Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Smart Cities and Internet of Things
Smart Cities and Internet of Things
Research
H. Samih
To cite this article: H. Samih (2019) Smart cities and internet of things, Journal of Information
Technology Case and Application Research, 21:1, 3-12, DOI: 10.1080/15228053.2019.1587572
ABSTRACT
The enormous pressure towards efficient city management has triggered
various Smart City initiatives by both government and private sector busi-
nesses to invest in Information and Communication Technologies to find
sustainable solutions to the diverse opportunities and challenges (e.g.,
waste management). Several researchers have attempted to define and
characterize smart cities and then identify opportunities and challenges in
building smart cities. This short article also articulates the ongoing move-
ment of Internet of Things and its relationship to smart cities.
Introduction
The “Smart City” concept has become extremely popular in scientific literature and international
policies. This concept essentially harnesses a plethora of IT innovations hitting us at breathtaking
speed to make cities smarter for the citizens. Cities and urban areas comprise about half of the total
world’s population (Bakıcı, Almirall, & Wareham, 2013). The urban population inflation for the last few
decades has been adversely affecting quantity and quality of services provided to the citizens. Smart cities
aim at providing effective solutions. Various Smart City (SC) initiatives by both government and private
sector organizations have resulted in deployment of Information and Communication Technologies
(ICT) to find sustainable efficient and effective solutions to the growing list of challenges facing cities
(Caragliu, Del Bo, & Nijkamp, 2011; Su, Jie, & Hongbo, 2011). Education, health, traffic, energy, waste,
unemployment and crime management are some of these challenges (Chourabi et al., 2012).
This article is organized as follows: Emergence of Smart City concept; Characteristics and Components
of a Smart City; Smart City Architecture; Challenges in Construction of a Smart City; Los Angeles as an
Example of a Smart City; and finally Internet Of Things and Futuristic Scenario of a Smart City.
CONTACT Haitham Samih hsamih@eelu.edu.eg Egyptian E-Learning University (EELU), Cairo, Egypt
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/utca.
© 2019 H. Samih
4 H. SAMIH
definitions appear to have dual interpretations: (a) smart city is a living solution that integrates different
life facilities such as transportation, power, and buildings in an efficient manner to improve the services
for its citizens; (b) smart city exemplifies the importance of sustainability of resources and applications
for future generations.
Zaslavsky, Christen, & Georgakopoulos, 2014), the authors, in their attempts to delineate the features of
a smart city, indicated that the smart city has six possible characteristics: smart economy, smart people,
smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment, and smart living as presented in Figure 1.
Lombardi et al. (Lombardi et al., 2012) associated the above six characteristics with different
aspects of urban life, as shown in Table 3.
A framework by Nam and Pardo (Nam & Pardo, 2011), states that there are three factors
(components) of a Smart City: technology, people and institutions. Given the connection between
the factors, the city will be smart when investments in human social capital and IT infrastructure fuel
sustainable growth and enhance the quality of life through participatory governance (institutional
factor). Figure 2 shows the sub-components of and connections between these three factors.
ICT infrastructure and smart and mobile technologies are prerequisites for a city to be smart but
without real engagement to the other factors there is no smart city.
Human Category highlights creativity, social learning, and education. Lombardi (Lombardi et al.,
2012) and Nam and Pardo (Nam & Pardo, 2011) surmise sub-components of this factor as affinity to
lifelong learning, social and ethnic plurality, flexibility, creativity, cosmopolitanism or open-mindedness,
and most importantly participation in public life.
Governance factor is a basic element in institutional factor. Smarter government besides the prescribed
policies will interact dynamically with citizens, communities, and businesses in real time to spark growth,
innovation, and progress.
Our review recommends Giffinger && Rudolf model as each component include not a few number of
indicators/factors, categorizing these indicators into only three categories as Nam &&Pardo led us to
complex measures and assessments. Various components and a number of their major indicators as
mentioned in (Albino et al., 2015) are listed in Table 4.
Smart Smart
Living Economy
Smart Smart
Environment People
Smart Smart
Mobility Governance
Technology
Factors
Smart
city
Governance Human infrastructure
Policy Lifelong learning
Regulations / directives Cosmopolitanism
Social capital
Ethnic plurality
Institutional Human
Factors Factors
Figure 2. Fundamental components of an SC.
Another point of view by Balakrishna (Balakrishna, 2012) shows that a smart city mainly consists
of three building blocks shown in Figure 4. The most basic one is the large-scale instrumentation of
the city’s infrastructure which includes utility, transport, environmental and government infrastruc-
tures with sensors, actuators, readers and other sensing devices. Logically, a high-speed network
infrastructure is needed to be coupled with the underlying sensor networks to support the expected
growth in the number of connected devices and facilitate mobility, connection, and information
sharing and this is what the second layer does. The last critical requirement of the construction is the
efficient management of the massive aggregated data collected from the underlying sensor fabric
which thereby facilitate the development of smart applications and services that are created on the
top of the three building blocks.
from multiple sources across time to assist the process of decision-making in urban management.
