɜɟ ɢ ɡɦɢʁɟ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɋɚɻɟʃɟ ɩɨɜɪʄɚ ɋɚɻɟʃɟ ɩɨɜɪʄɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 33: ɐɜɟɬɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɇɚ ɐɜɟɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ, ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɥɨ

ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɲɬɚ ɫɟʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɜɪʄɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ
ɨɤɨ ɰɜɟʄɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɚɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɤɨɩɚɜɚɬɢ. ɉɨɜɪʄɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɫɚɞɢ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɞɭɥɟɰɢ ɢ ɛɨɪɚɧɢʁɚ, ʁɟɪ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɩɨɫɟʁɚɧɨ ɩɨɜɪʄɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɰɜɟɬɚɜɚɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɪɨɞɚ.
144
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɇ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 257; Ɇ.
Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 247-248.
163
Ⱦɨɫɤɨɪɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɪɚɲɢɪɟɧ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɚɥɟ ɤɪɩɟ ɢ

ɻɭɛɪɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɡɦɢʁɚ ɢ ɡɥɢɯ ɞɭɯɨɜɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɟ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɨɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ.
ɇɚ ɐɜɟɬɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɢɜɚɨ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɩɪɢɱɟɫɬɢɨ ɧɚ Ɍɢɨɞɨɪɨɜɭ (Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɭ) ɫɭɛɨɬɭ. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ
ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɟ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ (ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ).
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ, ɚ

ɧɟɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɋɬɪɚɫɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɢɥɢ Ɂɚɜɚɥɢɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ. Ⱦɚɧɢ
ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɧɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɪɨɠɟɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ. Ɉɜɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɟ
ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɨ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɜɟʄɢ ɩɨɫɚɨ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ ɢ
ɠɟɧɫɤɢ ɪɭɱɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ.145
X YZ W
ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɞɚɧ, ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɧɟɞɟʂɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɟɬɚɤ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ
ɨɜɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɩɨɫɬɢɥɢ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ.
ɍ ɞɚɧɢɦɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ,
ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ ɢ ɤɭʄɢ.
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɚɡɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʄɟ ɞɚɧɚ
ɩɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɫɧɟɝ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɫɟʁɚɥɟ ɛɟɥɟ
ɞɭɥɟɤɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɟɬɚɤ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɞɭɥɟɤ,
ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɨ ɫɧɟɝ, ɛɢɬɢ ɫɥɚɞɚɤ ɢ ɭɤɭɫɚɧ ɡɚ
ʁɟɥɨ, ɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɭɪɚɞɢ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɧɟɞɟʂɢ, ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɞɚ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɢ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢ.
145
164
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɛɚɲɬɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɛɚɲɬɚ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ
ɉɨɫɬ, ɫɚɻɟʃɟ ɛɟɥɢɯ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɉɨɫɬ
ɞɭɥɟɤɚ
Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɢɬɢ ɛɟɥɢ
ɞɭɥɟɤ – ɛɢʄɟ ɫɥɚɞɚɤ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 34: ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ
ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɞɜɚɧɚɟɫɬ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɟɬɚɤɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ

ɩɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɨɫɚɦɧɚɟɫɬ ɜɚɪɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɟɬɚɤɚ
ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ „ɬɟɲɤɭ ɩɟɬɤɭ“ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ʁɟ
ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɧ.146
X YZ W
ɏɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɟʄɟ
ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ, ɋɢɧɚ Ȼɨɠʁɟɝ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ʂɭɞɢ
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɟɧɨ ɬɨɦ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɭ. ɇɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɟɬɚɤ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚ
ɰɪɤɜɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɝɪɨɛ ɨɤɢʄɟɧ ɧɚʁɥɟɩɲɢɦ
ɰɜɟʄɟɦ, ɚ ɜɟɪɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɱɟ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɝɪɨɛɚ ɢ
ɤɥɚʃɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɦ ɝɪɨɛɭ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɭ
146
ɂɫɬɨ, 49.
165
ɩɨɱɚɫɬ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɦ ɝɪɨɛɭ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɡɜɚɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɠɚ (ɨɞ

ɞɜɚ ɞɨ ɲɟɫɬ ɦɥɚɞɢʄɚ), ɤɨʁɚ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɨɞ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɉɟɬɤɚ ɞɨ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ.
X YZ W
ɇɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɟɬɚɤ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɚ.
Ɍɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ɢ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ. ɇɚ
ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɭ ɠɟɧɟ ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɟ ɦɚɪɚɦɟ ɬɚɦɧɢɯ ɛɨʁɚ.
ɍ ɫɜɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɥɨ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɧɢɱɢɥɢ.147
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ, ɨɫɢɦ
ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɝ ɫɬɪɚɞɚʃɚ, ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɛɨʁɟʃɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɲɚɪɚʃɟ
ʁɚʁɚ.148
X YZ W
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɧɟɞɟʂɢ ʁɟ,
ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɞɚɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ. Ɍɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ, ɫɟ ʁɟɥɚ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ
ɩɨɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ (ɩɚɫɭʂ, ɩɟɱɟɧ ɤɪɨɦɩɢɪ ɢ ɫɥ.). ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɫɭ
ʁɟɞɧɨɧɢɱɢɥɢ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɬɚɤɨ
ɲɬɨ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɞɨ ɭɜɟɱɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɢɲɬɚ ʁɟɥɢ. ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ʁɟ
ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧ, ɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ. ɀɟɧɟ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɭ ɩɚɡɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ.
ɂɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɚɞ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɨɛɚɜɢɬɢ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɠɟɧɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ
ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ɛɢɥɨ ɮɚɪɛɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ. ȳɚʁɚ
ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɛɨʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɬɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɟɱɟ.
147
148
Ɉ ɛɨʁɟʃɭ ɢ ɲɚɪɚʃɭ ʁɚʁɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: ɉɟɪɫɢɞɚ Ɍɨɦɢʄ, Ȼɨʁɟʃɟ ɢ ɲɚɪɚʃɟ
ʁɚʁɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ XX, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1957, 5-67. Ɉ
ɜɚɫɤɪɲʃɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɞ: ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɉ ɭɫɤɪɲʃɢɦ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ, Ɇɢɬ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1973, 229-236.
166
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɨɧɚ ɫɟ ɛɨʁɟ ɢ ɫɭɛɨɬɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ

ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɬɚʁ ɩɨɫɚɨ.
ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɜɟʄɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɭɲɥɟ ɤɭɩɨɜɧɟ ɛɨʁɟ,
ʁɚʁɚ ɫɭ ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɛɨʁɚɦɚ, ɬʁ. ɛɨʁɚɦɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢɦ
ɤɭɜɚʃɟɦ ɦɥɟɱɢɤɟ (ɠɭɬɚ), ɤɨɩɪɢɜɟ (ɡɟɥɟɧɚ), ɥɭɤɨɜɢɧɟ (ɫɦɟɻɚ),
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɪɚɯɨɜɨɝ ɥɢɲʄɚ. Ɂɚ ɰɪɜɟɧɭ ɛɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɛɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɛɢʂɧɚ
ɛɨʁɚ ɡɜɚɧɚ ɜɚɪɡɢɥɨ. ȼɟʄ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ
ɭɥɚɡɢ ɩɨɥɚɤɨ ɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɰɪɜɟɧɚ ɚɧɢɥɢɧɫɤɚ ɛɨʁɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ
ɛɨʁɟ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɛɢʂɚɤɚ, ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɯɥɚɞɧɭ ɜɨɞɭ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ʁɚʁɚ, ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɛɢʂɟ, ɭɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɫɨɥɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɛɨʁɟ
ɤɭɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɛɨʁɚɦɚ, ʁɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɨɛɚɪɟ ɭ ɫɥɚɧɨʁ ɜɨɞɢ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɬɟɤ
ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨ ɮɚɪɛɚʁɭ ɭ ɠɟʂɟɧɟ ɛɨʁɟ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɛɨʁɨɦ, ʁɚʁɚ ɫɭ
ɭɤɪɚɲɚɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɲɚɪɚʃɟɦ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ
ɬɪɚɜɤɢ. Ʌɢɫɬɢʄɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɜɤɟ ɢ ʁɚʁɟ ɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɱɚɪɚɩɭ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɭ
ɢ ɫɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ ɭ ɛɨʁɭ. Ɉɞ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ
ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɤɭɩɨɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɩʂɢɜɟ
ɫɥɢɱɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɜɨɞɟ ɥɟɩɟ ɧɚ ɨɮɚɪɛɚɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɲɚɪɚʁɭ ɢ
ɪɚɡɧɨɛɨʁɧɢɦ ɮɥɨɦɚɫɬɟɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɥɚɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɧɨɤɬɟ.
ȳɚʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɛɨʁɢɥɚ ɭ ɰɪɜɟɧɭ ɛɨʁɭ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɰɪɜɟɧɨ ɨɛɨʁɟɧɢɯ ʁɚʁɚ.
Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɛɨʁɟ ɭ ɰɪɜɟɧɨ ɨɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɭɩɟ ɧɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ. Ɍɚ ɨɮɚɪɛɚɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɩɪɜɚ ʁɟɞɭ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ.
ɉɪɜɨ ɨɛɨʁɟɧɨ ʁɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ. ɇɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚɪɤɭʄɚ, ɚ
ɧɟɝɞɟ ɢ ɱɭɜɚɪ. ɑɭɜɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɞɭɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɤɨɩɚ ɭ
ɡɟɦʂɭ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɚɞɢ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ
ɡɚɤɨɩɚɬɢ ɢ ɭ ɰɜɟʄɟ.
Ɉɜɨ ʁɚʁɟ ɫɟ:
1. ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ;
2. ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨ ɛɨʁɟʃɭ, ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ɡɚɤɨɩɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɤɭʄɨɦ:
Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ „ɱɭɜɚɪ“,
3. ɩɨɧɟɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɡɚɤɨɩɚɜɚɥɨ ɭ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ ɞɚ ɲɬɢɬɢ
ɨɞ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
167
ɍ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ʁɚʁɟ ɡɚɤɨɩɚɜɚɥɟ, ɨɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɚɩɚɥɨ ɭ

ɛɨʁɭ ɭɨɱɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɩɟɬɤɚ – ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ
ɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɩɚɜɚʁɭ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɛɨʁɟʃɚ
ʁɚʁɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ. ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
ɩɟɬɚɤ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɢ ɩɨɫɬɟ, ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ
ɭɦɧɨɝɨɦɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɟɞɢʁɢ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɜɢ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɟ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ
ʁɚʁɚ ɮɚɪɛɚʁɭ. ɀɟɧɟ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɤɭɜɚʁɭ. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɟ
ɫɚɞ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɨ, ɚ ɫɚɞɚ
ɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɩɪɨɻɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ʁɟ ɱɭɞɨ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ: ɒɬɨ
ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ?
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ, ɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɟɨ – ɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɨ, ɛɚɪ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ
ɧɢɫɭ ʁɟɥɢ. ɏɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɫɧɚ, ɩɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɫɬɜɭ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɢ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɉɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɉɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ
ɉɨɫɬ, ʁɟɞɧɨɧɢɱɟʃɟ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɉɨɫɬ, ɮɚɪɛɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ
ɮɚɪɛɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ȳɚʁɚ, ɛɨʁɚ, ɱɭɜɚɪɤɭʄɚ ȳɚʁɚ, ɛɨʁɚ, ɱɭɜɚɪɤɭʄɚ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɧɚ ɦɨʄ ɱɭɜɚɪɤɭʄɟ Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɧɚ ɦɨʄ ɱɭɜɚɪɤɭʄɟ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 35: ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɟɬɚɤ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
168
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ
ɋɭɛɨɬɚ ɭɨɱɢ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ, ɲɢɪɟ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɧɢʁɟ

ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨʂɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɱɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɇɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɚɥɢ
ɢɚɤɨ ɩɚɞɚ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ, ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ
ɧɟɦɚ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɫɟ ɮɚɪɛɚʁɭ ʁɚʁɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟɧɢ, ɚ
ɧɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɨɛɚɜɟ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ʃɢɯ. Ɇɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ, ɚ ɠɟɧɟ ʁɨɲ ɦɟɫɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ
ɫɭɛɨɬɨɦ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɫɟɞɦɨɧɟɞɟʂɧɢ ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɋɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɋɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ Ʉɭʄɚ
Ȼɨʁɟʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ, ɤɥɚʃɟ Ȼɨʁɟʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ, ɤɥɚʃɟ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ, ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ,
ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɫɬɢɰɚ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ȳɚʁɚ, ɩɪɚɫɟ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ȳɚʁɚ, ɩɪɚɫɟ, ɩɨɫɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 36: ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɢɲɥɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ

ɉɨɫɬ, ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɟʂɟɧɚ
169
ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɭɲɭ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ

ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ, ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɢɡɥɚɡɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɭɦɪɨ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɟ
ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ.
ɇɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ʁɟɪ ȼɟɥɢɤɚ
ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɰɪɜɟɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ.
ȼɚɫɤɪɫɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ – ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ɉɪɨɥɟʄɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɩɪɟɜɥɚɞɚɜɚʁɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ

ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ – ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɭ
ɫɦɪɬ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɭɫɤɪɫɧɭʄɟ. ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ʁɟ, ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ
ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɜɢɲɟɧɟɞɟʂɧɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɬ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɢɲɟɧɟɞɟʂɧɨɝ
ɩɨɫɬɚ, ɨɞ ɨɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ʁɟɞɟʃɟ ɦɪɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ.
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɢ ɞɚɬɭɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɥɚɜɢ
ɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ. ɉɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ. ɍ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ
ɢɦɚɥɚ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɢɲɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɟ
ʁɭɬɚɪʃɨʁ ɜɚɫɤɪɲʃɨʁ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ.
X YZ W
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɐɪɤɜɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɤɚɨ ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɭ ɧɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚʃɟ –
ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɫɦɪɬ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɫɤɪɫɧɭʄɟ ɢɡ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ, ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ
ɨɠɢɜɟɥɨʁ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɢ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɭɫɤɪɫɧɭʄɭ, ɬʁ. ɩɨɧɨɜɧɨɦ
ɛɭɻɟʃɭ ɢɡ ɡɢɦɫɤɟ ɭɫɧɭɥɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɪɚɧɨ ɭɦɢɜɚ ɧɟɧɚɱɟɬɨɦ
ɜɨɞɨɦ, ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɰɪɜɟɧɨ ɨɛɨʁɟɧɨ ʁɚʁɟ,
170
ɡɞɪɚɜɚɰ, ɤɚɥɨɩɟɪ ɢ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɦɢɜɚʃɚ, ɰɪɜɟɧɨ

ʁɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɪʂɚ ɩɨ ɥɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɪɭɦɟɧɨ.149
Ɂɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɫɟ ɭ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ɩɟɤɚɨ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ ɜɢɬɢɰɚ, ɚ ɤɥɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɜɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɜɚɧ.150
Ɉɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ ɜɚɫɤɪɲʃɟɝ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ʁɟɫɭ ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ, ɤɨʁɚ
ɫɭ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚɧɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɚ ɞɚɧɚ. Ɉɛɨʁɟɧɢɦ
ʁɚʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɥɚ ɞɟɰɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ
ɫɜɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ, ɧɚ
ɡɚ ɬɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɫɤɭɩʂɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɢɝɪɟ ɢ ɡɚɛɚɜɟ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ
ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɉɨɫɬɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɢɲɟɧɟɞɟʂɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ, ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɜɢ ɞɚɧ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨɝ ɦɪɫɚ. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɢ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɚɞɚ ɭ
ɧɟɞɟʂɭ. ɉɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ. ɍ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɟɥɚ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ʁɟ
ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
ɉɪɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ
ɪɚɞʃɟ:
• ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ,
• ʁɟɞɟʃɟ ɛɨʁɟɧɢɯ ʁɚʁɚ,
• ɜɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ,
• ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ,
• ɬɭɰɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ.
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ɋ. ɋ. Ɇɢʁɚɬɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɟɜɚɱ ɢ Ɍɟɦɧɢʄ, 135.
150
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Ɉɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ

ȳɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɚ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɭ
ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ. ɂɡ Ɂɭɰɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ, ɚ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ. ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ
ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɫɬ.
ɉɪɢɱɟɲʄɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɢɥɢ ɰɟɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɢ
ɩɨɫɬ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɚ ɢɡ ɰɪɤɜɟ ʁɟɞɭ ɫɟ ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ. ɉɪɢɱɟɫɬɢ ɫɟ
ɞɪɠɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɭɡɪɚɫɬɚ. Ɉɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ
ʁɚʁɟɬɨɦ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ.
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɫɟ ɨɦɪɫɟ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ ɩɨɧɟɬɢɦ ɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ.
ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɦɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɚ
ɨɞɥɚɡɢɨ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɭ ʃɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ. ɉɪɢɱɟɫɬ ɦɨɝɭ
ɞɚ ɨɛɚɜɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢɥɢ, ɬʁ. ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɩɨɫɬɢɥɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ (ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ
ɉɨɫɬɚ). Ɇɥɚɞɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ɚ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ. Ʉɨ ɢɞɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ
ɩɪɜɨ ʁɚʁɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ.
ȳɟɞɟʃɟ ɛɨʁɟɧɢɯ ʁɚʁɚ

Ɉɧɢ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɢɞɭ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɪɫɭʁɭ ɤɨɞ
ɤɭʄɟ, ɪɚɧɨ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɜɨ ʁɟɞɭ ɰɪɜɟɧɨ ɨɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ. ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ʁɚʁɟ
ɪɚɡɛɢʁɟ, ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɟ ʃɢɦɟ ɩɪɨɬɪʂɚ ɩɨ ɥɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɰɟɥɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɪɭɦɟɧɨ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ʁɚʁɟ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɬɪʂɚ.
Ɉɫɢɦ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ, ɩɨɧɟɤɨ ɫɟ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɨ ɢ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɤɚɮɨɦ.
ɋɚɞɚ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ. ɍʁɭɬɪɭ ɫɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ʁɚʁɟ, ɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ
ɤɚɮɭ ɩɨ ɧɚɜɢɰɢ.
ȳɚʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɭʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭ ɫɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ, ɬɚʁ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɟ ɢ ɞɚ
ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɞɢɪɚ ʁɚʁɚ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ. Ɇɚɞɚ, ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɨ
ɦɚʃɟ ɝɥɟɞɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ʁɟɞɭ
ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɨɤɭ, ɚ ʁɟɞɟ
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ʁɚʁɚ, ɞɚ ʄɟ (ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɢɦɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɦɚɝɢʁɟ) ɧɚ ɝɪɥɭ ɩɨɪɚɫɬɢ

ʁɚʁɟ ɫɬɨɰɢ. ȴɭɫɤɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɥɟ, ɧɢɫɭ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɭ.
Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɬɨɤɟ. ɇɢɫɚɦ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɭɝɨ ɱɭɜɚɥɟ ɢ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ.
ɋɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɻɭɛɪɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ
ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ʂɭɫɤɟ ɨɞ ɭɫɤɪɲʃɢɯ ʁɚʁɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɛɚɰɚɥɢ
ɤɨɤɨɲɤɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɤʂɭɰɚʁɭ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɧɟ ɩɚ ɡɚɤɨɩɚɜɚɧɟ
ɭ ɧɟɤɨʁ ʃɢɜɢ.
ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɉɨɫɬɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ
ʁɟɫɬɢ ɦɪɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɬɪɭɞɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɬɨɝɚ
ɞɚɧɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɲɬɨ ɛɨʂɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ. Ɂɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɢ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ (ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɫɟʄɟ, ɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ
ʁɚɝʃɟʄɟ ɢɥɢ ʁɚɪɟʄɟ) ɢ ɩɢɥɟʄɚ ɫɭɩɚ, ɫɚɪɦɢɰɟ ɨɞ ɡɟʂɚ, ɤɢɫɟɥɨ
ɦɥɟɤɨ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧɨ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ.
ɇɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɦɥɟɤɚ ɧɨɫɢɨ ɨɧɨɦɟ ɤɨ
ɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɜɚʂɚ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɲɬɨ
ɧɟɦɚʁɭ, ɚ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɟɥɟ, ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢɦ Ȼɨɝ ɞɚɬɢ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ
ɫɚɞ ɢɦɚʁɭ.
ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ, ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɭ
ɫɟɥɭ, ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɪɬɚ. 151 ɀɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ
ɪɨɻɚɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ ɬɚɦɨ ɫɪɟɫɬɢ, ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɭ ɬɤɚɧɢɦ
ɜɭɧɟɧɢɦ ɬɨɪɛɢɰɚɦɚ. Ⱦɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɧɟɫɟ ɢ ɩɨ
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ɉɨɪɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɜɚɲɚɪ. ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ
ʁɟ ɬɨ ɥɢɜɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɭɬɚ Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɫɟɥɚ, ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ –
ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɮɭɞɛɚɥɫɤɨ ɢɝɪɚɥɢɲɬɟ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ, ɚ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ
ɉɨɬɨɤɭ – ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ.
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ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ʁɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɢ. Ʉɨɞ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ

ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɪɟɞɚ: ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɨ ʁɟ 3 ʁɚʁɟɬɚ (ɧɩɪ.
ɞɟɞɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ 3, ɨɬɚɰ 2, ɛɪɚɬ 2, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ – ɩɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ
ʁɚʁɟ). ɉɨɛɨɱɧɢɦ ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ (ɭʁɚɰɢ, ɫɬɪɢɧɟ, ɫɬɪɢɱɟɜɢ ɢɬɞ.)
ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɭ ɞɚɜɚɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ. ɉɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢ ɧɢ ɞɟɬɟ ɭ
ɤɨɥɟɜɰɢ. ȳɚʁɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɭ ɧɨɲɟɧɚ ɭ ɦɚʃɨʁ ɬɤɚɧɨʁ ɬɨɪɛɢ –
ɬɨɪɛɢɱɢɰɢ ɢ ɤɨ ɝɨɞ ʁɟ ɬɜɨʁ, ɞɚʁɟɲ ʁɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɦɟʃɚɲ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧ ɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɨɛɨʁɟɧɨ ʁɚʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɤɨ ɬɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɭɻɟ
ɭ ɤɭʄɭ.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɢ ɬɭɰɚɥɚ ʁɚʁɚ, ɭ ɩɨɪɬɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɜɟɫɟʂɟ. Ⱦɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɭɡɢɤɚɧɬɢ (ɫɜɢɪɚɱɢ) ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɫɜɢɪɚɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɨɥɚ. Ʉɨɥɚ ɫɭ ɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɦɨɦɰɢ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɦɨɦɚɤ
ɤɨʁɢ ɯɨʄɟ ɞɚ ɜɨɞɢ ɤɨɥɨ, ɩɪɢʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɩɟɥɧɢɤɭ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ
ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɦɭɡɢɤɚɧɬɢ. Ʉɚɩɟɥɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɜɨɞɢ
ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɟɞɭ ɩɪɢʁɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ. Ʉɨɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɰɟɧɭ ɢ
ɧɢʁɟ ɬɪɚʁɚɥɨ ɞɭɠɟ ɨɞ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɦɢɧɭɬɚ. Ɇɨɦɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟ ɤɨɥɨ ɡɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɫɟɮɬɚʇɢʁɚ ɢ ʃɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɦɭɡɢɤɚɧɬɢ
ɨɞɫɜɢɪɚɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɤɨɥɨ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ. Ɇɨɦɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɜɨɞɢ ɤɨɥɨ ɛɢɪɚɨ
ʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɦɚɤ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɬɪɟʄɚɤ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɝɪɚɱɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɥɢ
ɝɞɟ ɤɨ ɫɬɢɝɧɟ. Ⱦɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ ɢɡɚ ɤɨɥɚ ɢ ɱɟɤɚɥɟ ɩɨɡɢɜ
ɤɨɥɨɜɨɻɟ. Ʉɨɥɨɜɨɻɚ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɠɟɥɢ
ɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɟɛɟ. Ⱦɟɜɨʁɤɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɚɪɢɰɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɢ ɤɚɞ
ɫɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɚ ɭɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɥɨɜɨɻɟ, ɦɨɦɚɤ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɯɬɟɨ ɡɚ
ɬɪɟʄɚɤɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɛɢɨ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɜɚɨ ɬɪɟʄɚɤ. ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɚ ɢɝɪɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɱɟʂɭ (ɤɟɰɚ); ɬɭ ɫɭ
ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɜɟʄ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɦ
ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɬɚʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɩɨɥɚɤɨ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɟ. ɂ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɚɦ ɢɦɚɥɚ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɦ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɢɜɢɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɚɦɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɥɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɥɟɩɨ ɞɚ ɢɝɪɚʁɭ. Ʉɨɥɨɜɨɻɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ
ɦɟʃɚɬɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɝɪɟ. Ⱦɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɛɟɡ
ɩɨɡɢɜɚ. Ɍɭ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɦɰɢ ɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ, ɩɢɬɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɨ ɭ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɢ. Ɍɨ
ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɨ ɢ ɲɬɚ ɢɦɚ
ɧɨɜɨ.
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Ɇɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɠɟʃɟɧɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɭ ɤɨɥɭ,

ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ. ɉɨ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ
ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ʁɚʁɚ ɨɞ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ ɢ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɬɭɰɚɥɢ, ɩɚ ɱɢʁɟ
ʁɚʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɥɚɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɧɨɫɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ʁɚɱɟ, ɩɚ ɫɟ
ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ɬɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɲɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɦɟɯ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ɢʄɢ ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɭ. ȳɚʁɚ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɬɭɰɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɢ, ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɰɢ, ɧɨɲɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɤɭʄɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨʁɟɫɬɢ.
ȼɟʄ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ
ɩɨɥɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɚ ɨɞɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ, ɩɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɟ
ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɟʂɟʃɚ ʁɚʁɚ ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ
ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɬɭɰɚʃɚ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ ɢɲɥɨ ɭ
ɩɨɪɬɭ ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɭ. Ɍɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɥɚ ʁɚʁɚ ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢɦɚ. Ɇɥɚɞɟ ɫɧɚɯɟ ɫɭ ɞɟɜɟɪɢɦɚ ɞɚɜɚɥɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟ (ɱɚɪɚɩɟ, ɩɟɲɤɢɪ ɢ ɫɥ.). ɋɚɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɪɚɡɦɟʃɭʁɭ ɤɨɞ
ɤɭʄɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɭɦɭ. Ɉɫɢɦ ʃɢɦɚ,
ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɞɟɜɟɪɢɦɚ. Ʉɭɦɨɜɢ ɢ ɞɟɜɟɪɢ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɫɟʄɭʁɭ ɩɪɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɚɞɛɟ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɜɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨ ɯɨʄɟ ɢ ɨɧɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ, ɢɫɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ,
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɚɫɤɪɲʃɟɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɭ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ
ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɭ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɭ ɩɨɪɬɭ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɫɧɚʁɟ ɧɨɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ – ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɤɭɦɚ, ɡɚ
ɫɬɚɪɨʁɤɚ ɢ ɞɟɜɟɪɚ. Ɂɚɭɡɜɪɚɬ ɫɭ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɨɧɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟ –
ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɨʁɤɚ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ, ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɥɢɰɢɞɟɪɫɤɨ ɫɪɰɟ. ɍ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɫɭ
ʁɚʁɚ ɞɟʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɢɦ ɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɤɨɞ ɰɪɤɜɟ,
ɧɨɫɟ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ.
Ɍɭɰɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɬɭɰɚʃɚ ɜɚɫɤɪɲʃɢɦ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ ɨɱɭɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɞɨ
ɞɚɧɚɫ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɦɟɻɭ
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɞɟɰɨɦ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɢɡ
175
ɤɨɦɲɢɥɭɤɚ. Ɍɭɰɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɜɪɯɨɜɢɦɚ ʁɚʁɚ, ɩɚ

ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɭ, ʁɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɰɚʁɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɦ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɚʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɨ. Ɍɭɰɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɭɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɪɚɞɨɫɬ ɡɚ
ɞɟɰɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɚʁɭ.
ɉɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ ɨɜɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ʁɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɫɟʂɚ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ
ɞɪɭɠɟʃɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚʃɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɫɚ: ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ
ɜɚɫɤɪɫɟ, ɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ: ȼɚɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɜɚɫɤɪɫɟ. ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɛɢɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ.
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ, ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɬɭɰɚɥɚ
ɭ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɟ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɬɢɦɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɦɥɚɞɢ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɞɟɰɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɬɭɰɚʁɭ ɞɟɰɚ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨʁ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɬɭɰɚɥɢ
ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢɦ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɢ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ,
ɨɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɩɨʂɭ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ,
ɨɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɬɟɠɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ.
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɬɚɞɚ ɞɟɥɟ ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢɦɚ ɢ
ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɢ, ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ɧɚ
ɢɝɪɚɧɰɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ɢʄɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ
ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɭ.
ɉɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɤɨɞ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɫɟʄɭʁɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɩɨʂɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ.
176
Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ.

Ɍɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ
ɪɚɞʃɢ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɥɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɞɭɠɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʂɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɢ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ ɭ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɧɟɦɚ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɢ. Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚ
ɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ, ɩɨ
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ, ʁɨɲ ɩɪɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. Ɉɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ
ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɨɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɩɨʂɫɤɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɉɨɫɬɚ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɉɨɫɬɚ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɫɟɥɨ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ, ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɫɟɥɚ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
Ɉɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɭ,
Ɉɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ,
ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ
ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ,
ʁɚʁɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ,
ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ, ɪɭɱɚɤ,
ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɭ,
ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɧɨɲɟʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ
ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ
ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ
ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ, ɬɭɰɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ ɭ
ʁɚʁɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ, ɬɭɰɚʃɟ
ɫɟɥɭ
ʁɚʁɢɦɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ȳɚʁɚ ȳɚʁɚ
ɐɪɜɟɧɨ ʁɚʁɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɐɪɜɟɧɨ ʁɚʁɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ
ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ
Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ
ɩɨʂɭ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 37: ȼɚɫɤɪɫ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
177
ȼɨɞɟɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɉɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ

ȼɨɞɟɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ, ɚ ʃɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ – ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ. ɍ ɧɟɤɢɦ
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ ȼɨɞɟɧɚ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ. ɉɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ʁɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɚɩɚʃɚ ɫɧɟɝɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ
ɨɜɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.152
X YZ W
ȼɨɞɟɧɨɦ ɧɟɞɟʂɨɦ ɫɭ, ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ,
ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ ɩɚ ɞɨ ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɨɝ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɤɚ. ɉɨɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɫɟʂɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
ɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɟ.
Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɢɫɭ
ɧɚɫɚɻɢɜɚɥɟ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ ɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɉɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɨ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ ɉɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɨ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɇɚɫɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɜɨɱɤɢ -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 38: ȼɨɞɟɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
152
Ɇ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 57; ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɪɟɱɧɢɤ, 107.
178
ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ
Ɉɫɦɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ, ɭ Ɂɚɤɥɨɩɢɬɭ ɢɥɢ Ɍɨɦɢɧɭ

ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɩɚɞɚ ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ (ɢɥɢ ɉɨɛɭɲɟɧɢ) ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ. Ɉɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɛɭɫɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɯ ɯɭɦɤɢ, ɢ
ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɛɨʁɟɧɢɯ ʁɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɞɭɲɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ
ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɟ.153
X YZ W
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɚɰ ʁɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢʁɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ. ɉɚɞɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ Ɂɢɦɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɚ, ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢ
ɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ.
ɇɚ ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɢɡ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɧɟɤɨ
ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ. Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɪɚɞɢɨ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ
ɛɥɚɝɨɧɚɤɥɨɧɨ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɨ. ɂ ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱ: ɂ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ
ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɻɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛ, ɩɪɜɨ
ɫɟ ɦɨɬɢɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɧɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɡɟɦʂɟ – ɩɨɛɭɫɚ,
ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɡɦɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɝɪɨɛɚ ɢ ɛɚɰɢ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ –
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɫɟ, ɩɚ ɨɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɚɰ.
ɉɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɭ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɚ ɜɟʄ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɡɢɦɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ.
ɋɬɨɝɚ ʄɭ ɫɚɦɨ ʄɭ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ. Ɂɚ
ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɫɟ ɤɥɚɥɨ ɢ ɩɟɤɥɨ ɩɪɚɫɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɨ
ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɚɤɨ. ɂɡɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɨ
ɢɥɢ ɩɪɠɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɨ. Ɏɚɪɛɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɢ ʁɚʁɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ
153
179
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɛɟɞɚ ɞɟʂɟɧɚ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢɦɚ. ɂ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ

ɢɡɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɟ ɫɜɢɦɚ.
ɉɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɭ ɫ ɝɪɨɛʂɚ, ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɨ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɚɞ
ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ʃɢɜɢ. Ɉɜɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɥɚ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɇɟɪɟɬɤɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɛʂɚ, ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɧɟɝɨ
ɢ ɧɚ ʃɢɜɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ
ɧɟɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɜɨ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ:
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɪɜɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɩɨ ɉɪɜɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɩɨ
ȼɪɟɦɟ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
ɫɟɥɚ ɫɟɥɚ
ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ, ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ,
ɩɨɛɭɫɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɚ, ɩɨɛɭɫɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɚ ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ
ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ,
ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɞɚ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɞɚ
ȼɚʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ȼɚʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ
ɡɟɦʂɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɭ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɭ
Ɋɚɞ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ (ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ Ɋɚɞ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ
ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ)
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 39: ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɟ – ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ
Ɍɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɯ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.

ȵɟɝɨɜɨ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɡɟ ɫɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨ
180
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɤɭɥɬɨɦ. ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚ

ɡɢɦɫɤɢ ɢ ɥɟɬʃɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɭɻɟɧɟ ɢ ɨɠɢɜʂɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɩɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɨɠɢɜʂɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭ
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ʂɭɞɟ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɧɚ ɛɢʂɤɟ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ. ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ,
ɩɨɪɟɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɭ ɱɢʁɨʁ ɫɭ
ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ. ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ 23./6. ɦɚʁɚ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʁɭ ȳɭɠɧɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢ,
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɪɢ ɜɟɪɨɢɫɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ –
ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɚɰɢ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɰɢ, ɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɢ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ.154
X YZ W
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɀɢɬɢʁɭ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ,
ɭɫɩɪɨɬɢɜɢɨ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɚ, ɬɟ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɰɚɪ ɪɚɠɚɥɨɜɚɨ ɢ
ɛɚɰɢɨ ɭ ɬɚɦɧɢɰɭ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɤ. Ɂɛɨɝ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɱɤɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɨɦɢʂɟɧɢʁɢɯ
ɫɜɟɬɚɰɚ.
X YZ W
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɚɧ ɤɨɞ
ɧɚɲɟɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɬɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɠɢ ɭ
ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ, ɩɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɱɭɧɚʃɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɡɢɦɫɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɬʃɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ
ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ʁɟ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɛɢɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɨɬɩɨɱɢʃɚʃɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ.
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɨ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɫɬɨɱɚɪɚ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɤɥɚɥɨ ʁɚɝʃɟ, ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ʁɟɥɨ ɨɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ. Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ, ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ,
154
ɂɧɟɫ ɉɪɢɰɚ, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɋȺɇɍ 19, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1986, 121-161.
181
ɩɪɟ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ʁɚɝʃɟʄɟɝ ɦɟɫɚ ɭ

ɢɫɯɪɚɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɧɢɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɢ ɦɥɟɤɨ, ɫɢɪ ɢ ɤɚʁɦɚɤ. ɉɪɜɚ
ɦɭɠɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ, ɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɟ
ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ – ɩɪɨɦɭɡɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɤɪɨɡ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɢɫɩɥɟɬɟɧ ɨɞ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɝ ɛɢʂɚ.
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ
ɧɟ ɜɚʂɚ ʁɟɫɬɢ ɜɨʄɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ, ɦɢɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɫɟɥɟɧ ɡɛɨɝ
ɝɥɚɜɨɛɨʂɟ, ɤɭɩɚɬɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɟɤɚɦɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɝɪɨɡɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɬɢ
ɤɭʄɢ ɤɭɤɭɪɟɤ, ɞɚ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɧɨɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ.155
ɋɟʂɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ
ɫɜɨʁɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ
ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɧɚ ʃɢɜɟ ɥɟɫɤɨɜɟ ɤɪɫɬɢʄɟ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɭ
ɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɟ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ, ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ
ɫɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ,
ɩɨɪɟɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɢ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɚɰɚ.
Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɚɠɟ: ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɟʃɚ ɞɚɬɭɦ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ
ɦɟʃɚ ɞɚɧ; ɭɜɟɤ ɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ. ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɧɟ ɦɟʃɚ ɞɚɬɭɦ, ɩɚ
ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɛɥɢɡɭ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ.
Ⱦɨ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɱɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɤɨʁɢ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ,
ɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ. ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ,
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ, ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ
ɩɪɚɤɫɟ.
ɉɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɭ ɦɟɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ: ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɭɜɟɤ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ, ɩɨɪɟɞ
ɡɟɦʂɨɪɚɞʃɟ, ɢ ɫɬɨɱɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. ɋɬɨɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɟɪɢɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ
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ɂɫɬɨ, 241.
182
ɢɫɩɚɲɭ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɚɬɚɪɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɨɤɨ ɫɬɨɤɟ

ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ.
ɋɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ʁɟɫɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ:
• ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɨɤɨ ɫɬɨɤɟ,
• ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɟʁɚɧɟ ʃɢɜɟ,
• ɤɢʄɟʃɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ,
• ɜɪɚɱɚʃɚ ɢ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɨɤɨ ɫɬɨɤɟ

Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ, ɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɚ ɬɨɝɚ
ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɥɨɧɚɰ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɦɭɡɚɜɚ ɦɥɟɤɨ ɫɬɚɜɢ
ɜɟɧɱɢʄ ɨɞ ɢɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɨɝ ɛɢʂɚ. Ɉɜɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɭ ɦɭɠɭ.
ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɪɚɧɨ
ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɫɭ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪ. ɍ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ʁɟ ɲɭɦɚ. ɍ ʃɨʁ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɩɟɥɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɛ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɛɭ ɢ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɟ: ɇɚ ɜɪɛɢ ɫɚɦ – ɜɪɛɭʁɬɟ ɦɟ/ɧɚ ɝɪɚɛɭ ɫɚɦ – ɝɪɚɛɢɬɟ
ɫɟ/ɧɚ ɜɨɞɢ ɫɚɦ – ɜɨɞɢɬɟ ɦɟ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɭ ɫɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɛɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ
ɝɪɚɛɨɜɨ, ɜɪɛɨɜɨ ɢ ɥɟɫɤɨɜɨ ɩɪɭʄɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɤɭʄɢ. Ʉɨɞ
ɤɭʄɟ ɫɭ ɬɟ ɝɪɚɧɱɢɰɟ ɭɩɥɢɬɚɥɟ ɭ ɜɟɧɚɰ, ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɩɥɢɬɚɥɨ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɛɢʂɟ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɜɟɧɱɢʄ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɧɚ
ɫɭɞ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɦɭɫɬɢ ɦɥɟɤɨ. Ʉɪɨɡ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɦɥɟɤɨ ɢɡɦɭɡɚɥɨ
ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɢ ɭɜɟɱɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɛɚɰɚɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ
ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɭ ɬɟɤɭʄɭ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɩɥɢɜɚ. ȼɟɧɱɢʄ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚɨ ɭ
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɜɚɫɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚɨ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ ɫɟ: Ʉɨɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ
ɪɟɤɚ, ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ ɦɥɟɤɚ.
Ɇɥɟɤɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɭɡɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɢɪɢɥɨ.
Ⱦɟɥɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɬɨɤɭ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɦɥɟɤɚ, ɞɟɥɢɨ
ɫɟ ɫɢɪ ɨɞ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɤɪɚɜɟ, ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɢɪɟɧ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ, ɨɞ ɦɥɚɞɨɝ
ɦɥɟɤɚ. Ɇɥɟɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢɥɨ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɜɚʂɚ. ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɦɥɟɤɚ ɜɪɟɞɢ ɧɚ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ. Ɇɥɟɤɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɞɟɥɢ, ɚɥɢ ɦɚʃɟ – ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɨ
ʁɟɞɧɚ ɮɥɚɲɚ.
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Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɟʁɚɧɟ ʃɢɜɟ

