Frei A Specialist Arts School & Sixth Form GCSE Science Physics P2 = COP Test & Learn Additional Science GCSE — Higher Level Sch Ee Ai Ranier COR Senah a OCRAE Cony ey ods f quanto 1 ta you knowledge Higher Level OCB Additonal Scene aden wghe three heart-pounding games, achievement awards you can post Facebook.-and mare! Tis opp right justbe your new favoufle ting. This app is available to buy on the App Store and on Google Play,P2 Revision Booklet Contents List: 1. Student revision checklist 2. Section 1: Revision information (pages 4 - 29) Formula sheet (page 30) 3. 4, Section 2: Exam style questions (pages 31 - 57) 5. Answers to exam style questions (pages 58 - 60) Astudent guide to using this revision book: We have created a revision checklist to help you prioritise your revision for this exam. The key information has been divided into two lists; ‘must learn’ and ‘should learn’. 1. Identify a topic that you want to revise (we recommend that you start at the top of the ‘must learn’ list and work your way down). Read these pages to review the information. Use the checklist to identify the relevant question pages. Complete the checklist once you have completed a revision topic. Move onto the next checklist topic. 9, When you are ready try a past paper. SPX anewn Use the checklist to identify information pages relating to this topic. Answer the questions (remember to practice good exam technique) Use the answers at the back of the revision booklet to mark and correct your work. Must Learn... sa8ed uoneuLioyuy uo st aidor stip uo woneMouy (0 wonewioyur stip peas aaey | astppoyy 22)/3¢ balil 3258 bg a You must be able to answer the calculation questions using the formula sheet that | You shot sion guide. technique on every question you ° is on page X of this r ‘You must ensure that you practice your exam technique - show your workings | answer and give units for your answers. ld aim to practice exam You must be able to describe the structure of the atom and describe the properties of protons, neutrons and electrons, $ You must be able to describe how statie builds up using the keywords; insulator, | 4 ae friction and electrons. 7 ‘You must be able to explain (with examples) the potential uses / dangers ofstatic. | 5, 6 32,33 ssa TNT SINT Nlvuimiceineeniinemeineeernenlineeniminreree cesar een ee Page 2 P2 Revision Booklet‘You must be able to use the equation for calculating electric charge. 6 You mustbe able to draw circuit diagrams explaining how we measure current | 7 and voltage in a circuit. You must be able to explain resistance and use the equation V=1xR. 78 35,36 You must be able to use the equation for calculating electric power, 10 38 ‘You must be able to interpret forces diagrams or motion graphs often leading | 1 > 39,40, toa mathematical equation (speed, acceleration or force). is 41.46 You must be able to calculate & outline the differences between mass & weight. | 1g You must be able to define terminal velocity. 16.17 2 ‘You must be abie to list the factors which effect stopping distances of cars (thinking distance + braking distance), 18 8 ‘You must be able to use the equations for calculating momentum, work & power. 19,20 43,44 ‘You must be able to define and calculate both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. a 45 ‘You must be able to uses mass number and proton number to establish the structure of an atom. 22 a7 ‘You must know the differences between alpha, beta and gamma radiation: What are they made of? Ionisations? Penetration? What can they be stopped by? | 23 48 You must be able to define fission/ fusion. 2,24, 1. 25 ‘You must be able to define half-life and establish half-life from graphs. 26,27 52,53 ‘You must be able to outline the effects of radiation on living matter. 28 49,55 ‘You must be able to list and explain various uses of radiation. 728,29 50,56 ‘You should learn how to explain how LDRs and thermistors work. 8 36 You should learn how to interpret current - voltage graphs. 9 37,38 You should be able to list safety features of modern cars. 46 You should learn the difference between fission reactions ina nuclear bomb and | 74 SI a nuclear reactor (how do we control fission). You should be able to list the conditions required for nuclear fusion to occur. 28 51 You should be able to list various sources of background radiation. 26 52 ‘You should learn how to pick an isotope for a particular function (medical. 