Modeling temporal data in current urban information systems is still weak. The data structure and
organization of temporal data from multiple sources cannot meet the special needs of digital real-
time updates, historical reconstruction, and future prediction. Therefore, one of the keys to building
a smart city for the current times is the integration of multi-source heterogeneous urban data.
Additionally, there is a need for management of urban infrastructure and components, and cap-
ability for quick update and visualization of multi-dimensional spatial and temporal data.
temperature values, geographical coordinates but also a lot of unstructured data such as pictures,
audios, and videos. Storing and managing this vast amount of diverse data in several formats is
a monumental task. Smart cities are responsible for thorough analysis of urban information, public
affairs, decision support, real-time tasks and responding to users’ requests on time.
Los Angeles has a technologically proactive city government. Since 2013, Los Angeles has progressed from
a moderate digital status to a leading digital city. The new mayor Eric Garcetti issued Executive Directive 3
on Open Data (Garcetti, 2013), which mandated that the city supply raw data to the public in easily
accessible formats, leverage public information as a civic asset, promote innovation from entrepreneurs and
businesses, and that each city department be required to implement open data. Accordingly, many systems
10 H. SAMIH
have been developed to raise the efficiency of services provided to the public including but not limited to
the following:-
● My311 Services. Web-based system to inform Los Angeles citizens (Angelenos) about city
services and enable them to make online service requests, e.g., graffiti and large waste removal.
● GeoHub. Advanced spatial analytics system that allows employees and citizens to understand
multiple dimensions of the city’s services through its mapping interface.
● City-Link LA. Inventory of the city’s telecommunication assets to encourage the private sector
to deploy advanced wireline and Wi-Fi digital communications networks for better planning
and efficiencies.
● Mayor’s Dashboard. Sustainability plan and performance dashboard totally progress and keep
tabs. With green panes to indicate achieved goals and red panes to convey that a goal not yet
achieved. There are panes that include seasonally adjusted unemployment rate, lane miles
paved in the fiscal year to date, crime percentage change and other panes.
Figure 6. Efficient waste management with a shared infrastructure (Perera et al., 2014).
There is an unprecedented increase in the amount of data collected in data warehouses through
interaction by citizens in a Smart City. Extracting meaning and knowledge from these data is crucial for
governments and businesses to support their strategic and tactical decision-making. Furthermore,
artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) makes it possible for computers to process large
amounts of such data, to learn and execute tasks never before accomplished.
Advances in big data-related technologies are increasing rapidly. For example, virtual assistants,
smart cars, and smart home devices in the emerging Internet of Things world can, we think, make
our lives easier. But despite the perceived benefits of these technologies/methodologies, there are
many challenges ahead in the context of smart cities and IoT.
With the increasing potential of machines that learn, old jobs composed of simple tasks are at
risk. New jobs will be created with new skills but numbers are most likely not equal (Cuquet, Vega-
Gorgojo, Lammerant, & Finn, 2017). This should be a concern for politicians and governments as
unemployment can increase. Also in smart cities, information on individuals is open to analysis and
sharing which gives rise to concerns about profiling, stealing and loss of control (Hashem & Targio
et al., 2016). To address these concerns researchers in (Bello-Orgaz et al., 2016; Chang,
Ramachandran, Yao, Kuo, & Li, 2016) have identified different privacy issues that require further
research in the future such as data communication, graph matching, awareness, and evaluation of
privacy-preserving services.
In addition to other confidence-related challenges, trust in computing methods for big data may
be harder to establish if their rationale cannot be easily explained. Different malicious decisions may
result if the data are incorrect, missing, use the wrong format, and/or are incomplete (Gouveia,
Seixas, & Giannakidis, 2016).
Acknowledgments
Editor-in-Chief Dr. Shailendra Palvia was gracious to help improve language and grammar and organization of this
article so that it helps the readers in quick comprehension of the contents and lessons for implementation in various
scenarios of research and practice in private or public enterprises. My heartfelt thanks to him.
Notes on contributor
H. Samih received his B.SC in Information Technology from Assiut University, Assiut Egypt in 2011. He works as
a Teaching Assistant for Egyptian E-Learning University, Cairo Egypt since 2014. He is currently pursuing Master’s
degree at Ain Shams University, Cairo Egypt. His research interests include Smart Cities and its related technologies as
well as Semantic Web technologies and its applications in the field of image retrieval and annotation.
12 H. SAMIH
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