ɍɨɱɢ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ ɫɟɤɥɨ ɫɟ ɥɟɫɤɨɜɨ ɩɪɭʄɟ, ɨɞ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɤɪɫɬɢʄɢ ɢ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɭ ʃɢɜɭ. ɇɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɟ
ɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ [ɤɪɫɬɢʄɢ] ɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɚ [ɫɜɟ] ɩɨɫɟʁɚɧɟ
ʃɢɜɟ. ȼɟɱɟ ɩɪɟɞ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɛɪɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɜɚ ɡɜɚɧɚ ɦɥɟɱɢɤɚ, ɨɞ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɥɟɬɟɧɢ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ. Ɉɜɢ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɭ ɛɚɲɬɭ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɥɟɫɤɨɜɢɦ ɤɪɫɬɢʄɟɦ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɤɚɩɢʁɭ ɧɚ
ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ, ɧɚ ɤɭʄɭ, ɲɬɚɥɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɢɯ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɭɧɨʁ ɫɜɟɠɢɧɢ ɨɱɭɜɚɧ ɢ ɭ
ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ.
ɍʁɭɬɪɭ ɧɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, ɩɪɟ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɚ ɫɭɧɰɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɭ
ɨɦɥɚɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ ɭɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɢɲɥɚ ɭ ʃɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟʁɚɧɚ
ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɫɤɢɞɚɥɢ ɪɨɫɭ, ɭɦɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɟ, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɨ ɫɟ ɢ
ɜɚʂɚɨ ɩɨ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɢ.
Ʉɢʄɟʃɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ
ɂɡ ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɛɥɢɠɨʁ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɨɲ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɟ.
Ʉɢʄɟʃɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ:
1. ɬɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɩɥɟɬɟɧɢ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ;
2. ɡɟɥɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɱɢɰɚɦɚ.
Ɂɚ ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɜɚ ɡɜɚɧɚ
ɦɥɟɱɢɤɚ, ɛɢʂɤɚ ɫɟɥɟɧ ɢ ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ. Ɉɜɢ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ
ɧɚ ɫɜɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ: ɤɭʄɚ, ɲɬɚɥɚ, ɲɭɩɚ,
ɩɨɞɪɭɦ, ɫɜɢʃɚɰ, ɤɨɤɨɲɢʃɚɰ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟ ɤɚɩɢʁɟ
(ɭɥɚɡɧɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɛɚɲɬɢ). Ɉɫɢɦ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ, ɧɚ ɢɫɬɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɭ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɢ ɤɪɫɬɢʄɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɨɞ ɥɟɫɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɚ.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɩɢʁɚ, ɤɪɫɬɢʄɢ ɢ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɛɚɲɬɭ (ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɛɚɲɬɢ ɡɚɛɚɞɚɧɢ
ɭ ɥɭɤ), ɭ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɜɨʄʃɚɤ, ɭ ɫɜɟ ɡɚɫɟʁɚɧɟ ʃɢɜɟ.
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Ɉɞ ɧɚɛɪɚɧɨɝ ɛɢʂɚ ɩɥɟɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɜɟɧɱɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ

ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɭɞ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɭɡɥɚ ɫɬɨɤɚ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɜɚʁ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɢɦɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɥɟɤɚ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ
ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɟɧɱɢʄ ɭɩɥɢɬɚɥɚ ɛɢʂɤɚ ɦɥɟɱɢɤɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɟ ɢ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄ ɧɟ ɞɢɪɚ ɫɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜɢ.
Ɉɫɬɚʁɟ ɬɭ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɝɚ ɜɟɬɚɪ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɟɫɟ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɭ. ɑɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɚ
ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɬɪɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ. ɍɡ ɩɭɬ ɫɟ
ɛɪɚɥɨ ɜɪɛɨɜɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɛɨɜɨ ɩɪɭʄɟ. Ɉɜɢɦ ɩɪɭɬɢʄɢɦɚ ɭɞɚɪɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɞɟɰɚ: ɜɪɛɨɦ – ɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɭ, ɝɪɚɛɨɦ – ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ/ɦɨɦɰɢ ɝɪɚɛɟ ɡɚ
ʃɢɯ.
ɇɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, ɭ ɞɚɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ʁɟɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ (ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɢ) ɡɟɥɟɧɢɲɚ: ɡɟʂɟ,
ɦɥɚɞɢ ɥɭɤ, ɫɩɚɧɚʄ, ɤɨɩɪɢɜɚ... ɫɜɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɥɚɞɨ.
ȼɪɚɱɚʃɚ ɢ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ
ɍɨɱɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɟɤɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɚɞɢ ɲɢɩɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɤɪɫɬɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɭɥɚɡɧɢɯ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɭʄɢ, ɡɚɬɢɦ,
ɢɡɧɚɞ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɲɬɚɥɢ, ɧɚ ɫɜɢʃɚɰ, ɤɨɤɨɲɢʃɚɰ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɢɫɥɢɥɨ
ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɨɞɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɧɚʁɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɚɲɭ ɧɚ
ɦɟɬɥɢ ɢ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɦɥɟɤɨ ɤɨʁɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦ, ɩɪɟɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɬɨɤɭ.
Ʉɚɞ ɧɚɢɻɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɫɬ, ɩɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, ɨɧɟ ɫɟ ɭɩɥɚɲɟ ɢ ɩɨɛɟɝɧɭ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɚɡɟ, ɩɚ ɡɝɚɡɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɫɬ ɨɞ ɲɢɩɤɚ, ɭɛɨɞɭ ɫɟ
ɧɚ ɬɪɧ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɨɥɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟ ɲɬɟɬɭ ɫɚɦɢɦɚ ɫɟɛɢ. Ɉɞɚɬɥɟ,
ɩɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ, ɢɡɪɟɤɚ: Ȼɟɠɢ ɤɨ ɻɚɜɨ ɨɞ ɤɪɫɬɚ.
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɢ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɛɪɞɨ ɢɡɧɚɞ
ɫɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɝ ɞɢɦʃɚɤɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɜɚɪɧɢɰɚ. Ƚɞɟ ɢɞɟ
ɜɚɪɧɢɰɚ, ɬɭ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɚɜɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɞɭʁɟ. Ɍɨ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɞɟ
ɦɥɚɻɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ. ɂɞɭ ɧɚ Ɂɚɜɨʁɢɰɟ156 ɞɚ ɜɢɞɟ. ɇɨɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ
156
Ɂɭɱɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɫ ɫɚ ʃɢɜɚɦɚ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɚɭɬɨ ɩɭɬɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ-ɇɢɲ.
185
ɲɬɚɩɨɜɟ. ȼɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɠɟɧɟ. ɂ ɨɜɟ

ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɭ ɢɲɥɢ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɬɨɩɥɨ, ɩɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɚɬɪɚ.
ɇɢɲɬɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɜɢɞɟ. 157
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 5. ɢ 6. ɦɚʁ 5. ɢ 6. ɦɚʁ
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, ɛɚɲɬɚ,
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, ɛɚɲɬɚ,
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ʃɢɜɟ, ɲɭɦɚ, ɢɡɜɨɪ,
ʃɢɜɟ, ɲɭɦɚ
Ⱥɜɚɥɚ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ,
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ, ɦɨɦɰɢ,
ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ
ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɥɟɫɤɟ, ɩɪɚɜʂɟʃɟ
ɤɪɫɬɢʄɚ, ɛɪɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɜɚ,
ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ, ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɥɟɫɤɟ, ɩɪɚɜʂɟʃɟ
ɤɢʄɟʃɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ, ɤɪɫɬɢʄɚ, ɛɪɚʃɟ ɦɥɟɱɢɤɟ,
ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɜɨɞɭ, ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɨɫɨɦ, ɤɢʄɟʃɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ
ɦɭɠɟʃɟ ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɦɭɠɟʃɟ ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ
ɦɥɟɤɚ, ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɨɞ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ, ɬɪɚɠɟʃɟ
ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ, ɬɪɚɠɟʃɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ
ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ, ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ
ɭɪɚɧɚɤ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ʌɟɫɤɚ, ɛɢʂɟ, ɜɨɞɚ, ɪɨɫɚ Ʌɟɫɤɚ, ɛɢʂɟ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ Ɉ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ Ɉ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ
Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʂɫɤɢɯ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʂɫɤɢɯ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 40: ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
157
Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ 2002. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
186
Ȼɟɥɨɩɨɬɨɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭɨɱɢ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ ɢɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɪɞɨ

ɩɪɟɦɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ɢɦɚ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ. Ƚɥɟɞɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ
ɥɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɱɢʁɟɝ ɨʇɚɤɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɟ ɜɚɪɧɢɰɟ. ɂ ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ
ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɟɲɤɨ ɨɧɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ [ɫɟʂɚɰɢ] ɧɚɜɪɡɭ.
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɭɪɚɧɚɤ
ȳɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢɲɥɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ
Ⱥɜɚɥɭ ɧɚ ɭɪɚɧɚɤ. ɋɤɭɩʂɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɰɟɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɭ ɢɝɪɟ
ɢ ɩɟɫɦɟ. ɋɜɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɭ ɩɨɩɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɬɢɦɚ.
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɭɪɚɧɚɤ ɩɨɦɟɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɦɚʁɫɤɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɬɚɱɧɢʁɟ – ɧɚ 2. ɦɚʁ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɠɢɬɟʂɢ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɨɤɨɥɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ, ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɢɡɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɭ. Ɉɜɚʁ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ. ɂ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ, ɚɥɢ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟ.
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ
ɂ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɧɚ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ. Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɧɟ ɤɢɲɚ, ɨɞɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ – ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ
ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ.
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ
ɭ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɟɥɚ.
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ
ɍ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɟɬɧɢ ɞɚɧ,

ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɞɚɧ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ ɫɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ 25. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ/8. ɦɚʁɚ.
X YZ W
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɦɢɫɢɨɧɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ, ɩɨ
ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, ɱɢɧɢɨ ɦɧɨɝɚ ɱɭɞɨɬɜɨɪɫɬɜɚ, ɢɫɰɟʂɢɜɚɨ ɛɨɥɟɫɧɟ,
187
ɫɩɚɫɚɜɚɨ ɝɭɛɚɜɟ. ɍ Ɋɢɦɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɫɜɟɬɨ ʁɟɜɚɧɻɟʂɟ, ɡɛɨɝ

ɱɟɝɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɢɦɟɧɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɨ ʁɟɜɚɧɻɟɥɢɫɬ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɨ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ
ɤɚɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤ ɝɪɚɞɚ.158
X YZ W
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 8. ɦɚʁ 8. ɦɚʁ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɫɟɥɨ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɫɟɥɨ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɝɨɫɬɢ, ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɝɨɫɬɢ,
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ
ɋɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ, ɋɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɨɞɚɥɡɚɤ
ɭ ɫɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 41: Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ – ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ
ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ

ɫɥɚɜɭ. ɋɥɚɜɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɬɪɚʁɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ. ɍ ɝɨɫɬɟ, ɧɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɞɨɥɚɡɟ
ɪɨɞɛɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ ɢɡ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ
ɭɡɚʁɚɦɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɪɭɱɤɚ ɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɭ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɭ. Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɛɚɜɧɨ
ɦɥɚɞɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɝɪɚʁɭ ɭ ɤɨɥɭ. ɇɚ ɜɚɲɚɪɭ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ
158
188
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɟ ɫɥɚɬɤɢɲɢ (ɨɪɚɫɧɢɰɟ, ɲɟʄɟɪɥɟɦɟ, ɥɢɰɢɞɟɪɫɤɢ

ɤɨɥɚɱɢ ɢ ɫɥ.), ɛɨɡɚ, ɥɢɦɭɧɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɥ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɟ, ɩɨɩɭɬ
ɝɪɧɱɚɪɚ, ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɟ.
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟʁɭ ɪɚɫɚɞ ɤɭɩɭɫɚ ɡɚ
ɡɢɦɫɤɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ. Ɋɚɫɚɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧɚ. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ɢɡɪɟɤɚ: Ⱦɨɻɟ ȼɢɞɟ ɩɨʂɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɻɟ/ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɢɤɥɨ -ɧɢɤɥɨ/ɲɬɨ
ɧɢʁɟ – ɧɢ ɧɟʄɟ.
ɉɪɟɧɨɫ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ
ɉɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɫɟ 9./22. ɦɚʁɚ.

X YZ W
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
ɇɢɤɨɥɟ. Ɇɨɲɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɦ ɧɚʁɟɡɞɨɦ
1087. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ɇɢɪɚ ɭ Ʌɢɤɢʁɢ ɭ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ
Ȼɚɪɢ.
X YZ W
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ
ɦɥɚɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɬʃɢ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ. Ⱦɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ (ɥɟɬʃɟɝ)
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟʁɚɥɟ ɤɭɩɭɫɧɢ ɪɚɫɚɞ. Ⱦɚɧɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɨ
ɪɚɞɢɥɨ, ʁɟɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɭɬɨɪɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. Ɉɜɚ
ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ.
Ʌɟɬʃɢ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɦɚɥɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ
ɨɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɡɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ. ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ
ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɛɨʂɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɭɠɚ
ɪɨɞɛɢɧɚ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɥɚɞɨɝ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ ɢɡɧɚɞ
ɫɟɥɚ – ɩɪɟɦɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɢ (ɜɢɲɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄɚ), ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ
189
ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɚ. Ɉɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ

ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɭ159 ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɫɬɨɤɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɻɟ, ɫɬɨɤɚ ʁɟ ɭɞɚɪɚɧɚ ɭɝɚɪɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɩɪɢɜɨɦ.
ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɧɨɲɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɨɛ160 ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚɜɚʃɚ, ɡɨɛ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɚɥɨ ɞɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɬɨɰɢ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɩɨɬɪɨɲɢ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɛɚɲɬɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɛɚɲɬɚ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɋɟʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɩɭɫɧɨɝ ɪɚɫɚɞɚ, ɋɟʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɩɭɫɧɨɝ ɪɚɫɚɞɚ,
ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ, ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ
ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɚ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ʉɭɩɭɫ, ɯɪɚɧɚ Ʉɭɩɭɫ, ɯɪɚɧɚ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 42: Ɇɥɚɞɢ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȶɢɪɢɥɨ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢʁɟ
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȶɢɪɢɥɚ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢʁɚ ɩɚɞɚ 11./24. ɦɚʁɚ.

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159
Ɉ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɰɢ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ, ȳɟɞɚɧ
ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɬɨɱɚɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɝɪɚɞɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ IV, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1957, 477-482.
160
Ɉɜɚɫ ʁɟ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɠɢɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɚ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ ɡɨɛ.
190
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɦɢɫɢɨɧɚɪɚ, ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɚ

ɢ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɢɜɚɱɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɭ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟʃɭ
– ɫɨɥɭɧɫɤɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ ȶɢɪɢɥɚ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢʁɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ
ɡɚɫɥɭɝɚ ɭ ɲɢɪɟʃɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢɦɚ.
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ɋɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ – ɭɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ – ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Ⱦɪɠɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ (ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ) ɢ
ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɜɟɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ. ɂɫɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɭ
ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɟɥɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 43: ɋɜɟɬɢ ȶɢɪɢɥɨ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢʁɟ –

Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ȼɚɡɧɟɫɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ – ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ
ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɞɜɚɧɚɟɫɬ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɭ

ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɭɦ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɚɞɚ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ. ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɭ
ɲɟɫɬɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ ɩɨ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ.
191
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ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧ ɧɚ
ȼɚɡɧɟɫɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɨɩɨɞʃɟ, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ – ɧɚ ȼɚɡɧɟɫɟʃɟ ɂɫɭɫɚ
ɏɪɢɫɬɚ.
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ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ,
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɨɱɚɪɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɡɟɦʂɨɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɪɚɲɢɪɟɧ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨ
ʃɢɜɚɦɚ, ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɦɚ, ɬɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɞɪɜɟɧɢ ɤɪɫɬɢʄɢ.
ɍ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ ɤɭʄɟ ɢ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ ɤɢʄɟɧɢ ɜɪɛɨɜɢɦ
ɦɥɚɞɢɰɚɦɚ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɨɤɭɫɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɞ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ (ɦɥɟɤɨ, ɦɟɫɨ, ɜɨʄɟ),
ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ: „ɇɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɧɚ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ! ɇɚ ɦɟɧɟ,
ɜɨɞɢɰɚ, ɧɚ ɩɨɩɚ ɝɪɨɡɧɢɰɚ, ɧɚ Ɍɭɪɱɢɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɲɬɢɧɚ.“161
ɍ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɨ
ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ ɦɨɝɭ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɜɚɦɩɢɪɢ. Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɯɬɟɨ ɬɨ
ɞɚ ɭɪɚɞɢ, ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ
ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɨ ɭɡ ɤɪɫɬɚɱɭ, ɩɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɭ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɬɢ ɥɢɤ
ɜɚɦɩɢɪɚ.162
„ɉɨ ɲɭɦɚɞɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɚ
ɜɪɫɬɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɚɧɭʄɚ. ɇɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɫɭ,
ɢɡɚ ɩɨɧɨʄɢ, ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɚɥɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɚ
ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɦɨʄɢ ɞɚ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɟ. Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ
ɧɟɦɟ – ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ, ɛɢɜɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɭ ɢ ɜɪɚʄɚɥɨ ʄɭɬɟʄɢ.
ɇɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɩɚʂɟɧɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɩɨɧɭɞɟ, ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟ
ɨɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɢɥɚɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ (ɩɪɚɜɢɦ) ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɚɦɚ.“ ɍɡ
161
Ɇ. ȭ. Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɋɪɛɚ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ, 124-125.
162
ȳ. Ɇ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɚ, 130.
192
ɤɪɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɩɪɢɫɥɚʃɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ

ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɬɢ ɢ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤ. ɋɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɚ
ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ɨɬɢʄɢ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɢɬɚʃɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɡɝɪɟɜɚʃɚ ɫɭɧɰɚ.163
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ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ. ɇɢɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɒɟɫɬɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ ɩɨ ɒɟɫɬɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ ɩɨ
ȼɪɟɦɟ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 44: ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
163
193
194
Ʌɟɬʃɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɋɢɥɚɡɚɤ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱦɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɟ – Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ – Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ

– ɉɟɞɟɫɟɬɧɢɰɚ
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɞɚɧ, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɫɟɞɦɭ

ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɨɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ. Ⱦɚɬɭɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢ
ɞɚɧ, ɪɚɱɭɧɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɞ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ ɜɚɫɤɪɲʃɢɯ ɢ ɬɡɜ. ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɭ ɛɢʂɚ ɭ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ
ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ
ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ. ɉɨɡɧɚɬ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ
ɋɜɟɬɚ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɚ – ɫɜɟɬɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨʁ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ.164
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ɐɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɭɯɨɜɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɦ Ɍɪɨʁɫɬɜɭ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ Ȼɨɝɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɬɪɢ ɥɢɤɚ – Ȼɨɝ Ɉɬɚɰ, Ȼɨɝ ɋɢɧ
ɢ Ȼɨɝ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱦɭɯ. Ⱦɭɯɨɜɟ ɐɪɤɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧ ɧɚ
ɫɢɥɚɡɚɤ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱦɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɟ.
X YZ W
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ Ⱦɭɯɨɜɟ ɢɥɢ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ
ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɨɫɟ ɤɭʄɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɞɚ ɫɬɨʁɟ, ɬʁ. ɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɟ ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɤɭʄɟ ɨɞ ɡɥɢɯ ɞɭɯɨɜɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɬɚɞɚ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ
ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢɲɥɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɟ.
164
195
ɍ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ

ɬɟɠɢɲɬɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɤɭɥɬɨɦ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ, ɫɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ, ɜɨɞɨɦ, ɫɬɨɤɨɦ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɦɚɝɢʁɨɦ ɩɥɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɟɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɨɤɪɢʂɟɦ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɟ
ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ – ɤɪɚʂɢɰɟ,165 – ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɤɭʄɟ.166
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ, ɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɰɟɥɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɟ
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɭɨɱɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɤɚɨ Ɍɪɨʁɢɱɤɟ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ Ʌɟɬʃɟ
ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ.
X YZ W
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ ɢɥɢ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ. ɋɚɞɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɫɥɚɜʂɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɨɞ ɬɟɠɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ (ɩɪɚʃɟ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɢ ɫɥ.) ɢ ɪɚɞɚ
ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ.
ɉɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɨ. ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɦɪɫɢɥɨ. ɇɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɨɞ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɢɬɢ ɫɟ
ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ.
ɍ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɟɞ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ, ɭɨɱɢ
Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɚ (ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ ɫɭ ɬɨ Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, ɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ
ɞɚɧ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ Ⱦɭɯɨɜɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ) ɢɲɥɨ ɫɟ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ
ɝɪɨɛʂɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɚ ɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ. Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɨɞɧɟɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɦɥɚɞɨ ɩɢɥɟ ɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɞ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ (ɦɥɚɞɟ
ɬɪɟɲʃɟ ɢ ɫɥ.). ɋɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɢɫɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ.
165
Ɉ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɩɨɜɨɪɰɢ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: Ɇ. Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɋɪɛɚ, 324-339.
166
ɂɫɬɨ, 321.
196
ɇɚ Ⱦɭɯɨɜɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɞɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ. ɍ ɰɪɤɜɢ

ɜɟɪɧɢɰɢ, ɨɞ ɬɪɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɩɥɟɬɭ
ɜɟɧɱɢʄɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɨɫɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ. ȼɟɧɱɢʄɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɭ, ɭ ɨɪɦɚɧ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞʃɢ ɡɢɞ
ɤɭʄɟ. ɇɚ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɬɨʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɛɚɰɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɻɭɛɪɟ ɢ ɡɚɦɟʃɭʁɭ ɧɨɜɨɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɯɨɜɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɩɥɟɬɭ
ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ ɨɞ ɬɪɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢɨ. ȼɟɧɱɢʄ ɫɟ
ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɤɭʄɢ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɢɤɨɧɟ, ɭ ɨɪɦɚɧ (ɞɚ ɲɬɢɬɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɦɨʂɚɰɚ), ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ – ɩɨ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɚ. ɇɚ ɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɟ
ɛɚɰɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ ȳɭɧ ȳɭɧ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɜɟ,
Ȼɪɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɜɚ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ
ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ ɭ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ,
ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ
ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ɍɪɚɜɚ, ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ Ɍɪɚɜɚ, ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ
ȼɟɧɱɢʄ ɢɦɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɭ ȼɟɧɱɢʄ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɤɭʄɢ
Ɋɚɞ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ, ɠɟɧɫɤɢ Ɋɚɞ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ, ɠɟɧɫɤɢ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 45: Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
197
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɩɚɞɚɨ ɭ

ɜɟɨɦɚ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ. ɉɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɫɟ 15/28. ʁɭɧɚ. ɍ
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ,
ɲɬɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɨɦ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ.
X YZ W
ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɭɜɪɫɬɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪ ɬɟɤ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 19. ɜɟɤɚ (ɨɞ 1892.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ). Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɩɪɨɪɨɤɭ
Ⱥɦɨɫɭ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɤɧɟɡɭ Ʌɚɡɚɪɭ.
X YZ W
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚɧ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɛɨɝɚ ȼɢɞɚ.167 ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɢɨ ɢ ɤɚɨ
ɞɚɧ ɩɪɨɪɢɰɚʃɚ ɢ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ (ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɬɪɚɜɟ
ɜɢɞɨɜɱɢɰɟ).
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ ɪɚɧɨ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ (ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟ
ɫɭɧɰɚ) ɢɲɥɢ ɭ ɛɪɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɜɚ.168 ɍ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ
ɩɪɜɨ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɨ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɧɨʄɢɥɚ ɬɪɚɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɚɱɚ.
ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɱɢʁɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢ
ɫɭ ɨɞɟʄɚ ɢ ɦɟɤɨ ɩɨɤɭʄɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɭɧɰɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɦɨʂɚɰɚ.169
X YZ W
167
ɇɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ ɢɝɪɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɛɨɝɭ ȼɢɞɭ:
Dragoslav Antonijeviü, Vidovdanka, Vršaþki venac – katalog festivala,
Vršac 1996.
168
169
ȳ. Ɇ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɚ, 99.
198
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ

ɜɢɲɟ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ ɢ ɰɪɜɟɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ
ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɭɧɱɚ ɢ
ɜɢɞɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɨɞɟʄɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɚɜɚɥɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɪɚɧɨ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ
ɧɚ ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɨɬɨɩʂɟɧɚ ɬɪɚɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɱɢɰɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 28. ʁɭɧ 28. ʁɭɧ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɟɜɨʁɤɟ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ -//-
ɂɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɟ
ɫɩɪɟɦɟ, ɜɟɬɪɟʃɟ ɨɞɟʄɟ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//-
ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɜɨɦ
ɜɢɞɨɜɱɢɰɨɦ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ɉɞɟʄɚ, ɜɢɞɨɜɱɢɰɚ -//-
ȼɚʂɚ ɢɡɧɟɬɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɭ
ɫɩɪɟɦɭ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 46: ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ɋɨɻɟʃɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɪɫɬɢɬɟʂɚ – ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ
Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ

ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ 24. ʁɭɧɚ/7. ʁɭɥɚ.
X YZ W
ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɲɟɫɬ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɉɪɟɬɟɱɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɋɜ.
199
ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɪɫɬɢɬɟʂɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɞɚɧ

ɪɨɻɟʃɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɉɪɟɬɟɱɟ ɢ Ʉɪɫɬɢɬɟʂɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟɝ.
X YZ W
ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɚʁ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɭ ɧɚɬɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɤɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ.
ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭɧɰɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɧɟ ɢ
ɡɚɢɝɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɩɨ ɧɟɛɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɞɭ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ
ʁɨɲ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɢ ɋɜ. ȳɨɜɚɧ ɂɝɪɢɬɟʂ. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɧɟɛɟɫɚ ɭɨɱɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ, ɩɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɱɭɞɚ.170
ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɪɚʃɟ
ɬɪɚɜɚ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ, ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɜɚɬɪɢ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ
ɩɪɟɫɤɚɤɚʃɟ. ɍ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɭ
ɢɜɚʃɞɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɧɨʄɢ ɢɝɪɚʁɭ ɨɤɨ ɜɚɬɪɟ.
ɋɪɛɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɫɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɧɚ ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ ɛɪɚɥɢ
ɢɜɚʃɫɤɨ ɰɜɟʄɟ, ɨɞ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɩɥɟɥɢ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ
ɭɩɥɢɬɚɬɢ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɭɤɪɚɫɧɢɯ ɬɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɥɟɤɨɜɢɬɨɝ ɛɢʂɚ, ɢ ɛɟɥɢ
ɥɭɤ. Ɉɜɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɦɥɟɤɚɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɧɚɞ
ɤɭʄɧɢɯ ɜɪɚɬɚ.171
ɍ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɚɥɟ ɜɚɬɪɟ ɭɨɱɢ
ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧɚ, ɫɚɦɨ ɲɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɚɞɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɤɚɱɭ ɞɟɰɚ.172
170
171
Ɍɚɬɨɦɢɪ ȼɭɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ II, ȼɪɚʃɟ 1986, 407.
172
Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɋɬɚɩɚɪɭ 2004.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɍ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: ɉɟɬɚɪ ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɢɥɚ, ɨɥɚɥɢʁɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1927, 4-
17.
200
ɉɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɢɜɚʃɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɧɚɰɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ

ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ. ɂɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɭɥɚɡɧɢɯ ɜɪɚɬɚ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ ɫɭ
ɛɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɥɟɤɨɜɢɬɟ ɬɪɚɜɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɡɚ
ɡɢɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɥɟɱɟʃɟ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɫɭɲɟɧɟ ɬɪɚɜɟ ɛɢɥɟ
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɥɟɱɟʃɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɭ, ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ʁɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ
ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɭɛɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ
ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɛɢʂɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɛɪɚʃɟ
ɬɪɚɜɚ: „Ȼɢʂɤɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɱɭɩɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɜɚɞɢ ɫɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɦ ɤɨɜɚɧɢɦ
ɧɨɠɟɦ. Ɍɪɚɜɚɪ ɫɟ ɨɤɪɟɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ, ɩɪɟɤɪɫɬɢ ɧɨɠɟɦ ɛɢʂɤɭ,
ɩɚ ʁɟ ɜɚɞɢ. ɍɡɛɪɚɧɚ ɛɢʂɤɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɬɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɢɡɝɭɛɢ ɦɨʄ ɥɟɱɟʃɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɭɡɛɪɚɧɨɝ ɛɢʂɚ.“173
X YZ W
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. Ɇɨɠɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɭ ɪɟɱɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ
ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɟ: ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɦɟɧɟ.
ɍɨɱɢ ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɛɪɚɥɨ ɢɜɚʃɫɤɨ ɰɜɟʄɟ ɢ ɤɚɧɬɚɪɢɨɧ,
ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɩɥɟɬɟɧɢ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɢɡɧɚɞ
ɭɥɚɡɧɢɯ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɭʄɢ, ɫɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɢɜɚʃɫɤɨɝ
ɰɜɟʄɚ ɢ ɤɚɧɬɚɪɢɨɧɚ, ɭ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ (ɩɨ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ) ɭɩɥɢɬɚɥɢ
ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ, ɪɚɡɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɠɢɬɚ, ɯɚʁɞɭɱɤɚ ɬɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɰɜɟʄɟ.
ȼɟɧɱɢʄɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɢɫɬɪɭɥɟ,
ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤ ɢɯ ɜɟɬɚɪ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɟɫɟ.
ɋɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɨ:
1. ɇɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɱɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɢ ɧɚ
ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɱɢ. ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɱɟ ɪɚɧɨ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ,
173
201
ɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɢ ɥɢɰɟɦ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɭɧɰɭ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɟ

ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭɧɰɟ ɢɡɝɪɟʁɟ.
2. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɬɟ ɪɚɡɛɨɥɢ, ɩɪɨɜɥɚɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɢɜɚʃɫɤɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɫɚ
ɜɟɪɨɦ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɡɞɪɚɜɢɬɢ.
ɉɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɢɜɚʃɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɧɚɰɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɪɟɻɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ. ȳɟɞɧɚ
ɛɚɤɚ ɤɚɠɟ: ȳɚ ɧɟ ɩɥɟɬɟɦ, ɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɢ ɞɚ ɦɢ ɧɚɛɟɪɟ ɬɨɝ
ɢɜɚʃɫɤɨɝ ɰɜɟʄɚ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɥɟɬɟɦ, ɞɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɯɨɞɧɢɤɭ. Ɇɥɚɞɢ
ɤɭɩɭʁɭ ɢɜɚʃɫɤɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ, ɬɨ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɥɚɤɲɟ.
ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɥɟɬʃɚ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɚ (ɦɚɥɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ) ɨɧɢɯ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɡɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 7. ʁɭɥ 7. ʁɭɥ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɥɭɝ Ʉɭʄɚ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɇɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ
Ȼɪɚʃɟ ɢɜɚʃɫɤɨɝ ɰɜɟʄɚ Ȼɪɚʃɟ ɢɜɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɜɟʄɚ ɢ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɪɚɜɚ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɪɚɜɚ (ɪɟɻɟ),
Ɋɚɞʃɟ
ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ/ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɚ
ɩɪɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɐɜɟʄɟ, ɜɟɧɱɢʄ ɐɜɟʄɟ, ɜɟɧɱɢʄ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɧɚ ɦɨʄ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ -//-
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 47: ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɢ ɉɟɬɚɪ ɢ ɉɚɜɥɟ – ɉɟɬɪoɜɞɚɧ
Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɤɨɝɚ – ɩɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ

ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ – ɧɚɫɬɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ. ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɧɨɝ
ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɬɢɱɟ, ɫɜɟ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɫɚ
202
ɢɜɚɧɞɚʃɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɚɦɚ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ

ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ 29. ʁɭɧɚ/12. ʁɭɥɚ.
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ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɢɯ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɚ – ɉɟɬɪɚ ɢ
ɉɚɜɥɚ.
X YZ W
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ
ɩɚʂɟɧɟ ɜɚɬɪɟ ɭ ɧɨʄ ɭɨɱɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɪɚɲɢɪɟɧ
ɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɨʁ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɟ ɜɚɬɪɟ
ɩɚʂɟɧɟ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.174
ȼɚɬɪɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɚɥɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɱɚɪɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɚ
ɭɩɚʂɟɧɢɦ ɛɚɤʂɚɦɚ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɨɤɨ ɬɨɪɨɜɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɨ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɜɟɧɨ
ɫɥɨɜɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.
ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɨ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɢ
ɩɨɫɬ, ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ, ɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ
ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɨ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ. ȼɟʄ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ.
ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧɚ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɪɚɫɚɞɢ ɤɭɩɭɫ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɫɤɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɞɚ
ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɭɫ ɪɚɫɚɞɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɚ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɪɚɫɚɞɢ, ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɢɠɟ.
174
ȼɚɬɪɟ ɫɚɦ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɂɜɚʃɢɰɟ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ʁɭɥɭ 1995. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
203
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ʁɚɛɭɤɟ ɩɟɬɪɨɜɚɱɟ ɩɪɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɚ ɧɟ ʁɟɞɭ

ɠɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɭɦɪɥɨ ɞɟɬɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɞɟɥɢɥɟ ʁɚɛɭɤɟ ɞɟɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ
ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɬɟɤ ɨɧɞɚ ɨɧɟ ʁɟɥɟ. ɋɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ
ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɧɟ ʁɟɞɭ ʁɚɛɭɤɟ ɞɨɤ ɢɯ ɩɪɜɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ. ɋɜɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ
ɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɭ, ɚ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɟ.
ɍ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɢɬɚ ɫɚ ʁɚɛɭɤɚɦɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɧɟɦɚ ʁɚɛɭɤɟ,
ɨɧɞɚ ɢɯ ɤɭɩɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ.
ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɠɚɤ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɚɞ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ. ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɢ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɥɟ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ
ɞɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɢɲɥɟ ɭ ɩɨʂɟ ɞɚ ɭɪɚɞɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɯɢɬɧɨ (ɧɩɪ. ɞɚ
ɩɨɤɭɩɟ ɩɪɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɤɨɲɟɧɭ ɬɪɚɜɭ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɠɚʃɭ ɠɢɬɨ
ɞɚ ɝɚ ɧɟ ɭɯɜɚɬɢ ɥɨɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ). ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɚɧ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɢ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ
ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɟ ɦɨɛɟ. Ⱦɨ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɜɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɫɚɞɢ ɤɭɩɭɫ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɫɤɭ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ.
Ɍɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɭ ɫɟ
ɤɨɲɭʂɟ. Ɍɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɢ (ɤɨɲɭʂɫɤɢ)
ɤɪɟɫɨɜɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɲɭʂɟ ɨɩɪɚɥɟ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɛɪɡɨ
ɩɨɰɟɩɚɬɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɬɨ ɢ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɪɚɞɢ ɨɜɢɯ
ɞɚɧɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɲɭʂɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤɚɱɢʃɚɨ ɤɨɪɨɜ175 ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ – ɞɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɲɭʂɟ ɩɪɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɰɟɩɚʁɭ.
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ ȼɪɱɢɧ. ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ
ɠɢɬɟʂɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɬɭ
ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢɦɚ.
175
ɍ ɫɟɥɭ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɤɨɪɨɜɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɛɢʂɤɟ, ɜɢɫɢɧɟ
ɞɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɦɟɬɪɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɞɨɞɢɪɚ ɢɫɩɭɲɬɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɚɧ ɦɢɪɢɫ.
204
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɠɟɧɟ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ
Ɋɚɫɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɭɩɭɫɚ ɡɚ Ɋɚɫɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɭɩɭɫɚ ɡɚ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɡɢɦɭ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ʁɚɛɭɤɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ
ɞɭɲɭ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ʉɭɩɭɫ, ʁɚɛɭɤɟ, ɤɨɲɭʂɟ Ʉɭɩɭɫ, ʁɚɛɭɤɟ
ȳɚɛɭɤɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɜɨ
ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɞɭɲɭ
ɉɪɚʃɟ ɤɨɲɭʂɚ,
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɱɧɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ -//-
ɭ ɩɨʂɭ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 48: ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɟ
ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɥɟɬɚ, ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ

ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢ ɬɡɜ. ɨɝʃɟɜɢɬɢɦ ɫɜɟɰɢɦɚ ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɧɟɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ. ɉɪɜɢ ɨɞ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɨɝʃɟɜɢɬɚ ɫɜɟɰɚ ʁɟ ɋɜ. ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɟ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɨ 8./21. ʁɭɥɚ.
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɦ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɭ,
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɭɛʂɟɧ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɚʃɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɟ ɜɟɪɟ.
X YZ W
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɩɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɚ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭ Ƚɨɪʃɨʁ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ
205
ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɭɦɢɪɚɥɚ ɞɟɰɚ. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ

ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɢ ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ.176
X YZ W
Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨɦ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ
ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɨ, ʃɟɝɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɭ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɢ. ɋɜɟɬɢ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɟ ɜɚɠɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ
ɫɜɟɬɚɰ, ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɜɟʄɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 49: ɋɜɟɬɢ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɰɚ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ – Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ
Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ 17/30. ʁɭɥɚ. ɍ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ

ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɫɜɪɯɭ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.
176
ȳ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɚ, 99; ɉ. ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɭɠɚ,
250.
206
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ 17/30. ʁɭɥ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢ-
ɰɢ Ɇɚɪɢɧɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɭɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɭɛʂɟɧɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɝ
ɭɱɟʃɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ Ʌɟɩɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ, ɬʁ. ɭ Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɨʁ
ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɢ, Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɝɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɛɢ
ɫɩɪɠɢɨ ɥɟɬɢɧɭ (ɩɪɢɫɩɟɥɨ ɠɢɬɨ) ɢ ɡɚɫɚɻɟɧɟ ɭɫɟɜɟ.177 ɀɟɧɟ
ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɪɚɞɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɡɛɨɝ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ.178
X YZ W
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɋɟɫɬɪɚ ɋɜ. ɂɥɢʁɟ ɋɟɫɬɪɚ ɋɜ. ɂɥɢʁɟ
Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʂɫɤɢɯ ɢ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʂɫɤɢɯ ɢ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 50: Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
177
Ɍɨɞɨɪ Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ʌɟɩɟɧɢɰɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ 15,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1911, 312; ȳ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɚ, 100.
178
207
ɍ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ (...)

ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɠɚɤ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɢ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ. ɋɚɱɭɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɟɫɬɚɪɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɟ
ɤɨʁɚ ɩɚɡɢ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɫɚɡɧɚ ɤɚɞ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɞɚɧ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ
ɛɢ ɨɧ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɜɟɫɟʂɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɭɧɢɲɬɢ ɝɪɨɦɨɜɢɦɚ
ɫɜɟɬ. Ⱦɚ ɧɢʁɟ Ɉɝʃɟɧɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɩɭɰɚɨ ɰɟɨ
ɫɜɟɬ. ȳɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɟ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɠɟɧɚ, ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɂɥɢʁɚ – ɂɥɢɧɞɚɧ

ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɜɪɥɨ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɢʁɢ ɨɝʃɟɜɢɬɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ. ɍ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɦɨʄ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɥɟɬɢɧɟ ɢ
ɩɥɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɨɦ ɤɢɲɟ, ɜɚɬɪɟ, ɦɭʃɚ ɢ
ɝɪɨɦɨɜɚ. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɟ ʁɟ 20. ʁɭɥɚ/2. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ.
X YZ W
ɉɨ ɋɬɚɪɨɦ ɡɚɜɟɬɭ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
ɩɪɨɪɨɤ. ɉɨ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, ɠɢɜ ʁɟ ɭɡɧɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨ ɧɚ ɨɝʃɟɧɢɦ
ɤɨɥɢɦɚ, ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɝʃɟɧɢ ɤɨʃɢ. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
ɩɨɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɚ.
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ɉɨɡɧɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ ɜɨɡɢ ɩɨ
ɨɛɥɚɰɢɦɚ, ɬɚɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɬɨɱɤɨɜɢɦɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɥɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ
ɭɩɪɟɝɧɭɬɢ ɤɨʃɢ, ɫɟɜɚʁɭ ɜɚɪɧɢɰɟ. Ⱥ ɤɚɞɚ ɝɪɨɦ ɭɞɚɪɢ ɭ
ɞɪɜɨ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɪɨɦ ɝɚɻɚɨ ɻɚɜɨɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɭ
ɫɚɤɪɢɨ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟʄɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɟɱɟ
ɞɪɜɨ ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɞɚɪɢɨ ɝɪɨɦ, ɧɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɞɪɜɟɬɨɦ ɯɨʄɟ ɞɚ
ɡɚɥɨɠɢ ɜɚɬɪɭ.179
179
ɂɫɬɨ, 251.
208
ɍ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ

ɲɭɜɚɤ, ɬʁ. ɥɟɜɚɤ (ɪɭɤɭ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɡɥɟɞɢɥɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɧɟɫɬɚɲɚɧ). ɉɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ,
ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɂɥɢʁɢɧɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ, ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɬɚʁɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɞɚɧ,
ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɨɞ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɦɟɨ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɩɨɫɥɚɨ ɭ
ɫɭɧɨɜɪɚɬ.180
X YZ W
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɡɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɭ
ɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɤɢɲɟ ɢ ɫɭɲɟ,
ɦɭʃɟ ɢ ɝɪɨɦɨɜɢ. ɂ ɨɜɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ
ɨɩɲɬɟɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨɝ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ ɛɪɚɬ
Ɉɝʃɟɧɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ ɢ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɟɧɟ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɪɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ
ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ: ɋɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɡɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɞɚɧ, ɚ ɞɚ ɨɧɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɤɚɠɭ. ȳɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɪɟɤɥɟ, ɩɚ
ʁɟ ɝɪɦɢɨ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ.
ɇɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɡɚɤɨʂɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚɤɚ – ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɚ ɢɦɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ
ɭɪɚɞɢɥɨ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɭɦɪɟɬɢ, ɬʁ. ɞɚ ʄɟ ɝɚ
ɩɟɬɚɨ ɧɚɞɠɢɜɟɬɢ: Ⱥɤɨ ɩɪɟɻɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɭ, ɭɛɢʁɟ ɝɚɡɞɭ. ɉɟɬɥɚ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɤɨʂɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɪɟɻɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ
ɭɜɟɤ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɝɪɦɢ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɭ, ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɪɚɫɢ ɢ
ɥɟɲɧɢɰɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɰɪɜʂɢɜɢ.
ɇɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ, ɞɚɧɚɫ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɟɻɢ, ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɤɭɜɚ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ʁɟɨ.
ɍɨɱɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɟ ɢɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ. ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɢ – ɩɭɪɟʃɚɰɢ, ɛɟɥɨ
ɝɪɨɠɻɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ ʁɟɫɬɢ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɚʁɡ,
ɤɪɚɫɬɚɜɚɰ, ɥɭɱɚɧɚ (ɩɟɱɟɧɚ) ɩɚɩɪɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ. ȳɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɱʁɭ –
180
209
ɫɜɟ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɡɚɥɨ [ɫɚɡɪɟɜɚɥɨ] ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ. ɂ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ

ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɨɫɢ ɢɫɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ.
Ɍɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ
ɢɥɢɧɫɤɢɦ (ɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ) ɤɪɟɫɨɜɢɦɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɟ ɭɥɚɡɢ ɭ
ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ
ɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɥɨ ɛɟɥɨ ɝɪɨɠɻɟ ɞɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɟ. ɉɨɡɧɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɪɟɤɚ:
Ʉɚɞ ɩɪɨɻɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ, ɜɚɬɪɚ ɢ ɫɭɧɰɟ ɫɜɟ ɦɢɥɢʁɢ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɚɲɚɪɭ ɧɚ
Ɍɪɟɫɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɞɨɫɤɨɪɨ ɪɚɞɨ
ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚɥɢ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 2. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 2. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ
Ʉɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ, ɤɭɜɚʃɟ Ʉɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ, ɱɭɜɚʃɟ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɦɥɚɞɨɝ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ, ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ (ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɨ),
Ɉɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
ɉɟɬɚɨ, ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ, ɛɟɥɨ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɉɟɬɚɨ, ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ
ɝɪɨɠɻɟ
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɟ, ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɟ,
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɥɟɲɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɰɪɜʂɚʁɭ ɚɤɨ ɥɟɲɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɰɪɜʂɚʁɭ ɚɤɨ
ɝɪɦɢ ɝɪɦɢ
Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ɪɚɞ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ɪɚɞ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ, ʁɟɞɟʃɟ ɛɟɥɨɝ ɭ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɭ
ɝɪɨɠɻɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 51: ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
210
ɋɜɟɬɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɚ – Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ.
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ Ɇɚɪɢʁɢ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ

ʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɨ Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɧɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ
ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ȼɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɟɫɬɚɪɚ ɋɜ. ɂɥɢʁɟ
(ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɨɝʃɟɜɢɬɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɚɰɚ). ɉɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɫɟ 22.
ʁɭɥɚ/4. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ.
X YZ W
Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɚ (Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ) ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ
Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɟ (ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ ɨɛɚɥɚ Ƚɟɧɢɫɚɪɟɬɫɤɨɝ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ), ɩɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɢ
ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɢɦɟ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɚ. ɐɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɫɩɢɫɢ ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ
ɦɢɪɨɧɨɫɢɰɭ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɧɭ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɧɨ ɬɟɥɨ
ɢɦɚɥɨ ɱɭɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɟ ɦɨʄɢ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɭ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɭ ɤɚɤɨ
ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɨɜɞɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ, ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɟɫɬɚɪɚ
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɟ. ɇɟ ɩɚɦɬɟ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɥɢ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ. ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɢ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ
ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɤɚɨ
ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ. ɉɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭɬɚ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ.
Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɫɟɱɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ. Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɫɟɱɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɚ – ɤɚɨ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ, ɚ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɡɜɚɧɢɰɟ
ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢɤɟ.
ɂɧɚɱɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɟ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɧɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ ɢɡ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɰɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ. ɋɥɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ.
Ɋɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨʁ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧ ɜɚɲɚɪ.
Ɍɭ ɫɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɤɨɞ ɤɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɭ ɭ
211
ɝɨɫɬɟ. ɍ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɫɭ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɭ ɤɨɥɭ. ɋɜɚɤɨ ɫɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ

ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤɨɥɨ, ɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɦɢɱɟʃɚ ɨɤɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɱɢʁɟ ʄɟ ɤɨɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ
ɜɟʄɟ ɢ ɛɨʂɟ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ, ɩɚ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ʁɨɲ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ
ɧɨɲʃɟ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ, ɜɚɲɚɪ ɩɨɥɚɤɨ ɦɟʃɚ
ɮɢɡɢɨɧɨɦɢʁɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɢ ɩɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɨɞ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ȼɢɲɟ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɲɟɬʃɚ ɡɚ ɨɦɥɚɞɢɧɭ, ɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɡɚɛɚɜɚ ɭ
ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɪɟɱɢ. Ɇɥɚɻɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɜɨɠʃɨɦ ɧɚ
ɪɢɧɝɢɲɩɢɥɭ, ɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɛɢɠɭɬɟɪɢʁɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɏɪɚɧɚ ɏɪɚɧɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 52: Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɚ (ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ) – Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ – ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ
ɉɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ

ɜɟʄɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɥɟɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɥɟɩɨɝ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɢ ɧɚɞɨɥɚɡɟʄɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɯɥɚɞɧɢʁɢɯ ʁɟɫɟʃɢɯ, ɬʁ.
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ɡɢɦɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɢ

ɢ ɝɨɪɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɚ. ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ 6/19. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ.
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ɐɪɤɜɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɚ
ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɝ.
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Ɂɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɤɭɩɚ ɭ ɪɟɰɢ, ʁɟɪ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɯɥɚɞɧɢʁɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɨɞ
ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɨ ʁɟɫɬɢ ɝɪɨɠɻɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ
ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ. ɍ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɭɠɧɨɝ Ȼɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɚʂɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɜɚɬɪɟ
ɭɨɱɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɨɤɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɨɤɭɩʂɚɥɚ ɨɦɥɚɞɢɧɚ.181
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ɉɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨɦ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ,
ɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɧ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ: ɜɨɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ
ɯɥɚɞɧɢʁɚ, ɧɚ ɞɪɜɟʄɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɥɢ ɠɭɬɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢ.
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɩɨɥɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɞ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɤɭɩɚʃɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɰɢɦɚ ɢ
ɪɟɱɢɰɚɦɚ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɥɨ ɢ
ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ.
ɐɪɧɨ ɝɪɨɠɻɟ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɚ. ɉɪɜɨ ɫɟ
ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟɞɟ. ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɢ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ
ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɢɜɚɥɨ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ
ɰɪɧɨ ɝɪɨɠɻɟ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɥɨ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɢ, ʁɟɪ
ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɞɟɰɚ „ɝɨɪɟ“ ɞɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɭ ɝɪɨɠɻɟ. Ɇɨʁɚ
ɦɚʁɤɚ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɨʄɟ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɥɚ ɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɢ.
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɝɚʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɯɢɛɪɢɞɧɟ ɫɨɪɬɟ ɝɪɨɠɻɚ.
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɟ ɫɨɪɬɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɡɪɟɜɚɥɟ, ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɭ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɟ.
181
Ɇ. Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, 372-373 ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɚ,
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.
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ɇɨɜɟ ɫɨɪɬɟ ɫɬɢɠɭ ɡɚ ʁɟɥɨ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ʁɭɥɚ.

ɉɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɬɚɤɨ, ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ, ɝɭɛɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ.
ɇɚ ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɥɨ. Ɍɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɧɟ ɞɪɠɢ ɧɢɤɨ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɟɫɬ.
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɭʁɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɟɥɚ,
ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɬ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
(ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɨ)
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
ɫɟɥɚ ɫɟɥɚ
ɉɨɫɬ, ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɰɪɧɨɝ ɝɪɨɠɻɚ, ɉɨɫɬ (ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɨ)
ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɤɭɩɚʃɚ
ɉɨɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ, ɰɪɧɨ
ɝɪɨɠɻɟ
ȼɨɞɟ ɭ ɪɟɤɚɦɚ ɫɭ
ɯɥɚɞɧɢʁɟ
Ʉɭɩɚʃɟ ɭ ɪɟɰɢ, ʁɟɞɟʃɟ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ -//-
ɰɪɧɨɝ ɝɪɨɠɻɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 53: ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɍɫɩɟɧɢʁɟ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ – ȼɟɥɢɤɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɭɛɪɚʁɚ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ.

ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɢ ʁɨʁ ɞɜɨɧɟɞɟʂɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɨ. ɉɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ 15/28. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ.
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ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɭɱɟʃɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɍɫɩɟʃɟ

ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɐɪɤɜɚ ɝɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɤɚɨ ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɭ
ɧɚ ɫɦɪɬ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɭɫɩɟʃɟ ɧɚ
ɧɟɛɨ.
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ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ. ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɰɨɦ ɠɟɧɚ. ȼɟɥɢɤɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ,
ɡɚɜɟɬɧɢ ɞɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ.
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ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɢɬɢ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɟ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟɥɨ Ɂɭɰɟ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɟ, 29. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ, ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ
ɤɚɨ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ.
ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ, ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞ Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ, ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ
ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɚ. ɂɦɚɥɚ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɦ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɨɞ
ɞɜɨʁɢɰɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɰɢ.
ɉɪɨɜɥɚɤɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɞɟɥɭ ɩɨɬɟɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ. ɂ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɩɚɦɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ. Ɉɛɧɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɍɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ
ɢɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɬɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɥɚ, ɭ
ɫɟɥɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɛɥɢɡɚɧɚɰɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɞɟɰɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ
(ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɨɜɭ ɋɬɨʁɚɧ ɢ ɋɬɨʁɚɧɤɚ), ɩɚ ʁɟ
ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɛɭɞɭ ɞɜɚ ɪɨɻɟɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. Ɉɧɢ
ɫɭ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɟ. ɍ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɬɪɚɜɭ ɬɚɬɭɥɭ
(ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚ ɧɚ ɱɢɱɚɤ), ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɭ ɭɞɚɪɚɥɢ ɫɬɨɤɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ
ɤɪɨɡ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɭ. Ȼɪɚʄɚ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɜɨ ɭɩɚɥɟ ɠɢɜɭ
ɜɚɬɪɭ. ɉɪɨɜɥɚɤɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ, ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɨɦɨɪ ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ʂɭɞɢ
ɢ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ. Ɉɞ ɬɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɋɜɢ
ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɬɟɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɨɤɭ. ɋɜɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɢɝɪɚɜɚɥɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɨʄɢ
– ɩɪɟ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɚ ɫɭɧɰɚ.
215
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ

ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɫɚ ɫɥɚɜʂɟɦ. Ⱦɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ ɢɡ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɪɚɧɨɝ ʁɭɬɪɚ ɫɥɚɜɢɥɨ, ʁɟɥɨ ɢ ɩɢɥɨ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ
ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ
ɧɨɜɨɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚɧ ʁɟ
ɜɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɦ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɭɝɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ
ɪɨɻɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ
ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ, ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ,
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɰɢ.
ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɦɨɝ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɲɢɪɨʁ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ, ɜɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɫɬ ɫɜɢʃɚ ɡɜɚɧɚ ɫɜɢʃɫɤɚ ɤɭɝɚ. ɍ ɬɨɤɭ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɫɜɟ (ɬʁ.
ɩɪɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ) ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɩɨɦɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɤɟ. Ɍɨ ɦɟ ʁɟ
ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɥɨ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɬɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ
ɨɜɚɤɨ ɝɥɚɫɢɥɨ: Ɇɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɥɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɚ
ɩɨɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɫɬ ɫɩɪɟɱɢ? ɋɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɨ,
ɩɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɚɨ: Ɇɚ ɤɚɤɜɢ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɭɡɧɚɩɪɟɞɨɜɚɥɚ,
ɦɢɫɥɢɦ ɞɚ ɬɭ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɚ. ɇɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɚɦ ɫɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɟɦ: Ⱥ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭʁɟ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɭ, ɲɬɚ ɛɢɫɬɟ
ɭɪɚɞɢɥɢ? ɋɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɤɪɚʄɟ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚɨ: ɉɚ ɨɬɟɪɚɨ ɛɢ ɫɬɨɤɭ.
ɂɧɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ
ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ: Ɉɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɯɢɝɢʁɟɧɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ.
ɋɜɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɱɢɨ ɤɭʄɭ,
ɨɮɚɪɛɚɨ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɟ, ɩɨɱɢɫɬɢɨ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɟ ɫɭ
ɫɜɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ – ɨɩɪɚɥɟ, ɞɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
Ɉɞ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ
ɤɚɨ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ, ɭ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ ɢɡ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ.
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɧɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɢɲɥɨ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪ, ɪɚɞɢ
ɡɚɛɚɜɟ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɬɨ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɞɟ ɦɥɚɻɢ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɞɟɰɚ. ɇɟɝɞɟ
ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɛɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɫɟ
ɢɝɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɤɨɥɭ, ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɡɚɛɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɝɢɲɩɢɥɢɦɚ,
ɞɨɤ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɬɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɥɢɱɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɜʂɭ ɩɢʁɚɰɭ ɭ ɦɚɥɨɦ.
216
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɲɚɬɨɪ ɫɚ ɦɭɡɢɤɨɦ. Ɉɫɢɦ

ɩɢʄɚ, ɬɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɟ ɢ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪɢɦɚ
ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɛɨɡɚ, ɚ ɨɞ ɫɥɚɬɤɢɲɚ – ɲɟʄɟɪɥɟɦɟ, ɨɪɚɫɧɢɰɟ,
ɛɨɦɛɨɧɟ... Ȼɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɥɢɰɢɞɟɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ, ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɢ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 54: ɋɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ
217
218
ȳɟɫɟʃɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
Ɋɨɻɟʃɟ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ – Ɇɚɥɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ Ɋɨɻɟʃɚ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ʁɟ

ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ Ɇɚɥɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ. ɉɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɫɟ 8/21. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ.
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɭ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɚɥɟ ɠɟɧɟ. Ɉɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɟ
ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɦɟɻɭɞɧɟɜɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɨɦ.
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɨɻɟʃɟ
ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ.
X YZ W
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ
ɋɚɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ, ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɧɚɫɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɤɨɲɚɤɚ, ɋɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ
ɜɚɲɚɪ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ȳɚʁɚ ȳɚʁɚ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ȳɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɤɜɚɪɟ -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 55: Ɇɚɥɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
219
ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɢ Ɇɚɥɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ

ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɦɟɻɭɞɧɟɜɢɰɚ. Ɍɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɟ
ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ʁɚʁɚ, ɞɚɧɚɫ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɟɻɟ, ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɫɤɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɚʁɚ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɟʁɭ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɜɚɪɟ. ɂɫɬɨ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ
ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɭ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ. ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɦɟɻɭɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɚɻɢɜɚɥɟ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ.
ɇɚ Ɇɚɥɭ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɭ ʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɧɟɝɞɟ ɞɨ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɞ Ʉɭɦɛɚɪɟ (ɞɟɨ
ɫɟɥɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɫɤɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ), ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɞɪɠɢ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɚ,
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧ ɜɚɲɚɪ.
ȼɨɡɞɜɢɠɟʃɟ ɱɚɫɧɨɝ Ʉɪɫɬɚ – Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ
ɍ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɜɟɡɢɜɚɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ʁɟɫɟɧɢ.

Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚ. Ȼɪɚʃɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɚ ɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ. Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ
ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ 14/27. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ ɫɟ 27. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ
ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ȼɨɡɞɜɢɠɟʃɚ ɑɚɫɧɨɝ Ʉɪɫɬɚ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ʁɟɫɟʃɢ Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɡɚ ɡɢɦɫɤɢ, ɜɟɡɚɧ ʁɟɞɧɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɫɤɨɪɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ. ɉɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɝɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɠɢɬɟʂɚ ɢ
ɨɫɨɛɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ɱɭɩɚ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ.
ɇɨɫɟ ɝɚ ɠɟɧɟ. Ɉɫɜɟʄɟɧɢ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɟ
ɢɤɨɧɟ. ɋɬɨʁɢ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɝ Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɦɟʃɭʁɟ
ɧɨɜɢɦ. ɉɨ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɢɦɚ, ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɢ
ɬɚɦʁɚɧ.
220
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 27. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 27. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ
ɑɭɩɚʃɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɚ,
ɑɭɩɚʃɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɚ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɚ
ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɚ
(ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ)
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ Ȼɨɫɢʂɚɤ Ȼɨɫɢʂɚɤ
Ȼɨɫɢʂɚɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɢ
ɬɚɦʁɚɧ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 56: Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɉɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ Ʉɢɪɢʁɚɤ Ɉɬɲɟɥɧɢɤ – Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ
Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɨ 29.

ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ/12. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ.
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɦ Ʉɢɪɢʁɚɤɭ
Ɉɬɲɟɥɧɢɤɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɨ Ȼɨɝɭ ɢ ɜɟɪɢ.
X YZ W
Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɟ ɬɡɜ. Ɇɢɯɨʂɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ,
ɤɨʁɟ ɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɍ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ɫɟ
221
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɫɟɜɚɩɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɚʄɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ

Ɇɢɯɨʂɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ. 182
X YZ W
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ
ɦɢɯɨʂɫɤɨ ɥɟɬɨ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨɩɥɨ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ
ɭɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟɫɟɧ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 12. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 12. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ʌɟɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ – Ʌɟɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ –
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɠɟɬɚɤ ɥɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɟɬɚɤ ɥɟɬɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 57: Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥ Ɍɨɦɚ –Ɍɨɦɢɧ ɞɚɧ
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɢ ɤɚɨ Ɍɨɦɢɧɞɚɧ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɜɚ

ʁɟɫɟʃɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ
ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɟɞɡɧɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɡɢɦɫɤɨɝ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɉɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ 6/19. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ.
X YZ W
182
Ɇ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, 156.
222
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɨɦɭ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɞɜɚɧɚɟɫɬɨɪɢ-

ɰɟ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɚ ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ.
X YZ W
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɨɦɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɨɦɟ ɛɪɡɨ ɞɨʄɢ
ɡɢɦɚ: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɨɦɚ, ɫɧɟɝ ʄɟ ɨɦɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ Ȼɥɢɡɭ ʁɟ ɡɢɦɚ Ȼɥɢɡɭ ʁɟ ɡɢɦɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 58: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɨɦɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɉɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɉɚɪɚɫɤɟɜɚ – ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ 14/27. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ.

X YZ W
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ ʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɚ
ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 10. ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɭ ȿɩɢɜɚɬɭ ɛɥɢɡɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ. ɀɢɜɟɥɚ ʁɟ
ʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ ʁɨɪɞɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɢ ɭ ɢɫɩɨɫɧɢɲɬɜɭ. ɇɚɤɨɧ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɫɤɭɲɟʃɚ ɜɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɪɨɞɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɢ
ɭɦɪɥɚ. ɇɚ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɝɪɨɛɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɧɚ ɱɭɞɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɜɟɪɟ ɭ
ɦɧɨɝɟ ɱɭɞɟɫɧɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ, ɤɭɥɬ ɋɜɟɬɟ ɉɟɬɤɟ ɧɚɝɥɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɲɢɪɢɨ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɨ ɢ ɫɟɥɢɞɛɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɭ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɭ
(Ɍɪɧɨɜɨ ɢ ȼɢɞɢɧ), ɚ ɨɞɚɬɥɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɬɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ
223
ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɟ ɉɟɬɤɟ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɟɦɟɝɞɚɧɭ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɭ

ʃɟɧɟ ɦɨɲɬɢ ɭ ȳɚɲɢʁɭ ɭ Ɋɭɦɭɧɢʁɢ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɚ
ɤɚɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɰɚ ɠɟɧɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɩɟɬɚɤ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ, ɭɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ, ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɀɟɧɟ ɝɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɨɝ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ
ɫɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɋɜɟɬɟ ɉɟɬɤɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɫɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɨ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ʂɭɞɢ.183
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
(ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɨ)
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɀɟɧɟ ɀɟɧɟ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɉɨɫɬ, ɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɉɨɫɬ, ɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɚʃɟ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ Ʌɟɱɟʃɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ Ʌɟɱɟʃɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 59: ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɰɨɦ ɪɚɻɚʃɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ

ɬɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɨɜɨʁ ɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɤɢ,
ɛɢɥɚ ɰɢʂ ɯɨɞɨɱɚɲʄɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɞɚ
ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟ. Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɧɚ ɢ ɢɫɰɟɥɢɬɟʂɫɤɚ ɦɨʄ ɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɤɟ
183
224
ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɨɡ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ

ʃɨʁ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢɯ.184
X YZ W
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɰɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɭ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɫɭ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɠɟɧɟ
ɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɚɥɟ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɜɟɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ
ɞɚɧ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɟ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɠɢɬɟʂɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ
ɨɞɥɚɡɟ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɭ ɉɟɬɤɭ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɟɦɟɝɞɚɧɭ, ʃɨʁ
ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɭ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɭɡɟɥɢ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɜɟɪɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɥɟɤɨɜɢɬɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥ ɢ ʁɟɜɚɧɻɟɥɢɫɬ Ʌɭɤɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ 18/31 ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ.

X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɦ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɭ ɢ
ʁɟɜɚɧɻɟɥɢɫɬɢ Ʌɭɤɢ.
X YZ W
Ɂɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɧɟɤɢ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ. ȼɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ʌɭɤɟ ɡɢɦɚ ɫɜɟ
ɛɥɢɠɟ. ɉɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɟɤɟ:ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ, ɫɧɟɝ ɞɨ ɤɭɤɚ ɢ ɋɜɟɬɢ
Ʌɭɤɚ – ɫɧɟɝ ɡɚɭɤɚ. ȵɟɝɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ.185
X YZ W
184
Ⱦ. Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ, 212.
185
225
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ ɋɜɟɬɢ

Ʌɭɤɚ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɧɢɫɭ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɢ ɭ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ. ȼɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ Ʌɭɤɟ ɡɢɦɚ
ɫɜɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ. ɉɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɟɤɟ: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ, ɫɧɟɝ ɞɨ ɤɭɤɚ ɢ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ, ɫɧɟɝ ɡɚɭɤɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ Ɂɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ Ɂɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 60: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟ – Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ
Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ 26. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ/8.

ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ.
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ,
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɤɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɝ ɭɱɟʃɚ,
ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɝɭɛʂɟɧ. ȼɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɦɨɲɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɞɭʁɭ
ɢɫɰɟɥɢɬɟʂɫɤɭ ɦɨʄ.
X YZ W
ɉɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ, Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ,
ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɚɲɭ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ. ɇɚ
226
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɡɢɦɫɤɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɟ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɨɤɨ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɚ,

ɫɟʂɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɦɢɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɞɭɝɨɜɟ, ɢɫɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɞɧɭ
ɫɧɚɝɭ ɢ ɫɥ.
Ɂɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ɜɟɞɪɨ,
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɡɢɦɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɭɜɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɦɪɚɡɟɜɚ, ɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɨ, ɞɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɫɧɟɠɧɢɯ ɩɚɞɚɜɢɧɚ.
Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢɯ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɜɭɤɨɜɚ.186
X YZ W
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɋɜɟʄɟ, ɯɪɚɧɚ ɋɜɟʄɟ, ɯɪɚɧɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 61: Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ

ʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ. ɍ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɟɞ
Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɬɡɜ. Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ
ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɚ ɜɟʄ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ
ɡɢɦɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɚɦɚ.
186
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɇ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 155-156.
227
Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ

ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ.
Ɉɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɚ –

ȭɭɪɻɢɰ
Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɥɚɜɚ

ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɝɚ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɦɚɥɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. ɉɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɫɟ 13/16. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ.
X YZ W
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɚ (ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȭɨɪɻɚ), ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɠɟʂɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɬɟ ɢɡ
ɇɢɤɨɦɢɞɢʁɟ ɭ Ʌɢɞɭ ɩɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɭ.
X YZ W
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ȭɭɪɻɢɰ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ,
ɨɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ
ɧɢɫɭ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 62: ȭɭɪɻɢɰ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
228
ɋɚɛɨɪ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ – Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɞɚɧ.
ɉɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɫɟ 8/21. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ. ɋɚɛɨɪ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ

Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ
Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɞɚɧ.
X YZ W
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟɧ ɭ 4. ɜɟɤɭ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝ
ɩɚɩɟ ɋɢɥɜɟɫɬɪɚ ɢ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɋɚɛɨɪ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɚɧɻɟɥɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɋɚɛɨɪ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɚ
ɚɪɯɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɛɟɫɬɟɥɟɫɧɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ ɧɟɛɟɫɤɢɯ.
Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɚɧɻɟɥɢ: Ƚɚɜɪɢɥ, Ɋɚɮɢɥ, ɍɪɢɥ, ɋɚɥɚɬɢɥ, ȳɟɝɭɞɢɥ,
ȼɚɪɚɯɢɥ, ɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɢ ȳɟɪɟɦɢɥ.
X YZ W
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ, ɩɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ
ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢɦ ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ, ɜɚɞɢ ɞɭɲɟ ɫɚɦɪɬɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɟɪɢ
(ɧɚ ɬɟɪɚɡɢʁɚɦɚ) ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ
ɞɚ ɥɢ ʄɟ ɨɧ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɭ ɪɚʁɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɩɚɤɥɭ. ɉɨ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ,
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ ɠɢɜɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɭ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ
ɡɟɦʂɭ.187
X YZ W
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɛɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɞɚɧ. ɋɚɱɭɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ
ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɨ ɠɢɜɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ ɢ ɞɚ
ɨɞɜɨɞɢ ɞɭɲɟ ɧɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɫɜɟɬ.
Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɥɚɜɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɤɚɨ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ.
187
229
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 63: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɨ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɤɪɚʂ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɢ – ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɪɚɬɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɪɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧ

ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɨ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ 11/24. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ, ɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɤɚɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ.
X YZ W
ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɭ
Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɨɦ (1321-1331), ɤɬɢɬɨɪɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɢ.
X YZ W
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
Ɇɪɚɬɟ – ɧɢɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨɤɨ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɞɟɰɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɭɤɨɜɚ
(ɧɩɪ. ɧɟ ɩɥɟɬɟ ɫɟ, ɧɟ ɲɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɧɟ ɬɤɚ ɫɟ ɢɬɞ.), ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɢɞɭ ɨɞ
ɤɭʄɟ (ɧɚ ɩɨɫɚɨ, ɭ ɪɚɬ ɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ).
ɍ ɩɨɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɜɟʄɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ.
230
ɍ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɪɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ

ɫɥɚɜɚ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɇɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɭɤɨɜɚ ɇɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɭɤɨɜɚ
Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ Ɉɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɭɤɨɜɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɭɤɨɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 64: ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɪɚɬɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
231
232
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ
„ɇɢɲɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɟɬɧɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɧɢ ɡɧɚɤ, ɢ ɩɨ

ɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɦɭ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɭʁɭʄɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ ɋɪɛɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɚ,
ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɜɭ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɢɧɭ ɬɟɠɟ ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɩɨɞɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɞ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɤɨɧɚɰ ɪɚɜɧɚʃɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɨ
ɧɟɭʁɟɞɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ
ɦɨɝɭ ɢʄɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɢɪɚʃɚ. ɋɥɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɭɡ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɨɩɲɬɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ. ɋɜɟɬɤɭʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɤɨ ɭɦɟ ɢ ɦɨɠɟ.
Ⱥɥɢ ɫɜɟɬɤɭʁɟ. ɋɜɚɝɞɟ ɢ ɫɜɚɝɞɚ. ɍ ɨɛɢʂɭ ɢ ɧɟɦɚɲɬɢɧɢ, ɭ
ɜɟɫɟʂɭ ɢ ɬɢɯɨʁ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɤɪɭɧɢɫɚɧɚ
ɝɥɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ, ɩɭɤɢ, ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɚɤ. ɋɥɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɛɥɚɝɭʁɟ ɭ
ɦɢɪɭ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɭ ɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚɯɭ, ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɧɨɦ
ɨɝʃɢɲɬɭ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɧɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɛɢɜɚɥɢɲɬɭ, ɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɚ
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ ɢ ɨɫɚɦʂɟɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɤɥɟɬɨ, ɩɨɞ ɤɭʄɧɢɦ ɫɥɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɚ
ɩɭɬɭ, ɭ ɪɨɜɭ, ɭ ɧɚɞɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɥɢɲɬɜɚ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭɠɚʃɫɤɢ ɩɨɧɨɫɢɬɨ ɭ
ɡɚɪɨɛʂɟɧɢɲɬɜɭ.“188
ɋɜɚɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ. Ɍɚʁ ɞɚɧ
ɫɜɚɤɨ ɠɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɨɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɦɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ. ɋɥɚɜɚ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɫɬ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʃɚ, ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɫɜɟɰɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ
ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ ɩɚɬɪɨɧ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤ, ɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ. ɋɥɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ
ɫɟ ɩɨɞ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɦɟʃɚɥɚ.189
188
189
Ɉ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ, ɩɨɪɟɤɥɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ
ɨɛɢɦɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɨ Ʉɪɫɧɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1985; Ɇɢɥɟ
ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɥɚɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1991; ȿɬɧɨɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ
IV, ɋɜɪʂɢɝ 1998.
233
Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭʄɢɦ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢɦ ɢ

ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɟɦ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚɞɜɥɚɞɚɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ. ȳɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ
ɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɤɭʄɧɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ
ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɢɧɚ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ,
ɬɪɚʁɚɥɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɞɚɧɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ
ɫɜɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɚɧ ɨɤɜɢɪ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ, ɞɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ. Ɉɧɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɢ ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɢ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɫɥɚɜʂɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɝɨɲʄɟʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɜɟ
ɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɢɜɚʃɟ.
X YZ W
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɋɥɚɜɚ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɡɢɦɫɤɨɝ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɬɨɩɥɢʁɟɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɋɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɦɚ
ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɟɫɟɰɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ,
ɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɚ ɫɤɪɚɬɢɨ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ
ɨɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɞ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɤɭʁɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɚ ɫɜɟ ɦɨɪɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɢ. ɉɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɯɪɚɧɚ
ɢ ɩɢʄɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚ ɢ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɟ ɢ ɭɪɟɞɟ.
ɇɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɋɥɚɜɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ
ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ: ɢɤɨɧɚ, ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ, ɤɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ, ɫɜɟʄɚ,
ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ, ɫɥɨɜɨ ɢ ɞɪ. ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɩɪɟɞ ɋɥɚɜɭ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɤɪɟɱɢɥɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɪɟɦ ɫɨɛɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɬɢ
ɝɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɪɟɻɟ ɱɢɧɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɤɭʄɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɨɦ
ɧɨɜɨɫɚɡɢɞɚɧɟ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɢ
ɨɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɢɧɭ. ɋɥɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ
ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɪɚɞɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɟ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɡɚ ɞɟɰɭ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ
ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ʁɟɪ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ.
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ,
ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ: ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ? Ʉɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ:
Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ. Ɉɞ ɬɚɞɚ ɫɭ ʂɭɞɢ ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɥɚɜɭ.
[Ɂɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ?] Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɢ ɞɚ
234
ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɲɬɚ ʄɟ ɞɚ ɪɚɞɟ. ɉɪɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɥɚɜɢɥɢ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɦɨʁ

ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢ ɞɟɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɚɨ.190 Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɞɨɲɥɢ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɫɤɭɩʂɚɥɢ ɩɨ ʁɚɪɭɝɚɦɚ ɢ ɤɨʁɟɤɭɞɚ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɚ
ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɨɧɚʁ ʁɟ ɭɡɟɨ ɨɜɭ, ɨɧɚʁ ɨɧɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ.
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɟ ɋɥɚɜɢ:
• ɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɢɰɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ,
• ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɢʄɚ,
• ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ.
ɋɥɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɋɥɚɜɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ. Ɋɟɬɤɨ ɤɨ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɫɤɚɱɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ. ɇɟ ɝɥɟɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɧɟ
ɤɨʁɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ. ɋɥɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɦɟʃɚ ɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɚɤɜɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ: ɋɥɚɜɚ ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɤɢɧɟ. ɍɜɟɤ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚ ɩɨɫ(ɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ). Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ, ɭɜɟɤ ɬɟ ɬɟɪɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɦɚɥɟɪ.
ɍ ɤɭʄɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɚɨ ɡɟɬ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɞɜɟ
ɫɥɚɜɟ (ɫɥɚɜɚ ɤɭʄɟ ɢ ɡɟɬɨɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨ), ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɫɥɚɜɢ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɤɭʄɟ, ɚ ɡɟɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜʂɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ʁɟ
ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɟɬɨɜɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɛɚɪɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ.
ɉɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɞ ɋɥɚɜɭ
ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ

ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɥɚɜɭ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ
ɫɥɚɜɟ ɜɚɧ ɩɨɫɬɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɬɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɩɨɤɥɚʃɚɥɚ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɧɢʁɟ
ɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɧɢ ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɩɨɫɬɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ ɫɭ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
190
Ʉɚɡɢɜɚɱ ʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧ 1920. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
235
ʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɧɚ

ɯɪɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɜɟɱɟɪʁɟ.
ɋɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɢɰɟ
ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɭɨɱɢ ɋɥɚɜɟ

ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɞɚ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɜɨɞɢɰɭ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ
ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɨɧ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ
ɦɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟ ɋɥɚɜɟ. Ɂɚ ɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɢɰɟ ɧɟɦɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ
ɞɚɧɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. ɋɜɟʄɟʃɭ ɜɨɞɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ,
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ. ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɞɨɻɟ,
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ, ɤɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɫɜɟʄɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɭɞɚ ɫɚ
ɜɨɞɨɦ. Ʉɚɞ ɞɨɻɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɨɧ ɨɱɢɬɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɠɟɥɢ
ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɠɢɜɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ. ɍɡ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ, ɨɤɚɞɢ
ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɢɤɨɧɚ, ɚ ɢɤɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɫɟ
ɩɨɲɤɪɨɩɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɢɰɨɦ. Ʉɚɞ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ,
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɰɟɥɢɜɚʁɭ ɤɪɫɬ. Ɉɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ. Ɉɞ
ʃɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɦɟɫɢ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ
ɤɭʄɢ ɱɭɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɥɟɤ.
Ɉɛɚɜɟɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ
ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʄɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ

ɝɨɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦ ɞɚɧ ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʄɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɪɟɱɢ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ ɨ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɞɚɧɭ ɋɥɚɜɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɩɨɫɟɬɟ ɡɚ ɋɥɚɜɭ ɭɡɜɪɚʄɚɥɟ. Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɤɨɝɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ, ɬɚʁ ʁɟ ɢ
ɜɪɚʄɚɨ. ɉɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɟ ɢ
ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɤɟ, ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ
ɋɥɚɜɭ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚʃɟ, ɚɤɨ ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɝɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ,
ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɡɢɜɨɦ. Ɉɜɚ ɧɨɜɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɞɚ
ɛɢɜɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɢʁɚ ɩɪɟ ɨɬɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɞɜɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟɧɢ
ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɤɨɥɟɝɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɚ ɧɚ ɋɥɚɜɭ, ɚ ɲɤɨɥɚɪɰɢ ɡɨɜɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɜɟ
ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɟɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɟɝɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ.
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ɇɚɜɟɱɟɪʁɟ
ɇɚɜɟɱɟɪʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɤɪɚʄɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ. ɇɚɜɟɱɟɪʁɟ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɭ. ɇɚ ɧɚɜɟɱɟɪʁɭ ɫɭ ɛɢɜɚɥɢ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɲɢʁɟ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɫɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ.
ɉɪɜɢ ɞɚɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ
ɇɚ ɫɚɦ ɞɚɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ, ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɪɚɧɨ, ɧɟɤɨ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ

ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰ, ɧɨɫɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɢ ɩɚɧɚɢʁɭ (ɤɭɜɚɧɨ
ɠɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɨɪɚɫɢɦɚ) ɧɚ ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ, ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɢ ɩɚɧɚɢʁɚ ɢɡ
Ɂɭɰɚ ɢ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɟ ɧɨɲɟɧɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ. Ɉɞ 1995.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɂɭɱɚɧɢ ɧɨɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ
ɭ Ɂɭɰɭ, ɚ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɟ ɬɨ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɪɚɞɟ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ
ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɥɭ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɢ
ɬɟɤ 2004. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɧɚ ɋɥɚɜɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ. ɇɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɦɥɚɻɢɯ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɞɟɰɟ,
ɩɨɲɚʂɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɡɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ. Ƚɨɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɧɢ ɫɚ
ɛɚɪɞɚɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɮɥɚɲɨɦ ɪɚɤɢʁɟ. ɇɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɫɭ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɢ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɢ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɱɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɰɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɨɧɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɋɥɚɜɭ.
Ɇɭɲɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɢɲɥɚ ɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɞɨ ɤɭʄɟ ɞɚ ɡɨɜɟ, ɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɩɨɡɜɚɧ, ɨɞɦɚɯ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ 12 ɫɚɬɢ ɤɪɟɬɚɨ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɪ
(ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɨɜɟ), ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɤɭʄɢ ɞɨ 12 ɫɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɞɢɡɚʃɭ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ.
ɍɫɥɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɞɢɡɚɥɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɟ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɭ
ɨɜɚʁ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɦɟɪɢɥɢ, ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ʁɨɲ
ɭɜɟɤ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɢʁɚ. Ⱦɢɡɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ: ɩɚʂɟʃɟ
ɫɥɚɜɫɤɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ, ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɤɭʄɟ, ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɨɱɟɧɚɲɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɟɱɟʃɟ
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ɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɭ ɨɧɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɧɟ ɫɟɱɟ

ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɨɦ.
ɉɨɠɟʂɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɞɢɡɚʃɭ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɜɢ
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɨɞʂɢɜɨ ɡɛɨɝ
ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɞɟɰɟ ɭ
ɲɤɨɥɢ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ
ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɚ ɢ ɢɡ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɧɨ
ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɦ ɱɢɧɭ.
ɉɪɜɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭɪɚɞɢ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɡɚɩɚɥɢ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɭ
ɫɜɟʄɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɛɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɭɬɚ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɨɲɬɚɧɚ,
ɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɫɤɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɭʁɭ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ
ɧɟɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ. ɋɜɟʄɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɭɞɢ ɫɚ ɠɢɬɨɦ
ɢ ɧɚ ʃɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɥɟɩʂɟɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɢɰɚ ɫɜɟɰɚ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɋɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ.
ɋɜɟʄɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɝɨɪɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɝɨɫɬ ɧɟ ɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ.
Ƚɚɫɢ ɫɟ, ɬʁ. ɫɦɢɪɭʁɟ ɜɢɧɨɦ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɥɢ ɫɜɟʄɚ, ɤɭʄɚ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɞɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɟ
ɱɢɬɚ Ɉɱɟɧɚɲ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ
ɪɟɡɚʃɚ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɭɥɨɝɭ
ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ. Ɉɧ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɫɟɱɟ ɫ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɨɞ
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ. ɍɡɦɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɩɨɞɢɝɧɟ ɝɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɨɤɪɟɧɟ
ɧɚɨɩɚɤɨ („ɥɢɰɟ“ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɟ) ɢ ɧɨɠɟɦ ɡɚɫɟɱɟ ɞɨʃɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ
ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɤɪɫɬɚ. ɍ ɭɫɟɤɟ ɫɢɩɚ ɜɢɧɨ, ɨɬɜɚɪɚ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɧɟ ɢ
ɧɚɢɡɦɟɧɢɱɧɨ ʂɭɛɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɧɟ ɯɥɟɛɚ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɨɧɢɦ ɤɨ ɫɚ
ʃɢɦ ɫɟɱɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢɯ ɨɤɪɟʄɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ
ɫɥɟɜɚ ɧɚɞɟɫɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ. „Ʌɢɰɟ“ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ʁɟ ɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɝɨɪɟ. Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɥɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɟ
ɭɧɚɤɪɫɬ ʂɭɛɟ, ɭɡ ɪɟɱɢ: ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫ, ʁɟɫ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ, ɤɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɰɧɭ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɫɜɟʄɟ.
Ʉɨɥɚɱ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɝɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɭ. Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ
ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɧɟ, ɩɨʁɟɞɭ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɧɟ, ɞɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɰɢ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɟ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ ɫɚ ɞɢɡɚʃɟɦ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɫɟɱɟʃɟɦ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ,
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɭʁɭ ɩɚɧɚɢʁɨɦ (ɫɥɚɜɫɤɨ ɠɢɬɨ) ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ɡɚɥɢɜɚ ɰɪɧɢɦ ɜɢɧɨɦ. ɉɚɧɚɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
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Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɨɧ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɠɢɜɢɦ

ɫɜɟɰɟɦ.
ɇɚ ɋɥɚɜɢ ɧɚɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɝɨɫɬɢɦɚ. ɇɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɢɰɟ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɞɚ ɧɭɞɢ ɝɨɫɬɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɝɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɢʁɭ. Ⱦɨɤ ɧɟ ɭɻɟ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ, ɩɨɫ' ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɧɭɞɢ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɭʁɟ
ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɨɛɟɞɭʁɟ.
Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɝɨɫɬɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ, ɚ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨ, ʁɟɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɞɜɨʁɟ ɨɞɪɚɫɥɢɯ, ɫɚ ɞɟɰɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ʃɢɯ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢɦɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɞɟɰɢ ɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɢɦɚ.
Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɟ ɤɨɲɭʂɚ, ɱɚɪɚɩɟ, ɩɟɲɤɢɪɢ ɢ ɫɥ. ɉɨɤɥɨɧ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ, ɞɨɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɢ
ɤɚɮɚ, ɩɢʄɟ, ɫɥɚɬɤɢɲɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ⱦɟɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɚɜɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ
ɫɩɪɟɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɚɫɤɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɝɨɫɬɭ ɦɚɥɨ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɢ ɩɟɱɟʃɚ ɞɚ
ɩɨɧɟɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɨɩɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ ɝɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɢɻɭ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɝɚɫɢ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɭ
ɫɜɟʄɭ. ɍ ɨɜɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɜɢɧɨ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɫɥɭɠɟɧɨ ɭɡ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɨ ɠɢɬɨ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ
ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɋɥɚɜɭ ʁɟ

ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɨʄɢ ɩɪɜɨɝ
ɞɚɧɚ. ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɨʄɢ ɢɫɬɢ
ɝɨɫɬɢ (ɪɨɻɚɰɢ, ɪɟɻɟ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ) ɢ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ. Ɉɧɚʁ
ɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɛɭɞɟ ɥɚɤɲɟ.
ɉɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ.
239
Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɤɨɦɲɢʁɟ.

Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ ɋɥɚɜɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ. Ʉɨɦɲɢʁɟ, ɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɩɨɡɜɚɧɟ, ɦɨɝɭ ɞɨʄɢ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ.
1945-1960 1997 -2003

ȼɪɟɦɟ Ⱦɚɧ ɫɜɟɰɚ Ⱦɚɧ ɫɜɟɰɚ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɝɨɫɬɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɝɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɋɥɚɜɟ, ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɋɥɚɜɟ,
ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɞɢɡɚʃɟ
ɭɫɥɚɜɟ, ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ, ɭɫɥɚɜɟ, ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ,
ɫɥɭɠɟʃɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ/ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɫɥɭɠɟʃɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ/ɜɟɱɟɪɟ
ɋɜɟʄɚ, ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɋɜɟʄɚ, ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ,
ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɛɚɪɞɚɤ, ɠɢɬɨ, ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ,
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ
ɤɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ, ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ, ɤɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ, ɫɥɨɜɨ,
ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ
ɉɪɟɬɢ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɇɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ
ɫɥɚɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 65: ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
240
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 66: ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ
Ɂɭɰɟ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ

ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬɢʁɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬɢʁɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɬɟɜɚɧ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɬɟɜɚɧ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɬɟɜɚɧ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ
ɑɚɫɧɟ ɜɟɪɢɝɟ ɑɚɫɧɟ ɜɟɪɢɝɟ
(ȼɟɪɢɠɢɰɟ) (ȼɟɪɢɠɢɰɟ)
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ Ⱥɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ Ⱥɧɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʉɢɪɢɥ
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ –
ɥɟɬʃɢ ɥɟɬʃɢ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ
ȳɨɚɤɢɦ ɢ Ⱥɧɚ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ
Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ
241
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɨɦɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɨɦɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɨɦɚ

ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ
Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɜɪɚɦɢʁɟ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȼɪɚɱɢ ɋɜɟɬɢ ȼɪɚɱɢ ɋɜɟɬɢ ȼɪɚɱɢ
ȭɭɪɻɢɰ ȭɭɪɻɢɰ ȭɭɪɻɢɰ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɨ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɨ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɨ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɪɚɬɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɪɚɬɚ
ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɥɢɦɩɢʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɥɢɦɩɢʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɥɢɦɩɢʁɟ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ
242
Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɨɛɢɥɚɠɟʃɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɰɟɥɚ, ɭ

ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ, ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɟ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ
ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ ɞɨ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ, ɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ
ɫɟɥɢɦɚ – ɢ ɨɤɨ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɚ. ɇɨɲɟʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɪɟɥɢɤɜɢʁɚ
(ɤɪɫɬɨɜɢ, ɛɚɪʁɚɰɢ, ɢɤɨɧɟ) ɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɢɯ
ɪɚɞʃɢ (ɩɟɜɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɟɫɚɦɚ, ɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ,
ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɪɫɬɚ ɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɭ, ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɭɡ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ
ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ191 ɢ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɡɚɫɟʁɚɧɭ ɥɟɬɢɧɭ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɚ.192
X YZ W
ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɫɟɥɨ ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɚɧ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɤɚɞɚ
ɫɜɟɬɤɭʁɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɥɟɬɢɧɟ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɤɪɫɬɚ,
ɛɚɪʁɚɤɚ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɨʂɢɦɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ, ɚ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ
ɥɢɬɢʁɢ – ɤɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɟ.193
ɍ 19. ɜɟɤɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɞɚɧ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɢɨ
ɥɢɬɢʁɟ. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɧɚ
ɫɜɨʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ. ɇɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɢɦ ɞɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ
ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɟ ɉɚɥɢɥɭɥɚ.194
X YZ W
191
Ɉ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɟ ɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɯɨɞɭ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ:
ɂɜɢɰɚ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɢʄ, ɏɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚ
ɥɢɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɨɩɯɨɞɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ LIV,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2006, 271-287.
192
Ɉ ɥɢɬɢʁɚɦɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: ɂ. Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɢɬɭɚɥ ɭɦɚ – ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɨɩɯɨɞɚ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɋȺɇɍ 53, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005, 7-469.
193
194
Ʉɨɫɬɚ ɇ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɧɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1923, 151.
243
Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɨɩɯɨɞ.

ɍɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ. ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɫɟ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɜɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɍ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɟ
ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɥɢɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɩɯɨɞ ɨɞɪɠɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞ Ⱦɪɭɝɢ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ. Ʌɢɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɩɯɨɞ ʁɟ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ
ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɭ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɦ
ɉɨɬɨɤɭ – ɬɟɤ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ.
Ⱦɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɚɯɨɦ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞ. ɋɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
ʁɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɜɪɯɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ
ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɱɢ ɫɭɲɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɟ
(ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ).
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɚ. ɍ ɫɟɥɭ ɢɦɚ ɩɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ. ɋɜɢ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ,
ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɱɟɧɢ: ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ – ɥɢɩɚ, ɭ
Ʌɢɜɚɞɚɦɚ – ʁɚɫɟɧ, ɭ Ȼɪɻɚɧɢɦɚ – ɛɪɟɫɬ, ɭ Ƚɨɪʃɟɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɤɨɞ
Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɤɭʄɟ – ɯɪɚɫɬ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɭ
Ɂɚɜɨʁɢɰɚɦɚ (ɜɪɱɢɧɫɤɢ ɚɬɚɪ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ Ɂɭɱɚɧɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ʃɢɜɟ)
ɢ ɭ ɋɬɚɪɨɦ ɫɟɥɭ, ɚɥɢ ʃɢɯ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢ.
Ɂɚɩɢɫ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ. ɇɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɟɤɚɨ ɧɢɬɢ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɱɢɨ ɨɲɬɟʄɢɜɚɨ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɫɤɪɧɚɜʂɟʃɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɭ ɨɧɨɦɟ ɤɨ ɛɢ ɝɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɨɲɬɟɬɢɨ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɨɫɭɲɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɫɭ
ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɚ ʃɢɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɪɚɞɢɬɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɭ ɱɚɤ ɢ
ɨɩɪɟɱɧɚ: ʁɟɞɧɨ – ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɞɢɪɚɬɢ, ɞɪɭɝɨ – ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɨɞɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɰɪɤɜɟ
(ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ), ɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ
ɢɫɩɪɟɞ Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ɍ ɫɟɥɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ
ɢɡ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɚ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ ɫɭ:
ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄɚ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɤɨɞ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɚɧɢɰɟ (ɧɢʁɟ ɦɟʃɚɧ) –
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Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ
ɯɪɚɫɬ, Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɦɚʃɟ – ɤɪɭɲɤɚ ɨɫɤɨɪɭɲɚ, ɫɬɚɪɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ

– ɰɟɪ, Ȼɟɥɟ ɜɨɞɟ (Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄɚ ʃɢɜɚ) – ɰɟɪ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɚ. ɉɨɜɨɪɤɚ ɤɪɟʄɟ ɢɡ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ. ɍ
ɨɛɢɥɚɡɚɤ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɦɚ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ ɫɭ: ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ –
ɨɪɚɯ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɚɭɬɨ-ɩɭɬɭ (ɤɨɞ Ʉɪɫɬɚ) – ɤɪɭɲɤɚ, ɤɨɞ Ʉɭɦɛɚɪɟ –
ɤɟɫɬɟɧ, ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɂɭɰɭ – ɤɪɭɲɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ – ɯɪɚɫɬ.
Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ. Ɉɜɞɟ
ʄɭ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɬɢ ʃɟɧ ɨɩɢɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɢɦɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɭ
ɫɟɥɭ Ɂɭɰɭ 1998. ɢ 2002. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.195 Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɚɬɚ:
• ɫɥɭɠɛɚ,
• ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɫɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ,
• ɨɛɢɥɚɡɚɤ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɚɬɚɪɚ,
• ɪɭɱɚɤ.
ɋɥɭɠɛɚ
ɇɚ ɞɚɧ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɨɞɪɠɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ. ȵɨʁ

ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɢ. ɍɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ
ɰɪɤɜɟ ʁɟ „ɨɤɢʄɟɧ“ ɫɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɨɜɚ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ.
195
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɚɜɢɥɚ 1998. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɝɚ 2002.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɋɚɡɥɨɝ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɦɢɨ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɚɨ ɢɡ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɝɞɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ, ɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɫɧɚɲɚɨ, ɦɚɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɩɯɨɞɚ
ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɨ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ (ɫɚɞɚ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ). ɇɟɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɪɟɞɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ (ɧɩɪ. ɭɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɤɪɫɬ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɨ ɭɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ,
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɜɨɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɚ).
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ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɫɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ
ɉɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭʁɟ

ɩɨɜɨɪɤɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢ ɬɪɢ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɨɤɨ ʃɟ ɭ ɫɦɟɪɭ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɧɚɞɟɫɧɨ
(ɢɞɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ). ɇɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɨɛɢɥɚɫɤɚ,
ɩɨɜɨɪɤɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɫɚ ʃɟɧɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ɇɚ
ɱɟɥɭ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɚ ɡɚ ʃɢɦ ɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɭʁɭ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ
ɧɨɫɟ ɤɪɫɬɨɜɟ ɢ ɛɚɪʁɚɤɟ.
ɂɫɩɪɟɞ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɬɨɱɢʄ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ
ɧɚɥɚɡɟ: ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɠɢɬɨ, ɜɢɧɨ, ɫɜɟʄɚ ɢ ɤɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ ɫɚ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɢ ɨɛɢɻɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ, ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɟ
ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɭɪɟɡɚɧ ɤɪɫɬ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
ɩɪɢɥɚɡɢ ɫɬɨɱɢʄɭ ɢ ɫɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɨɦ ɫɟɱɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧ ɡɚ
ɬɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɭ ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɩɢɬɚ ɤɨ ɨɞ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢɯ ɠɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ,
ɭɡɢɦɚ ɩɚɪɱɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɢ ɞɭɠɚɧ ʁɟ ɞɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɡɚ
ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɰɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɚ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɱɢɬɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ. ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɢ
ɤɪɫɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɭ ɢ ɫɢɩɚ ɫɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɤɚ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɚʂɟɧɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ
ɧɚ ɤɪɫɬ. Ɍɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɨɦ. Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɱɢɬɚʃɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɤɥɟɱɟ ɢ ɝɥɟɞɚʁɭ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɪɫɬɚ,
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢ ɞɨɪɭɱɚɤ (ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ). Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ
ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɟʃɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɫɟɧɞɜɢɱɢ, ɫɨɤɨɜɢ ɢ ɤɢɫɟɥɚ ɜɨɞɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɪɭɱɤɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɟʄɟ ɭ ɨɩɯɨɞ ɫɟɥɨɦ.
Ɉɛɢɥɚɡɚɤ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɚɬɚɪɚ
Ʉɨɥɨɧɚ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ. ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ

ɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɢ (ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɢ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ) ɧɟ ɢɞɭ ɩɟɲɤɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɟɥɨ, ɤɚɨ
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Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ

ɜɨɡɟ ɭ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɤɨɥɢɰɚɦɚ. Ȼɚɪʁɚɤɟ ɢ ɤɪɫɬɨɜɟ ɞɪɠɟ
ɭɫɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧɢ ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɧɨɲɟʃɟ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ
ɜɨɠʃɟ ɫɟ ɩɟɜɚʁɭ ɩɟɫɦɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ.
ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɩɟɫɦɚ: Ʉɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɟ Ȼɨɝɚ ɦɨɥɟ/ɞɚ ɧɚɦ
ɩɚɞɧɟ ɪɨɫɧɚ ɤɢɲɚ/ɞɚ ɨɪɨɫɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɩɨʂɚ...
ɍ ɫɟɥɭ ɢɦɚ ɩɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚʁɭ ɰɟɨ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ
ɚɬɚɪ, ɚɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɢ ɤɪɭɝ ɨɤɨ ɫɟɥɚ. ɉɪɜɨ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɭ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɫɟɥɚ. Ʉɨɞ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɤɨɞ ɰɪɤɜɟ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ
ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɧɚ ʃɢɜɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɫɟʁɚɧɟ ɥɟɬɢɧɨɦ, ɬɨ ʁɟ
ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɨɲɬɟɬɢ ɭɫɟɜ,
ɚɥɢ ɬɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ʃɢɜɟ ɧɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɲɬɟɬɨɦ.
ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɟɥɨ, ɠɟɧɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ
ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɛɨɦɛɨɧɟ, ɤɨɥɚɱɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɢʄɟ. Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ ɫɟ
ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɢɦɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɲɚɱɢ ɫɟ, ɩɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ
ɧɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɫɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɱɢɬɚʃɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɨɩɯɨɞɚ. ɋɚɦɨ
ɫɭ ɩɪɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɢ ɢɲɥɢ
ɩɟɲɢɰɟ.
Ɋɭɱɚɤ
Ɉɩɯɨɞ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨʁ ɩɨɪɬɢ. Ɉɞɚɬɥɟ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ

ɧɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɝɞɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɪɭɱɚɬɢ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɭ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚɦɚ Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ. Ɋɭɱɤɭ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɡɧɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɟ ɡɜɚɧɢɰɚ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ 1998. ɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɚɧ ɢ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɈ ȼɨɠɞɨɜɚɰ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɨɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɪɠɚɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɚɧ ɝɨɜɨɪ.
Ɂɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ (ɫɜɢʃɫɤɨ, ʁɚɝʃɟʄɟ),
ɫɚɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɯɥɟɛ, ɚ ɨɞ ɩɢʄɚ: ɪɚɤɢʁɚ, ɜɢɧɨ, ɩɢɜɨ, ɫɨɤɨɜɢ, ɤɢɫɟɥɚ
ɜɨɞɚ. Ɋɭɱɤɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɨɞɪɚɫɥɢ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ.
247
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɑɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ, ɩɟɬɚɤ, ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ȼɪɟɦɟ -//-
Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ -//- ɐɪɤɜɚ, ɫɟɥɨ
ɋɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ,
ɡɜɚɧɢɰɟ
ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɨɛɢɥɚɠɟʃɟ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//-
ɫɟɥɚ, ɭɱɚɤ
Ʉɨɥɚɱ, ɠɢɬɨ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɜɨɫɚɤ,
ɜɢɧɨ, ɢɤɨɧɚ, ɛɚɪʁɚɰɢ, ɤɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ -//- Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɭɫɟɜɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 67: Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
248
Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ
ɇɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɛɢʄɟ ɪɟɱɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɨ ɨɧɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ

ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɩɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟ, ɩɚɤ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɭ ɜɟɡɭ. Ʉɚɨ
ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ, ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ. Ⱦɚ
ɫɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɰɢ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ „ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɢ“ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ,196 ɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ
ɫɤɨɪɚɲʃɟ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɞɚɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ), ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ 15. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɤɚɨ
ɧɨɜɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. 197
ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
Ɉɮɢɰɢʁɟɥɧɚ ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɢʁɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ

ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ 1. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ. ɋɜɨʁɭ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɢɱɟ ɬɟɤ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ
ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.
Ɂɜɚɧɢɱɧɚ (ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɚ) ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ
ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ
ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɜɚɩɫɤɚ (ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɚ) ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ, ɫ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɡɚɩɨɲʂɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɜɚɧ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ
ɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɫɚʃɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɚ (ɬɭ, ɩɪɟ
ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɦɢɫɥɢɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɭ), ɩɪɟɜɚɝɭ ɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɭ
ɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɩɪɜɨʁɚɧɭɚɪɫɤɚ ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. Ⱦɨ
196
ɋɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɦɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɢɤɬɢɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚɬɭɦɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ
ɜɚɠɧɢ ɞɚɬɭɦɢ.
197
ɋɟɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱ, ɉɨɪɭɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ,
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɋɪɛɚ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 49, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2003, 101-109.
249
ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɢ ɬɡɜ.

ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨʁ ɇɨɜɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ 14. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ. ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɇɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 14.
ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ. ɑɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɟɨ ɩɨɦɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɞɟɨ
ɫɬɜɚɪɧɟ ɠɟʂɟ ɡɚ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ, ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ
ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɢ. ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɫɭ ɜɪɲɟɧɟ ɢ
ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɡɧɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɚ ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɟɱɢ ɭ ɨɞɟʂɤɭ
ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɦ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ (ɜɢɞɢ Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ).
Ɉɞ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɇɨɜɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɚ ɞɟɰɨɦ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɤɢʄɟʃɟ ɡɢɦɡɟɥɟɧɨɝ
ɫɬɚɛɥɚ – ʁɟɥɤɟ. ɍ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɫɭ ʁɟɥɤɟ ɤɢʄɟɧɟ ɤɨɦɚɞɢʄɢɦɚ ɜɚɬɟ ɢ
ʁɚɛɭɤɚɦɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɨ ɧɚɛɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ „ɧɚɤɢɬ“
ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ. ɉɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɫɭ ʁɟɥɤɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ „ɧɚɤɢɬɨɦ“ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɧɟ ɭ
ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɚɫɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ. ɍ
ɩɨɧɟɤɨɦ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɨɤɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɡɢɦɡɟɥɟɧɢ ɛɨɪ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ ɢ
ɭɤɪɚɫɢ ɫɟ ɥɚɦɩɢɨɧɢɦɚ.
ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ
ɢɫɬɢɱɭ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɤɢɬɢɥɚ ʁɟɥɤɚ, ɭɡ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɨ
ɞɟɰɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɟɥɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɠɢɜɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. ȼɟʄɢ
ɛɪɨʁ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɞɚ ɤɢɬɢ ʁɟɥɤɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɦɚɥɨ
ɞɟɬɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ. ɂ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɨɲ
ɭɜɟɤ ɧɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ ʁɟɥɤɭ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɡɚ ɇɨɜɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ. ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɚɧ
ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ ɢɡ Ɂɭɰɚ: ɋɚɦɨ ɦɢ ɮɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɢ
ɡɚ ʁɟɥɤɭ ɞɚʁɟɦ ɩɚɪɟ. ɇɟɤɢ ɢɫɬɢɱɭ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɚɫɥɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɫɚɦɚ
ɬɪɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɤɢʄɟʃɟɦ ʁɟɥɤɟ, ʁɟɪ ɬɨ – ɩɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ
ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɢɦɚ – ɧɢʁɟ ɥɟɩɨ. ɋɚɦɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɨɤɢɬɢ ɤɭʄɚ – ɤɚɠɟ
ʁɟɞɧɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ.
ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɭɧɭ ɚɮɢɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ ɭ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɞɢʁɚ ɢ
ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɚ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɨɞɥɚɫɤɨɦ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞ ɪɚɞɢ ɲɤɨɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɨɲʂɚɜɚʃɚ. ɍ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɫɤɢ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɟɬɤɨɫɬ, ɇɨɜɭ
ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ʁɟ ɱɟɤɚɥɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɤɨɦɲɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ
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ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ. Ɉɞ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ

ɜɟɤɚ, ɦɥɚɞɢ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ, ɩɨ ɭɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɪɲʃɚɤɟ ɭ
ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɫɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɠɭɪɤɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɱɟɤ ɇɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 1/14. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1/14. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ -//- ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//- Ⱦɨɱɟɤ ɇɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ -//- ȳɟɥɤɚ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 68: ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ – 1. ɦɚʁ
Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ – 1. ɢ 2. ɦɚʁ – ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢʁɟ

ɫɟ ɩɨɱɟɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ
ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚɧ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɯɭ Ⱥɜɚɥɟ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɨɞ ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɧɨɦ ʁɭɧɚɤɭ ɞɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɫɤɢ ɬɨɪɚʃ (ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ),
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɚɛɨɪ (ɜɚɲɚɪ) ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɢɡ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɢʁɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɨɩɚɞɚ
ɩɨɫɟɬɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɢ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɲɟɬʃɨɦ, ɩɨɫɟɬɢɨɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɡɚɛɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɢ
ɢɝɪɚʃɟɦ ɭ ɤɨɥɭ. Ȼɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɚ ɫɦɨɬɪɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɧɨɲʃɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɤɰɢʁɫɤɟ ɨɞɟʄɟ.
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ɋɚɛɨɪ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɢ ʁɟ, ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ, ɢɦɚɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ

ɩɨɬɢɫɧɟ ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɭɪɚɧɚɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɦɟɲɬɚɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ȼɪɟɦɟ 1. ɢ 2. ɦɚʁ 1. ɢ 2. ɦɚʁ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ Ⱥɜɚɥɚ -//-
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɯ
ɫɟɥɚ
ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɭ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//-
ɲɟɬʃɚ, ɢɝɪɚʃɟ ɭ ɤɨɥɭ
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 69: 1. ɦɚʁ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
Ⱦɚɧ ɛɨɪɰɚ – 7. ʁɭɥ
ɉɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɧɨɜɨɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ

ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɢ
ɩɨɤɥɚɩɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ.
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɟ, ɨɞ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚ ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ ɞɚɜɚɧ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɫɟʂɚɧɢɦɚ ɩɚɥɢɦ ɭ
ɛɨɪɛɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɚ. ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɨɞ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ
ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚɨ. Ɉɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɞɨ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.
ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɧɚɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɧ ʁɟ
ɫɜɢɦɚ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ʁɟ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɜɟɧɰɚ ɧɚ ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɩɚɥɢɦ ɛɨɪɰɢɦɚ ɭ
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ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɫɟɥɚ, ɩɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɨɝɚ, ɩɪɜɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚɦɚ ɲɤɨɥɟ,

ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚɦɚ Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ɉɪɨɫɥɚɜɢ ʁɟ ɭɜɟɤ
ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɢ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɛɨɪɚɱɤɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɋɭɱɚɤ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɛɨɪɚɱɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɟɥɚ
Ɂɭɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɯɪɚɧɭ (ɩɪɚɫɟɬɢɧɭ, ɯɥɟɛ,
ɤɨɥɚɱɟ) ɢ ɩɢʄɟ.
ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɧɚ ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ
ɠɪɬɜɚɦɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧ ɤɪɨɫ.
ɍ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɧ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɧɚ ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ
ɠɪɬɜɚɦɚ ɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ – ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ – ɫɩɨɦɟɧ-ɱɟɫɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɭɥɚɡɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɯɪɚɦ. ɉɪɟɞ
Ɇɟɫɧɨɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɨɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɩɚʂɟɧɚ ɜɚɬɪɚ.
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɋɟɥɨ -//-
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ,
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɛɨɪɚɱɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ -//-
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ
ɉɨɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɜɟɧɰɚ, ɤɪɨɫ,
Ɋɚɞʃɟ -//-
ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɜɚɬɪɚ
Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ȼɟɧɰɢ -//-
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 70: 7. ʁɭɥ (Ⱦɚɧ ɛɨɪɰɚ) – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ
253
254
ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 20. ɜɟɤɚ
- ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ –
ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ ɢ Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ

ɨɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɨ
ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɂɡ ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨʁ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɨʁ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɡɢɦɫɤɨ-ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɨɝ
ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɥɟɬʃɟ-ʁɟɫɟʃɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɨʁ ɫɟɡɨɧɢ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ʁɟ
ɢ ɞɨ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ
ɪɚɞʃɢ ɭɡ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɡɢɦɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɩɪɨɥɟʄɚ (ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ), ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɢɯ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɥɟɬʃɟɝ ɢ ʁɟɫɟʃɟɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɭ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɥɟɬɚ ɢ
ʁɟɫɟɧɢ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɜɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɭ ɫɟʄɚʃɭ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɨɧɢɯ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɞ ɫɚɞɚ ɜɟʄ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ (ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ, ɛɚɛɟ, ɞɟɞɟ, ɪɨɻɚɰɢ ɢ ɞɪ.)
ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ „ɞɨɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɭ
ɩɪɚɤɫɢ“.
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɫɜɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞɛɚɰɭʁɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɧɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɭʄɢ ɭ
ɫɦɢɫɚɨ, ɦɨʄ ɢ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɭɩɪɚɠʃɚɜɚɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɨɱɟɜɢ ɢ ɞɟɞɨɜɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɦɥɚɻɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɧɟɤɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ, ɢɥɢ ɢɦ ɢɡ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ (ɧɩɪ.
ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɥ.).
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Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨ-

ɧɚɥɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɥɢ,
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɚɲ ɬɨ ɢɫɬɨ ɤɨ ɭ ɧɚɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɥɭ ɧɢʁɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɦɟɫɧɨɝ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ,
ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɭ ɭ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɯɪɚɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜ-
ʂɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɟ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ, ɭ
ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɡɚ ɬɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɭɜɨɞɭ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟ-
ɫɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɢɝɪɚɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɲɢɪɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɚ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢ-
ɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɭɡ ʃɭ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ ɢ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ. ɋɜɟ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɨ,
ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɧɚ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ
ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚɧɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ-
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ, ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚ
ɧɨɜɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ. ɍ ɧɨɜɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɨʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ
ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɩɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɤɥɚɩɚʃɟ ɭ
ɧɨɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɞɟɨ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ
ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨ ɨɫɧɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ – ɤɚɤɨ
ɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɧɚɜɢɤɚɦɚ ɢ
ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɢɦɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɛɢɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɭ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɭ
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɨɞɜɢʁɚɥɢ, ʁɟɫɬɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ

ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɭɤɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ
ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɨɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ
ɬɚɥɚɫɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ, ɨɞɧ. ɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɨɤɨɫɧɢɰɚ ɨɤɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɤɭɩʂɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɭ ɢ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɭɫɪɟɞɫɪɟɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ (ɤɚɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ).
Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɥɚɰ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɬɢ ɭ ɨɞɟʂɤɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ
ɫɭ ɞɚɬɢ ɨɩɢɫ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɩɢɫɚ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɬɚɛɟɥɚ
ɫɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ – 1945-1960 ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ –
1997-2003). ɋɜɪɯɚ ɬɚɛɟɥɚɪɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɥɚɤɲɟ
ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ.
ɉɪɚʄɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ
ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɩɢɫɚ ɢ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ
ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɥɚɤɲɚʁɭ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨ ʁɟ
ɩɟɬ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɚɦ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ:
1. ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ;
2. ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ;
3. ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ;
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4. ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ;

5. ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜɟ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ.
ɍɩɨɪɟɞɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂɚ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɭɨɱɢ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ
ɦɟɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɨ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɨɝ
ɟɦɩɢɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɭ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ, ɜɟʄɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɡɜ.
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ,198 ɫɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ
ɫɚɠɟɬɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ
ɩɪɚɤɫɟ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɠɚ ɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɢɡɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɚɧ
ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɭ ɭ Ȼɨɝɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɰɪɤɜɢ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ
ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɞɜɚ ɪɚɬɚ), ɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɧɚɲɢ ɫɬɚɪɢ. „ɉɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ“ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɚɜɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ, ɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɬɤɢ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɨɜɚɤɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɜɟʄ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ
ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɢɦɚ, ɩɚ
ɫɟ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɦɟʃɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ.
Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɬɡɜ. ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ
ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɨɫɟʄɚɬɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɭ, ɲɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɭ ɢɦɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ
198
Ɉ ɩɨʁɦɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɤɨɞ: Ⱦ. Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ
ɋɪɛɚ, 11-14.
258
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɛɪɨʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɜɪɥɨ ɛɪɡɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɩɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ

ɛɥɟɞɢ ɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɩɨɦɢʃɟɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɥɢɬɢʁɭ ɢ ɜɨɥɨɜɫɤɭ ɛɨɝɨɦɨʂɭ, ɤɨʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ.199
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ,
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɠɟʂɚɦɚ, ɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɯ ɡɚ ɞɚɬɭɦɟ
ɛɥɢɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ. ɇɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ „ɧɨɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ“ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɟ. ɇɚ ɨɜɟ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɨʁɢ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ Ⱦɚɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ
ɡɚ 7. ʁɭɥ – ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ, ɉɪɜɢ ɦɚʁ
„ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ“ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ – ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ
ɭɪɚɧɚɤ, ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɩɚɧɞɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄɭ. ȼɪɟɦɟ ʁɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ (ɨɫɢɦ 7. ʁɭɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ „ɭɝɚɲɟɧ“)
ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɢ ɭ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɚɨ „ʁɚɱɢ“ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɤɚ,
ɲɬɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬ (ɧɩɪ.
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɱɟɤɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɇɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɦ
ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɥ.)
ɂɩɚɤ, ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɩɚ ɢ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɬɡɜ. ɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ
ɞɭɛʂɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ
ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɫɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɦ
ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɟɦ ɭ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ. Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ
ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ,
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ, ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ, ɍɫɤɪɫ, ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ,
199
Ⱦɨ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ,
ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɩɨɦɨɝɧɭ ɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɧɟ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɟɪɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɨɞ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ.
259
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɫɟɨɫɤɟ

ɫɥɚɜɟ.
„Ɂɚɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ“ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ, ɭ
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ
ɪɚɬɚ, ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ „ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ“. Ɂɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ
ɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɱɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚ ɞɭɠɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɧɚɲɥɢ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɟʃɟ ɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɭ. Ɉɜɞɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɦɢɫɥɢɦ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɬɡɜ. ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ, Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ, Ȼɟɥɟ
ɧɟɞɟʂɟ.
Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ
ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɫɭ ɭ
ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɧɢ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ, ɞɟɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ.
ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɟ ɫɭ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɢ,
ɩɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɲɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɭ ɢ ɫɜɟ
ɜɟʄɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɥɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɦ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚ ɨɜɭ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɫɭ ɦɢ ɢ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɢ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ
ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɭ ɢ ɦɥɚɻɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɬʁ. ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɟ, ɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɨɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ
ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ.
260
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ

ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɞɜɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ: 1. ɞɚɬɭɦɫɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɢ 2.
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɚɱɢʃɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁ.
1. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɡ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ
ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɟ ɨɩɟɬ ɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɡɚ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɢ
ɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ.
2. ȼɪɟɦɟ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɛɢɬɧɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ.200 ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ, ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɨɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ,
ɢɩɚɤ, ɧɟ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚ ɩɪɟɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɢɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɡɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ:
ɚ) ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɪɚɧɨ, ɩɪɟ ɫɭɧɰɚ (ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɧɚɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ,
ɱɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɢɡɛɚɰɭʁɟ ɻɭɛɪɟ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ, ɫɤɭɩʂɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɚɥɢ
ɻɭɛɪɟ, ɭɦɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɪɨɫɨɦ);
200
ɋɟɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱ, ȼɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨ-
ɧɨɜɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ 1901-2001, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2001, 421-432; Ɇɢɥɢɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-
Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ LII,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2004, 257-266.
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ɛ) ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ (ɦɟɫɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ, ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɟ

ɯɪɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɛɚɞʃɟɞɚɧɫɤɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ
ɢ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ, ɤɨʂɟ ɫɟ ɩɟɬɚɨ,
ɦɟɫɢ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ, ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɩɨ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚɧɭ ɜɨɞɭ,
ɝɥɟɞɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ, ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ, ɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɢ ɠɢɬɨ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ ɢɬɞ.);
ɜ) ɨɤɨ ɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ (ɞɢɠɟ ɫɟ ɭɫɥɚɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ
ɪɭɱɚɤ – ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ);
ɝ) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ (ɫɟɱɟ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ, ɩɟɱɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ, ɭ
ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɭ
ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɛɟɪɟ ɫɟ ɛɢʂɟ ɢ ɫɟɱɟ
ɥɟɫɤɨɜɨ ɩɪɭʄɟ);
ɞ) ɭɜɟɱɟ (ɭɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ
ɛɚɞʃɟɞɚɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ, ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ, ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ
ɫɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ).
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɍɫɤɪɫ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ,
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ, ɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ
ɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ. ɂɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɫɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɢ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ɤɚɞɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ
ɪɚɞʃɢ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ ɧɨɫɟ ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ, ɚ ɭ
ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ – ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢɦɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɢɲɱɢɲʄɚɜɚ
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨ ɻɭɛɪɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ, ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɥɚɧɨ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ
ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɡɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɩɚɤ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ
262
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɢ ɬɚɞɚ, ɚɥɢ ɦɢ

ɪɚɞɢɦɨ ɬɚɤɨ...
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɚ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɭ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ
ɪɢɬɦɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ (ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ,
ɫɤɨɪɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɤɨʂɟ ɢ ɩɟɱɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɪɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɯ ɫɚɬɢ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ, ɬʁ.
ɤɭʄɚ ɫɟ ɱɢɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ, ʁɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɛɨʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɞɚɧɚ, ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɩɚɡɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ ɭɩɚɥɟ ɩɪɟ ɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ, ɡɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ
ɫɥɚɜɟ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ, ɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɟɪɚ
ɢɡɚ ɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ ɢɬɞ.).
ȼɢɲɟɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɥɢ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɛɢɥɢ
ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɢ (ɧɩɪ. Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɚɧ –
ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɛɨɬɨɦ, ɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɚɧ,
ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ).
Ɂɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ, ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ, ɞɨɤ ɦɥɚɻɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɡɧɚ ɧɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɞɭɠɢ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɟɞɚɦ
ɞɚɧɚ. Ⱦɭɠɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ.
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 71: ȼɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ
1945-1960. 1997-2003.
ɒɟɫɬ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ/ɫɟɞɚɦ ɋɟɞɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ/ʁɟɞɚɧ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ ɞɚɧɚ, ɫɟɞɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ/ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɚɧ/ɞɭɠɢ ɩɨɫɬ ɤɨɞ
ɞɚɧ ɦɥɚɻɢɯ (ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ)
ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ 17. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 17. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ 19. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 19. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ
Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
263
ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 31. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ/1. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 31. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ/1. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ

ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ 2. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 2. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ
Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ 5. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 5. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ
6. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ – ɞɚɧ, ɜɟɱɟ, 6. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ – ɞɚɧ, ɜɟɱɟ,
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ
ɧɨʄ ɧɨʄ
7. (ʁɭɬɪɨ, ɞɚɧ), 8, 9. 7. (ʁɭɬɪɨ, ɞɚɧ), 8, 9.
Ȼɨɠɢʄ
ʁɚɧɭɚɪ (ʁɭɬɪɨ) ʁɚɧɭɚɪ (ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟ)
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ 10-13. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ -//-
Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ 14. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 14. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ
ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ
7-19. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ -//-
ɞɚɧɢ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ 18. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 18. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ 19. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 19. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ
Ɉɞ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɞɨ
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ -//-
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ 27. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 27. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ 14. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 14. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ
15. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 15. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɉɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜ ɞɚɬɭɦ ɉɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜ ɞɚɬɭɦ
Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɋɭɛɨɬɚ
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɉɨɫɬ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɉɨɫɬ
ɋɟɞɚɦ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ, ɫɟɞɚɦ ɇɟɞɟʂɭ ɞɚɧɚ, ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
ɍɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɨɫɬ
ɞɚɧɚ, ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ɩɟɬɚɤ, ɫɟɞɚɦ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɉɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ,
ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ 22. ɦɚɪɬ 22. ɦɚɪɬ
264
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ 7. ɚɩɪɢɥ 7. ɚɩɪɢɥ

ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ
ɋɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɐɜɟɬɢ ɋɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɐɜɟɬɢ
ɫɭɛɨɬɚ
ɐɜɟɬɢ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ɉɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɉɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ɋɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɋɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ɉɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɉɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ɉɨɫɬɚ ɉɨɫɬɚ
ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɉɪɜɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɩɨ ɉɪɜɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɩɨ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ
1. ɦɚʁ 1. ɢ 2. ɦɚʁ 1. ɢ 2. ɦɚʁ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ 5. ɢ 6. ɦɚʁ 5. ɢ 6. ɦɚʁ
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ 8. ɦɚʁ 8. ɦɚʁ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȶɢɪɢɥɨ
24. ɦɚʁ 24. ɦɚʁ
ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢʁɟ
22. ɦɚʁ 22. ɦɚʁ
– ɥɟɬʃɢ
ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ ɉɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜ ɞɚɬɭɦ ɉɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜ ɞɚɬɭɦ
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ ȳɭɧ ȳɭɧ
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ 28. ʁɭɧ 28. ʁɭɧ
ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ 7. ʁɭɥ 7. ʁɭɥ
Ⱦɚɧ ɛɨɪɰɚ 7. ʁɭɥ -//-
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ 12-14. ʁɭɥ 12. ʁɭɥ
265
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ 2. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 2. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ

Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ 4. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 4. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ 19. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 19. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɨ
29. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 29. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ
ɥɢɰɟ
Ɇɚɥɚ
21. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 21. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ –
27. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 27. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ
ʁɟɫɟʃɢ
Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ 12. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 12. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɨɦɚ 19. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 19. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ 27. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 27. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɬɚɛɟɥɭ ɫɥɚɜɚ ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɬɚɛɟɥɭ ɫɥɚɜɚ
ɫɥɚɜɟ
Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ -//- ɉɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜ ɞɚɬɭɦ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ

ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɨɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ:
ɚ) ɭɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɨɤɨ ʃɟ,
ɛ) ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɢ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ,
ɜ) ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ.
ɚ) ɍɜɢɞɨɦ ɭ ɟɩɢɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɤɭʄɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢ
266
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ʃɢɯɨɜ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɭɫɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɛɢɬ

ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ:
Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ, ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ, ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ,
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ, Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ, ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ,
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ, Ɇɚɥɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɛ) Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ,
ȼɟɥɢɤɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɟ, ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ,
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɭ, Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ ɭɫɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɫɭ, ɨɫɢɦ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɫɟɱɟ ɭ ɥɭɝɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɲɭɦɢ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ
ɡɚ ɛɪɚʃɟ ɛɢʂɚ ɡɚ ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɢɜɚʃɞɚɧɫɤɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɛɢɥɟ
ɫɭ ɥɢɜɚɞɟ ɢ ɭɬɪɢɧɟ, ɜɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ
ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ
ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɟ ɞɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɥ.
ɜ) ɐɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɜɟʄ
ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɨɝ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ, ɚɥɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɨɜɨɝ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɬɚʁ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ. ɉɨ ɦɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ, ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫ-
ɬɢ ʄɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɭ. ɉɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɛɢʄɟ ɭ
ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɚɡɪɟɬɢ,
ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɟɞɭɤɨɜɚɧɨ.
ɂɡ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɫɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ. ɍ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɞɟɰɚ
ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɭ ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɭ ɜɪɛɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɭʄɚ, ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ,
ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɥɟɬɭ ɫɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ ɨɞ ɬɪɚɜɟ ɢ
ɛɢʂɚ, ɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɝɪɨɠɻɟ ɢ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ, ɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɢ
ɫɥɚɜɫɤɨ ɠɢɬɨ. Ɂɚ ɫɚɞɚ, ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɚɦɨ
ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ, ɫɥɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ, ɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ.
267
Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, ɭ

ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɩɚɠɚ ɫɟ:
ɚ) ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ,
ɛ) ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ,
ɜ) ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɢ
ɝ) ɩɨʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ.
ɚ) ȿɦɩɢɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ:
ɭ ɤɭʄɢ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ, ɲɭɦɢ, ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɫɟɥɭ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ. Ɍɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɭɛɪɨʁɚɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ: Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ, ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ,
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ, ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ, Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ, Ȼɥɚɝɚ
Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɛ) ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɥɢ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ ɢ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ, ɢɚɤɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɞɚ
ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ (ɧɩɪ. ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ,
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ, 1. ɦɚʁ).
ɜ) ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧ ɤɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ
ɪɟɬɤɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɟɬɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɤɨɦɲɢɥɭɤ, ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɧɟɤɨ ɨɪɟɠɟ ɥɨɡɭ ɭ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ
ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɧɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɟ ɰɟɥɨ ɫɟɥɨ, ɜɟʄ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɦɚʃɢ ɞɟɨ, ɥɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɟ ɫɟɥɚ ɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɭ
ɫɭɛɨɬɭ, ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɚ ɢɡɥɚɠɟʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɭɨɱɢ
ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɤɚɨ
ɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɞɚɬɭɦ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɚ, ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ
ɦɟɪɢ ʁɟ ɭɦɚʃɟɧɨ ɢɡɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɜɚɫɤɪɲʃɟɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ.
ɝ) Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
(ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɥɢɬɢʁɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɚ
268
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ). ɉɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɭʁɟ ɧɚ

ɲɤɨɥɭ, ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɲɢɪɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɟʄ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɨ, ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ
ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ, ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ – ɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɭʄɟ – ɢ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɜɚɠɚɧ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ
ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɩɪɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ (ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɟ
ɫɜɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ), ɩɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ (ɧɩɪ. Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ɢɬɞ.).
ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ,
ɩɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ (ɩɨɪɟɞ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ, Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ, Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ – ȼɪɛɢɰɚ, ɍɫɤɪɫ,
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ, ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ, Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ – ʁɟɫɟʃɢ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ,
ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ).
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨ-ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧ ɭ
Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɰɟɥɨɝ
ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ.201 ɍ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɚɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɞɨɦ. ɍ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɦɚʃɟ
ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ (ɫɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ,
ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ), ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɦɨɪɚ ɢʄɢ ɭ
Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɦɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ.
201
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 19. ɜɟɤɚ.
269
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 72: ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ
1945-1960. 1997-2003.
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ Ʉɭʄɚ -//-
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɤɨɦɲɢɥɭɤ Ʉɭʄɚ
ɇɨɜɚ Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ/ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ -//-
Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ Ⱦɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ Ⱦɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, ɲɭɦɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, ɲɭɦɚ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ Ȼɭɧɚɪ, ɤɭʄɚ, ɲɬɚɥɚ ɑɟɫɦɚ, ɤɭʄɚ, ɲɬɚɥɚ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ Ʉɭʄɚ -//-
Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ
ɋɟɨɫɤɢ ɚɬɚɪ -//-
ɞɚɧɢ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɫɟɥɨ -//-
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɲɤɨɥɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ
Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɋɟɨɫɤɢ ɚɬɚɪ Ⱦɟɨ ɫɟɥɚ
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
270
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɩɨɫɬ
ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ
Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ Ʉɭʄɚ
ɐɜɟɬɧɚ
Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɫɟɥɨ, ɰɪɤɜɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɫɭɛɨɬɚ
ɐɜɟɬɢ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɛɚɲɬɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ Ʉɭʄɚ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɫɟɥɨ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ
1. ɦɚʁ Ⱥɜɚɥɚ -//-
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ,
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɛɚɲɬɚ, ʃɢɜɟ, ɲɭɦɚ, ɛɚɲɬɚ, ʃɢɜɟ, ɲɭɦɚ
ɢɡɜɨɪ, Ⱥɜɚɥɚ
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɫɟɥɨ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɫɟɥɨ
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɛɚɲɬɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɛɚɲɬɚ
– ɥɟɬʃɢ
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɥɭɝ Ʉɭʄɚ
Ⱦɚɧ ɛɨɪɰɚ ɋɟɥɨ -//-
271
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ

Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, Ʉɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ,
ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɨ
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɫɟɥɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɥɢɰɟ
Ɇɚɥɚ
Ʉɭʄɚ Ʉɭʄɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɛɚɲɬɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɛɚɲɬɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ʁɟɫɟʃɢ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ
Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ Ʉɭʄɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɋɥɚɜɟ
Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ -//- ɐɪɤɜɚ, ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɚɬɚɪ
ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ
Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ, ɜɟʄɢɧɚ

ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ ɬɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭɜɟɤ, ɝɥɚɜɧɢ
ɧɨɫɢɨɰɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨɰɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ (ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢ
ɜɢɲɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ), ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ – ɩɨ
ɩɪɚɜɭ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚʃɟ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ,
ɚɥɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ ʁɨɲ ɜɢɲɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɛɨʂɟ
ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɨɞ ɦɥɚɻɢɯ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ.
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɍɥɨɝɟ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɭɜɟɤ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ, ɚ

ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɭɥɨɝɟ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ:
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɨɱɟɜɢ, ɞɟɰɚ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ, ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɢ
ɝɨɫɬ, ɦɥɚɞɚ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɢ ɦɨɦɰɢ, ɝɨɫɬ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ
ɫɟɥɚ.
ɚ) Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧ ɞɚ ɤɨʂɟ ɢ ɩɟɱɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɭ, ɫɟɱɟ
ɢ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɭ, ɫɟɱɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ,
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɥɟɫɤɨɜɢɧɭ ɡɚ ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɟ ɤɪɫɬɢʄɟ ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɦ ɫɩɪɟɱɟɧ, ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɧɟɤɨ
ɦɥɚɻɢ, ɧɟɤɨ ɢɡ ɫɭɫɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɫɚɦɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ.
ɛ) Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɦɟɫɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɟ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɟ, ɫɚɱɟɤɭʁɟ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɥɚɡɢ ɠɢɜɢɧɭ, ɦɟɫɢ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɭ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɭ ɯɪɚɧɭ, ɛɨʁɢ ʁɚʁɚ, ɩɥɟɬɟ ɢɜɚʃɫɤɢ ɢ ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ
ɜɟɧɚɰ ɢɬɞ.
ɜ) Ɇɚʁɤɟ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ
ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɟɰɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɢɦ ɢɯ ɨɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɧɚɥɚɠɭ.
ɝ) Ⱦɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɢ ɦɨɦɰɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɛɪɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɛɢʂɟ, ɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɫɭ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɟɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɢ.
ɞ) Ⱦɟɰɚ ɫɭ ɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟ, ɦɚɞɚ
ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɦɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɭɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɫɜɟɬ ɨɞɪɚɫɥɢɯ.
ɻ) ɉɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɨɜɨ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɚɡɢ ɤɭʄɭ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɩɨɡɜɚɧ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɨʁ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢɦɚ, ɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ,
ɩɨɠɟɥɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɛɢɬ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɬɚʃɟ.
ɟ) Ɇɥɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢɦɚ,
ɭ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ (ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɟ, ɭ
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ).
ɠ) ɋɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɨɜɨ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɜɨɞɢɰɭ ɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ.
ɡ) ɐɢɝɚɧɤɟ ɫɭ ɞɨ ɢɲɥɟ ɭ ɥɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɚɜɚʃɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
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ɢ) ɇɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɟ ɞɚɧɟ, ɧɚ ɞɚɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɚɲɚɪɢ, ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ

ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɟ, ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ,
ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ.
ʁ) ɉɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɫɬɭ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ʁɟɫɭ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɭɥɨɝɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ – ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ
ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ ɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɟɬɤɨɫɬ
(ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɥɭɠɟʃɚ ɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɪɨɤɚ). Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɦ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɩɚɠɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ
ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚɥɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɫɟɥɚ
(ɜɨʁɫɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ, ɡɚɩɨɲʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɥ.). Ɉɜɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɤɨɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɢ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɱɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɰɢ
ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟʃɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ
ɦɟʃɚʁɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɜɢɤɟ, ɩɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɢɦ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ.
ɍɫɥɟɞ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɱɢɧɢɥɚɰɚ (ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ
ɧɟɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ), ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɡɚ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ, ɩɚ
ɢ ɭ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɟ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨɰɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ.
ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 1997. ɞɨ 2003. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɫɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ:
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɨɱɟɜɢ, ɞɟɰɚ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ, ɝɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ. ɍɥɨɝɟ ɫɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ.
ɂɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɦɚʃɢɜɚʃɭ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɢ
ɜɪɫɬɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚɰɚ, ɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ (ɧɩɪ. ɦɨɦɰɢ ɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɧɟ ɛɟɪɭ
274
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɛɢʂɟ ɧɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, ɐɢɝɚɧɤɟ ɧɟ ɢɞɭ ɭ ɥɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ

ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ, ɦɥɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɚɡɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɭ ɤɭʄɭ
ɧɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɟ, ʁɚʁɚ ɛɨʁɢ ɢ ɦɥɚɻɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɬɞ.). ɉɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɫɟ
ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɢɡɭʁɟ.
ɍ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚɰɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ
ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ; ɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ
ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɤɨɥɚɱɚɪ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ; ɭ ȼɪɛɢɰɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ
ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɞɟɰɚ ɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ.
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 73: ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ ɋɜɢ ɋɬɚɪɢʁɢ, ɦɥɚɻɢ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ -//-
Ɇɚʁɤɟ, ɛɚɤɟ,
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ Ɇɚʁɤɟ, ɛɚɤɟ, ɞɟɰɚ
ɤɨɦɲɢɧɢɰɟ, ɞɟɰɚ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɪɨɻɚɰɢ,
ɇɨɜɚ Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɪɨɻɚɰɢ, ɞɟɰɚ
ɞɟɰɚ, ɤɨɦɲɢʁɟ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɫɭɱɚʁɧɢ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ -//-
ɝɨɫɬ
Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɟɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ
ɞɟɰɚ ɞɟɰɚ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɞɤɭʄɚɧɢ,
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɀɟɧɟ, ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ -//-
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ
Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ
(ɪɟɻɟ)
275
ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ -//-
ɞɚɧɢ
ɋɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ɑɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɫɟɥɚ, ɫɟɥɚ,
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ -//-
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ,
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ
ɞɟɰɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ
-//- -//-
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ
Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ
ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɋɬɚɪɢʁɢ, ɦɥɚɻɢ
ɩɨɫɬ
ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ,
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ
ɦɥɚɞɚ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ
Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ/ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ
ɐɜɟɬɧɚ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ,
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɞɟɰɚ,
ɞɟɰɚ,
ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
ɐɜɟɬɢ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ
276
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ -//-
ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɟɥɚ
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɯ
1. ɦɚʁ -//-
ɫɟɥɚ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ/ɦɨɦɰɢ,
-//-
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ, ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ,
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ
ɝɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɢ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ/ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ,
ɫɟɥɚ,
– ɥɟɬʃɢ ɝɨɫɬɢ
ɝɨɫɬɢ
ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ, ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ,
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ Ⱦɟɜɨʁɤɟ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɟ -//-
ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ ɇɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ
ɛɨɪɚɱɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, -//-
Ⱦɚɧ ɛɨɪɰɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ -//-
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɠɟɧɟ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɠɟɧɟ
ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ
277
Ɇɟɲɬɚɧɢ, ɝɨɫɬɢ, Ɇɟɲɬɚɧɢ, ɝɨɫɬɢ,

Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ
ɫɟɥɚ ɫɟɥɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɨ Ɇɟɲɬɚɧɢ, ɝɨɫɬɢ, Ɇɟɲɬɚɧɢ, ɝɨɫɬɢ,
ɥɢɰɟ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
Ɇɚɥɚ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ
ʁɟɫɟʃɢ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ ɀɟɧɟ ɀɟɧɟ
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɝɨɫɬɢ, ɍɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɝɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɥɚɜɟ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ -//-
ɋɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɨɩɢɫɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɧɚ

ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ
ɨɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɭɡ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ
ɪɚɞʃɢ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɢɦɚ,
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ.
ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ʁɟ ɨɩɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɭ
ɬɨɤɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ – ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɭ
ɧɟɞɟʂɭ, ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ,
ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɭɡ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɦɚʃɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ.202
202
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɬɚɛɟɥɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ.
278
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ

ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ, ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ, ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɟ
ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɟ
(ɚɭɬɚɪɯɢɱɧɟ) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ, ɨɞ
ɤɨʁɢɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɱɢʁɢɦ ɫɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɚ ɞɨɡɚ
ɫɬɪɚɯɚ – ɤɚɤɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ,
ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɟɬɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɚ ɭ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ – ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ
ɩɪɚɤɫɟ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ „ɦɨʄ ɢ ɫɧɚɝɭ“ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ
ɪɚɞʃɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɩɨɬɩɨɦɚɝɚɥɨ ʁɟ
ɧɟɫɦɟɬɚɧɨ ɨɞɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɨɞ ɛɢɬɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ, ɩɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɱɭɜɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɟʄɚʁɭ ɜɟʄ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ. ɂɩɚɤ,
ɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ, ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ɢ
ɫɟɥɨ, ɤɚɨ ɲɢɪɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ, ɬɟɠɟ ɞɚ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ
ɪɚɞʃɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɟ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɢ, ɩɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ – „ɥɨɲ
ɬɨɤ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʃɚ“, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɥɨ.
ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɚ ɜɟʄɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ – Ȼɚɞʃɢ
ɞɚɧ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɟ –
ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɭ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ
ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ
1997. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ), ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ:
ɚ) ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɥɟ,
ɛ) ɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɟ,
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ɜ) ɞɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɢ
ɝ) ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɟ ɧɨɜɟ.
ɚ) Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɤɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ (ɧɩɪ. ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ – ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɜɨɥɨɜɫɤɟ
ɛɨɝɨɦɨʂɟ, ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ, ɩɨɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ – ɨɫɢɦ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɟ
ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ, ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ɛ) Ɋɟɞɭɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɭ ɦɚʃɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɟʄɟɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ
ɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. ɉɪɟɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨɞ
ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ (ɧɩɪ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ, Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ, ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ, ɑɢɫɬɢ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ, Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ, ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ, ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ
ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɲɬɨ
ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ „ɩɭɧɨʄɟ“ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɬɨɝ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ (ɧɩɪ. Ȼɚɞʃɢ
ɞɚɧ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ, ɍɫɤɪɫ, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ,
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɢɬɞ.).
ɜ) ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ
ɞɨɜɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦɚ
(ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ: ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ,
ɬɚʁ ɱɢɧ ɫɟ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɨ ɩɭɰɚʃɟɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɧɝɢʁɚ, ɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɩɭɰɚ
ɩɟɬɚɪɞɚɦɚ; ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɭɦɢɜɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɦ, ɜɟʄ
ɨɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɚ; ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɩɨʂɭ – ɚ ɬɢɯ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɫɚɞɚ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚ ɪɚɞ
ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɦɨɪɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɬɢ,
ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɫ
ɝɪɨɛʂɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ; ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɢ
ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ
ɧɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ).
ɝ) ɉɨʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɚ
ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ (ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ɢ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɧɩɪ.). ɍ
Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɬɡɜ. ɜɨɥɨɜɫɤɚ
ɛɨɝɨɦɨʂɚ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɨɞ 2002.
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɚɧ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɩɚ ɧɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟɱɟʃɟ

ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨʁ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɬɟɠɟ
ɨɞɪɢɱɟ ɧɚɜɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɠɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɞɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ʁɟ
ɞɪɭɝɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢ, ɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɨɲ
ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɬɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ
ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ, ɚ ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɦɥɚɻɚ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚ ɬɡɜ. ɜɟʄɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ – Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ,
Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, ɋɥɚɜɚ – ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ
ɡɧɚɬɧɢʁɟɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɫɟ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ
ɝɪɟɯɨɦ ɧɢ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢ.
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 74: Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ
1945-1960 1997-2003
ɋɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɋɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ
(ɭʂɟ, ɜɨɞɚ) (ɭʂɟ)
ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ Ʉɭɜɚʃɟ ɜɚɪɢɜɚ -//-
ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ ɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ/ ɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ/
ɨɬɤɭɩʂɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɬɤɭɩʂɢɜɚʃɟ
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ,
ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɢʄɟʃɟ ʁɟɥɤɟ, ɤɢʄɟʃɟ ʁɟɥɤɟ, ɱɟɤɚʃɟ
ɞɨɱɟɤ ɇɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɇɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɠɭɪɤɟ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ ɉɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɟ -//-
Ʉɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ,
Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɬɭɱɟʃɚ ɞɟɰɟ
ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɬɭɱɟʃɚ ɞɟɰɟ
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ, ɇɟ ɞɢɪɚʃɟ
281
ɫɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɯ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ,

ɤɭʄɟ, ɩɪɢɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ,
Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɰɚ,
ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɰɚ, ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ
ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɢɜɚʃɚ, ɫɟɱɟʃɟ
ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɭɱɧɢɯ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ, ɤɥɚʃɟ ɢ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɩɟɱɟʃɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ,
ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ, ɤɥɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɭɰɚʃɟ ɩɟɬɚɪɞɢ,
ɩɟɱɟʃɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ, ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ
ɩɭɰɚʃɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɧɝɢʁɚ, ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ
ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ
ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɟ,
ɩɨɫɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɛɚɰɚʃɟ ɨɪɚɯɚ,
ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɟ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɫɬɨɥɚ,
ɛɚɰɚʃɟ ɨɪɚɯɚ, ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ,
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɥɚ,
ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ,
ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɥɚ, ɜɟɱɟɪɚ
ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ,
ɜɟɱɟɪɚ
ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɭ, ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ,
ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ, ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ, ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ
ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ, ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ,
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ, ʇɚɪɚʃɟ ʇɚɪɚʃɟ ɜɚɬɪɟ, ɤɥɚʃɟ
ɜɚɬɪɟ, ɤɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ, ɦɟɲɟʃɟ
ɩɟɬɥɚ/ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ, ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ
ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ, ɫɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɠɢɜɢɧɟ,
ɩɨɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ,
Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɠɢɜɢɧɟ, ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɩɚʂɟʃɟ (ɫɜɟʄɟ), ɫɟɱɟʃɟ
ɫɜɟʄɢɰɚ (ɫɜɟʄɟ), ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɥɨɦʂɟʃɟ
ɫɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ, ɱɢɬɚʃɟ
ɥɨɦʂɟʃɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ, ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ, ɪɭɱɚɤ,
ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ, ɝɚɲɟʃɟ ɫɜɟʄɢɰɚ,
ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɝɚɲɟʃɟ ɞɚɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ,
ɫɜɟʄɢɰɚ, ɞɚɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ,
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ, ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɯɨɞɚʃɚ ɛɟɡ
282
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ɨɛɭʄɟ,

ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɟɞɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɢ ɩɪɟ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ, ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ
ɯɨɞɚʃɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɭʄɟ,
ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɚʃɚ ɜɟɲɚ,
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɜɟɡɟʃɚ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɚ, -//-
ɩɪɟɞɟʃɚ, ɬɤɚʃɚ...
ȳɟɞɟʃɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ
Ɇɟɲɟʃɟ ɜɚɫɢɥɢɰɟ,
Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ, ɱɟɤɚʃɟ
ʁɟɞɟʃɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ
ɇɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɲɟɬɚʃɚ ɧɨʄɭ
ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ
ɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ -//-
ɞɚɧɢ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ ɉɨɫɬ, ɤɭɜɚʃɟ ɩɢɯɬɢʁɚ -//-
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ʁɟɞɟʃɟ
ɩɢɯɬɢʁɚ,
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ,
ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɟ
ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɟ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ,
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ
ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ
ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ,
ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɪɟɫɤɚɤɚʃɟ
ɫɟɤɢɪɟ ɢ ɠɚɪɚ, ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ
ɭ ɩɨɧɨʄ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪ
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ Ɂɚɛɚɜɟ, ɜɟɧɱɚʃɚ -//-
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ,
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ
ɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ
Ɂɚɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɡɟ,
Ɂɚɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɡɟ
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɭɥɚɫɤɚ ɭ
ɤɨɲ/ɚɦɛɚɪ
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ
283
ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ,
ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ,
ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ,
ɤɚɻɟʃɟ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ,
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɢɧɨɦ,
ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɢɧɨɦ,
ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ,
ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɱɢɬɚʃɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɨɮɪɚ,
ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ
ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ
Ɉɛɢɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɤɭʄɚ,
Ȼɟɥɚ ɇɟɞɟʂɚ Ɉɛɢɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɤɭʄɚ
ɜɢɬɥɚʃɟ, ʂɭʂɚʃɟ
ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ,
ɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ/
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ,
ɝɭɦɟ ɭ ɲɩɨɪɟɬ,
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ
ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɛɚʁɚɥɢɰɚ,
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ
ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚ ʁɟɞɟʃɚ ɦɟɫɧɟ Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚ ʁɟɞɟʃɚ ɦɟɫɧɟ
ɩɨɫɬ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ
ɑɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɫɭɞɨɜɚ ɨɞ Ɉɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ
ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ɦɚɫɧɨʄɟ ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɡɦɢʁɚ, ɉɚʂɟʃɟ ɻɭɛɪɟɬɚ,
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ ɧɨʄɟʃɟ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɤɨɞ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ,
ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɚ, ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ
ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɢʄɚ
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ,
Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ,
ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ -//- -//-
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ
Ʌɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ, ȼɪɛɢɰɚ ȼɪɛɢɰɚ
ɫɭɛɨɬɚ
ɉɚʂɟʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɤɪɩɚ,
ɉɚʂɟʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɤɪɩɚ,
ɐɜɟɬɢ ɪɚɞ ɨɤɨ ɰɜɟʄɚ,
ɪɚɞ ɨɤɨ ɰɜɟʄɚ
ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ
284
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɉɨɫɬ, ɫɚɻɟʃɟ ɛɟɥɢɯ

ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɉɨɫɬ
ɞɭɥɟɤɚ
ɉɨɫɬ/ʁɟɞɧɨɧɢɱɟʃɟ,
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ɉɨɫɬ, ɮɚɪɛɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ
ɮɚɪɛɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ,
Ȼɨʁɟʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ, ɤɥɚʃɟ Ȼɨʁɟʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ, ɤɥɚʃɟ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɚɫɟɬɚ, ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɫɟɬɚ, ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ
ɝɪɨɛʂɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɫɬɢɰɚ
Ɉɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ,
ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ Ɉɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɭ,
ɩɪɟɞ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ, ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ
ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ, ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɩɪɨɦɪɫɢɜɚʃɟ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ, ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ
ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɭ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ, ɬɭɰɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɢɦɚ ɤɨɞ
ʁɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪɭ, ɬɭɰɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɟ
ʁɚʁɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ
ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ, ɂɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ,
ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ
ɩɨɛɭɫɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɚ, ɩɨɛɭɫɚɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɚ,
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ
ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ
ɂɞɟʃɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɭ ɧɚ
1. ɦɚʁ -//-
ɜɚɲɚɪ
ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɥɟɫɤɟ,
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɪɫɬɢʄɚ,
ɛɪɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɜɚ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɥɟɫɤɟ,
ɜɟɱɢʄɚ, ɤɢʄɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɤɪɫɬɢʄɚ,
ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ, ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɛɪɚʃɟ ɦɥɟɱɢɤɟ,
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ,
ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɨɫɨɦ, ɤɢʄɟʃɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ,
ɦɭɠɟʃɟ ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɦɭɠɟʃɟ ɫɬɨɤɟ,
ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɦɥɟɤɚ, ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ,
ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɭɪɚɧɚɤ
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ
ɞɨɱɟɤɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɞɨɱɟɤɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ,
285
ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɭ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɫɟɥɚ

ɜɚɲɚɪ
ɋɟʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɩɭɲʃɟɝ
ɋɟʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɩɭɲʃɟɝ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɪɚɫɚɞɚ, ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ
ɪɚɫɚɞɚ, ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ
– ɥɟɬʃɢ ɪɭɱɤɚ (ɤɨ ɫɥɚɜɢ),
ɪɭɱɤɚ (ɤɨ ɫɥɚɜɢ)
ɩɪɨɜɥɚɤɚ
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɜɟ
Ȼɪɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɜɚ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ
(ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ), ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ,
ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ,
ɂɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɟ
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ ɫɩɪɟɦɟ, -//-
ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɱɢɰɨɦ
Ȼɪɚʃɟ ɢɜɚʃɫɤɨɝ ɰɜɟʄɚ Ȼɪɚʃɟ ɢɜɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɜɟʄɚ
ɢ ɬɪɚɜɚ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɚ, ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ
ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ
ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ, ɩɪɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ
ɤɪɨɡ ɜɟɧɚɰ
Ⱦɚɧ ɛɨɪɰɚ ɉɨɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɜɟɧɰɚ -//-
Ɋɚɫɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɭɩɭɫɚ ɡɚ Ɋɚɫɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɭɩɭɫɚ ɡɚ
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ ɡɢɦɭ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ ʁɚɛɭɤɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɧɟʁɟɞɟʃɟ ʁɚɛɭɤɚ
ɡɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ
Ʉɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ, ɤɭɜɚʃɟ Ʉɥɚʃɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ, ɤɭɜɚʃɟ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ, ɢɞɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ, ɢɞɟʃɟ ɧɚ
ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɭ ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɭ
ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ
Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ
ɪɭɱɤɚ ɢ ɞɨɱɟɤɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ ɢ ɞɨɱɟɤɢɜɚʃɟ
ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ
ɉɨɫɬ, ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɰɪɧɨɝ
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ -//-
ɝɪɨɠɻɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɨ ɋɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ ɭ
ɥɢɰɟ ɞɨɱɟɤɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɫɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ
286
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪ ɯɪɚɧɟ,

ɞɨɱɟɤɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ,
ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɭ
ɩɨɪɬɭ
Ɇɚɥɚ
ɋɚɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɋɚɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ
Ɉɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɚ Ɉɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɤɚ
ʁɟɫɟʃɢ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ ɉɨɫɬ, ɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɉɨɫɬ, ɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɚʃɟ
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɋɥɚɜɟ, ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɋɥɚɜɟ,
ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ, ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɨɫɬɢʁɭ,
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, Ɉɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ,
ɫɥɚɜɟ ɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ, ɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ,
ɉɚʂɟʃɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ, ɩɚʂɟʃɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ, ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ
ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ ɧɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ
ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ,
Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ -//- ɨɛɢɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɫɟɥɚ,
ɪɭɱɚɤ
ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɢ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ
ɉɨɞ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɦ ɫɜɟ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ

ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɦɨʄɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ
ɛɢɥɢ ɜɚʂɚɧɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɢ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɢ:
ɚ) Ⱦɪɜɨ – ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɯɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɰɟɪɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ, ɞɪɟɧɚɤ
ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɥɟɫɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɡɚ
ɩɪɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɤɪɫɬɢʄɚ ɧɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, ɜɪɛɨɦ ɫɟ ɨɩɚɫɢɜɚɥɨ ɧɚ
ȼɪɛɢɰɭ ɢ ɫɥ.
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ɛ) Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɛɢʂɚ – ɛɢʂɟ ɫɟ ɛɟɪɟ ɡɚ ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɢ

ɢɜɚʃɫɤɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ, ɬɪɚɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɱɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ
ɡɚ ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ, ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɥ.
ɜ) ɀɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ – ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɫɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ
ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ
ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɤɨʂɟ ɩɟɬɚɨ.
ɝ) Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ – ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟ-
ɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢɯ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
ɞ) ȳɚʁɚ – ɧɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ʁɚʁɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ
ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ.
ɻ) Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ – ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ, ɫɢɬɨ, ɨɪɚɫɢ, ɦɚɫɤɟ, ɤɚɞɢ-
ɨɧɢɰɚ, ɫɟɤɢɪɚ, ɤɚɦɟɧ, ɝɭɦɚ, ɫɬɚɪɟ ɤɪɩɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ, ɤɚɨ ɨɩɲɬɚ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ.
ɟ) Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɩɨɜɪʄɟ – ɞɭɥɟɰɢ, ɤɭɩɭɫ, ɩɚɫɭʂ ɢɬɞ.
ɠ) ȼɨʄɟ – ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ
(ɧɩɪ. ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɨɪɚɫɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ
ɜɟɱɟ, ʁɚɛɭɤɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɟ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ, ɝɪɨɠɻɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɭ
ɰɪɤɜɢ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ ɢɬɞ.).
ɡ) ɀɢɬɚɪɢɰɟ – ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɤɭɜɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɟɠɟ,
ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.
ɢ) Ʉɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ, ɫɜɟʄɚ ɢ ɬɚɦʁɚɧ – ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɛɢɥɚ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ, ɬɨ ɫɭ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɢ ɭɥɨɝɚ
ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ.
ɍ ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ ɞɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ʂɚʁɭ ɰɟɪɨɜɟ ɢ ɯɪɚɫɬɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɱɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɥɚɤɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɢ-
ɬɢ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɥɚɤɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɪɟ. Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɤɭɥɬɧɚ, ɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɚ, ɧɚ ɲɬɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɬɨ

ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɭ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɫɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɝɪɟʁɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɞ ɢɤɨɧɟ.
ɋɥɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɦɚʃɨʁ
ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. ɍ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɥɚɦɱɢɰɚ, ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɪʂɚ, ɢ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɭ
ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ. Ɉɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ
ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɬɤɨ ɛɨɪɚɜɢ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ
ɤɭɯɢʃɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɡɟɦʂɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɬɭ ɤɭʄɟ.
ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ
ɧɨɠɟɜɚ ɢ ɜɢʂɭɲɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ. ɍ
ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɚɡɢ.
ɉɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɩɟɤɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɠʃɭ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɬɨ ɪɟɬɤɨɫɬ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɟɱɟ ɭ ɮɭɪɭɧɢ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɟɤɚɪɚɦɚ.
ɍ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ, ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ
ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɚ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɠɚɪ ɢ ɫɟɤɢɪɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢɥɨ; ɜɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɫɧɢɰɚɦɚ; ɝɭɦɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɞɚ ɧɢɤɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɲɩɨɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ; ɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɩɚɥɢ ɻɭɛɪɟ ɧɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ; ɧɚ ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɜɟɬɪɢ
ɨɞɟʄɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɟɪɟ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɱɢɰɚ ɢɬɞ.).
Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 75: Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ
1945-1960 1997-2003
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ ȼɨʄɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɪʄɟ ȼɨʄɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɪʄɟ

ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ ɀɢɬɚɪɢɰɟ -//-
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Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ ɉɨɤɥɨɧɢ ɉɨɤɥɨɧɢ

ɇɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ -//- ȳɟɥɤɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ -//- -//-
Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ Ɋɚɠɚʃ, ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɉɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ
Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ, ɫɥɚɦɚ,
Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ, ɫɥɚɦɚ,
ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ, ɫɢɬɨ,
ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ, ɫɢɬɨ,
ɯɥɟɛ, ɨɪɚɫɢ, ʁɚɛɭɤɟ,
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɯɥɟɛ, ɨɪɚɫɢ, ʁɚɛɭɤɟ,
ɞɪɟɧɚɤ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɫɜɟʄɚ,
ɞɪɟɧɚɤ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɫɜɟʄɚ,
ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ, ɫɬɨ,
ɤɚɧɞɢɥɨ, ɫɬɨ, ɤɚɲɢɤɟ
ɤɚɲɢɤɟ
ȼɨɞɚ, ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ, ɠɢɬɨ,
ȼɨɞɚ, ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ, ɠɢɬɨ,
ɞɪɟɧɚɤ,
ɞɪɟɧɚɤ,
ɛɚɞʃɚɤ, ɜɢɧɨ, ɩɟɬɚɨ,
ɛɚɞʃɚɤ, ɜɢɧɨ, ɩɟɬɚɨ,
ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ,
Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ,
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ,
ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ,
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ,
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ,
ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ,
ɫɜɟʄɢɰɟ, ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ -//- -//-
ȼɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ, ɝɥɚɜɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ, ɝɥɚɜɚ
Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ
ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ
-//- -//-
ɞɚɧɢ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ -//- -//-
Ɉɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ,
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ Ɉɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ
ɫɟɤɢɪɚ, ɠɚɪ
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ -//- -//-
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ -//- -//-
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ Ʌɨɡɚ, ɫɬɨɱɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ Ʌɨɡɚ
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ -//- -//-
290
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɏɪɚɧɚ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɜɢɧɨ ɏɪɚɧɚ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɜɢɧɨ
Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ Ɇɚɫɤɟ, ɜɢɬɨ, ʂɭʂɚɲɤɟ Ɇɚɫɤɟ
ȳɚʁɚ, ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ,
ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ȳɚʁɚ, ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ
ɤɚɦɟɧ/ɝɭɦɚ
ȼɚɫɤɪɲʃɢ
-//- -//-
ɩɨɫɬ
ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɋɭɞɨɜɢ -//-
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ ȭɭɛɪɟ, ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɢʄɢ ȭɭɛɪɟ, ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢ
Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ȭɭɛɪɟ, ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ ȭɭɛɪɟ, ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ
ɐɜɟɬɧɚ
ɉɨɜɪʄɟ ɉɨɜɪʄɟ
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ
ȼɪɛɨɜɨ ɩɪɭʄɟ ȼɪɛɨɜɨ ɩɪɭʄɟ
ɫɭɛɨɬɚ
ɐɜɟɬɢ ɋɬɚɪɟ ɤɪɩɟ ɋɬɚɪɟ ɤɪɩɟ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ
-//- -//-
ɧɟɞɟʂɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ ȳɚʁɚ, ɛɨʁɚ, ɱɭɜɚɪɤɭʄɚ ȳɚʁɚ, ɛɨʁɚ, ɱɭɜɚɪɤɭʄɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ȳɚʁɚ ȳɚʁɚ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ȳɚʁɚ ȳɚʁɚ
ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ
ɏɪɚɧɚ ɏɪɚɧɚ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ
1. ɦɚʁ -//- -//-
Ʌɟɫɤɚ, ɛɢʂɟ,
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ Ʌɟɫɤɚ, ɛɢʂɟ, ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨ
ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨ,
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ ɏɪɚɧɚ ɏɪɚɧɚ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ɋɚɫɚɞ ɤɭɩɭɫɚ Ɋɚɫɚɞ ɤɭɩɭɫɚ
291
– ɥɟɬʃɢ
Ɍɪɚɜɚ, ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ, Ɍɪɚɜɚ, ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ,
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ
Ⱦɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ,
-//-
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ ɨɞɟʄɚ,
-//-
ɜɢɞɨɜɱɢɰɚ
ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ ɐɜɟʄɟ, ɜɟɧɱɢʄ ɐɜɟʄɟ, ɜɟɧɱɢʄ
Ⱦɚɧ ɛɨɪɰɚ ȼɟɧɰɢ -//-
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ Ʉɭɩɭɫ, ʁɚɛɭɤɟ, ɤɨɲɭʂɟ Ʉɭɩɭɫ, ʁɚɛɭɤɟ
ɉɟɬɚɨ, ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ, ɛɟɥɨ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ ɉɟɬɚɨ, ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ
ɝɪɨɠɻɟ
Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ -//- -//-
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ ɐɪɧɨ ɝɪɨɠɻɟ -//-
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɨ
-//- -//-
ɥɢɰɟ
Ɇɚɥɚ
ȳɚʁɚ ȳɚʁɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ
Ȼɨɫɢʂɚɤ Ȼɨɫɢʂɚɤ
ʁɟɫɟʃɢ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ -//- -//-
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɋɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɠɢɬɨ, ɋɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ, ɠɢɬɨ,
ɫɥɚɜɟ ɫɜɟʄɚ ɫɜɟʄɚ
Ʉɨɥɚɱ, ɠɢɬɨ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ,
Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ -//- ɜɨɫɚɤ, ɜɢɧɨ,
ɢɤɨɧɚ, ɛɚɪʁɚɰɢ
X YZ W
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɨɝ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ,
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɨɩɢɫɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ
292
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɢɯ

ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɢɬɢ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ:
1. ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ,
2. ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɲɟ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟ
3. ʁɚɜʂɚ ɧɨɜɢ.
1. Ɋɢɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭɡ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
ɉɟɬɚɤ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɟ ɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɭ
ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɭ. ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɡɚɨɛɢɲɥɟ ɧɢ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ
ɬɨɥɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɦɟʃɚʁɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɨɞɪɚɡ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚʃɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ
ɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɟ, ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɪɟɻɚʁɚ, ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɥ.),
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ.
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɤɟ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɦ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʁɭ, ɛɚɪ ɭ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ, ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ,
ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ, ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ.
2. ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɫɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɫɭ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. ɂɡ ɨɩɢɫɚ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɨɝ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ, ɭ ɦɚʃɨʁ ɢɥɢ ɜɟʄɨʁ
ɦɟɪɢ, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɦɨɝɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ.
ɚ) Ʉɨɞ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɝɥɟɞɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɭɡɟɬɢɦ
ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɞɨ ɪɟɞɭɤɨɜɚʃɚ
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ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ – ɨɩɟɬ – ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ

ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɚɬɟʄɟɝ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ.
ɇɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɟ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɢ ɨɧ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɰ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ, Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ
ɡɢɦɫɤɢ, Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ɛ) Ʉɨɞ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɪɟɞɭɤɨɜɚʃɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ, ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ʁɨɲ
ɭɜɟɤ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ,
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɟɬɚɤ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ...).
ɜ) ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɨɩɭʃɭʁɭ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ – ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ, ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ (ɧɩɪ.
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ, Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ɰɪɤɜɟɧɟ
ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ).
ɝ) Ɂɛɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ Ȼɟɥɨɝ
ɉɨɬɨɤɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ (ɥɟɬʃɟɝ).
ɋɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɟɧɟ ɭɡɟɥɨ
ɡɚ ɧɨɜɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ, ɤɨʁɭ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ
ɫɟɥɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɨɞɭɡɟɬ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɜɚɲɚɪ, ɚ ɧɚ
ɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ.
ɋɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ Ɂɭɰɚ – Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ – ɨɞ 2002.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ.
3. ɉɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ,
ɧɨɜɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɦɨʄ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɨɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ 1. ɦɚʁɚ, ɱɢʁɟ
ʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɚɲɚɪ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭɨ
ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɭɪɚɧɚɤ, ɢ 7. ʁɭɥɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɩɢɨ ɫɚ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧɨɦ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɢɲɥɨ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɭ.
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚɬɢ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɟɱɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ

ɡɧɚɱɟʃɚ. ȳɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɞɚɧ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
„ɩɪɚɡɚɧ“, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚɧ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧ ɨɞ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ɚ ɬɨ ɛɢ ɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɪɟɱɢ ɛɢɨ ɞɚɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɫɜɟɬɤɭʁɟ, ɬʁ. ɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ.203
ȳɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ
ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɚɨ
ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɧɟɪɚɡɞɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ, ʁɟɫɬɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ
ɢɦɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭɠɟ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ, ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
Ɉɞɧɨɫɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨʁ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɨʁ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɥɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ, ɱɭɜɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɲɟʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɞɨ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɢɦɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ, ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɟ ɛɢʄɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɭɡɪɨɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ.204
203
Rjeþnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti
i umjetnosti XI, Zagreb 1935, 424; Petar Skok, Etimologijski rjeþnik
hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, Zagreb 1973, 370; Ɋɟɱɧɢɤ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ
ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɝ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ IV, Ɇɚɬɢɰɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1971, 849.
204
ɉɨʁɚɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɭɰɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɫɯɜɚɬɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ
ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɤɨɞ: Ȼɪɨɧɢɫɥɚɜ
Ɇɚɥɢɧɨɜɫɤɢ, Ɇɚɝɢʁɚ, ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1971, 291-316; Redklif
Braun, Struktura i funkcija u primitivnom društvu, XX vek, Beograd 1982,
20-23; Vojin Miliü, Sociološki metod, Beograd 1996, 641-678; Zaga Pešiü-
Goluboviü, Antropologija kao društvena nauka, Institut društvenih nauka,
Beograd 1967, 53-58.
295
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢ ɧɚɜɢɤɟ,205 ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, ɫɬɢɱɭ ɫɟ

ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɋɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɬɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɻɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢɯ ɭɱɢ ɢ
ɧɚɫɥɟɻɭʁɟ ɨɞ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɨɞɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ. Ⱦɟɬɟ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɫɜɨɝɚ
ɨɞɪɚɫɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɚ
ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɜɚɠɟ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɜɪɲɢ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ.206 ɉɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ,
ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɟ
ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ
ɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ
ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʁɭ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ.
ɉɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ, ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚɰ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ, ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɞɚʁɭʄɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ.
ɉɪɢɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ, ɦɚʃɟ
ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɢ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧ ɬɨɤ ɞɨ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɤɪɚʄɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɚ, ɨɞ ɤɚɞɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɭɨɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɢ ɭ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ.
ɉɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ: ɡɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ?
ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ
205
Ɉ ɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: Ȼ. Ⱦɪɨɛʃɚɤɨɜɢʄ, ȿɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, (ɨɞɟʂɚɤ ɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ); Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪ ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, ɇɚɲɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, ɇɚɲ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ 1, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1984, 23-37; Edvard
Sapir, Ogledi iz kulturne antropologije, XX vek, Beograd 1974, 135-146;
Rjeþnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, VIII, 331-334 (obiþaj).
206
ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ
ʁɟɞɢɧɤɚ. ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɚɥɢ
ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ ɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɤɚɨ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ - Nikola Rot, Osnovi socijalne psihologije, Beograd 1994.
296
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɢ

ɪɢɬɚɦ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ,207 ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɪɢɬɚɦ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɨ ɱɢʁɢɦ ɭɡɪɨɰɢɦɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɟɱɢ ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ.
ɋɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɨɞ ɧɚɫ ɠɢɜɢ
ɫɜɚɤɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ, ɨɞ ʁɭɬɪɚ ɞɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɢ. ɍ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ʂɭɞɢ – ɤɚɤɨ ɭ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ, ɫɦɟʃɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ
ɜɪɟɞɧɭʁɭ ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɦɚʃɟ-ɜɢɲɟ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧ
ɪɢɬɚɦ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ208 ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɜɟɨɦɚ
ɜɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɚ
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɧɨɝ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ.
ɋɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɫɦɟʃɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɪɚɞɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ,
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ, ɢ ɧɟɪɚɞɧɢɯ – ɬɡɜ. ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ,
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɪɢɬɚɦ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ ɦɟʃɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚɨ
ɧɨɜɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɢɤɬɢɪɚɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɟʄɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ.
ɍ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɚ
ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɡɜ. ɪɚɞɧɟ
ɞɚɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɟ ɬɟɤ ɩɨ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ,
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ, ɚ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ,209 ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɭ
207
Ɋɢɬɚɦ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ ʁɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɭɧɚɡɚɞ ɛɢɨ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ,
ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɭ: ɋɬɚɧɨʁɟ Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ, Ɂɚɛɚɜɟ ɢ
ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ XII ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XV, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ
ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 49, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005.
208
ɉɢɬɚʃɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɥɚʃɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɚ
ɩɚɠʃɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ. ɉɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɡɢ. ȼɢɞɟɬɢ: Ivana Spasiü, Sociologije
svakodnevnog života, Beograd 2004.
209
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɟɦɩɢɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
297
ɩɪɚɤɫɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɚ, ɨɛɚɜɟ ɧɚ

ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ. Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɨɛɢɱɧɢɯ (ɪɚɞɧɢɯ) ɞɚɧɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɨɜɚɥɚ,
ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ. Ɉɜɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ ɢ ʃɟɧɟ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɲɢɪɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ.210
Ɂɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɬɚɤɨ? ɉɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɧɟɝɞɟ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɢ ɪɟɞ. Ⱦɚ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɬɚɤɜɚ, ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɫɭ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ
ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ
ɭɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɢ – ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ – ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ. Ɍɨ
ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɛɢɥɢ
ɧɟɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ – ɭ ɭɠɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ – ɭ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ.211 Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ
ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ,
ɫɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɭʁɭʄɨɦ ɫɜɪɯɨɦ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ – ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ.
Ɉɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɢ ɨɞɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ. ɍ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɚ ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ
ɩɪɟ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢʁɟɝ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɤɨɯɟɡɢɨɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɚɜɚʃɭ,
ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨʁɚɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ
ɜɟɡɚ.
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ

ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɰɟɥɟ
ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
210
Ɇ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ,
257-258.
211
Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, Ʉɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɢ ɤɚɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ,
ɇɨɜɨɩɚɡɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ 2, ɇɨɜɢ ɉɚɡɚɪ 1978, 113.
298
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɍ ɬɚɤɜɨʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ, ɫɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ

ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɦɢɪɟʃɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɨ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨɰɢ
ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ, ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɲɟɧɢ ɢ „ɞɨɪɚɻɢɜɚɧɢ“ ɞɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɧɨɦ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɨɦ.
ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ,
ɫɜɟ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɭ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ
ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɭ ɜɟʄɟɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɜɟʄ
ɫɭ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɭ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɬʁ. ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɪɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ.
Ɉɜɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɭ ɜɟʄ
ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɭ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɚɜɚɥɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢ
ɞɟɨ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.212
ɂɡ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɟɦɩɢɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɟ ɞɜɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚ
ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɨɦ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɨ ɛɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɧɢʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ,
ɛɚɪ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɟ ɮɚɡɟ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ, ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ, ɩɚ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɝ
ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɟ, ɤɚɨ
ɧɢ ɜɚʂɚɧɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɚɝɚʃɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɟɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ.
212
ɇɚɜɨɞɢɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ȳ. Ɇ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ,
Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɚ; ɉ. ɀ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɭɠɚ; ȳ. ȿɪɞɟʂɚɧɨɜɢʄ,
ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɨ ɒɭɦɚɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ; Ɇ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɢ ɋ. Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ,
ȳɚɪɦɟɧɨɜɰɢ.
299
ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɢʁɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ

ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɦɨʁɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟ 2000. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɦɟɻɟɧ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɥɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɧɭ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚ-
ɰɢʁɭ, ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ
ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ
ɛɢɜɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɢʁɚ. ɋɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɦɥɚɞɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɬɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ, ɚɥɢ
ɧɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɢ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɭ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ
ɦɟɪɢ ɫɜɟ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɢ
ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ. ɋɜɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɭ
ɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɦɥɚɻɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ
ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚɬɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ (ɧɟɝɞɟ ɨɞ
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ), ɫɭɨɱɢɥɚ ɫɚ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɡɚ
ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ
ɨɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɟɰɚ, ɩɚ ɢ ɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɦɨʁɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʄɭ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɩɨɡɚɛɚɜɢɬɢ, ʁɟɫɭ: ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ
(ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.
Ɇɚɝɢʁɫɤɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ

Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ
ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ,
ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ. ɉɨɞ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɤɫɨɦ
300
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚʃɚ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɢɥɚɦɚ, ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ
(ɫɟɨɫɤɭ) ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ.213 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚ
ɤɚɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɚ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɟ ɭ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɦ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ. ȼɟʄ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɦɨʄ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ, ɦɚɥɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɬɟɲɤɨ
ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ.
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɭɝɨɦ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɤɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɡɚ
ɛɨɪɛɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɬɢɯɢʁɟ (ɚ ʂɭɞɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ
ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ), ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɟ
ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɢɦɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɨ
ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɚʄɚɦɚ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ
ɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɟ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɫɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚɥɚ ɤɪɨɡ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɰɢʂ
ɨɜɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ (ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ)
ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɟ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ, ɫɪɟʄɚ, ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɡ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ
„ɩɨɦɨʄ“ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɛɢɥɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɨɪ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
Ɉɞ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɢʄɭ ɨɧɟ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢʁɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ
ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɚ
213
Ɉ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ȶɭɩɭɪɞɢʁɚ, Ⱥɝɪɚɪɧɚ ɦɚɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɋɪɛɚ, 9-87.
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ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭɬɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟɦ, ɢ ɧɟ ɫɚ

ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ.
ɀɟʂɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ „ɧɟ ɬɪɩɢ“, ɬʁ. ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɨɧɨɥɢɤɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɞɜɢʁɚʃɟ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ. ɋɬɚɥɧɚ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɫɚ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɦ, ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɢ ɠɟʂɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɨɦ, ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚʁɭ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɡɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɥɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɭɫɟɜɚ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɋɜɟɬɢ
ɂɝʃɚɬ – ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ – ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ
ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɟ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ – ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ, ɛɪɚʃɟ
ɦɥɟɱɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɥɟɬɟʃɟ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɚ ɧɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ ɢɬɞ.).
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ-
ɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɪɚɞʃɢ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟʄɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɢ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɟ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ɭ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. Ɋɚɞʃɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɟ ɫɭ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ (ɧɩɪ. ɧɚ
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ, ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɫɟ
ɭɡɢɦɚ ɞɪɟɧɚɤ ɡɚ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ, ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɫɟ
ʂɭʂɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɟ ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ ɚɩɨɬɪɨɩɟʁɨɧ214 ɢ ɞɪ.).
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɤɭ. Ɉɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɧɟɤɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢ ɫɬɨɰɢ, ɬʁ. ʃɟɧɨɦ
ɡɞɪɚɜʂɭ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɲɬɚɥɚ „ɤɢɬɢɥɚ“ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɨɦ ɢ
ɞɪɟɧɤɨɦ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ, ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɢɩɚɥɚ ɠɢɬɨɦ ɪɚɧɨ
ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɩɚɥɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɻɭɛɪɟ ɧɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥ.).
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ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɟɱɧɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɛɢʂɤɚɦɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1985, 25-32.
302
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɟʁɚɧɟ ʃɢɜɟ. ɍɨɱɢ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ

ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢɥɨ ɡɚɤɪɫɬɚɜɚʃɟ ʃɢɜɚ ɥɟɫɤɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɭɬɢʄɢɦɚ ɢ
ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢɦɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɢ
ɛɨʂɟɝ ɪɨɞɚ. ɍʁɭɬɪɭ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɭ ʃɢɜɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɫɟʁɚɧɚ
ɩɲɟɧɢɰɨɦ, ɫɤɢɞɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɪɨɫɚ ɢ ʃɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɨ, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɨ ɫɟ ɢ
ɜɚʂɚɨ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ʂɭɞɢ, ɫɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɩɨʂɚ.
Ɂɚɲɬɢɬɚ ʂɭɞɢ, ɫɬɨɤɟ, ɭɫɟɜɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ
ɨɞ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ (ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɚɦɛɚɪ ɡɛɨɝ
ɦɢɲɟɜɚ, ɧɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɐɜɟɬɢ ɫɟ ɩɚɥɢɥɨ ɻɭɛɪɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚ
ɢ ɩɨʂɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɡɦɢʁɚ, ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɪɚɬɭ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨɤɨ
ɦɭɲɤɟ ɞɟɰɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɜɭɤɨɜɚ ɢɬɞ.).
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ „ɜɢɲɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ“. ɋɬɪɚɯ
ɨɞ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɍ ɠɟʂɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ „ɨɫɟʄɚ
ɫɩɨɤɨʁɧɢʁɢɦ ɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢʁɢɦ“, ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɤɪɢɡɧɢɦ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɤɭʄɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɢɦɚʃɚ (ɬɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ,
Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɤɚɞɢ ɤɭʄɚ, ɬɨɤɨɦ ɬɡɜ. ɧɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢɯ
ɞɚɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɨʄɭ ɢɡɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ, ɧɚ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɟ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ
ɦɚɠɭ ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ ɢɬɞ.).
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɨ ʄɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɝɚʁɚʃɟ ɢ
ɭɛɢɪɚʃɟ ɥɟɬɢɧɟ. ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɝɪɦʂɚɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɭ
ɛɢɥɚ ɥɨɲ ɩɪɟɞɡɧɚɤ, ɫɭɧɱɚɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɧɢʁɟ
ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚɥɨ ɞɨɛɪɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ, ɝɪɦʂɚɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɭ ɨɫɬɚɜ-
ʂɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ ɛɟɡ ɨɪɚɯɚ ɢ ɫɥ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɜɢɞ
ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɟ
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ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ (ɧɩɪ. ɭɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɚ,

ɦɟɫɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ, ɩɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɻɭɛɪɟ ɧɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɟ
ɤɪɩɟ ɧɚ ɐɜɟɬɢ, ɡɚɤɪɫɬɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ʃɢɜɟ ɭɨɱɢ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ ɢɬɞ.),
ɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɜɢɰɢ, ɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ
ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɭ ɦɨʄ ɢ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɢ
ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɬɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɧɟɞɚʄɚ.
ɍ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ
ɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɞɚ
ɨɛʁɚɫɧɟ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɠʃɚɜɚʁɭ.
ɍɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ. Ɂɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɲɬɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ, ɚɥɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɬɨ
ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɨɞɢ ɪɟɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɜ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɧɢʁɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ.
Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ

ɉɨɞ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ
ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɭ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ
ʁɟɞɧɟ ɭɠɟ (ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɨ) ɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ
(ɫɟɥɨ). Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɭ:
ɚ) ɫɟɨɫɤɨɦ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ,
ɛ) ɫɟɨɫɤɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ,
ɜ) ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
Ɍɨ ɛɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɢɪɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ
ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɫɦɟɪɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ ɢ
ʃɟɧɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɥɨ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɚɧ ɭɫɥɨɜ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɜɢ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɦɨɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ, ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ

ɢɫɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ.
Ɇɚɥɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬʂɢɜɨɫɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢ, ʁɟɪ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ, ɡɚɩɨɲʂɚɜɚʃɟ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ
ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ʁɨɲ
ɭɜɟɤ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɭɛʂɟ ɭɲɥɢ ɭ ɫɜɟɫɬ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɨʁ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ ɫɟɥɨ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʄɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ
ɞɚʂɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɭɩɭ, ɫɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɲʄɭ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɟ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ – ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɫɤɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ʁɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ʁɚɤɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ
ɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ
ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɞɚ
ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ
ɜɟɪɭʁɭ ɭ ɦɨʄ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭɫɥɟɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɚɤɨ, ɜɟʄ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ
ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɨɫɟʄɚɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɭ, ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ
ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɟʃɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɩɭʃɚɜɚʃɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɝɭɛʂɟʃɟ ɡɛɨɝ
ɧɟɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ. Ȼɪɡɨ
ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢʁɟɝ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɲʂɚɜɚʃɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɭ ɫɜɟ ɬɟɠɟ
ɭɤɥɚɩɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɟ.
ɂ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɬʁ. ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ, ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɭ
ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɦ
ɤɪɭɝɭ. Ɉɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ʁɚɱɚʃɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ
305
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɨɤɭɩʂɟɧɢ. ɍ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ, ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧɟ

ɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ.
ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɚ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ
ʁɟ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɞɨɝɚɻɚɥɟ. ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɥɟ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡ ɢɡ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ
ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɭ ɧɟɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ,215 ɤɨʁɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.
ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɭ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ
ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ. ɍ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɝɭɛɢ ɢ
ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ:
ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.216
ɇɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɭɡɪɨɰɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɭ ɲɢɪɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ,
ɭɞɚʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ ɨɞ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɚ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɩɨɩɪɢɦɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɭɜɪɲʄɭʁɭ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɧɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚʃɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ
ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ʁɟɫɭ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ:
• Ɇɟʃɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨ-ɩɨɬɪɨɲɚɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ
ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ
ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ. ɋɟɨɫɤɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ, ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɡɚ
ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɞɪɚɫɬɚʁɭ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɭ
215
Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɭ: Petar Markoviü, Agrarna politika
Jugoslavije i rezultati u proizvodnji, Sociologija sela 29-30, Zagreb 1970.
216
Ruža First, Seoska porodica danas, Institut za društvena istraživanja,
Zagreb 1981, 129-135.
306
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ

ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɢ;
• ɋɟɨɫɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ
ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɛɢɜɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚ ɲɢɪɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ;
• ɋɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɟʄɚ ɫɥɚɛʂɟʃɟ ɮɚɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ, ɩɚ
ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɲɢɪɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ;
• ȿɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨ ɨɫɚɦɨɫɬɚʂɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ
ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɦɨʄɢ.
ɉɨɱɢʃɭ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɫɥɚɛɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ.
Ɉɞɧɨɫɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ
ɧɚ ɟɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɜɟɡɚɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨɦ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɭ.
Ɂɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɜɟ
ɜɢɞʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɟ.217
ɋɜɟ ɨɜɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚ, ɚ
ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɭɛɪɡɚɜɚʃɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ.
Ɇɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ, ɞɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɩɭɬ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ,
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɧɟɪɚɞɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ, ɩɨɜɪɚɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɢɦ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ „ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ“ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɦ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɭ. ɋɚɞɚ, ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɪɚɞɟ, ɬɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɚ ɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ
ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɚ, ɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɫɭ ɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɟ. Ɍɨ
ɫɜɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɛɢɥɢ
217
Ɋɭɠɚ Ɏɢɪɫɬ, Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, Ƚɥɟɞɢɲɬɚ 12,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1972, 1615-1616.
307
ɭɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɫɥɚɜʂɚ, ɞɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ

ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɞɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ʁɟɫɭ ɨɞɪɚɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ
ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɞɪɚɡ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɧɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɠɚ ɬɟɠʃɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɢ
ɠɟʂɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟɦ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɧɢɜɨɢɦɚ ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ.
Ɉɜɟ ɞɜɟ, ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɟ ɬɟɠʃɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɩɥɢʄɭ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɭɤɨɛʂɚɜɚʁɭ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ
ɜɢɲɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ʁɚɡ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ
(ɛɚɛɚ ɢ ɞɟɞɚ) ɢ ɧɚʁɦɥɚɻɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ (ɭɧɭɰɢ) ɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɨ
ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ. ȳɟɪ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɛɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɚɜɢɤɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ
ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɜɢɲɟɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɚ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɬɨ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɨ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɩɟɬ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ, ʁɟɪ ɨɧɢ ɨɞɪɚɫɬɚʁɭ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɍ ɬɢɦ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɧɟɫɭɝɥɚɫɢɰɚɦɚ „ɬɪɩɢ“
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ʃɟ – ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ. Ɇɨɠɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ
ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ
ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ: ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɪɢɥɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɢ,
ɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɢɲɬɚ
ɧɚɭɱɢɥɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɚ ɦɥɚɞɢ, ɢ ɞɚ ɯɨʄɟ, ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɨɞ ɤɨɝɚ ɞɚ
ɧɚɭɱɟ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ, ɚ
ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɠɟʂɭ ɡɚ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɟɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ – ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɟ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɢ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ʁɟɫɭ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɪ
308
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢʁɢ ɡɚ

ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
Ɇɥɚɻɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɪɟɻɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɩɨɧɟɤɨɝ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ,
ɲɬɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ
ʄɟ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ
ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ, ʁɟɪ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ.
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɞɧɨɫ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɚ: Ɇɚ ɤɚɤɜɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɰɪɤɜɭ.
Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɞɚ. Ⱦɟɜɨʁɤɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɨɫɥɚɛɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɧɚʁɥɚɤɲɟ
ɢɡɞɪɠɟ ɞɢʁɟɬɭ.218 ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʃɟ ɢɦɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ
ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ: ɉɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɞɪɠɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɟɨ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɚ,
ɩɨɦɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɢ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɛɪɨʁɢ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɟ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚɧ ɨɞɧɨɫ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɭ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɫɬ ɡɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ
ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɧɢɡɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ, ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɭ. ɍ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ, ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ (ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɚ ɢɡ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ) ɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ (ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ) ɭ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. Ɍɨ ɛɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɭʁɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ
ɧɢɜɨɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ, ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɤɚɨ ɦɢɤɪɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ, ɫɚ
ɲɢɪɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɨɦ.
ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ
ɦɨɞɟɥ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɚ, ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɢ
ɧɟɫɪɨɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɢɫɬɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɫɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɡ
218
ɂɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɭɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɨɞ 20 ɞɨ 40 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.
309
ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ. Ɉɜɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɫɪɨɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ

ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢɥɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɢɦɚ, ɞɨɤ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ
ɬɪɚʁɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ɉɜɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ
ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰɚ. ɇɚʁɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ
ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ʁɟɫɭ:
ɚ) ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ,
ɛ) ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɢ ɢ
ɜ) ɤɨɦɲɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ.
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ. ɉɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɪɚɞʃɚɦɚ
ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚɬɢ (ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ, ɩɥɨɞɧɨɫɬ, ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ, ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɢ
ɫɥ.). ɍ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ, ɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɫɜɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɟ.
ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ
ɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɱɚɤ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ
ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɥɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ). Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɚ, ɩɚɤ, ɩɪɢɠɟʂɤɢɜɚɥɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɧɚ
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɝʃɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɠɟʂɤɢɜɚɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɞɟɬɟɬɚ
ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ; ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤɚ). ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɟ
ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ
ɩɪɢɠɟʂɤɢɜɚɥɢ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɱɢɜɚɥɢ (ɧɩɪ. ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɢ
ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ).
ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɫɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɢɥɢ ɞɚ
ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɧɟɫɭɝɥɚɫɢɰɟ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɟ ɢ ɞɟɰɭ. Ⱦɟɰɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɭ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟ (ɧɩɪ. ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ –
ɨɞ ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɧɚ Ɉɱɟɜɟ – ɨɞ ɨɰɚ, ɡɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ – ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ), ɚ ɡɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɢ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɨɜɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɚ
ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛɚ (ɢɥɢ ɛɚɪ ɧɟɤɢ ʃɟɧ ɤɨɦɚɞ) ɡɚ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɟ, ɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɞɟɰɭ.
310
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɉɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ ɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɭ

ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ, ɫɜɚɤɨ ɨɞ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ
ɪɚɞʃɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ. ɋɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɫ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ,
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɚ.
Ɂɛɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɟɦ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɦ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɭʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ,
ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟɦ ɭɱɟɲʄɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɢ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɪɚɞʃɚɦɚ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ
ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ
ɜɟɤɚ.
Ɋɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ. ɇɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚɥɢ
ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ, ɛɥɢɠɢɯ ɢ ɞɚʂɢɯ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ. ɉɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ
ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɚ ɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨʁ ɫɥɚɜɢ, ɦɚɥɨʁ ɫɥɚɜɢ (ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɢ),
ɫɟɨɫɤɨʁ ɫɥɚɜɢ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ.
ɉɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ ɧɨɲɟɧɚ ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ. ɋɪɨɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɞɭɝɨɜɢ
ɜɪɚʄɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. ɉɨ ɨɜɨʁ ɜɪɫɬɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ, ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ʁɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄ.
Ʉɨɦɲɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ –
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɡɜ. ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ, ɞɨɛɪɨɫɭɫɟɞɫɤɟ ɢ
ɤɨɦɲɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɫɭ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɛɢɥɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɜɚɥɨ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ.
Ʉɨɦɲɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɨ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨʁ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɢ ȼɚɫɤɪɫɭ. ɇɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ. ɇɚɜɨɞɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ɞɟɰɢ ɞɟʂɟɧɢ ɩɭɪɟʃɚɰɢ, ɨɞɧ. ɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ. ɇɚ
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Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɞɟɰɚ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɜɟɠɭ ɧɟɤɭ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɭ

ɤɨɦɲɢɧɢɰɭ, ɨɱɟɤɭʁɭʄɢ ɨɞ ʃɟ ɨɬɤɭɩ (ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɟ
ɛɨɦɛɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɨʄɟ). Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ
ɫɥɚɛɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɜɢɞ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɫɤɨɪɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɨ.
Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚʁɭ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɨ ɨɞ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɍ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ, ɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ, ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɪɢɬɚɦ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɥɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ
ʁɟ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɨ ɨɞ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ, ɛɢɨ
ɨɞɪɚɡ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɡɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɩɪɟɠɢɜʂɚɜɚʃɟ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɪɟɞɨɦ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɟ ɭɠɟ ɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ
ɫɜɚɤɨ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɫɬɪɟɩʃɭ ɨɞ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɧɟ
ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭɧɨɲɟɧ ɪɟɞ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.219
ɋɟɨɫɤɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ. ɋɜɚɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ, ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɥɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ
ɤɨʁɚ ɨɞɫɥɢɤɚɜɚ ɧɚɜɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɚɦɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɢ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɦɚʃɢɯ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ (ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ) ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ, ɩɪɟ
ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɬɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ
ɧɟ ɬɟɠɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɭ ɨɩɲɬɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ʃɟɧɢɯ
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ɍ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɨ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɦ
ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɫɜɟɬɚ (Mirþa Elijade, Mit i zbilja, Zagreb 1970), a ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɨɥɢɱɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɢɦɚ
(Edmund Liþ, Klod Levi-Stros, XX vek, Beograd 1972, 25).
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ. „ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɩɨʄɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɞɚ

ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɢ, ɤɚɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ, ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ
ɛɭɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɚɥɢ, ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɚɜɚ
ɢ, ɧɚʁɡɚɞ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ.“220
ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ. ɋɜɚɤɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɫɟɨɫɤɨ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɢ ɨɦɟɻɟɧɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ,
ɤɪɨɡ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɜɢɞ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ
ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɭ ɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ, ɫɜɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ,
ɛɢɥɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɚɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ. ɍ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ
ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɤɨɯɟɡɢɨɧɢ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ
ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɢ ɧɚ
ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɯ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɚɜɚ, ɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ʃɢɯ – ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ. Ɍɨ ɛɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɬɟɠɢɥɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɭ ɨɩɲɬɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ (ɬʁ.
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ) ɤɪɨɡ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ (ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ).
Ɉɜɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɭ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɢɜɨɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɨ, ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ, ɤɪɨɡ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɧɚ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ, ɚ ɤɪɨɡ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ
220
Ⱦ. Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, Ʉɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɢ ɤɚɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ, 114.
313
ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ

ɩɢɬɚʃɟ: ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɭ
ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ? ɉɪɟɦɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨʁ ɟɦɩɢɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɢ,
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ221 ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ:
ɚ) ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ (ɝɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦɫɬɜɨ),
ɛ) ɡɚɛɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɠɟʃɚ,
ɜ) ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɟ.
ɋɟɨɫɤɨ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɟ (ɝɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦɫɬɜɨ). ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɢɯ – ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɭ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ,
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɱɢʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ
ɝɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦɫɬɜɨ222 ɤɚɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɚ
ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ, ɤɨɦɲɢʁɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɞɨɥɚɡɟ
ɤɨɦɲɢʁɟ ɢ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ ɢɡ ɫɟɥɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ ɢɡ
ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ. ɍ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ, ɨɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ
ɩɨɬɩɨɦɚɝɚɥɢ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ. ɍ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ.
ɋɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢ
ɫɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɟ ɪɭɱɤɨɜɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɝɟ
ɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɜɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɪɢɰɟ ɢɡ ɲɤɨɥɟ.
Ɂɚɛɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɠɟʃɟ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ,
ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ, 2. ɦɚʁ, 7. ʁɭɥ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ
ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɩɨɪɬɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɭ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɨ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɞɪɭɠɟʃɚ, ɡɚɛɚɜɟ, ɭɝɨɜɚɪɚʃɚ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ɭɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɚ ɦɥɚɞɢɯ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚʃɚ
ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɪɨɻɚɱɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɦɟɻɭɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ
ɨɞɧɨɫɚ. Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɚ
221
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ,
ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɟɱɢ.
222
Dušan Bandiü, Funkcionalni pristup prouþavanju porodiþne slave,
Carstvo zemaljsko i carstvo nebesko, XX vek, Beograd 1997, 239-255.
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɞɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ɚ ɨɞɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɭ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ

ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ. Ɉɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɢ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ
ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɚɥɢ ɨɜɚ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɨɧɚʁ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɭ
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ.
ɋɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɟ. ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ – ɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ – ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɢ
ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁ ɢɡɥɚɠɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɟ
ɞɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɚɦɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɢ: ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɬɡɜ. ɡɢɦɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ ɢ
ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ, ɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ (ɦɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɟ ɜɟʄ ɢ
ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɟ) ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɝɪɟɯ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɨ ɧɟ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟ.
Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ
ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ, ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɢɯ, ɩɚ ɭ
ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭɬɢɯ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɬɟ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɚɨ
ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɧɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ, ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɬɟɠɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ,
ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɢ ɨʁɚɱɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɬɟɬ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ
ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɟɥɚ, ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɥɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɡɧɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɭɱɜɪɫɬɟ (ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɥɢɬɢʁɟ
ɢ ɫɥ.). ɍ ɨɜɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɧɚ
ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɛɪɨʁ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɩɨ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ, ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɢ (ɧɩɪ. ɭ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ).
ɍɡɪɨɰɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ

ɉɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɟ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɧɚʁɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢʁɢɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢɦɚ, ɚ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚɥɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ
ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ
ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ ɧɚɲɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ
315
ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 20. ɜɟɤɚ (ɪɚɡɜɨʁ

ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢ-
ʁɚ), ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɢɬɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ, ɩɚ ɢ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ
ɫɟɥɢɦɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ –
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ
ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɭ ɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ.
ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ
ɨɛɪɚɫɰɟ ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ, ɚ ɭ ɬɢɦ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ – ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ.
ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɢ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɜɟʄ ɢ
ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɢ (ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢ-
ʁɚ, ɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɞɟɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɪɨɡ
ɨɩɲɬɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬ
ɫɚɦɨ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ.
Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɭ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ – ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɢ
ɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɦɥɚɬɤɚ. Ɂɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ
ɪɟɡɭɥɬɢɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɨɦ ɧɚɦɢɪɧɢɰɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɡɚ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɬɚɤɨ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɨɜɚɧɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɦ
ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟʃɟɦ ɜɚɧ ɫɟɥɚ, ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɫɬ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɧɚ
ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɦɚɝɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ
ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɨɲ
ɭɜɟɤ ɜɪɥɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ. ɍ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɚɧ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɢ.
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ,
ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɨɜɚɧɚ ɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɞɭɛʂɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɟ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ
ʃɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
316
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ. ɇɚ ɨɜɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɫɭ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ

ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ. Ɉɞ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ, ɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢ-
ɤɟ Ȼɟɥɨɝ ɉɨɬɨɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ – ɩɨ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ – ɢɦɚɥɢ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɨʁ Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɢ.
ɇɚʁɦɚʃɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ, ɡɚ ɱɢʁɟ
ɦɟɲɬɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ ɢɡ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ
ɡɧɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚʁɭ ɨɞ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɢɫɬɢɱɭʄɢ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɨ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɫɟɨɫɤɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ. Ɇɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ
ɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɥɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ, ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɢ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɜɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɧɚɜɨɻɟɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɭɞɟʄɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɪɟɤɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɬɡɜ.
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɫɚ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥ-
ɧɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɫɥɚɛɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɨɦ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ȼɨɝɭ
ɢ ɰɪɤɜɢ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɢ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ, ɨɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ. ɉɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
ɍ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɟ, ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɟɝ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɨɥɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɩɨɜɥɚɱɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɮɚɜɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɨɩɲɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɨɫɟʄɚʁɭ ɭ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ „ɱɭɜɚɪ“ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
Ɂɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɩɨɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɫêɥɚ,
ɤɨʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɜɟʄ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ,
ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚʁɭ ɢ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɧɚɜɢɤɟ ɢ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ
ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ. ɋɬɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɯɨɬɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɯ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚʃɟɦ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ, ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ.
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ȿɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢʁɟ,

ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɬɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ. ɇɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ʁɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɞɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɨɜɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɟɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɫɬɢɱɟ
ɫɜɨʁɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɭ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɢɧɞɭɫ-
ɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɢɦɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɢ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɮɢ-
ɡɢɨɧɨɦɢʁɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɭɛɪɡɚɧɨ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚɥɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɭ
ɫɜɚɤɢɞɚɲʃɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭɦɟɲɚɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚ-
ɰɢʁɟ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɚɜɚɥɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɟɥɭ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɦ
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,223 ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢɯ ɧɚɦɢɪɧɢɰɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɧɢ ɩɨɫɟɞ, ɤɨʁɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ (ɢɡɭɡɟɜ
ɨɧɢɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɢɯ). Ȼɢɬɢ ɫɟʂɚɤ, ɬʁ. ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ-
ɻɚɱ, ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. Ɉɞɥɢɤɚ ɨɜɢɯ
ɫɟɥɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɫɟɥɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ
ɫɚɦɨɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɫɬ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ.
ɍ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɠɚɥɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɦɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɛɢɨ ɪɚɞɧɨ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɧ ɜɚɧ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜ-
ɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɢɦɚɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɭ ɧɟɤɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɲɤɨɥɟ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɟ
ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɢɡɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɚɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ,
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚɦɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɭ.
ɋɜɟ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɨɬɩɨɪ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ
ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ
223
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ: Ⱦ. Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 1-90.
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɪɚɬɚ, ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɨ ɦɟʃɚɥɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɢ

ɫɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɜɨʁ, ɦɚʃɟ-ɜɢɲɟ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧ ɬɨɤ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ, ɩɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚɧɟ
ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɚ ɩɪɟɧɨɲɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɭɫɦɟɧɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɚʁɨɦ. ȼɟʄ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɚ ɜɟɤɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦ, ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ, ɢɡ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ – ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ.
Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ, ɲɢɪɟ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɱɧɭ
ɭɛɪɡɚɧɨ ɦɟʃɚɬɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ
ɟɝɡɢɫɬɢɪɚɨ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɨɞ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɩɪɟ
ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɚʃɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ.
ɋɚ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɚ
ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɦɢʂɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɫɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɲʄɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɨɞ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɚɬɚɪɚ, ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɨɩɚɞɚ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ. ɉɨɜɟʄɚɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɲʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ
ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɚɭɬɚɪɯɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ, ɩɚ
– ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ – ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ. Ɂɚɩɨɱɟɬɢ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɦɢɝɪɢɪɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɫɟɥɚ (ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ) ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɟ ɞɚ
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɜɟ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɟʂɚɱɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɟɞɭ, ɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɫɜɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɧɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɢɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɭɫɥɭɠɧɢɦ
ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɥ.
ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝ-
ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɨ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɚ, ɧɚ ɫɟɥɭ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɫɟʂɚɰɢ, ɚ ɞɚ ɭ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢʁɚ. ɉɨʁɚɱɚɧɟ ɦɢɝɪɚ-
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ɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɧɟɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɝ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɨ
ɫɟɨɫɤɨ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ, ɦɟʃɚ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɭ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɟ, ɩɚ
ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɟɥɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚɬɢ
ɝɪɚɞɭ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɨɧɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ɧɟɫɦɟɬɚɧ ɩɪɨɥɚɡ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɧɢɦ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɭ
ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɭɪɛɚɧɢ-
ɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɢ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɦɟʃɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɜɢɤɚ. Ɉɜɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɨɜɚɥɟ ɭ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɫɮɟɪɚɦɚ ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɨɱɢɬɢ
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ:
• ɒɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ
ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɢɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɬɡɜ. ɞɧɟɜɧɢɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɚ,
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɟʄɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ʁɟ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ.
• Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɬɟɤ
ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɨ, ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɭɧɨɦ ɡɚɦɚɯɭ.
ɋɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɲɤɨɥɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ
ɫɭ ɞɚʂɟ ɲɤɨɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ
ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɟ. Ɇɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɚʂɟ
ɲɤɨɥɨɜɚɥɢ.
• Ⱦɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɜɟʄɟ ɟɦɚɧɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ.
• ȼɟʄ ɨɞ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɫɜɚ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɭ ɚɭɬɨɛɭɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɡɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɫɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɨɦ, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢ-
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ʁɨɦ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɦ

ɝɪɚɞɨɦ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɥɚɤɲɚɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɭɛɪɡɚɧɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɛɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢʁɟ.
• Ɋɚɞɢɨ, ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɚ, ɧɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɞɟɨ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɫɤɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ, ɛɥɢɡɢɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɚ ɫɟɥɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɞɨɜɨʂɧɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨʁ
ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɭɤɢɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɫɜɢ ʃɟɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɭ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɞɟɥɨɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ. Ƚɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɨ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɚ
ɫɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɝɭɛɢ, ɜɟʄ ɫɚɦɨ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɢ ɧɨɜɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɨ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ, ɞɨɛɪɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɭɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɦɚɫ-ɦɟɞɢʁɚ ɢ
ɬɪɠɢɲɬɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɪɟ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɧɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɦɟɞɢʁɚ ɧɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ, ɡɚɫɥɭɝɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚʁ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ
– ɬɡɜ. ɞɧɟɜɧɢɦ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ,224 ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɛɢɥɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ
ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɪɢɬɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɭ
ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɦɚ.
ɉɨɛɪɨʁɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɜɟʄ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɞɜɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ
ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ,
ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɜɢɤɟ, ɩɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ.
224
Ɇ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ⱦɧɟɜɧɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɭ, 439-443.
321
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ

ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɬʁ. ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ, ʁɟɞɧɢɦ
ɞɟɥɨɦ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭ „ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɢ“
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ. Ⱥɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɚ
ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɬɢ,
ɞɨɤ ʄɟ ɤɨɞ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ ɞɚʂɟɝ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚʃɚ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ
ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ
ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ „ɩɨɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ“.
Ɂɛɨɝ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ-
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɤɪɢɡɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ
ɢɡ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɚɲɥɚ ɫɭɨɱɟɧɢ, ɫɦɨ ɫɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɠɢɰɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɨɥɢɱɟɧɢ ɭ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɢ
ɡɚ ɦɥɚɻɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ. Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ, ɩɨ
ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ, ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɝɚɡɢɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɨɥɢɱɟʃɟ ɧɟɱɟɝ
ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɢ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ.
ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɟ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɚ ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɚ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɟ ɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ
ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɪɚɧɨ ɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ. Ɂɚɩɚɠɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɜɟʄɚ ɩɨɫɟʄɟɧɨɫɬ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɡɞɚʃɚ,
ɦɚɞɚ ʁɨɲ ɧɟ ɭ ɨɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɦɟɫɧɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɰɢ
ɠɟɥɟɥɢ. ɍɜɟɤ ɫɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɦɟʃɚʁɭ
ɩɨɦɚɥɨ ɫɜɢ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɦɥɚɻɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ. Ɍɨɦɟ
ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɢɯ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ
ɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ Ɂɭɰɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ
ɨɞ 1995. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, 2004. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɫɟ ɫɚ
ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɢ. Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɟɥɨ ɭ
ɤɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɫɚɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ʁɨɲ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 19. ɜɟɤɚ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ, ɢ ɨɜɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɫɭ, ɭ ɫɚɞɟʁɫɬɜɭ ɫɚ
ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɢɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ

ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɜɟʄɢɯ,
ɫɥɭɠɛɨɦ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɝɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ
ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢɩɚɤ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɨɞɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɭ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɡɚɠɢɜɟɬɢ, ɬɨ ʄɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ,
ɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɨ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ.
ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ʁɟɞɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɟ ʃɟɝɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɞɟɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁ Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ. ɇɚ ɨɜɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɫɭ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ
ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢʃɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɪɚɞɢɥɢ (ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɫɭ ɦɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ).
ɉɨɛɪɨʁɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɨɱɢɬɢʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɢ,
ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɭ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ
ʁɟɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɭɤɟ: ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ,
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ, ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ, ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɨɞ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɦɢɪɭʁɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ⱦɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ „ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɤɢɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɜɟʄ ɬɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɢɱɚɜɚ, ɦɟʃɚ ɢ
ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɝɭɛɢ ɦɧɨɝɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢɫɬɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɫɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɲɥɨ
ɢɡ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ʂɭɲɬɭɪɟ. ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ,
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɧɟɭɦɢɬɧɨ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɟ ɨɜɟ ɫɨɰɢɨ-
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɲɥɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɪ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɪɭɪɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ,
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ
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ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɢɥɢ ɨɧɢɦ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɢɩɚɤ ɬɟ

ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɭɤɢɧɭɥɟ ɫɟɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɫɨɰɢɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɭ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ, ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɭ ɰɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɫɬ.“225
225
Ɇ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ⱦɧɟɜɧɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɭ, 182; Živan Taniü, Beogradska predgraÿa i prigradska
naselja, Centar za sociološka istraživanja, Beograd 1989, 174.
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Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɟɦɩɢɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ

ɪɚɞɚ, ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɥɚɤɲɟɝ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚʃɚ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɉɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɚʄɟɧɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɞɜɚ
ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚ: 1. ɞɨ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ
ɢ 2. ɨɞ 1997. ɞɨ 2003. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɪɟɞ
ɬɟɠʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɤɭɩɢ ɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɟɦɩɢɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ,
ɬɟɠɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɦɟɻɟɧɨɦ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ. ɐɢʂ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɟ, ɞɚɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɦɟɪɢ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɬɨ
ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɭ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ
ɫɟ ɪɚɞ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɧɚ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɟ
ɝɪɚɻɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɞɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ.
ɍ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɭ ʄɭ ɭɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ
ɫɚɦ ɞɨɲɥɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ

ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢɬɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɜɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɨ ɦɨɝɭ
ɨɞɫɥɢɤɚɬɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ. ɍ ɬɭ
ɫɜɪɯɭ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʃɢɯ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɨɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɚɦ
ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ ɫɜɪɫɢ.
ɍɩɨɪɟɞɧɨ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚʃɟ, ɤɪɨɡ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɚ ɡɚ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɱɢɧɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨɝ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ – ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ,
ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ, ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ, ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ – ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɨ ʁɟ
325
ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ

ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ.
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ. Ⱦɜɟ ɫɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɛɢɥɟ
ɛɢɬɧɟ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ: ɚ) ɞɚɬɭɦɫɤɨ ɢ ɛ) ɞɧɟɜɧɨ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɜɢɲɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɞɚɬɭɦɫɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɭɛɢ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ
ʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ.
ɍɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ
ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɜɢɲɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɪɢɬɦɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ: ɧɩɪ. ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɤɨʂɟ ɢ ɩɟɱɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ
ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɧɨ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɩɪɟ ɫɭɧɰɚ, ʁɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɛɨʁɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ, ɡɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ
ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ ɚ ɧɟ ɪɭɱɚɤ, ɭɫɥɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɢ
ɫɥɚɜɭ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɨɦɟɪɚ ɢɡɚ ɩɨɞɧɟɜɚ ɢɬɞ.
ȼɢɲɟɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɢ, ɤɚɨ ɧɩɪ. Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟɥɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɭɛɨɬɟ.
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɟ
ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɦɟɪɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ
ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨɰɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟʄɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɜɢɲɟ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. ɍ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɞɚ
ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɢ ɬɚɞɚ, ɚɥɢ ɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɦɨ ɬɚɤɨ...
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ:
ɚ) ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɤɚɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɤɭʄɚ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ, ɲɭɦɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɫɟɥɨ, ɢ ɬɨ ɤɨɞ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ (ɧɩɪ. Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ,
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ, ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ, Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ, ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ,
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ, Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ɛ) Ɋɟɞɭɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ
ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɢ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ
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Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ (ɧɩɪ. Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ), ɢɥɢ ɫɭ

ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɞɟɰɚ ɧɟ
ɢɞɭ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ ɭ ɤɨɦɲɢɥɭɤ, ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɧɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɫɟɥɚ, ɧɟ ɢɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɧɚ ɢɝɪɚɧɤɭ ɢɬɞ.).
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ, ɋɜɟɬɢ
ɂɝʃɚɬ, ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ, 1. ɦɚʁ).
ɜ) ɍ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ, ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɫɟ
ɧɨɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ
ɲɤɨɥɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɲɢɪɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɫɚ
ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ
ɜɟɤɚ (ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɥɢɬɢʁɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɚ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ).
ɍɩɨɪɟɞɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ʃɢɯ – ɤɚɤɨ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ – ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ (ɧɩɪ. Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ,
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ, ɐɜɟɬɢ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɢ
ɞɪ.), ɚ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɦɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ
ɚɬɚɪɚ (ɧɩɪ. Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ, ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ,
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ).
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɢ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɤɚɨ ɭɠɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ
ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɥɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ, Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ –
ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ʂɭʂɚʃɟ ɧɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ), ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɢɯ
ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɭ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ,
ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɭɪɚɧɚɤ, ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɭ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɚɪ).
Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɫɟ ɢɡʁɭɬɪɚ ɨɞɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɬɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ, ɭ
ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɫɥɚɜɢ.
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ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ

ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨɰɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ. ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ, ɦɚʁɤɚ, ɨɬɚɰ, ɞɟɰɚ,
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ, ɝɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ. ɍɥɨɝɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɛɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɟ ɤɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɚɜɚʃɟ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɫɦɚʃɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɭ
ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚɰɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɦɨɦɰɢ ɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɧɟ ɛɟɪɭ ɛɢʂɟ ɧɚ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, ɦɥɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɚɡɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɧɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɟ,
ʁɚʁɚ ɛɨʁɢ ɢ ɦɥɚɻɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɬɞ.).
Ɉɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ, ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ,
ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚɰɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ (ɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ,
ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ; ɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɤɨɥɚɱɚɪ,
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ; ɭ ȼɪɛɢɰɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɞɟɰɚ ɢ
ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɢɬɞ.).
ɍ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨʁ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɡɚɩɚɠɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɭɥɨɝɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɱɟɫɬɢɯ
ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɚ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ, ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɭɥɨɝɟ ɭ
ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ
ɠɟɧɟ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɫɦɚʃɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ,
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ (ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɟ), ɤɚɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɫɚɦɢ,
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ
ɠɟɧɫɤɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɭɥɨɝɟ.
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ. ɍɩɨɪɟɞɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ:
ɚ) ɂɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ.
ɛ) Ɋɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɥɟ ɭ ɦɚʃɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɟʄɟɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɤɨɞ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ʁɟ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɤɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ
ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ (ɧɩɪ.
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Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ, Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ, ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ, ɑɢɫɬɢ

ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ, Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ, ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ, ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ ɢ ɞɪ.).
Ʉɨɞ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɥɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɫɚ, ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɦɟɬɢ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɰɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ (ɧɩɪ. Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ,
Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ,
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ, ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɢɬɞ.).
ɜ) ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɞɨɻɟ ɞɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ
ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦɚ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɫɟ ɭɦɢɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ
ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɦ, ɪɭɱɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨʁ ɢ
ɫɟɨɫɤɨʁ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɡɚɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ ɢɬɞ.).
ɝ) ɉɨʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɫɚ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ (ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ɢ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ).
Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨʁ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ
ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, ɛɚɪ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ, ɡɚɞɪɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɭ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ.
Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ. ɉɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɜɨ ɛɟɡ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɦɚɠɭ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ.
Ɂɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɨ ʁɟ,
ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɢɦɚɨ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. ɇɚɜɟɲʄɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɧɟ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ: ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ, ɛɢʂɟ,
ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ, ɩɨɜɪʄɟ, ɜɨʄɟ, ɯɥɟɛ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɫɜɟʄɟ ɢ ɞɪ.
X YZ W
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɡɚ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ (ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ) ɞɨɝɚɻɚɥɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ:
1. ɉɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ;
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2. Ⱦɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨʁ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨʁ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɡɛɨɝ

ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ;
3. Ⱦɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɝ ɝɭɛʂɟʃɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɩɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ;
4. Ⱦɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɝɭɛʂɟʃɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɫɜɟɰɚ;
5. ɍɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ.
ɉɨɧɨɜɧɨ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɜɟɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ
ɢ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ (ɬʁ. ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɬɟɤ
ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ) ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ
ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ. ɂ
ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ: ɋɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɨɫɢɩɚ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ, ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ, ɫɬɚɪɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɤɨɞ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɜɪɥɨ ɛɪɡɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢ „ɠɟɻ“ ɡɚ ɧɟɱɢɦ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ?!
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
ɉɪɚʄɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɨ ʁɟ

ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ:
1. ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɢ
2. ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɲɢɪɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟɦ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ
ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɦ
ɧɢɜɨɭ.
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Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ

ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɦɚ
ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ.
1. Ɉɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɟʃɟ
ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ. Ɉɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ
ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɬɟɠʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɧɚ – ɩɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ –
ɧɚʁɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ
ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ
ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɢ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɧɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ
ɢ ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɪɚ.
ɍ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ, ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɚ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɟ
ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɟ
ɩɨɦɨʄɢ, ɜɟʄ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɪɚɞɢ, ɦɚɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɟ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɟ.
2. Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɢ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ (ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ), ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ, ɤɪɨɡ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ
ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ, ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ.
ɉɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧɢ,
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɞɪɭɠɭʁɭ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɚ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ (ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɥɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɟɪɢʄɟɬɚ,
ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɦɲɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɨɻɚɱɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ, ɡɚɛɚɜɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɠɟʃɟ).
ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɭɡɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɪɟɦɟʄɟɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɡɛɨɝ
ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɤɚɨ
Ȼɨɠɢʄ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɪɚɞɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ,
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ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟɧɨ ɞɚ

ɢɯ ɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɨ ɫɦɚʃɟɧɨʁ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢ.
ɍ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɫɭ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɭ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɟʄɚɥɚ ɜɟʄɚ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɟ (ɧɩɪ.
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ) ɢ ɤɨɦɲɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɟɡɟ (ɧɩɪ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɰɟ).
ɉɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɨɫɬɚʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ (ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ),
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ, ɩɨɫɟʄɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɤɪɭɝ ɡɜɚɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɤɟ ɫɚ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɭ ɞɨɛɪɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ.
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɚ,
ɚɥɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ʃɟɧ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɜɢɞ. ɀɟʂɚ
ɡɚ ɞɪɭɠɟʃɟɦ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ
ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ (ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ). Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ
ɤɚɨ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɟ
ʁɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɚɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ
ɪɚɞʃɢ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɭ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɢ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ.
ȳɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɧɚɲɟ (ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɲɟ)
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɫɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ. ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɦɥɚɻɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɲɤɨɥɭʁɭ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɚ
ɬɟɠʃɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɦɨ ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɭ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɭ. ɋɪɟɞʃɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟɧɚ,
ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɇɨɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚʁɭ
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɟ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ
ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɭ ɢ ɭɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ
ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɧɟɨɞɪɠɢɜɚ. ȼɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ
ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɨɧɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɫɟɥɚ, ɚ ɬɨ
ɫɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɠɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟɧɟ, ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɨɞɥɚɫɤɚ ɭ ɩɟɧɡɢʁɭ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɤɨɥɫɤɨɝ ɭɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ
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Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚ ɧɨɜɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ,
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ
ɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɚɜɚ, ɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ʃɢɯ – ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ.
Ɉɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ
ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɬɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɤɪɨɡ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ
ʃɟɧɢɯ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ – ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ.
Ɉɜɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɭ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɢɜɨɚ: 1. ɧɚ
ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ, ɤɪɨɡ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ; 2. ɧɚ
ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɭ ɨɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɨɪ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ
ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɭ ɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟɫɬɚɥɟ, ʁɟɪ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɞɚɧɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɚɜɚ
ɧɢɫɭ ɧɢ ɢɡɛɥɢɡɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɡɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɟ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ,
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ
ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ. Ɍɨ ɛɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɲɢɪɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ
(ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ), ɩɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ, ɱɢɦɟ
ɫɥɚɛɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ, ɜɟʄ
ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɨɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, ɞɨɫɤɨɪɨ ɢɦɚɥɢ.
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ɍɡɪɨɰɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ.
Ƚɭɛʂɟʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɢɥɢ

ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɨɞɢɝɪɚɜɚɥɟ ɭ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ
ɫɭ ɨɞɪɚɡ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɭ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ,
ɩɚ ɢ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ
ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ.
ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ
ɨɛɪɚɫɰɟ ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ, ɚ ɭ ɬɢɦ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ – ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɭ
ɩɪɚɤɫɭ. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ (ɫɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ
ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ), ɡɚɬɢɦ ɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɩɚ ɞɟɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ
ɱɢɧɢɥɚɰɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɟɱɢ, ɚ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɤɪɨɡ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɦɨ
ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ
ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɢɯ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʃɚ, ɧɚ
ɲɢɪɟɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ, ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɢ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɨɜɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ, ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ
ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ: ɚ)
ɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɛ) ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɟ
ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɜɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ ɜ)
ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ – ɲɢɪɟ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ. Ɉɜɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɚɤ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ,
ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɟɥɚ.
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɭ
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Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɤɢɞɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɦ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɩɚ ɢ ɫɚ

ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɦ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɨɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɢ
ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɨɜɚʃɟ ɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɭ ɢɦɚ
ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ
ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ, ɩɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɤɚɨ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ʃɟɧ ɞɟɨ. ɇɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɞɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ
ɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɚɬɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɫɜɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɚ
ɢɫɬɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɨɦ. ɇɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ʃɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɫɭ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɦɟɫɧɟ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ, ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ. ɍɨɱʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚʃɟ
ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɢʁɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɨ
ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚʃɟ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢ ɠɢɬɟʂɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɚ
ɦɟʃɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɭɱɟʃɭ. Ɂɚ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɭ
ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɢɯ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɨɩɲɬɟɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ʁɟ, ɞɟɥɨɦ, ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɫɤɚ ɢ
ɩɨɥɧɚ ɩɨɥɚɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɫɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ
ɛɢɜɚʁɭ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɟʂɚɧɢ
ɪɨɻɟɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚ ɪɚɬɚ.
335
336
ɋɥɢɤɚ 1: ɉɚɧɨɪɚɦɚ
Ɋɚɧɤɨ Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, 1980.
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ɋɥɢɤɚ 2: ɋɟɨɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɭ Ɂɭɰɢɦɚ

Ɋɚɧɤɨ Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, 1997.
338
ɋɥɢɤɚ 3: Ȼɚɞʃɚɤ
Ɋɚɧɤɨ Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ɂɭɰɟ, 1998.
339
ɋɥɢɤɚ 4: Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ – ɬɪɩɟɡɚ

Ɇɢɥɢɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ɂɭɰɟ, 1998.
340
ɋɥɢɤɚ 5: ɉɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ
ɋɚʃɚ ɐɜɟɬɢʄ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, 2000.
341
ɋɥɢɤɚ 6: Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ – ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ

Ɇɢɥɢɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ɂɭɰɟ, 1997.
342
ɋɥɢɤɚ 7: Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ – ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ

343
ɋɥɢɤɚ 8: Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ
344
ɋɥɢɤɚ 9: ȼɪɛɢɰɚ
Ɋɚɧɤɨ Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ, 2000.
345
ɋɥɢɤɚ 10: ȼɪɛɢɰɚ

Ɋɚɧɤɨ Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ, 2000.
346
ɋɥɢɤɚ 11: ɍɫɤɪɲʃɚ ʁɚʁɚ

347
ɋɥɢɤɚ 12: ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ

348
ɋɥɢɤɚ 13: ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ

349
ɋɥɢɤɚ 14: Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ

350

351

352

353
ɋɥɢɤɚ 18: ɋɟɨɫɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ

354
ɋɥɢɤɚ 19: ɋɥɚɜɚ – ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ

355
ɋɥɢɤɚ 20: ɋɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɬɪɩɟɡɚ – ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ

356
ɋɥɢɤɚ 21: ɋɥɚɜɚ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ

357
ɋɥɢɤɚ 22: ɋɥɚɜɚ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ

358
ɋɥɢɤɚ 23: ɋɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ

359
ɋɥɢɤɚ 24: ɋɟɱɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ

360
ɋɥɢɤɚ 25: Ⱦɢɡɚʃɟ ɭɫɥɚɜɟ – ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ

361
Ɉɤɜɢɪɧɢ ɭɩɢɬɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɭ

• ɂɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟ
• Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɨɻɟʃɚ
• ȼɪɟɦɟ (ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨɝ) ɞɨɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ
• Ɂɚɧɢɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ
• ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ
Ɉɩɲɬɢ ɭɩɢɬɧɢɤ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɜɟɪɭʁɟɬɟ ɭ Ȼɨɝɚ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɜɟɪɭʁɟɬɟ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ? ɒɬɚ ɜɚɫ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɭ ɬɨ
ɜɟɪɭʁɟɬɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɟ Ȼɨɝɭ? Ƚɞɟ? Ʉɚɞɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɢɞɟɬɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ? Ʉɚɞɚ (ɧɟɞɟʂɨɦ, ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ, ɢɥɢ...)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ? Ʉɚɞɚ (ɞɚ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɜɨɞɢɰɭ
ɡɚ ɋɥɚɜɭ, ɍɫɤɪɫ...)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɬɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɨɦ/ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɬɟ/ɧɟ
ɪɚɞɢɬɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ? Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ
ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ?
• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ (ɥɟɬʃɚ ɢ ɡɢɦɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ..., ɤɚɞɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ)?
ɉɨɫɬ
• ɒɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬ?
• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ?
363
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɚ? ɇɚɛɪɨʁɚɬɢ ɢɯ.

• Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɩɨɫɬɢ? ɇɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ.
• Ʉɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ/ɧɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ?
(ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ)
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟʄɭʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ? Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɨɛɢɱɧɨ?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɢ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɢ/ɩɨɫɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ/ɧɟɞɟʂɚ?
ɇɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ
• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɞɚɧɢ ɨɞ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɞɨ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ?
• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚ ɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ/ɧɨʄɢ?
• ɒɬɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɜɚɠɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɟ?
Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ
• ɒɬɚ ɫɭ Ɇɟɫɨʁɟɻɟ?
• Ʉɨʁɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ?
• ɒɬɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ, ɚ ɲɬɚ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɭ ɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ?
• ɉɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ (ɫɜɚɞɛɟ, ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɧɟ
ɩɨɜɨɪɤɟ...)?
ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɝʃɚɬ (2. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ)

• ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɥɢ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ? Ʉɨʁɢ?
364
ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɤɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɭɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?

• Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɩɨɠɟʂɧɢʁɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɻɟ (ɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɠɟɧɚ,
ɦɭɲɤɨ/ɠɟɧɫɤɨ ɞɟɬɟ)? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ʉɨ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɤɨɤɨɲɤɟ? Ƚɞɟ? Ʉɨʁɢɦ ɠɢɬɨɦ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɬɨɝɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟɦɚ – ɡɚɲɬɨ? Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɢɡɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɬɨ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ?
Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ (5. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ)

• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ Ɍɭɰɢɧɞɚɧ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ (ɤɨʂɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ, ɢɥɢ…)?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɟɥɨ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ (ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɤɭ ɞɟɰɚ…)?
Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ (6. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɫɤɥɚʃɚʁɭ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ (ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɚ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɦɚɥɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɫɢɧɢʁɚɦɚ, ɦɟɬɥɨɦ, ɥɨɩɚɬɨɦ ɡɚ
ɻɭɛɪɟ, ʇɚɪɚɱɟɦ)? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚ/ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɜɟʄɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɞɪɜɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɤɭ?
Ɂɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɢ ɩɪɟ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ
ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɱɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɤɭʄɚ/ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ?
Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɱɢɫɬɢɥɨ/ɧɢʁɟ ɱɢɫɬɢɥɨ?
• Ƚɞɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɨɞ ʁɟɥɚ? Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ ɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ?
Ƚɞɟ ɫɭ ɛɚɰɚɧɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɤɥɚʃɚɥɨ ʁɟɥɨ ɫɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɬɪɩɟɡɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ
ʁɟɫɬɟ/ɧɢʁɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɦɟɥɨ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɢɜɚɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ? Ⱥɤɨ ɞɚ – ɲɬɚ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟ
– ɲɬɚ (ɫɨ, ɜɚɬɪɚ, ɜɨɞɚ) ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɟɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɞɨ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ?
Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɭɥɚɡɧɚ ɢ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɧɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ? Ʉɚɞɚ?
Ɂɚɲɬɨ? Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤʂɭɱɚɜɚʁɭ?
365
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɭɩɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɡɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ („ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɜɢ

Ȼɨɠɢʄ“)? Ʉɨ ɤɭɩɭʁɟ (ɞɨɦɚʄɢɰɚ)? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɭʁɟ (ɨɛɢɱɧɨ
ɩɨɫɭɞɚ)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɟɰɢ/ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɦɚ ɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢ? Ʉɨ ɞɚʁɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ? Ʉɨɦɟ? Ʉɚɞɚ?
ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ
• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɨɜɭ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɟ ɡɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ?
• Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɟ (ɭʁɭɬɪɭ, ɢɥɢ…)? Ʉɨ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɢ?
• Ɉɞ ɤɨɝ ɛɪɚɲɧɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɨɞɟ?
• Ʉɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɭʁɭ? Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɱɢɦɟ ɭɤɪɚɲɚɜɚʁɭ (ɫɥɨɜɨ,
ɬɟɫɬɨ, ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ, ɰɪɜɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɚɰ…)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɢɥɨ ɬɟɫɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɢ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɚ?
Ɂɚɲɬɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ/ɧɢʁɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɧɚɱɧɭ ɫɜɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ?
Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɢ ɧɟ ɞɢɪɚʁɭ?
ɛɚɞʃɚɤ
• Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɛɚɜʂɚ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ (ɲɭɦɚ, ɥɭɝ, ɢɥɢ…)? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɟɱɟ,
ɢɥɢ…? ɑɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɟɱɟ?
• Ʉɨ ɫɟɱɟ?
• ɍ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɟɱɟ?
• Ʉɨʁɟ ɞɪɜɨ ɫɟ ɫɟɱɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʄɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɩɚɫɬɢ? Ⱥ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ
ɭɡɢɦɚɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɢɜɟɪ? Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɚ ʃɢɦ. Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɫɟɱɟʃɚ ɩɨɫɢɩɚ/ɩɨɫɢɩɚɨ ɠɢɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɦ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɤɭʄɢ?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ?
• Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ?
• Ʉɨ ɝɚ ɭɧɨɫɢ? Ʉɚɤɨ ɢ ɱɢɦɟ ɝɚ ɞɪɠɢ (ɪɭɤɚɜɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ…)?
• Ƚɞɟ ɝɚ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ/ɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɤɚɞ ɝɚ ɭɧɟɫɟ?
• ɒɬɚ ɤɚɠɟ ɤɚɞ ɭɥɚɡɢ? Ʉɨ ɝɚ ɞɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɢ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ
ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ (ɩɨɫɢɩɚ ɫɟ ɠɢɬɨɦ…)?
366
ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚɨ ɜɢɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ?

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ „ɱɭɜɚ“ ɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɪɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɩɭɰɚʃɟɦ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɱɭɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɝɨɪɟɥɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ
ɛɚɞʃɚɤɚ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɫ ʃɢɦ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ (ɝɞɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ)?
ʁɟɥɤɚ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɢɬɢ ʁɟɥɤɚ?
• Ʉɚɞɚ? Ⱦɨɤɥɟ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚ?
• Ɉɞ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɢɬɢ ʁɟɥɤɚ?
ɫɥɚɦɚ
• Ʉɨ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɫɥɚɦɭ ɢ ɭ ɱɟɦɭ?
• Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ?
• ɒɬɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɚ ʃɨɦ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ, ɚ ɲɬɚ ɪɚɞɟ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ?
• Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɱɢɦɟ ɩɨɫɢɩɚ ɢ ɝɞɟ? Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ? ɒɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨ? ɑɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɜɚ?
• ɉɚɦɬɢ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɭ? Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɚɤɚɜ ɚɥɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ
(ɫɟɤɢɪɚ, ɤɨʃɫɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɦɚ…)?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɥɚɦɚ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɢ? Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ? Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ ɫɚ ʃɨɦ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ/ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɚ ɫɬɨɥʃɚɤɨɦ (ɱɭɜɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɩɨ
ɥɟɬʃɟɦ ɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ)?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɚ ɦɟɬɥɨɦ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɱɢɫɬɢ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟ?
367
ɛɚɞʃɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɚɧɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ʁɟɞɟ?
• Ʉɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɛɚɞʃɟɞɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɜɟɱɟɪɢ (ɫɜɢ ɭɤɭʄɚɧɢ, ɢɥɢ…)?
Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɭɥɚɡɧɚ ɤɚɩɢʁɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɜɚʁɭ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɚ ɤɚɞɢɥɚ ɬɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɱɢɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ʁɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧ (ɩɚɪɚɧ/ɧɟɩɚɪɚɧ)?
• Ʉɨʁɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ?
• Ʉɨʁɚ ɫɭ ʁɟɥɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ ɨɪɚɫɢ ɭ ɭɝɥɨɜɟ? Ʉɨ ɢɯ ɛɚɰɚ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ
ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ ɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɭ ɭɝɥɨɜɢɦɚ? Ʉɨ ɢɯ ɤɭɩɢ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫ
ʃɢɦɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɪɚɫɢ ɥɨɦɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟ, ɡɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚ ɦɟɞ? Ʉɚɞɚ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɚɛɭɤɚ ɭ ɭɫɬɚ? Ⱥɤɨ ɞɚ, ɡɚɲɬɨ?
ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɚ ʃɨɦ?
• Ʉɚɤɚɜ ɫɟ ɯɥɟɛ ʁɟɨ (“ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ“)? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ
ɧɚɱɢʃɚɨ? Ʉɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɨɞ ɩɢʄɚ (ɜɢɧɨ, ɪɚɤɢʁɚ, ɢɥɢ…)?
• Ɂɚ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚ ɜɢɧɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ (ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚʃɟ
ɤɨɥɚɱɚ, ɭɦɢɜɚʃɟ, ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɭɡ ɦɟɞ, …)?
• ɑɢɦɟ ɫɟ „ɝɚɫɢɨ“ ɛɚɞʃɚɤ ɤɚɞ ɩɪɟɝɨɪɢ (ɩɪɟɥɢɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɧɨɦ)?
• Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɚɥɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɚ ɫɜɟʄɚ? Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ? Ƚɞɟ ɫɬɨʁɟ?
• ɑɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɝɚɫɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɚ ɫɜɟʄɚ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɫ ʃɨɦ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɱɢɬɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ? Ⱥɤɨ ɞɚ, ɤɨ ɱɢɬɚ?
• ɑɢɦɟ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɨ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɞ
ɩɨɫɭɻɚ (ɜɢʂɭɲɤɟ)? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɩɚɞɧɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞ?
• ɋɦɟ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɬɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟ, ɡɚɲɬɨ?
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ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ
• Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ/ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ (ɫɨɛɚ, ɤɭɯɢʃɚ)?

• Ⱦɚ ɥɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɫɤɥɚʃɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɭɻɟ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ
ɩɟɪɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɟɪɟ/ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɤɥɚʃɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɨɥɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɟɱɟɪɢ (ɩɨɫɥɟ „ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ“) ɫɦɟ
ɢɡɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɧɚɩɨʂɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɦɟ/ɧɟ ɫɦɟ? Ⱥɤɨ ɞɚ, ɤɨ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ
ɢɡɥɚɡɢ?
Ȼɨɠɢʄ (7. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ)

• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɪɚɞɢ/ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ (ɢɞɟ ɫɟ ɩɨ
ɜɨɞɭ…)?
• Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ (ɧɟɧɚɱɟɬɚ…)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɢɩɚ ɠɢɬɨɦ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ/ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ?
Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɭ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ/ɛɭɧɚɪɚ ɱɢɦɟ ɞɚɪɭʁɟ
(ɛɚɰɚ ɧɨɜɚɰ…)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɲɚ ɞɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ? Ʉɨ ɝɚ ɞɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ? Ʉɚɤɨ (ɩɨɫɢɩɚ
ɠɢɬɨɦ…)?
• Ɂɚ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɨɧɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ (ɦɟɲɟʃɟ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɟ…)?
• ɑɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɨ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɥɢɰɟ ɛɪɢɫɚɥɨ ɢ
ɱɢɦɟ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ, ɡɚɲɬɨ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɯɪɚɧɟ? ɑɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɦɪɫɭʁɟ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ
ɜɚɠɧɨ ɤɨ ʄɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɦɪɫɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɨʂɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ (ɤɨɤɨɲ, ɩɟɬɚɨ)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ/ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɤɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ (ɭɞɚʁɚ, ɠɟɧɢɞɛɚ, ɫɦɪɬ…)?
• ɍ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ? Ʉɨ ɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɪɭɱɤɚ ɤɚɞɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ? Ʉɨʁɟ? Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɚ ɤɚɤɜɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ? Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɢ ɱɟɫɧɢɰɚ? Ɉɞ ɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɛɪɚɲɧɚ? Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɦɟɫɢ?
Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɨʂɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ.? Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɤɨʂɟ? Ʉɚɞɚ? Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ
ɩɟɱɟ?
369
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɟɱɟ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɥɨ

ɩɭɰɚʃɟɦ? Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟ, ɡɚɲɬɨ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɚ ʃɨɦ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɝɚɬɚɥɨ ɫɚ ɩɥɟʄɤɨɦ ɩɟɱɟɧɢɰɟ? Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ, ɤɚɤɨ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ/ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɚ ɤɨɫɬɢɦɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɩɚɥɟ ɫɜɟʄɟ? Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ʃɢɯ? Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ (ɛɨɠɢʄɧɟ, ɢɥɢ…)?
• Ʉɨ ɢɯ ɩɚɥɢ? Ƚɞɟ? Ʉɚɞɚ (Ȼɚɞʃɟ ɜɟɱɟ, Ȼɨɠɢʄ)?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɦ ɫɜɟʄɨɦ (ɩɪɚɜɚɰ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɚ…)?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ ɝɨɪɢ? Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɝɚɫɢ? Ʉɚɤɨ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɦ ɫɜɟʄɨɦ? Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚ, ɡɚɲɬɨ ɢ
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄ ɭʁɭɬɪɨ „ɩɨɥɚɡɢ“ ɫɬɨɤɚ? Ʉɨʁɚ? Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ?
ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ?
• Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ „ɢɡɧɨɫɢ „ Ȼɨɠɢʄ? Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ? Ʉɚɞɚ? Ʉɚɤɨ?
• Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɯɪɚɧɟ, ɚ ɝɞɟ ɩɨɱɢɲʄɟɧɨ ɻɭɛɪɟ? Ʉɨ
ɛɚɰɚ ɻɭɛɪɟ? Ʉɚɞɚ?
ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ
• Ʉɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɫɬɢ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ/ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɢ?
• ɍ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɭɱɭʁɟ/ɧɚɪɭɱɢɜɚɨ?
• ɒɬɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɤɚɞ ɞɨɻɟ ɭ ɤɭʄɭ (ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɭɥɚɡɚɤ)?
• Ʉɨ ʇɚɪɚ ɜɚɬɪɭ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɠɟɧɢɤ ɦɚɥɢ?
• ɒɬɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɤɚɞ ɡɚɜɪɲɢ ʇɚɪɚʃɟ?
• ɒɬɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɱɤɭ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɭ ɫɟɱɟʃɭ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ/ɞɚɜɚɥɨ?
Ɇɚɥɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ (14. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ)

• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ 14. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ?
• Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɬɚɞɚ ɜɪɲɟ?
370
ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ

(„ɜɚɫɢʂɢɰɚ“)? Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɨ ɡɚ ɪɭɱɚɤ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɤɪɨɮɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɞ ɤɢɫɟɥɨɝ ɬɟɫɬɚ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɟɦ ɢ ɭ ɱɟɦɭ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɢɯ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ (18. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ)

• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɭɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ? Ʉɚɞɚ?
• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɡɨɜɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɧɢ ɞɚɧɢ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɚɧɚ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟ, ɡɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
• ɋɩɪɟɦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟɥɨ (ɩɢɯɬɢʁɟ) ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɭ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɢɯ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ?
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ (19. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ)

• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɡɨɜɟ?
• Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ? ɂɞɟ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɢ
ɡɚɲɬɨ (ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ)?
• Ɂɚ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ (ɩɢɯɬɢʁɟ)? Ɂɧɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɧɨʄ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ
Ȼɨɝ?
• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ („ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɢ“,
„ȼɚɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɫɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ʁɚɜɢ“)?
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ (20. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ)

• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ? Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɤɨʁɢɯ?
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ (27. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ)

• Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ?
371
• Ʉɚɤɜɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ/ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ? Ʉɚɤɜɚ ɫɭ
ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɢ? Ɉɞ ɤɚɞɚ? Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ.
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɭ?
ɑɚɫɧɟ ɜɟɪɢɝɟ (29. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ (14. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ (ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɤɭ, ɭ
ɩɨʂɭ, ɭ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɭ…)
ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞʃɟ (15. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ)

• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ? ɇɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɟ.
Ɂɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ (ɡɢɦɫɤɟ)
• Ʉɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ?
• Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ʁɨɲ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ? ɇɚɜɟɫɬɢ. ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɭ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ʁɨɲ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ (ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɢ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ…)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɜɚ
(ɩɨɫɤɭɪɢɰɟ)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɬɢɦɚ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ?
Ⱥɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ, ɨɞ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ?
Ɇɟɫɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ? Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ.
372
ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ
Ȼɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ

• Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ?
• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɧɟɞɟʂɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ?
• Ʉɚɤɜɚ ɫɟ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɜɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ (ɛɟɥɢ ɫɦɨɤ…)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚʃɚ? Ⱦɨ ɤɚɞɚ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɬɢɦ
ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ?
• Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ: ɤɨ ɫɟ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚʁɭ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ, ɤɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ
ɢɦ ɭɥɨɝɟ, ɛɪɨʁ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦ ɞɚɧɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɢɲɥɢ, ɤɚɤɜɨ ɢɦ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ, ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɤɭʄɭ, ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɤɭʄɟ
ɧɢɫɭ, ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɧɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɢ, ɲɬɚ ɫɭ
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɨ ɞɟɥɢɥɢ, ɤɚɞɚ ɢ ɝɞɟ.
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ?
• ȼɟɡɭʁɭ ɥɢ ɫɟ ʂɭʂɚɲɤɟ (ɫɚɞɚ/ɪɚɧɢʁɟ)? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɟɡɭʁɭ/ɧɟ
ɜɟɡɭʁɭ?
• Ƚɞɟ ɫɭ ɜɟɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɤɨ ɫɟ ʂɭʂɚɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʂɭʂɚʃɚ „ɧɚ ɜɢɬɨ“? Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ. Ƚɞɟ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ
ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ?
• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ʂɭʂɚɥɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɢ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ Ȼɟɥɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɬɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ
ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ? Ⱥɤɨ
ʁɟɫɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɟ? Ʉɚɤɨ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ʂɭɞɢ ɲɬɢɬɢɥɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ? ɉɨ ɱɟɦɭ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɚʂɟɧɟ ɜɚɬɪɟ? Ƚɞɟ? Ʉɨ ɢɯ ɩɚɥɢ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɤɨ ɜɚɬɪɟ?
• Ʉɨʁɚ ʁɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ? Ʉɨʁɢ ɨɛɪɨɤ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ? Ʉɨ
ɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɟ?
• ɒɬɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧɨ (ɲɭɧɤɚ, ʁɚʁɚ, ɛɟɥɢ ɥɭɤ)? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɚ ʂɭɫɤɚɦɚ ɨɞ ʁɚʁɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɚɡɚɥɨ ɛɟɥɢɦ ɥɭɤɨɦ ɩɪɟ ɫɩɚɜɚʃɚ (ɤɨʁɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ
ɬɟɥɚ)?
373
• ɑɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɲɬɢɬɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɚ (ɡɚɛɚɞɚʃɟ ɧɨɠɚ ɭ

ɜɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɭ ɜɪɚɬɢɦɚ)?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɭ ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ? Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ (ɑɢɫɬɢ
ɩɨɧɟɞɟʂɚɤ)? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ (22. ɦɚɪɬ)

• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɤɨɥɚɱɢ („ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɢʄɢ“)? Ʉɨɦɟ ɫɟ
ɞɚʁɭ? Ʉɚɞɚ? Ʉɨ ɢɯ ɞɚʁɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɱɢɫɬɢ ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɚ ɻɭɛɪɟɬɨɦ
(ɩɚɥɢ ɫɟ)? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ? ɍ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ?
Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢ (7. ɚɩɪɢɥ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɥɚɜɟ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ? ɇɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ.
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ – ȼɪɛɢɰɚ

• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ/ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ?
• Ʉɚɤɜɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ? Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɢɯ.
• ɒɬɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɲɥɟ ɥɚɡɚɪɢɰɟ? Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟɫɭ, ɞɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɜɪɛɢɰɟ? Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ? Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ
ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɟʁɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɢɯ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɠɟɧɚɦɚ/ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢɦɚ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ? Ʉɨʁɟ?
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ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ
ɐɜɟɬɢ
• Ʉɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɰɟɥɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ
ɰɜɟɬɧɨɦ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɜɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ (ɫɟʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɪʄɚ)? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ? ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ
ɞɚɧ?
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ
• ɉɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ?
• Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɮɚɪɛɚʁɭ ʁɚʁɚ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟ, ɤɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɮɚɪɛɚʁɭ? Ⱥɤɨ ɞɚ,
ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɛɨʁɟʃɚ (ɤɨʁɟ ɛɨʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɲɚɪɚʁɭ…)? ɍ
ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɛɚ ɞɚɧɚ? Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ʁɚʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɥɨ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ? Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫ ʃɢɦ? Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ʁɚʁɚ ɨɞ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɩɟɬɤɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɛɨʁɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɞɢ ɫ ʃɢɦɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɢɯ/ɦɨɦɚɱɤɢɯ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ?
ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɢɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɭ ɫɭɛɨɬɭ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ?
ȼɚɫɤɪɫ
• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɍɫɤɪɫɚ?
• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɍɫɤɪɫ ʂɭɞɢ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ? Ʉɨ ɢɞɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ? Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɱɟɲʄɟ?
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• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɨ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɨɩʂɟɧɨ ɰɪɜɟɧɨ

ʁɚʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɚɡɚɥɨ ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ʁɚʁɟɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɥɢɰɭ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ?
• Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚ ɩɪɜɨ ɨɛɨʁɟɧɨ ʁɚʁɟ? Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɤɚɤɨ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɚ ʂɭɫɤɚɦɚ ɨɞ ʁɚʁɚ? Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ? Ƚɞɟ? Ʉɨ ɢɯ
ɛɚɰɚ?
• Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɟ ɛɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɚʁɚ? Ʉɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ? Ʉɨ ɢɯ
ɧɨɫɢ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɚʁɭ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɍɫɤɪɫɚ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟ/ɞɚ, ɡɚɲɬɨ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɭɫɤɪɲʃɢ ɪɭɱɚɤ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɨʂɟ?
ɒɬɚ? Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɤɨʂɟ, ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɢ ɲɬɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞ ɦɟɫɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɍɫɤɪɫɚ ɩɨɫɟʄɭʁɭ ɤɭɦɨɜɢ? Ⱥɤɨ ɞɚ, ɤɨ ɢɯ
ɩɨɫɟʄɭʁɟ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɩɪɜɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɍɫɤɪɫɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɍɫɤɪɫɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ? Ʉɚɞɚ?
• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞ ɯɪɚɧɟ?
• ɍ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ?
• Ʉɨ ɢɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɭʄɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɭ ɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɢ ɤɨʁɢɯ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ? ɒɬɚ ɪɚɞɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɭɲɭ? Ʉɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɭʁɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɛʂɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɤɚɤɜɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɭ
ɤɭʄɢ, ʃɢɜɢ, ɛɚɲɬɢ, ɩɨʂɭ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟ, ɡɚɲɬɨ? Ⱥɤɨ ɞɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ?
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ (6. ɦɚʁ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɪɜɟ ɦɭɠɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɚɞɧɟ ɤɢɲɚ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɭʄɟ, ɛɚɲɬɟ, ɩɨʂɚ ɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ (ɥɟɫɤɨɜɨ ɩɪɭʄɟ,
ɜɪɛɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɱɢɰɟ, ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ…)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɭɨɱɢ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɚ ɨɞɥɚɡɢ/ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ
ɩɨʂɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɛɪɚʃɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɛɢʂɚɤɚ? Ʉɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢʂɤɟ ɛɪɚɧɟ
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ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ
(ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ, ɤɨɩɪɢɜɚ, ɞɟɬɟɥɢɧɚ, ɜɪɛɚ, ɥɢɩɚ…)? Ɂɚ ɲɬɚ ɫɭ

ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɧɟ (ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ, ɥɟɱɟʃɟ…)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɦɰɢ ɢ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɤɢɬɢɥɢ ɫɟɥɟɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɨɦ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɛɢʂɤɨɦ? Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟɫɭ, ɡɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭʁɭɬɪɭ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɨ „ɧɟɧɚɱɟɬɨɦ“ ɜɨɞɨɦ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɭ
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ (ʁɚʁɟ, ɛɢʂɟ…)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɭ ɢ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɨ ɪɨɫɨɦ ɫɚ ʃɟ? Ⱥɤɨ
ʁɟɫɬɟ, ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɻɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɭɪɚɧɤɚ? Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ ɢɲɥɨ? Ʉɨ ʁɟ
ɢɲɚɨ? Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ.
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʂɭɛɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɚɬɚʃɚ? Ʉɚɤɜɢɯ? Ʉɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ?
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɞɚɧ (8. ɦɚʁ)

• Ʉɚɤɜɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
• Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȳɟɪɟɦɢʁɚ (14. ɦɚʁ)

• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ „ɬɟɪɚɧɟ“ ɡɦɢʁɟ? Ʉɚɤɨ (ɥɭɩɚʃɟɦ
ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɦɚ)? ɑɢɦɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ (ɞɚ ɫɥɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɭɧɢɲɬɢ
ɭɫɟɜɟ)?
• ɒɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɦɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɪɚɞɟ (ɞɚ ɫɟɤɭ
ɧɨɠɟɦ)? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ – ɥɟɬʃɢ (22. ɦɚʁ)

• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ? ɇɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɯ.
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ ɤɚɨ ɦɚɥɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ? Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ.
ɋɜɟɬɢ ȶɢɪɢɥɨ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢʁɟ (24. ɦɚʁ)

• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ? Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ, ɤɨʁɟ?
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ɐɚɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɢ ɰɚɪɢɰɚ ȳɟɥɟɧɚ (3. ʁɭɧ)

• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ
• ɍ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɚɧ ɩɚɞɚ (ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɭʄɟ ɤɢʄɟɧɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɥɨɦ? Ʉɨʁɢɦ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ
ɱɢɧɢɥɨ (ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɡɥɢɯ ɞɭɯɨɜɚ)?
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɢ
• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ? Ʉɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢ (ɫɜ. Ɍɪɨʁɫɬɜɭ – Ȼɨɝ
ɨɬɚɰ, Ȼɨɝ ɫɢɧ, Ȼɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɞɭɯ)?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ? Ʉɚɞɚ ɩɚɞɚʁɭ (7. ɧɟɞɟʂɚ ɩɨ
ɍɫɤɪɫɭ)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ?
• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ Ⱦɭɯɨɜɟ (Ⱦɭɯɨɜɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚɬɢ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ ɭɦɪɥɢɯ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɟɪɭ ɥɟɤɨɜɢɬɟ ɬɪɚɜɟ? Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɛɪɚɧɟ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ? Ʉɢɬɢ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɤɚɤɜɢɦ ɛɢʂɟɦ? Ⱥɤɨ
ɞɚ, ɡɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɯɨɜɟ?
ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ (28. ʁɭɧ)

• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɜɢ ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɛɪɚɥɨ ɛɢʂɟ? Ʉɨʁɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɚɜɚɥɚ ɜɭɧɟɧɚ ɨɞɟʄɚ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ? Ʉɨ
ʁɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ?
ɂɜɚʃɞɚɧ (7. ʁɭɥ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɚʂɟɧɟ ɜɚɬɪɟ? Ƚɞɟ? Ʉɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɩɚɥɢɨ? ɍ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ?
Ɉɞ ɱɟɝɚ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ?
378
ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɪɚɧɨ ɰɜɟʄɟ (ɢɜɚʃɫɤɨ) ɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɩɥɟɬɟɧɢ

ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ?
• Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɛɪɚɨ ɢ ɩɥɟɨ?
• Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ?
• Ƚɞɟ ɫɭ ɜɟɧɱɢʄɢ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ (ɧɚ ɤɭʄɭ, ɫɬɚʁɭ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɧɭ
ɤɚɩɢʁɭ…)?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ ɫɭ ɬɭ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ?
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ (12. ʁɭɥ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɬ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢ?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɥɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɚɞɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɟ ʁɚɛɭɤɟ ɩɪɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɚ? Ʉɨ ɢɯ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɟɨ
ʁɟɫɬɢ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
Ɉɝʃɟɜɢɬɢ ɫɜɟɰɢ
• Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɡɜ. ɨɝʃɟɜɢɬɢ ɫɜɟɰɢ (ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɟ, Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ,
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ, Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ)?
• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɭ?
• Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ „ɤɪɟɫɨɜɢ“? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ (ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ)? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢʁɟ (21. ʁɭɥ)

• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɭ ɩɨʂɭ?
Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ (30. ʁɭɥ)

• Ʉɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ – ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɧɟ?
• Ʉɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ ɫɜɟɬɢɰɭ?
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ (2. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ)

• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɬɢ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
379
• ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɥɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɱɚ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ʃɢɦ ɨɜɢɦ ɫɜɟɰɟɦ?