28 55 You should be able to discuss the advantages / disadvantages of nuclear power. | 29 50,57 a P2 Revision Booklet Page 3P2 Topic 1: Static and Current Electricity This topic looks at: * how static charges arise * everyday uses and dangers of static charges * what an electric current is The Atom Atoms are basic particles from which all matter is made up. Each atom has a small nucleus consisting of protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral). The nucleus is surrounded by electrons (negatively charged) Neutron Pekan The proton and neutron have about the same mass as each other, but the electron is tiny in comparison. The mass of the electron is about one two-thousandth (zaqq) Of the mass of a proton or neutron. Static Electricity Materials that allow electricity to flow through them easily are called electrical conductors, Metals are good electrical conductors. Plastics and many other materials, on the other hand, do not allow electricity to flow through them; they are called insulators. However, it is possible for an insulator to become electrically charged if there is friction between it and another insulator. When this happens, electrons are transferred from one material to the other. The insulator is then charged with static electricity. Its called ‘static’ because the electricity stays on the material and does not move, You can generate static electricity by rubbing a balloon against your jumper. The electrically charged balloon will then attract very small objects Electric charge (tatic) builds up when electrons (which have a negative charge) are rubbed off one material on to another. The material receiving electrons becomes negatively charged and the material giving up electrons becomes positively charged. The charges transferred are equal and opposite For example, if you rub a Perspex rod with a cloth, it loses electrons to become positively charged. The cloth gains electrons to become negatively charged Ifyou rub an ebonite rod with a piece of fur, it gains electrons to become negatively charged. The fur loses electrons to become positively charged. Ebonite Rod Rubbed with Fur <% Beco Perspex Rod Rubbed with Cloth Hectrons Repulsion and Attraction When two charged materials are brought together, they exert a force on each other so they are attracted or repelled. Two materials with the same type of charge repel each other; two materials with different types of charge attract each other. If you move a charged ebonite rod near to a suspended charged Perspex rod, the suspended Perspex rod will be attracted, H you move a second charged Perspex rod near to the suspended charged Perspex rod, the suspended Perspex rod will be repelled. Repulsion a NB. We would et the same result if the rods were charged the other vay round, N.B. We would get the ‘same result with wo ebonite rods P2 Revision Booklet Page 4Common Electrostatic Phenomena The following all involve the movement of electrons. @ Lightning: clouds become charged up by rising hot air until discharge occuts, i. a bolt of lightning. @ Charges on synthetic fabrics: static sparks when synthetic clothing is removed from the body. © Shocks from car doors: a car can become charged Up due to friction between itself and air when it moves. @ A negatively charged balloon brought near to a wall causes negative charges (electrons) to move away from the surface of the wall. This leaves the surface of the wall positively charged so the balloon and wall attract each other. A charged plastic comb will pick up small pieces of paper for the same reason. Surface of wall Negatively has postive and charged balloon negative charges ag Nt f -+ tit I+ + I Balloon brought rear wall Negative charges repelled from ‘he surface Using Static in Everyday Life The Laser Printer ‘An image of the page to be copied is projected onto an electrically charged plate (usually positively charged). Light causes charge to leak away, leaving an electrostatic impression of the page. eal This charged impression on the plate attracts tiny specks of oppositely charged black powder, which are then transferred from the plate to the paper. Heat is used to fix the final image on the paper. Electrostatic Painting The car panel is given a negative charge and sprayed with positively charged powder paint, The paint spreads out because the positive charges repel each other and are attracted to the negatively charged panel Postel charged Particles of pant (Car panel negatively charged P2 Revision BookletDischarging Unsafe Static Filling Aircraft Fuel Tanks During refuelling, the fuel gains electrons from the fuel pipe, making the pipe positively charged and the fuel negatively charged. The resulting voltage between the two can cause a spark (discharge), which could cause a huge explosion. To prevent this, either of the following can be done’ + the fuel tank can be earthed with a copper conductor * the tanker and the plane can be linked with a copper conductor. Earthing Earthing allows a constant safe discharge to occur, to equalise the electron imbalance between the two objects. When earthing occurs, electrons flow from ‘one body to the other to remove the imbalance. Current Electric current needs a complete circuit to flow. It will then flow continuously until the circuit is broken, 9. 