ed: t-Hyman & Ch Ly Ot Rr ae) ner 4 Phonetic Universals in Consonant Systems jen Lindblom an lan Maddison ‘The question of he boundaries of phones and gus, of whether such boundaries shouldbe dros, fan imprtaat oe "When fin came lt the Hed Iwas terested i lactromyographic regittons of linge ula, and thee mere people who ad: Tate ot ngs’ and 1 sal: “But Unguss ls watever tls us more ‘out the nature of human lnguage and bow language irae In ‘pence and in perepion More recent [at ineeted in the ‘Ninas bri, and 1am interested tho In mental emmars and a ‘en ltrs in wht mip goon in one pur of te bal opposed ‘oanoter~ and people sr ome That ot Ung. ‘Vie Frombin (1980: 22-3) [RUE BOUNDARY BETWEEN FHONETICS AND FHONOLOGY ‘ur ai in tis paper isto dew atentio wo some typological facts about sonsoaatlavetonss that bear on the ive of how the relationship Detween phones and phonology should be eavloned fo theorin of ‘tngoge Related spit to Vist From’ remarks oor consol AIDEN e need for eroning eon boundales, ‘RE VOWEL AND CONSONANT SYSTEMS GOVERNED BY DIFFERENT We begin out presentation by moving back a ow yur, ecg exces ‘rom iho Onis noun to te Smpetom on Phone Unveus ‘a Phonologial Syms and their Explanation erased atthe Ninth (ateratonal Congres of PhoneeSicnces in Copenhagen, 1979 (Chala 190). Hs satin plato ssme that «price of masinal prog tal ieecessdequaely predicts the placement of vowels inthe aalte Phonetic space for various languages, He then sugges thatit ould be most sasing ite could aply he same pines predic. the arangements of conoaaas, Ley ps a8 acousnaulinny space’ and ow how aso masini the ‘ueroassauntalesanee Were wet atempt ts, we shoald unos teal reach he patent fe pedion that sever-sontonst se sould include sometig le the follonig se [ee stmray ‘Onai’s point izes the geeion whether consonant inventories sce structre scoring to pracines ta are fleet fom those wich apply to vowel ytems We sal adden th hue using a ow mala source et Informit the UCLA Phoaclogal Sepneat Tnvestory” Database (UPSID) which esrb in Madson (1988), ‘SOME EFFECTS OF INVENTORY SIZE: OBSTRUENTS AND SONOR- Previous work on vonel stems (ijencrats nd Lindblom 1972) cin be salt have explored the ata, f we know the romero vowel 8 investor, we allo know wha he indivi! phone quale se at {o af approximation, Fora summary of cent work ob vowel ine lghe of dis research tome yee Lindblom, MasNellge and Sader Kenney (orteoming. nti paper we sal adopt the same perpecive fon comonant stems examining ter phones contents a funeen of Inventory se ‘UPSID is based onda rom 317 language selected so ato approxin= 10s propery consiced quota sample ona ene bass of the wor's ‘cant langage (Madison 1984: 8). maker see of 58 atibute for the specifcaton of phoate wegen Inte flowing we tall devote ‘pec atenion othe elvson ofthe corpus into obstruct and sonren Bs (8 ExG-b) iageamems SEE bet kaees (9) exruge seme > 64 @ — ceteRa-g Suelgeguems > 6 ‘These equations aply according tothe eondions on xin atthe sau Tho the rr lnras (e-< Bb 6) Ol ‘ema wegaloB, 8+ End D+ E+ Crop Tsitly ten powth ocr pnp ater of baie consosats Conc thse ononanttyper reich saardon, fret wth Is the Sve by nein ony elaborated aration then yak a fomplenseneet pet “herp nega aocesry for nal growth 0 be nite wo Set {coasomts In prog soa sens couldbave ewe of aborted [celta oh shove of Oba'sypetaeal example in (1), ct tse te oan Teeny Wy ce ngage goape now he sumer pater ‘Hekate popoed tate Set il coninsu be interpreted ata le cf nceatng aaltor comple. Areal we aa thik of 2 terms of markedves (Chomsky aad Hale 1968) Resting the