• ȼɟɪɭʁɟ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ? Ʉɚɤɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɂɥɢʁɟ ɤɭɜɚɨ ɦɥɚɞ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɬɢ ɚɤɨ ɝɪɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ (ɰɪɜʂɢɜɢ
ɥɟɲɧɢɰɢ, ɨɪɚɫɢ…)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɨʂɟ ɩɟɬɚɨ? Ʉɨʁɢ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɡɚɤɨʂɟ?
• Ʉɨ ɤɨʂɟ ɩɟɬɥɚ? Ʉɚɞɚ? Ƚɞɟ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɚ ɩɟɬɥɨɜɨɦ
ɝɥɚɜɨɦ?
• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ: „ɋɜ. ɂɥɢʁɚ, ɜɚɬɪɚ ɦɢɥɢʁɚ“?
Ȼɥɚɝɚ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ (4. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ)

• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
• Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɭ ɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɭ Ȼɟɥɨɦ ɉɨɬɨɤɭ.
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɟ (19. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ)

• Ʉɨɝ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɩɚɞɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɯɪɚɧɚ?
• ɒɬɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ/ɩɨɫɬɢɥɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɨ ɝɪɨɠɻɟ ɩɪɟ ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɝɪɨɠɻɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ?
• Ʉɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ (ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɝɨɪɚ ɢ
ɜɨɞɚ)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɬɢɦɟ ɧɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɡɢɦɚ?
Ɇɚɥɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɚ (21. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ)

• Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ (28. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ) ɢ Ɇɚɥɟ
Ƚɨɫɩɨʁɢɧɟ (ɦɟɻɭɞɧɟɜɢɰɚ)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʁɭ ɤɨɤɨɲɢʁɚ ʁɚʁɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
Ʉɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɢɦ? Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚʁɭ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ?
380
ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ
Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ (27. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɥɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɱɭɩɚ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɛɨɫɢʂɚɤ ɧɨɫɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟ?
• Ƚɞɟ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚ?
Ɇɢɯɨʂɞɚɧ (12. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ)

• ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɥɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ?
• Ʉɚɤɜɚ ɫɭ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɚɧ?
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɍɨɦɚ (19. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ)

• ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɥɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ (ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɡɢɦɟ)?
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ (27. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ)

• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ? Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɡɚ ɬɨ?
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʌɭɤɚ (31. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ)

• Ʉɚɤɜɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ?
• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ: „ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɚ, ɫɧɟɝ ɞɨ ɤɭɤɚ“.
Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧ (8. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ)

• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɫɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɲɧɢɰɟ? Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ.
ȭɭɪɻɢɰ (16. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ)

• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɫɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ?
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɨ (21. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ)

• Ʉɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥɚ?
381
ɋɜɟɬɢ Ɇɪɚɬɚ (24. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
Ɇɪɚɬɭ?
• Ɂɧɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɟɤɭ:“ɋɜ. Ɇɪɚɬɚ – ɫɧɟɝ ɞɨ ɜɪɚɬɚ“?
ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ (17. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɭɜɚ/ɤɭɜɚɥɨ ɠɢɬɨ (ɜɚɪɢɰɚ)? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɪɚɡɧɭʁɟ? Ʉɚɤɨ?
ɋɜɟɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ (19. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ)

• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢ?
• Ɉɫɢɦ ɤɚɨ Ʉɪɫɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ʁɨɲ ɩɨ ɧɟɱɟɦ?
ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɥɚɜɢɬɟ? Ɂɚɲɬɨ?
• Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɢɬɟ?
• Ʉɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɋɥɚɜɭ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɝɨɫɬɢ? Ʉɚɞɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɩɭʁɟ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ?
• Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɢ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ (ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ, ɢɥɢ ...)?
• Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɥɚɱɚ.
• ɋɚ ɤɢɦ ɫɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɤɨɥɚɱ?
• Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ? Ⱥ
ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ?
• Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ, ɤɨ ɝɚ ɫɟɱɟ, ɫɚ ɤɢɦ, ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ?
• Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɫɟɱɟʃɚ ɭ ɨɛɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ.
• ɇɚ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɢ ɤɨɥɚɱ?
• Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɩɚɥɢ ɫɜɟʄɚ? Ʉɨ ʁɟ ɩɚɥɢ? Ⱦɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɝɨɪɢ? Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɝɚɫɢ?
Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɚɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɋɥɚɜɟ?
382
ɍɩɢɬɧɢɤ
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɭɜɚ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ? Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ? Ʉɚɞ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɢ? Ʉɨ

ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɫɟɞɟʄɢ, ɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ, ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ, ɢɥɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ
ɫɚɤɭɩɟ (ɭɧɚɤɪɫɬ)?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɨɫɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢ? Ʉɨ ɢɯ ɧɨɫɢ? ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ
ɞɚʁɟ/ɞɚɜɚɥɨ?
• Ʉɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɩɪɜɨɝ, ɚ ɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɋɥɚɜɟ?
• ɒɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɢʄɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɧɟ/ɦɪɫɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ?
• ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɢɰɚ?
• Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ/ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɋɥɚɜɭ? Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɭɝɨ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ/ɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɚɞɚ/ɪɚɧɢʁɟ? Ʉɨ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ?
• Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ? Ⱥɤɨ ɞɚ, ɡɚɲɬɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɲɬɚ ɪɚɞɢ?
Ʌɢɬɢʁɟ
• Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ?
• Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɞɟ ɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ?
• ɇɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɟ.
• Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɞ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ/ɡɚɩɢɫɨɦ.
383
384
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ
Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦ.
1994, Ɍɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚʃɚ ɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ,
Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ XLIII,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1996, Vidovdanka, Vršaþki venac – katalog festivala,
Vršac.
1997, Ⱦɪɨɦɟɧɚ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 72, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɢʄ, ȳ.
2004, ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ʃɟɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ, ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ IX,
ɋɜɪʂɢɝ.
1958, Ȼɚɧɚɬɫɤɟ ɯɟɪɟ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ.
Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, Ⱦ. ɢ Ɋɚɤɢʄ, Ɋ.
1974, Ɉ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ
ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɋɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦ: ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ
ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 15, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, Ⱦ.
1978, Ʉɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɢ ɤɚɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ, ɇɨɜɨɩɚɡɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ 2, ɇɨɜɢ ɉɚɡɚɪ.
1979, ɇɟɤɟ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 9, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1991, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ 100 ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ, ɇɨɥɢɬ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
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1997, Funkcionalni pristup prouþavanju porodiþne

slave: Carstvo zemaljsko i carstvo nebesko, XX vek,
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Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ, ɋ.
2005, Ɂɚɛɚɜɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ XII ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 49, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ɇ.
1993, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɍ
ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ, Ɋɚɞ ɜɨʁɜɨɻɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ 35, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ.
1994, Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɨ Ⱦɭɯɨɜɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ, Ɋɚɞ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ 34, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ.
1996, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ, Ɇɭɡɟʁ
ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ-ɉɪɨɦɟɬɟʁ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ.
Braun, R.
1982, Struktura i funkcija u primitivnom društvu, XX
vek, Beograd.
ȼɚɫɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ.
1962, ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ,
Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ IX, ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ
ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ȼɥɚɯɨɜɢʄ, ɉ.
1972, Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɨɜɟɪɢɰɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1974, ɉɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ,
ɋɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦ: ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
386
1989, Tradicija i savremenost u svetlu etnologije,

Etnoantropološki problemi 6, Beograd.
1994, Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ
ɠɢɜɨɬɭ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ
XLIII, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1998, Ʉɪɫɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɢ ʃɟɧɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɦ ɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ, ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ IV, ɋɜɪʂɢɝ.
ȼɭɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ɍ.
1986, ɋɪɛɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ, II, ȼɪɚʃɟ.
Ƚɪɛɢʄ, ɋ.
1909, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɡɚ Ȼɨʂɟɜɚɱɤɨɝ,
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 14, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ⱦɟɛɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ Ⱦ.
1907, Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɉɨʂɭ,
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
Ⱦɟɪɨɤɨ, Ⱥ.
1950, ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ ɢ
Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ⱦɢɜɚɰ, Ɂ.
1984, ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɛɪɚɤɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɋȺɇɍ 14-16, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ⱦɪʂɚɱɚ, Ⱦ.
1962, ɇɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɭ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 4, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
387
Ⱦɪɨɛʃɚɤɨɜɢʄ, Ȼ.
1960, ȿɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ȭɚɩɨɜɢʄ, Ʌ.
1996, Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɚ, ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ II, ɋɜɪʂɢɝ.
ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, Ɇ. Ⱦ.
1958, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɭ Ʌɟɫɤɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ
Ɇɨɪɚɜɢ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 70, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, Ɋ. Ɍ.
1984, Naši narodni obiþaji, ɇɚɲ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ 1,
ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1984, ȼɚɫɢʂɢɰɚ, ɇɚɲ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ 2, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ȭɭɪɢʄ, ȼ.
1962, ɉɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚ IX, ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ,
Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Elijade, M.
1970, Mit i zbilja, Zagreb.
ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ, 2002, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ȿɪɞɟʂɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȳ.
1951, ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɨ ɒɭɦɚɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ
ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 64,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɀɢɤɢʄ, Ȼ.
2004, ɇɚɤɨɧ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɱɨɜɟɤ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ
ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ
388
ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ IX,

ɋɜɪʂɢɝ.
ɀɭɧɢʄ, Ⱦ.
2004, Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ȿɬɧɨ-
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ IX, ɋɜɪʂɢɝ.
1985, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɨ Ʉɪɫɧɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɭ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ
„Ȼɚɲɬɢɧɚ“, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ, ɋ.
1970, Ɇɨɬɢɜɢ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɥɟɬʃɨʁ
ɫɨɥɫɬɢɰɢʁɢ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ 33,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1973, Ɂɚɜɟɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ 36, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1973, Elementi naše mitologije u narodnim obredima uz
igru, Radovi V, Zenica.
Ɂɢɪɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ɉ.
1998, ɉɨɩɢɫ ʇɢɡʁɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ 1640/41.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ XLIV, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ɂɥɚɬɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋ.
2004, ȼɚɫɢɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɟ Ɋɨɦɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ XLII, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ɇ.
1995, Ⱥɪɚɩɢ – ɨɛɪɟɞɧɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɚ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɟɥɭ 1995.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ
XLIV, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
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2004, ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ

ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ LII, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
2005, Ⱦɧɟɜɧɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɭ – ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɇɚɭɱɧɢ
ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦ „ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɢ
ɫɜɟɬɭ“, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɂɥɢʁɢɧ, Ɇ.
1963, Ɉɛɪɟɞɧɨ ʂɭʂɚʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ, Ɋɚɞ IX Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ
ɫɚɜɟɡɚ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ Ɇɨɫɬɚɪɭ ɢ
Ɍɪɟɛɢʃɭ 1962, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ.
ɂɥɢʁɢɧ, Ɇ. ɢ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɉ.
1958, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɢɝɪɟ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 4, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ȼ.
1994, ɑɢɬɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ XLIII, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ.
1958, ɋɬɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ –
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚʁ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 4, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ ɋɬ., ȼ.
1987, ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɫɩɢɫɢ, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ-ɇɨɥɢɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, ɋ. ɢ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ.
1958, ȳɚɪɦɟɧɨɜɰɢ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ,
ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ 73, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
390
Ʉɨɜɚɱ, ɋ.
2001, ȼɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨ-
ɧɨɜɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1901-2001, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
2003, ɉɨɪɭɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɋɪɛɚ,
ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 49,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, ɂ.
1983, ȼɨɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɛɨɝɨɦɨʂɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɦɭɡɟʁɚ 47, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1985, Semiologija rituala, XX vek, Beograd.
Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, Ɇ.
1962, ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ
IX, ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, ɉ.
1964, ɇɨɜɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
1968-1969, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɇɟɝɨɬɢɧɫɤɨʁ Ʉɪɚʁɢɧɢ,
Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ 31-32, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1978, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ɂɚʁɟɱɚɪɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ
1984, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɬɢɬɨɜɨɭɠɢɱɤɨɦ,
ɩɨɠɟɲɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɫʁɟɪɢʄɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ
1984, Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ,
Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 14-
16, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
391
1993, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ

Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, ɐ.
1974, ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɢ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɞɨ 2000. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɋɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦ: ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ
ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 15, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ʉɪɫɬɢʄ, Ⱦ.
1996, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɭ Ɉɲʂɚɧɭ, ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ II, ɋɜɪʂɢɝ.
Ʉɭɥɢɲɢʄ, ɒ.
1970, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ: ɇɨɜɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1979, Stara slovenska religija u svijetlu novih
istraživanja posebno balkanoloških, Djela XVI, ANU
BiH, Sarajevo.
Ʉɭɥɢɲɢʄ ɒ, ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ ɀ. ɉ, ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ ɇ.
1998, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ, ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Liþ, E.
1972, Klod Levi Stros, XX vek, Beograd.
Ʌɭɬɨɜɚɰ, Ɇ.
1958, ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɭ Ɉɤɨɥɢɧɢ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɋȺɇɍ 4, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ȴɭɛɢɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɇ.
1991, Ɋɚɫɬɤɨ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄ-ɋɚɜɚ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄ-ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ,
Ɋɚɫɤɨɜɧɢɤ 63-66, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
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1989, Tradicija kao suštinski element savremenosti,
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1984, Ⱦɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɭ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 14-16, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ɇɚɥɢɧɨɜɫɤɢ, Ȼ.
1971, Ɇɚɝɢʁɚ, ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Markoviü, P.
1970, Agrarna politika Jugoslavije i rezultati u
proizvodnji, Sociologija sela 29-30, Zagreb.
Ɇɢʁɚɬɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ. ɋ.
1907, Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭ Ʌɟɜɱɭ ɢ Ɍɟɦɧɢʄɭ,
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ
Miliü, V.
1996, Sociološki metod, Beograd.
Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ, ȭ. Ɇ.
1894, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɋɪɛɚ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ 1, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ-ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, ɇ.
1987, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɚ ɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɦ ɋɚɜɢ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɪɟɱ, Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ɋȺɇɍ, ɇɚɭɱɧɢ
ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ 38, Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ 6, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌ.
1961, ɏɟɨɪɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
393
ɇɚɭɦɨɜɢʄ, ɋ.
1994, Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɟ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ XLIII, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ.
1990, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1991, ɋɥɚɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ⱦ.
1984, Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ
ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 14-16, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
2004, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɟɬɧɨ-ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ IX,
ɋɜɪʂɢɝ.
ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ-Ƚɢʁɚ, Ɇ.
1996, Ɂɭɰɟ – ɫɟɥɨ ɩɨɞ Ⱥɜɚɥɨɦ, „ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ“,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ɋ.
1905, Ɉɤɨɥɢɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ V, ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ 2, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, ɋ. ɢ Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ.
1962, ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚ IX, ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ,
Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, ȳ.
1921, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɭ Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɨʁ
ȳɚɫɟɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ,
ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 22, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
394
ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ, ɇ.
1957, ȳɟɞɚɧ ɫɬɨɱɚɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ,
Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ IV, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
2004, Ɉɛʁɟɞɢʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ IX, ɋɜɪʂɢɝ.
ɉɚɭɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ.
1971, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɤɪɨɡ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Petroviü, Ĉ.
1989, Znaþaj zakonskih odredbi u odnosima tradicija-
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1989, Neka razmatranja o pojmu „tradicija“,
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ɀ. ɉ.
1927, Ʌɢɥɚ, ɨɥɚɥɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1948, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɭ Ƚɪɭɠɢ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ
ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ 58,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Pešiü – Goluboviü, Z.
1957, Antropologija kao društvena nauka, Beograd.
ɉɨɩɢɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ 1991, 1998, ɋɚɜɟɡɧɢ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ (CD-ROOM), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɉɪɢɰɚ, ɂ.
1986, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
395
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1978, Teorijsko-hipotetiþki okvir za prouþavanje
Poklada kao obreda prelaza, Etnološke sveske I,
Beograd.
Ɋɚɞɟɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ȴ.
2001, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, Ʉɭɥɬ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ
ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ, Ʌɢɰɟɭɦ 5, Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɰ.
Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ɍ.
1911, Ʌɟɩɟɧɢɰɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 15,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ.
1974, Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɟɤɢ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ɋɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦ:
ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ,
ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 15,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ɋɚɤɢʄ, Ɋ.
1974, ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɟɦɟɧɟ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɋɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦ: ȿɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 15, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1974.
1971, Ɋɟɱɧɢɤ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɝ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ IV,
Ɇɚɬɢɰɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1971, 849.
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Ɍɟɦɧɢʄɭ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ
XXIV, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
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Spasiü, I.
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2005, ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Taniü, Ž.
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Centar za sociološka istraživanja, Beograd.
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ɨɩɯɨɞɚ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 53,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
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ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɨɩɯɨɞɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ LIV, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
Ɍɨɦɢʄ, ɉ.
1957, Ȼɨʁɟʃɟ ɢ ɲɚɪɚʃɟ ʁɚʁɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɦɭɡɟʁɚ XX, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
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1972, Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, Ƚɥɟɞɢɲɬɚ
12, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
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istraživanja, Zagreb.
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ɐɜɟɬɢʄ Ⱦ. Ɋ.
2003, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ – ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ
„ɏɪɨɧɢɤɟ ɫɟɥɚ“, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ, ȼ.
1927, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ȶɭɩɭɪɞɢʁɚ, Ȼ.
1983, Ⱥɝɪɚɪɧɚ ɦɚɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ
ɋɪɛɚ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɋȺɇɍ 23, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɑɚʁɤɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȼ.
1973, Ȼɚɞʃɢ ɞɚɧ ɢ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ɇɢɬ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1973, Ɍɪɢ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, Ɇɢɬ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1973, Ɉ ɍɫɤɪɲʃɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ, Ɇɢɬ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɭ
ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
1985, Ɋɟɱɧɢɤ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɛɢʂɤɚɦɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
ɑɜɨɪɨɜɢʄ, ȳ.
2004, ɉɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ Ⱦɚɪɜɢɧɨɜɟ
ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢʁɟ, ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ IX, ɋɜɪʂɢɝ.
398
ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɏ.
1964, Ɍɭɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ I/1,
Ʉɚɬɚɫɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɩɢɫɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ 1476-1566,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
399
400
Calendar Holidays and Customs in Villages at
the Footstool of the Avala Mountain
The research on calendar holidays and customs in

villages at the footstool of the Avala Mountain was performed in
the period of 2000-2004. I have collected surprisingly solid data
on the subject that shows a customary practice of celebration of a
large number of calendar holidays and their accompanying
holiday customs. Due to the relatively well maintained customary
practice, the data were gathered for all holidays celebrated in the
second half of the last century. According to the research and
collected data, the most preserved holiday customs belong to the
winter and spring time of the year, while the fall customs are
almost forgotten.
According to the collected data, in the second half of the
20th century, there are two clearly separated phases. In the first
phase, that roughly includes a period until late 1960’s, the
customs were still omnipresent in the villages’ everyday life, and
somehow they seemed to dictate rules of behavior in the
population everyday life. At the same time, this period was
marked with the incoming changes that would, in the near future,
alter many segments of life.
Already in 1950’s, the state has managed to, through
particular prohibitions, directly influence the reduction of folk
holidays and their contents, resulting in certain structural
alterations in the holidays customary practice. Also, social
processes, which became intensified at this time, affect the
alterations in the holidays’ celebration.
401
M. Ivanoviü- Barišiü
The second phase includes the last decade of the 20th

century and first few years of the new century. The most
significant mark of this phase is re-establishment of certain
customs that were prohibited in the after-war period or that were,
for some other reasons ceased to be celebrated. Certain holidays
have been given a greater importance by the fact that they were
proclaimed as state holidays. In this way, those who earlier
wanted to celebrate such a holiday but could not due to their
obligations at work, were given a possibility to celebrate a
holiday at the appropriate way.
However, certain privileges and encouragement of
celebration of certain holidays from folk, that is, Church calendar,
by the government, and especially media, did not appease a
significant reduction of contents in customary practice in certain
holidays during the 1970’s and 1980’s. The holiday calendar
gradually (or fast) appeared in a different manner, in comparisons
with the period just after WW II. The dominated way of life in
the researched period has changed the meanings and celebration
of the customs among the population, even among those that
respect the folk tradition.
The collected empirical data has enabled me to, in a way,
make two models whose function is to facilitate understanding of
the changes in celebration of the annual holidays. These changes
are tracked down in two intersections: 1) until the end of 1960’s
and 2) the period of the research, that is, after 2000. The aim of
the research was to collect as much of the empirical data as
possible, and in addition, to understand the changes in the annual
customs in the second half of the 20th century.
The task of the research was to establish the changes in
contents of celebration, and also to ascertain a significance of the
holidays and their customary practice in the earlier period,
compared with the present-day conditions. Therefore, in order to
fulfill the task, the research as well as subsequent work was based
402
Calendar Holidays and Customs in Villages at the Footstool of the Avala Mountain
on comparative analysis of the collected empirical material

according to the two formed models.
In order to track changes in contents of the annual
holidays in the second half of the 20th century, I established
parameters that enable to present earlier and contemporary state
of affairs of the annual holidays and holidays customs. It turned
out that the most significant elements are in celebration itself,
hence, the analysis was directed toward time of celebration, place
of celebration, participants in ritual, ritual/customary actions and
ritual artifacts.
In the holidays’ celebration and their accompanying
customs, there are two clearly separated time categories:
particular fixed date and daily segmented celebration, that is,
more than one day of celebration.
The first, fixed, particular date- time period is
conventional and accepted by higher instances. This time is
connected with particular dates during one year. The celebration
is fixed- the date of the holiday is previously determined by a
calendar. An individual and his community cannot influence this
date, but they adjust to the earlier given time frames for
celebration. The celebration follows a calendar of the Serbian
Orthodox Church.
The second time is segmented, and conditionally could
be called daily that is, multi-daily time in celebration, which
assumes that celebration of holidays and ritual actions are
adapted, depending on a holiday, to a daily or more than one day
celebration. It is important to note that the segments of time
determination of celebration depend on family and individual
organization, although there are (in present time not so rigid) time
periods/frames intended for certain ritual actions.
The analysis shows that the fixed day celebration of a
particular holiday came to be preserved or lost depending on
whether a particular holiday is still celebrated or ceased to exist.
403
Already in 1950’s, and especially later, it is evident that in the

structure of celebration a timely organization is loosen up.
The annual customs put a great importance to the place
of celebration. The research has shown that such places of great
importance are: a house, backyard, forest, village area and
church.
The changes that have taken place in the annual customs
within a rural community are the result of changes that happened
at the level of family as a smaller unit, and the fading interest of
individuals to maintain customs continuously. Since 1990’s there
is an increasing visitation to churches and temples and morning
services. After the service, a celebration is taking place at one’s
home, depending on a holiday and its importance.
One of the most important characteristic of celebration is
gathering of all family members. This, however, was not so
emphasized in the period after WW II. As a consequence of a
newly given importance to holidays, family re-unions so became
a characteristic of celebration. Every member of a family was
given his own duties, determined roles in performing ritual
actions. The role was determined by a respective status of an
individual within a family. During the holidays, an individual was
needed by his community the same way he needed his own
community. In the past, holidays were some kind of behavior
regulators, hence they served to re-enforce family and rural
communities.
During the second half of the last century, certain
changes took place affecting the content of the calendar customs.
These changes affected the participants too. According to the
research, the most common participants in rituals were: head of
the household and his respective wife, mothers, fathers, children,
polozajnik (a designated or un-designated first visitor on the 1st
Christmas Day), guests, and village inhabitants.
404
New responsibilities and increased absence of many

family members (primarily work and employment in firms) at the
time of celebration of certain customs and rituals have caused that
some customary duties became less strictly assigned. Most often,
male family members were absent, making so female family
members obliged to take over their responsibilities in celebration.
On the other hand, due to lifestyle, families tended to be reduced
in numbers. Therefore, it is not rare to find a single man or
women living alone. Since many of them did not want to
discontinue celebration and customary behavior even when alone,
they were forced to take over female that is, male roles.
A celebration and maintenance of customs cannot be
imagined without particular artifacts. Artifacts here assume all
objects which help the participants to perform certain ritual
actions. Keeping or abandoning of the artifacts depended on their
significance in a given time period. Since the second half of the
last century witnessed certain changes in customary practice, the
form and role of the artifacts also underwent alteration and
adjustment to the new situation. The artifacts most often used in
the past, or are still in usage are: various trees, plants, animals,
objects, vegetables, fruit, bread, incense, candles, censer and so
on.
Based on the collected data, it can be concluded that:
• Holiday customs are kept for the most part;
• due to the reduction of certain customary actions, a change
has affected holiday customary practice;
• holidays and customary practice are abandoned totally;
• customary practice in certain holidays became altered, a
holiday came to be respected as church Saint;
• new holidays are established.
In rural communities of the traditional type, a time of
celebration assumed that all daily chores are to be ceased while a
holiday lasts. This is, in a rhythm of everyday life of these
405
communities, there existed two somehow different time periods,

i.e. work-time, when all everyday chores are performed and time
of celebration when there was a restraint from all “bigger” and
“heavier” work, except those which were everyday. These time
periods subsequently followed one another in regular annual
distances.
Celebration and working day were profoundly different.
One of the characteristics of celebration time was a customary
practice, out of which appropriate performance depended all the
prosperity and well being of a given community. This kind of
customary practice was a reflection of an organization of family
and rural life. Until recently, holidays were also some kind of
behavior regulators of individuals and entire community as well.
At the time when these communities were more self-sustained
and less under the influence of urban lifestyle (which became a
characteristic of after WW II period), the annual customs were
one of elements influencing a cohesion and social relationships.
After WW II, due to extensive compel of certain social
processes, changes in everyday life became more frequent and
evident. The changed way of life has profoundly shaken the
traditional organization of rural communities that in turn, had to
make an adjustment into a newly created social situation.
Various innovation in everyday life relatively soon
became an integral part of living in the rural communities. These
changes also significantly influenced the alteration and functions
of the holiday customs. Therefore, we have researched the
functions of customs in the villages at the level of family and
individual, and also at the level of general given rural community.
Based on the empirical data, it could be concluded that in
the beginning and at the end of the researched period, basic
functions of the annual customs that are held within a family,
became altered or reduced, especially in certain segments.
406
Maintenance of customary actions, where one can

recognized magic practice, had an aim to provide satisfactory
natural conditions needed for self-sustain. This practice of magic
was supposed, indirectly, to help an individual and his
community to influence natural causes.
In the present day, when the research was performed, the
conclusion is that magical-religious practice appears almost
forgotten. Actually, in some ritual performance there are traces of
certain magic practice, but not beliefs in the power of magic; the
actions are still performed because they represent a part of the
custom and because the old people used to do it. Most often, the
people are unaware as of why they are performing certain
customary actions, though the older generation, for at least a few
of the customary actions, knew to explain why they are still
performed.
As it can be assumed, the most customs from the annual
cycle were performed within a family, that is, in one’s home. All
members of a family had particular responsibilities. At the time of
self-sustain economy and considerable isolation of the rural
communities, the customs were an important part of cohesion so
they contributed to enhancing and encouraging family ties. All
members of a family, by being present at the time of celebration
and performing certain duties in the ritual, gathered toward a
common aim- to ensure fertility and well being for their own
respective and extended community, neighboring and kin ties, fun
and hanging out.
Between the two periods that we have analyzed,
integration at the level of a family was disrupted due to the
absence of some family members during a celebration of certain
holidays. During the last decade of the past century, a decision
was made to make holidays such as Christmas, Easter and a
family’s Saint Patron’s Day, non-working days, therefore, a
majority of inhabitants in the researched villages were given an
407
opportunity to celebrate these holidays at the appropriate way,

although in reduced family form.
Which factors have caused a change in maintenance and
importance of the annual customs in these communities? One of
the reasons, but not the only one, is an increased migration as a
consequence of children’s education. Already in 1960’s, younger
members of a family were sent to attend schools in bigger cities.
Their intentions were to finish school, find a job in urban
environment, and for some individuals, to permanently establish a
residence in urban areas. This is, the intention of the new
generation is to establish a solid material basis, and to change
their place of residence. By finding a job in state firms, the
middle generation has changed not only its own social standings
but also the functioning of their own families.
A family in newly created conditions is compelled to
adjust, which is the main reason influencing the changes in family
relationships. The changes in a way of life also affect the visible
structural re-organization of a family. Earlier division within a
family, based on gender and age, became untenable. Because of
these reasons, all main functions in a family are being taken over
by those members who do not have obligations outside their
village. Most frequently, these are women who are unemployed,
retired men and pre-school children. This was the only way of
adjustment for many families in the new conditions, which was
also based on their own needs.
The annual customs were an integral part of a rural
community, until the significant social changes have taken place.
A social community used to determine its daily chores according
to the customs. Annual chores begun but also ended
corresponding to a calendar of holidays. A need for some kind of
organization and social order obligated all members of a
community to respect holiday customs. The customs were, until
recently, a kind of mechanism used to segment a year.
408
The annual customs performed at the level of a village

were supposed to satisfy:
1. general needs of a village community; and
2. needs of an individual households hence needs of all
individuals in a given family.
These needs were expressed at the two levels:
1. through manifestation at certain collective gatherings;
2. on a latent level the annual customs were used as a kind of
regulator to enhance respect and encouragement of social
relationships at the level of a whole community.
In recent times, these functions almost disappeared
completely because the customs are being performed in
somewhat different circumstances in comparison with the earlier
period.
The observed changes in the annual customs of the rural
communities are the result, among other things, of existing
changes in a family as well as changes in attitudes which all
result in decreasing interest of individuals to continue
maintenance of certain holiday customs. This implies that the
changes in families reflected not only a single family unit, but
also village as a wider collective, thus also the changes in
celebration in general. Following this, there is an accompanying
decrease of respect for norms of behavior and also of integrated
function that these customs have had in a given community until
very recently.
The second half of the 20th century in these areas was
marked by a period of socialism that is, self-management and
period of transition, after 1990’s. In order to understand the
problem fully- why these time periods were so significant for the
research subject, we need to point out to a fact of how much have
global processes actually influenced the continuation,
revitalization, fading out, particular or just party changes in the
409
annual customary practice. It is worth noting that the changes in

the celebrations are in fact a reflection of social-economic
changes in one society, the researched villages with all of its
particulars. The changes were, in reality, not only intense, but
profound.
The contemporary social and cultural changes affecting
the villages at the footstool of the Avala Mountain have changed
the patterns of living and within them also the holiday customary
practice. Modernization (with industrialization and urbanization),
atheism, then revitalization of religion and so on, are some of the
most important factors of changes that we have discussed; these
were reflected through social processes and do not represent a
characteristic of this area only.
Studying changes in customs and rituals cannot be
separated from the context of examination of wholesome events
at the wider social plan during the second half of the last and
beginning of this century.
The calendar of celebration of the annual holidays and
customs was most profoundly affected by the global social
processes that have happened between the two researched
periods, and especially:
a. atheism at the beginning of the researched period,
b. an effort to revitalized religion at the end of the researched
period, and
c. urbanization- in a wider sense. These processes have had a
different impact on continuation/maintenance of the calendar
customs at the level of a family as well at the level of a
village.
Soon after the end of WW II, a new social order came to
be established, with an emphasis on total detachment with the
inheritance of the previous state and even the church. The result
of the new state politics was an official proclamation of atheism,
410
which as a consequence had influenced an understandings and

attitudes of the population in regards to the previous inherited
traditional culture and holidays celebration. However, the
research shows that the process of atheism did not affect equally
all the researched villages with the same intensity. The level of
acceptance that is non-acceptance of atheism depended mostly on
local governments.
The beginning of 1990’s in Serbia was marked, among
other things, by a process of religion revitalization. Public
expression of religious sentiments became more obvious, along
with visitations to churches, and not only to attend services.
Many inhabitants of the researched villages, at this time, have
started to change their attitude toward the Church and church
teachings. This change toward the official religion was also
brought about by building of new churches in places where they
did not exist before.
Besides these omni-social processes, the change in the
annual customs was also affected by age and gender polarization.
That is, due to various different circumstances, the most
meritorious people for keeping and maintaining the annual
customs were members of the present day middle generations,
those born between the two world wars.
411
CIP - Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
398.332(497.11)
ɂȼȺɇɈȼɂȶ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ, Ɇɢɥɢɧɚ
Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ / Ɇɢɥɢɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ-Ȼɚɪɢɲɢʄ ;
ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ. - Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ : ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ, 2007 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ : Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɫɤɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ).
- 411 ɫɬɪ. : ɢɥɭɫɬɪ. ; 20 cm. - (ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ /
ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ; ɤʃ. 59)
ɇɚ ɫɩɨɪ. ɧɚɫɥ. ɫɬɪ.: Calendar Hollidays and Customs in

Villages at the Footstool of the Avala Mountain. -
Ɍɢɪɚɠ 500. - ɇɚɩɨɦɟɧɟ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɟ
ɭɡ ɬɟɤɫɬ. - Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ: ɫɬɪ. 385-399. - Summary.
ISBN 978-86-7587-040-1
1. Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ
ɚ) Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ - ɋɪɛɢʁɚ
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Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ

Calendar Holidays and Customs in

Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ

Ʉɨɪɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ:

ɒɬɚɦɩɚʃɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ

ɉɪɢɦʂɟɧɨ ɧɚ IV ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɋȺɇɍ

Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɩɪɟ ɛɨɠɢʄɧɨɝ ɪɭɱɤɚ ...........................................98

ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɤ....................................................................... 165

ȳɟɫɟʃɢ ɰɢɤɥɭɫ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ............................................................219

ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ............................................................ 272

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 28: ɑɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ.... 152

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 56: Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ..........221

ɋɥɢɤɚ 1: ɉɚɧɨɪɚɦɚ ................................................................. 337

ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɞɛɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ

ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɬɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɨɤɭɩʂɚ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɲɢɪɟ

ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɰɟɥɚ ɨɜɚ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ

ɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ

ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ʃɟɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ, 43-48; Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧ ɀɭɧɢʄ,

ɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ – ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɟɤɧɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ

ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɭɨɱɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ

Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ

ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ɧɟɨɫɟɬɧɨɝ ɦɟʃɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ

ʂɟɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ. ɉɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɦ

ɩɪɟɞɚʃɚ. ɍɫɢɬʃɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ ɢ

ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɞɢʁɭɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɢɦɚ

Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɭɜɨɞɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ, ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɫɟ

ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɩɨɩɭʃɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɢɦɚ

ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɦ ɰɢʂɭ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ: Ɂɭɰɟ,

ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɭ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ

ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɨɦ ɛɭɞɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ ɫɜɢ

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1990, ɢ Ɇɢɥɚ Ȼɨɫɢʄ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢ

ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ. ɇɚʁɜɢɞʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ

Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɦɢɫɥɢɦ ɞɚ ɨɜɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɢ

ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɭɥɨɝɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ

ɍ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɭɜɨɞɢ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ

ɞɨɝɚɻɚʃɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɢ

ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ

ɇɚɫɟʂɟɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨɫɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ

ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɫɟ

Ɂɚ ɱɢɬɚɜ 20. ɜɟɤ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɭ ɜɟʄɚ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɚ

Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ), ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ

ɪɚɞ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɭ ɫɟɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɨɝ

ɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɭ – ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

ȼɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʁɭ ɢ ɭ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɟ

Ȼɪɨʁ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ

ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɨɞɟʂɤɭ ɛɢʄɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɩɢɫ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ

Ɉɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ

(ɉɨɛɭɫɚɧɚɰ), ɋɜɟɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭɱɟɧɢɤ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɟ – ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ

ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɢɞɭ ɤɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɟ (ɥɢɬɢʁɟ)

ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ ɞɚɧ ɭɨɱɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɚ. ɉɨɤɥɚɞɨɜɚʃɟ

ɍ Ƚɪɭɠɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɢ

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 2: Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɉɨɤɥɚɞɟ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ 33

ɍ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ

Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ.

ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ

ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɠɢɬɟʂɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ

ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɨ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬ

ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɉɨɫɬɭ

ɍɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ

Ɍɚɛɟɥɚ 3: Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɢ ɩɨɫɬ – Ɂɭɰɟ, ɉɢɧɨɫɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɥɢ ɉɨɬɨɤ

ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɟ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