2 switch is opened (turned of 6 —oo Open fo) Closed (on) Current is the rate of flow of charge. In a metal, this is a flow of electrons. Electrons have a negative charge. In a complete circuit, they are attracted towards the positive terminal. The flow of electrons is from the negative terminal to the positive terminal (although we draw the current flow in a circuit from the positive terminal to the negative terminal). The greater the flow of electrons (ie. the more electrons per second), the greater the current. The total charge that flows in a circuit can be calculated using the following equation: Charge = Current Time (coulomb, ©) = (ampere, A) * (second, s) where (isthe eurent and Qis the charge Wa conductor touches @ negatively charged dome, electrons flow feom the dome to Earth, via the conductor, electrons until the dome is flow to completely earth dlscharged, Ha conductor touches a positively charged dome, electrons flow from Earth to cancel out the Electrons positive charge on flow from ‘he dome, until earth the dome s completely discharged Example 1 What is the charge that flows in a circuit in a time of 30s when the current is 0.54? Q=Ixt =0.5 x30 = 15C Example 2 What is the size of the current if 125C of charge flows around a circuit in 25s?Measuring Current and Potential Difference Current (the rate of flow of charge) is measured using an ammeter in units called amperes (amps, A). The milliamp (mA) is used for very small currents: ImA = 0.001A (aha). To measure the current through a component, the ammeter must be connected in series. At any point in a series circuit, the rate of electron flow will be the same, so the current and ammeter readings will be the same. Potential difference (the measure of electrical pressure) is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter. Voltmeters must be connected across a component in parallel Current and voltage can be measured at the same time. In the circuit below the voltage across the lamp is 3.0V and the current flowing through it is 0.1A. { Ina circuit the current leaving the battery or cell is the same as the current returning, This is because the electrons that make the current cannot leave the circuit. In the circuit below the current in the main Circuit is the sum of the currents in the two branches. Current is conserved at a junction in a circuit. z0v 104® A) ion 4a ®) tunction” Q—® O6A Resistance Resistance is a measure of how hard itis for a current to flow through a conductor. Resistance is measured in ohms (0), Each part of a circuit tries to resist the flow of electrons (current). Even good conductors, such as copper wire, have resistance, but it isso low it can normally be ignored. Insulators have resistances that are so large that, under normal circumstances, current cannot flow, As more components are added into a series circuit, the resistance increases, The greater the resistance, the smaller the current. Variable Resistors and Fixed Resistors Avvariable resistor is a component whose resistance can be altered. By altering the resistance, we can change the current that flows through a component, and the potential difference across a component, This enables a range of outputs to be possible, e.g. a brighter or dimmer light. A fixed resistor has only one value of resistance, In the circuit below, adjusting the variable resistor allows a series of values of current and potential difference to be obtained for the fixed resistor. A fixed resistor of about 109 is suitable for this circuit. A graph of current against potential difference across the fixed resistor will show the relationship between them (see graph on page 39). Fixed resistor Variable resistor P2 Revision Booklet Page 7Light-dependent Resistors and Thermistors Light-dependent resistors and thermistors are components whose resistance depends on the surrounding extemal conditions, Light-dependent Resistor (LDR) The resistance of an LDR depends on light intensity. Its resistance decreases as light intensity increases. Uses of LDRs: automatic light detectors (e.g. to