major ‘ents nt ata we ca hs Cat (5) Seal prnaigne end exit “nmared'phontca whereas late yea ave marked phonetics. elution and revlon ofthis generalisation may tke many forms, On the bal gunstave phot evidence we may be aed or pling» erin epment inthe wrong et OF we may ave faled to dsingsih ‘gees of wrltry maskegess win each st, Wheteas UPSID, fr ‘rampl, le seves places of arcalaoa, Ladefoad and Maddleson (0 tis ole) we 17 Underteeniation might mae he elation between ‘Betedzes and Lsventory sae Took smoother than In fact. A ‘Ervemely song cue aaitet the proposed interpretations woud eons emonsentng tatraly. curing consonant nyse tha revere the ‘lation between jm sn and segment markedoes (a eined Hee). ‘ther mor nen of he ptirs we have reported the dominant ead ‘wuld be od consonant vento ta, onal, would ake aly Temple Stl arbosiatons and tht aie o medlomsae, woul a Elon exis clsborted Set II sepmens and tt, Wf extsarg, ould ako selec from the bale Set 1 Such hypothe! stems can of Course be genet withthe UPSID phone dimeasins. Inthe Ui of UUPSID, as wel as ote facts, thereat appear ited a ceumseace tant we take tentatively to lndleatew cenalnrobasness ofthe preset ‘ow the pes canes (au and, by a process We might ell tees tive factontn, lane nem Would hea acta quali itermedate Seeweenapproninatly te same extreme value (Ve ‘epeston tolon tom te notion of maximal cipro. I docs aot ‘aprare the ston sfactorly, nether for consonants or, we sal ‘Buna, for vows Av pointed ost by Macdton (1980: 193-4 ‘maximal ciperion of exes (aan audiory space it required’ He ‘Sopot bis ott with oberon of toes tonal tens wi ones tue more ofthe ave tne mace than d thse Mh 2 toed, ‘oeumens on vowels Below), and gps that on phonoeny aswel as {2 eabontion of consoant sea, ze governed bythe penealiaon: 1 dons to tae spaces fet ivohe pang the boundaries of Sintng dimensions aad thea by reruing tGasonal cineasos fo onal contract Tn view of these consdraon, eee than maximal dipeson ith snccenive fastomton, we accordngy se an allenaing proces of {Sbepace ere ad ical expansion stem growth. An tape wl Iaette tet noon fete. For smal eyes suet contrast would ‘be eileved by adopting sy /p ¢ /. Elaboration beyod thi bale et tight tke mtay roster ep pltalson, ycly ging /p 1 Sone cf these otras cry rev in incresed prepa dance: /P~ W/ Ota are no doubt mote sue: /p)~ (Ona 1979). As this tod ‘er comparisons of eal and are sens det, areas ia yen, oe Indo new areustry mechanisms 10 make posible cones.Sardar baa Rims and Stevens) (2) Othe may decrease a conser ‘oeoce of pctng sendy conquered space more egy (Iacostig), (Bild Sie ine hte veraion tht any of he coesonants ae 1 fat, percep quite ose diledag bya miskat, note mex ‘user of dtaeve festa (Oban 1980: 185). Howeve, somewhere perc! Saitveane mut wt ait 0 his prose, making ail ‘Spmson as iene colon for farther este growth. Recapatng, we have proposed (2) tha araatory compen ince a (9) tt he space aval fr percep coos expends, ‘Sve go from Se ko Set ML, The proile that makes sal cotocant ‘prems phoneeal “unmarked” abd lage inventories more ‘marked ‘ppueady to keep arieitoy compel ow wie, the etme tne, ‘tntnnng percep! contrat ‘suicealy hp foray gen system ze, ‘he following generalisation Intended af a summary ofthe prevent ner ‘rettios To fecltat is futre we and evaluation is eurtaly sated [as exree form. Note tat the proposd formulation in fact ils © ‘itson of unt oars, 'ace ‘utenti spec in the balance Serweesmuaiaiton and maxiistion (6) Consoast avert tad to ele so as to achieve maximal pera incvenen a aim acltory cot ‘We would expect syst