switch on a light when it gets dark; controlling the exposure time (how long the shutter is open) of a digital camera ~ in poor light the shutter needs to be open for longer. Thermistor For most materials, resistance increases in proportion to an increase in temperature. For example, if a light bulb is going to stop working, it normally ‘blows’ when it is switched on, This is because it i Cold so it has a low resistance, which gives a higher current, The high current makes the filament /wire so hot it melts, breaking the circuit Thermistors work in the opposite way. Their resistance decreases as the temperature of the thermistor increases. Uses of thermistors: automatic temperature detectors (e.g. frost detectors, fire alarms), measuring engine ‘temperatures of cars (shown on the temperature gauge). Potential Difference, Current and Resistance Potential difference, current and resistance are related by the following formula: Potential difference = (lt, V) where is the curent Resistance (ohm, 2) Current (ampere, A) Example 1 Find the voltage needed across a conductor of resistance 500. to cause a current of 2A to pass through it VaIxXR =2x50 = 100V Example 2 A potential difference of 24V placed across a conductor causes a current of 0.2A to flow through the conductor. What is the conductor's resistance? gv aay =24 =02 = 1202 Saas earvo rane inninnie eae Seed Page 8 P2 Revision BookletCurrent-Potential Difference Graphs A current-potential difference graph shows how the current through a component varies with the voltage across it. If we include @ variable resistor in a practical circuit, we can get a range of current and voltage readings, which can be used to plot a graph. Examples for Various Components if a component such as a resistor or filament lamp is kept at a constant temperature the current is, directly proportional to the voltage. The graph of current against voltage will be a straight line passing through the origin. if the component is not kept at a constant temperature, the graph will be curved. This is not the case for a diode, as shown in the graph below. @ Fixed Resistor if the temperature of the resistor remains constant, equal increases in potential difference across the resistor will produce equal increases in current through the resistor, giving a straight line. Resistor with low resistance Resistor with high resistance Current (A) Potential Difference (V) © Diode Current only flows in one direction in a diode. A very small current flows until a trigger voltage is reached, after which point current rises rapidly with increase in potential difference (low resistance). ry Current (A) — + ~*~ Potential Difference (V) © Filament Lamp As the lamp gets hotter, the resistance increases. Look at the dotted lines: equal increases in potential difference give smaller increases in current. (See how the potential difference lines are spaced further apart than the current lines.) Current (a) Potential Difference (V) @ Thermistor As the thermistor gets hotter, the resistance decreases. A small increase in potential difference gives a large increase in current. (See how the current lines are spaced further apart than the potential difference lines.) Current (A) Potential Difference (V) P2 Revision Booklet Page 9Heating Effect of an Electric Current When an electric current passes through a resistor, there is an energy transfer and the resistor becomes heated. The moving electrons collide with ions in the lattice of the metal resistor. As a result of these collisions, energy is transferred from electrical to thermal. This heating effect is used in common electrical appliances such as hairdryers, immersion heaters, kettles and toasters. However, in filament light bulbs, for instance, this heating effect is a distinct disadvantage as a lot of energy is wasted as heat. Electrical Power Electrical energy is supplied to an appliance by electric current through a cable. The appliance then transfers the electrical energy into other forms (eg. light, sound), Some energy will always be ‘lost’ as heat in the cable. The power of an appliance is determined by the amount of electrical energy transferred in one second. This is measured in watts (W). 1 watt is the rate of transfer of 1 joule of energy per second Calculating Power The power of an appliance is calculated using the formula Electrical current Potential power = % difference (wate, w) — @mPeEA) “ie, v). Where isthe curt and Vis the Potential difference Example 1 2kW electric fire works best using 5A of current. What should be the voltage of its supply? (1.2kW = 1200W) uP aT _ 1200 = 1200 = 240 volts Energy Transfer The energy transferred to other forms depends on the current, potential difference and the time for which the appliance is switched on, Eneray curcent Potential ti lransferred = (CHEM 3¢ difference ¢ Time (joule, J) (ampere, A)“ “volt, V) (second, s) where lis the current and Vis the potential difference Example The electric fie in the previous example is switched on for 1 hour. (@) What electrical eneray is transferred? (Time must be in seconds.) E=lxVxt 5 x 240 x 60 x 60 = 4320000) {b) How long (in minutes) would it take to ‘transfer 720000J? E (xy _ 720000 = x 240) = 600s (0 minutes P2 Revision Booklet Page 10Distance-Time Graphs Aer dined This topic looks at: The slope of a distance-time graph represents the * how to interpret graphs speed of the object. The steeper the gradient, the * how to calculate acceleration greater the speed, The speed can be calculated from the effect of a resultant force the gradient. "Sea Speed test |. 30 | + One way of describing the movement of an object is by measuring its speed, or how fast itis moving. For example: Object is moving Distance (m) “ata consant * a cyclist travelling at a constant speed of 8 metres ” seed per second (@m/s) would travel a distance of Bmerres every second ° Tom, Lee sof ea certovting at. constan at a constant speed of 60 miles 2 per hour (60mph) would travel a distance of ead 2 "Object is moving “ata greater “constant speed 60 miles every hour. sy - ema , 60 miles Speed is measured in metres per second (m/s), kilometres per hour (krr/h) or miles per hour (moh) To calculate speed, use the equation: * Object is moving ataconstant speed for 25 then stops for 3s istance (m) Speed (ms) = Snare ‘where x's the distance and ss the speed Example What is the speed of a car that travels 500m in 25s? 5 Time (5) Speed infest 25 = 29. 15/5 00 300 ed in fast 35 = Onis == So = 20m/s P2 Revision Booklet Page 11Displacement Displacement is distance travelled in a stated direction, for example 300m due north. If you walk 2km around a park and end up back where you started, the distance you have travelled is 2km but your displacement is zero. Displacement is a vector quantity, because it has both a size and a direction Velocity The velocity of a moving object is its speed in a stated direction, for example 40kmn/h to the east. Like displacement, it is a vector quantity Velocity of the car i 40erh east Velocity ofthe car is 40km/h south The car in the diagram above may be travelling at a constant speed of 40km/h, but its velocity changes because its direction of movement changes, ie. from east to south The direction of velocity is sometimes indicated by a positive (+) or a negative (+) sign. if one car is traveling at +40mph and another is travelling at -40mph they are simply travelling in opposite directions. Acceleration The acceleration of an object is the rate at which its velocity changes. In other words, it is a measure of how quickly an object is speeding up or slowing down. This change can be in magnitude (size) and/or direction, so acceleration is a vector quantity Acceleration is measured in metres per second, per second or metres per second squared, m/s*, The cyclist in the diagram below increases his velocity by 2mvs every second. So, we can say that the acceleration of the cyclst is 2m/s? (2 metres per second, per second). There are two important points to be aware of when measuring acceleration © The cyclist in the diagram is increasing his velocity by the same amount every second, however, the distance travelled each second is increasing. @ Deceleration is simply a negative acceleration. In other words, it describes an object which is slowing down. If we want to work out the acceleration of any moving object, we need to know two things + the change in velocity * the time taken for the change in velocity We can then calculate the acceleration of the object using the following equation: Change in velocity (m/s) 1 taken for change (s) Acceleration (mis!) = ‘here vis the final velocity, ui the siarting velocity and ais the acceleration - Example A cyclist is travelling at a constant speed of 10mis. He then accelerates and reaches a velocity of 24m/s after 7s, Calculate his acceleration, 24-10 hange in velocity Acceleration = ©! velocity, _ Time taken| = 2m/s?Velocity-Time Graphs The slope of a velocity-time graph represents the acceleration of the object: the steeper the gradient, the greater the acceleration. The graphs below show how the acceleration is calculated from a velocity- time graph. $ You can also calculate