of any sto contain ements that are we len eiinst perp. As systems Bow large, this codon frees ‘emo use more and mor ofthe phone opace However, ngage Pay ‘ce fr such expansion since, cording to ou Aypotess, xpnsion linked wo aclarrycompleny. ‘We cu repave cor terpreation withthe al of a metaphor (gue 4.3): The outer contout ofthe Bpe repens the ance uve icone space: Ata core i aeen scare rdclatory novewent and Dllons tat are rasimaly natural (wsimely compet). Let us abel ‘hem'nevt or unmarked” reslatns “The cls repreteat inva speech sounds, For the purpose of our rlapor, they have magnet proper and therefore teat tepel each (eT fore tended to be anlogou to he hypshesied eoaon perceptual ditntvees. At we let vestry sae grow, muta epale Sion among te nae wil bo incense, "Tue dated ne ineodace fore hat oppose the maga fret. We can thnk of thes ies ela rabber bands counteracting dispersion. AB uy 43; Meat sorry oft Beary opted seni fr Se hehe Soconncayan Soba wong sPace (© weurmay anrcuLaTions, -RUBBER BANO™ ARTICULATORY SIMPLFCATION, PRONOUNCEABLITY © -maaners" (PERCEPTUAL ISTICTIVENESS) we increase the numberof elements, dispersion forces sini increase {nd the robber bands bese more rele “Tha talace beweea te daperion aad the sech each that a small sumed of mage wl nd eqn ues neat the core of uaatked ‘teins wheres large mug! avira reat este termabne= ‘erepuldon and ths sso greater atch. In the absence of rubber ands, Sal abd large tems mould be expeced fo reach equa Boh Contlnng maximly extreme magnet postions (ct. Obst’ prediion). ‘Wit elas forces preset oly the larger investves erent eo0ugh perv energy to approceh but not neces aan, soch oxen sats (dt of Fgure 1 and 4.2). SIMILAR PRINCIPLES GOVERN VOWELS AND CONSONANTS (Our data and interprets now put saa poston to address the query ‘aed by Ohala (1980) Why do severrconsonunt systems ot look Uke {he hypodhecal set in (1)? Why do consonants not Behave lke vowelsxtiiing + masinicnon of mutal perceptual dferenes? We shall Fespond in woseps calito wel 8 to profocton Taton We propose the price Sindin (6) tse aun fovmlton of eine fee soos ‘The aroute of consoant ses dot Bot arse fom a singe pine ‘hohas the masimiation of ercomonat tance, However, eeepia ‘ontat il play srl, we masta, bot within Lea set by a near ton wid artery factor, Let ws ao note thatthe outcome of th reso anajsissalar to teresa of previous work oa vowels in tat ‘voy tea aor dvrizat of pone cote. Cure post concer vows tr at at del of wok (eoregs Dan (080 for stp een br abt an port Sisto pings of mena coos i the formation of vowel teas Hore tatag als’ lck at the pons of vowel ses, We fee 0 cone, we i othe eosonat veto, at age ner oe prepa oi ot pate ef, vowel eto cae ferme en impor Tl so fo peal roe czy rmbing tht wih we hae ere Srpotesed forte consonant, Fo msbstantat hs tpt we sal ri toach up he owing topos (0) thee of sendy agsaons tnd phoneten pe () ‘yum. S23 eteraat of he nies of jor and content loptones( campenstny areunion, ‘econ ocr (197) and Males (1984) ha mort regent som meion kit S08) = aot ty 9-0 where te wwe, {ter ot ony robe, rundg ed apna bata wh ret taslaion bey and creaky ve and Peargeltion It doer tt ‘eerste to ate nth Magleon (198% 16 tat sso et “Trey reve for more tet Ginincton an spproncher maxim ston of ona more then the fins whose etc re ed fo nly the primary dnersons conventional secogaed for vowel qual”. iste posible orepard the second se of vets as analogous o Ohl’ sevecronsonnt sata in tat the arly mchanans of Set Hate ‘ecruted. An ierpeaion ia ne with our pesnteoasoeat toa Would be to iavoke the principle