the distance travelled from a velocity-time graph, The total distance _ travelled is given by the area between the line and the axis. E 100} 2 Object is moving at a 8 constant velocity of 100m, i. itis not accelerating at al, 0123 4 5 Time (s) Distance travelled = 100 x5= 500m ‘objects moving at» constant acceleration, 50: 1 = (100-0) «20m 5 oizaas Time) Distance travelled 4.4 100%5=250m) 1504 T 100} ; Velocity (rvs) 100. Objectis moving at a greater constant acceleration a= {159-0 = s0mit Velocity (m/s) ori a ad g Time () Distance travelled il sansearsa { Object is moving at a i constant deceleration (22150) = -30myst Diane evel at i0x50275m Forces Forces are pushes or pullls, e.g. friction, weight and air resistance. Forces may be different in size and act in different directions. A force can make an object, change its speed, its shape, or the direction in which itis moving. Force is measured in newtons (N). Force is a vector quantity, as it has both a size and a direction. Forces between Two Interacting Objects ‘When two objects touch, they interact. The interaction involves two forces, acting on the different objects. The diagram shows two men pulling against each other. Man A pulls on man B, and man B pulls on man A. Each feels a force from the other; these forces are equal in size and opposite in direction, In general, when object A exerts a force on object B, this is called an action force, Object B will exert a force of equal size and opposite direction on object A, called the reaction force. Pairs of action and reaction forces are always forces of the same kind. Page 13Free-Body Force Diagrams Free-body force diagrams show all the forces acting on an object. Each force is shown by an arrow. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the force and the length of the arrow indicates the size of the force. For example: Contact free from the ground pushes up Earth pulls man down (weight) This free-body force diagram shows a boat travelling at a constant speed. The forces are all equal so the arrows are all the same length. The forces are balanced, so the boat is in equilibrium. Water pushes boat ‘up ouoyancy) Resistive force Driving force Earth pulls boat down (weight) How Forces Affect Movement The movement of an object depends on all the forces acting upon it. The combined effect of these forces is called the resultant force and this force affects any subsequent motion of the object. A moving car has forces acting on it which affect its movement: Driving Forel Air rsistance Direction of, movement Friction In this diagram, the car exerts a driving force, The air resistance and friction are resistive forces. The balance of these two types of force dictates the motion of the car. Resistive force Look at the diagrams below: @ Accelerating When the driving force is greater than the resistive force (ie. the resuitant force is not Zero), the car is accelerating. An unbalanced force acts on the car, causing it to speed up, ie. accelerate. Drvng force 1Simph Resistive force "30mph The driving force is greater than the resistive force. Braking ‘When the resistive force is greater than the driving force (i.e. the resultant force is not zero), the car is decelerating. An unbalanced force acts on the car, causing it to slow down, ie. decelerate. Driving force "30mph 1Smph The resistive force is greater than the driving force. © Moving at a Constant Speed When the driving force is equal to the resistive force (i.e. the resultant force is zero), the car is moving at a constant speed. The forces acting on the car are now balanced. Diving force 30mph Restive force The driving force is equal to the resistive force so the acceleration is zero. Tn anne aeeeecaiaieeeeaao aaa ee P2 Revision Booklet Page 14Calculating Resultant Force We can calculate the resultant of several forces by drawing a free-body diagram. Example Acar has a driving force of 3000N. Iti resisted in its movement by air resistance of 150N and friction from the tyres of 850N. Calculate the resultant force for the car. Draw a free-body diagram. 