of (6) suggesting tat, although saslsr thon beatin, rakes and phermgelsation eahanoe iter-ocalc fonts prepay they make Yoweri smpl to produce In other See asl non ms 1 ee A Yo at cance {or pects contrat can be afensated by proces ‘zlaaey simpleton, ure evden tht areiton play an important cle in shaping the phone of vowel sats comes rom the wad of compensates tion, Clue vowels sch [i] and [a ze acealy pronounced with the _Bandible ale, but canbe produced in ua audio eerptable mana in ‘pe of he presence of tre ue lola creating 20-25 mm openings (Cndblom aed Sendberg_ 1971). Experenenal observations (C2), Lsbiom and Lubler 1961) lalate tat orcs! Bie bock vroa of (litle oe pring iy ig wi further tan normal, eg. rang the Tongue higher snd rounding ‘re frei. The sro tw ponton of ese vowels on the et ‘ang tums out wo be the one tat mininiestonge-body dplacement ‘Tati preumably hepsi tht therefore apes vetly tlre tnd that hums speakes spontaneous set as the more atu’ A ‘iota eats of tongue jew itracon ta open vowels sch 3 [e) inlets thatthe aw potion yr ith plaryagelconsticion an open one, *°°the afomaton oa compensatory vowel arcultion teaches us that ‘ain enteme ardcultory conguetions are indeed anatomical and Ppclogealy pore, Il tht very fat that shold ake us Wonder ‘iy smal vowel roducton sth way lis and why tite-blok coir ‘ont donot appara natura pech Cosmionsetse pias inthe dee ton of (6) fresno: peered to generate the vows uals of ‘dente langage at iinal erica cos. Viewing vowel systems ln the conte of compensatory atcuntion thar Seay phase fact ‘tata tpt-rar between producon and perepion must unde ls ‘We formation of vowel seas ial let ed ateton to hoo of inventor sin determining vowel qully of bth major and costes allopbones (cf. remars on Tones above) In his comments on small vowel ajseme Crother (1978: 109-110) aoe thee vows ese the eens ar arger and more ‘gue tha a more comple sre And wih regard to fourvonel ‘asens "As in thre vowel stems, thee i conserble vari, {tps in the poston of the back vowel, and the general statements imi wih regard tothe specie phone characte of vols ta tee ‘owal gstem aply hee too" Contra determined vowel alopboaee ppearto become partici strongly asimlative in smal ster. Tiss oeamested for the tworvonel sytem of Kaburlan (Rupes 1960 Denegan 1978), forthe "iene threevowel yes of Adjgh, ADKaz ‘nd Ubykh (ators 1977) and for Wert Grenande (Riel 1970) Ie ‘hick sesndngly cee am Opprtntfor rultry factors opsy 2 Sore matted rai “Te prcelng three topics should make it clear that vowel systems canot be explained soy i em of percep factors Bt can ony ? ideo wih erence o both peterpan and predocton,SUNOMARY AND DISCUSSION Dari trom ete nent fe sa haguge ei we can make prety god eran 6 (0 Sh Std eta nin ae Segre of arco comply wi be aay oon li cy ware eho Ss leo epee ek 2) We in terete toe dng eft ender ht es {inva tone conn that gover he taping sound uses ‘We were ao able to use the ri infer eran iceman eo ‘hie of the eonatin ‘constr have chimes, seordng to pape Such (6) how do we sive te yoblen of making retrace to mich ‘onsaat fo a foal theory of angugel Do we se inpindonal ee or vote hese a ‘aukedne for our surg points? Or mut ve go even fara cna, ing goes theory anchored win evolutionary Wolopr a these te ‘guts inguic frm as a pro “adepety cone’ (yaar Sah 1969), taki as i Sat picrty the gal of dedatng it roe fnctoast Pines (Lindblom, MacNelage aad Stet Kennedy, forthcoming? ‘The reatinship between pheaees and phonlogy wus scdrscd oy ‘Ghosts and Hale (1968: Chapter 9. We real a nich qted form ees ton of gag i ook er om ‘undamentl inadequacy. The problem tat ou approach te fens ‘0 ls, and to evan ins been overt formal (1966 400, Receniy Anderson (1985) discusses thin ia his ee’ ofCeelop- ‘ens in Generative Phonology afer The Sound Patten of Bglsh e's led io coacade that is evident, the, tat a formal stem of expression for phonological ‘epreeaaons and rls (a leat one song the aes of SPE) rae bacly aay is interpreted as consting as exhaustive detains of at sor of systems ae pose i atrlangvges The bats of as (iceny assrting to Choma and Hal (ad alsabcquent ston), is be natem' pind daregan ofthe subsonive phon conten ‘Phonological expressions (1985 334 ~ al aun) ie szatioues by dcusing the notion of markednss, vic Chomsky ‘nd Hal truce in onder to remedy the station, Aer bit sons ‘tng the meri and drawbacks ofthe markedoes proposal be ends up Oy ‘hecing it (p34, tals ou) as. « mae compete werking out ot ‘oa of reducing phonology ta formal stem rather tana repacement of that goal wih some ote’. He ads: the phonological importance ‘Phone content eve ndequacy of the “oie nthe 1980, te tend in phonoloil cssion has ben aay rom {he isues af he immediatly pes SPE period. The rele of Sow fo feprsent the atures of res ad spent inverter exer, as uel aapeared fom the recent iterator, have th olsen ‘issues ht weed 0 prominent nthe ate 1960 and cnn Tee Even the problem of abscess Ltde ucseed, None of tere rca ‘oul bestest, have lo the stention of phoologs Sena of « felng tat they have been esetaly solved onthe contrary. ser # litle reficton, most ingusts woud sre that of tee toi al resent major areaivedproblams, (1985 363-30) ;Aééreing he ise of tow phonologil theory shoud be depot to stake explanatory use of phonetic content and ener bebsoual spate byerequies is bg tope tat fala outide the ope of he pete ee ‘Bis highly conuoversil iu tha mast ele asic or he pre oweve, whatever the approach we favour, wll be neces) We felon {hs ad of Vik From in crosing disciplinary boundaries ad paying lite heed to the isgvings of more onset sp, Tet be linguis!, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘This colaboration was made pose while he fis autor was a Fellow t the Centr for Advanced Stay i the Behav Scieces nt Sera. Color, Pare of the research ean outpt from the Speci Poe Language Evolution condvcted jit with Peter MacNchage an ican ‘Studde-Kenaey. The nancial apport for hs Fellowship ns provid by the Alte P Sian Foundation ends gtlysclnowones We would ao lk to expres our pratitue to Petr NacNage,Joha ‘Ona tad Michael Stdder-Keoney for many disown of fe ne ‘eal with othe atl and foc bial opens ont dea of ‘Te contibton ofthe second sth det by 2 Ge tom the ‘National cence Poandston. REFERENCES ‘Anda § (1985) Phonlpy in teva century. Che: Unvesyof eg 5 ey 4 sie“ women UNIVERSALS 16 CORTONANT SYST va, ren ge em cous, Ana i anne 3 bse ‘cna. ie st Now Yt Hae a Ro gn yp, a ee 38 Genter aay isi nen dod Ue ur a a Maine Paes nd ese FC) ray io Se Uae He ot, 2 Sab ge Une ota fae Seti On ent ei Pein eat th omy ot inc won ae ieee he 8 rf he eee SO LA oy ene means abr Tees oa eR as enna mnt cot CT asm unt 2 "an Str ot woe! gu et 9 Ue cn me a Saban st) we Sepa Aen von i ene Se Ne Sy Ae 3 ee emg) acu Novena a iS Be Mactege sa euaterkeanty (osine) Eran of Nae ase Se ei Aca cee New ors Ae 0 veoyagonun on pone ist ng nee eee eso ‘so tsi ona ss 1% "Y eeeus, vane Ln cam cn Uae Pr SH ‘inet sender aoa ct WO aay ti Pr cica we mete Oe Cent fe el ra te Une wi at Pw Ne ei gage a et ma eh oe msec rn opto cee sane Vine soe con toa ‘ronan phonlgy. Cops: Nase Clinical and PART II: Neurolinguistic Studies