850N Friction force 150N 3000N Ale resistance Driving foce Resultant force = 3000 - (850 + 150) = 2000N Remember that if the resultant force on an object is, Zero, the object will stay still or it will carry on moving at the same velocity. If the resultant force on an object is not zero, it will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force. Force, Mass and Acceleration If a resultant force acts on an object then the acceleration of the object will depend on: * the size of the resultant force - the bigger the force, the greater the acceleration * the mass of the object - the bigger the mass, the smaller the acceleration. (Mass is the amount of material in an object.) AM: A 1 second ——— Socrnecns Bioger push force 1 second The relationship between force, mass and acceleration is shown in the following formula: Force wy Mass Acceleration (kg) % (rvs) From this, we can define a newton (N) as the force needed to give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one metre per second squared (Inv) Example The trolley below, of mass 400kg, is pushed along the floor with a constant speed, by a man who exerts a push force of ISON. As the trolley is moving at a constant speed, the forces acting upon it must be balanced. Therefore, the 150N push force must be opposed by 150N of friction Another man joins. The trolley now accelerates at 0.51mi? Push Friction force 150N AAs the trolley is now accelerating, the push force must be greater than friction. An unbalanced force now acts. Calculate the force needed to achieve this acceleration. Force= Mass x Acceleration The total push exerted on the trolley <— = 150N + 200N = 350N (force equal (force to provide 10 friction) acceleration) P2 Revision Booklet Page 15Weight and Mass Weight is a measure of the force exerted on a mass due to the pull of gravity. As itis a force, the units are newtons (N). If you travelled to the Moon, your mass would remain the same as on Earth, but your weight would be less because the gravitational field strength of the Moon is much less. The gravitational field strength is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg). On Earth it is 1ON/kg. (On the Moon it is 1.67N/kg.) The relationship between weight, mass and gravitational field strength is given by the equation: Gravitational Weight _ Mass = x flold strength w kg) ‘oes Example Calculate the weight (on Earth) of an object whose mass is 7kg. Wemxg =7x10 = 70N Investigating the Relationship between Force, Mass and Acceleration A dynamics trolley and a runway can be set up to investigate the relationship between force, mass and acceleration. In the investigation we keep the total mass constant, to look at the relationship between force and acceleration. @ Attach a card with two segments onto a trolley, as shown in the diagram P2 Revision Booklet @ Set up 2 light gate connected to a data logger so the light beam is interrupted by the card. (Input the length of each segment of the card and the distance between them into the datalogger) © Allow the trolley to run down a runway through the light gate and record its acceleration. © Aciust the angle of the runway until the acceleration is zero or nearly zero. @ Pass a length of string over a pulley to a weight hanger, which hangs over the edge of the runway. Attach the other end of the string to the trolley. @ Tape three 100g masses (3N force) onto the trolley, Record the acceleration, using the weight hanger a5 a IN accelerating force. Repeat for forces of 2N, 3N, 4N by transferring the three masses, one at a time, from the trolley to the weight hanger. @ Plot a graph of acceleration against force. Terminal Velocity Falling objects experience two forces: * the downward force of weight, W q), which always stays the same © the upward force of air resistance, R, or drag (). ‘When a skydiver jumps out of an aeroplane, the speed of his descent can be considered in two separate parts: before the parachute opens and after the parachute ‘opens (see diagram on page 47). Page 16Terminal Velocity (cont.) g — 4 Steady speed oN 3) /e . % Fae Ne perrnm 5 > opens, opens See ° ape Time = Ye Before the Parachute Opens ' L When the skyaiver jumps, he initially accelerates due to the ou force of gravity (see @). Gravity isa force of attraction that ey i acts between bodies that have mass, eg. the skydiver and the a Ne i, Earth. The weight (W) of an objectis the force exerted anit gy | by gravity tis measured in newtons (N) de ' However, asthe skydiver falls, he experiences the frictional ‘& force of air resistance (A) in the opposite direction. But this is i not as great as Wso he continues to accelerate (see @). w t Balanced forces As his speed increases, so does the air resistance acting on him Ne en (see ©), until eventually R is equal to W (see Q). This means that ° nee ‘the resultant force acting on him is now zero and his falling speed { é becomes constant. This speed is called the terminal velocity. w | After the Parachute Opens When the parachute is opened, unbalanced forces act again because the upward force of Ris now greatly increased and is bigger than W/ (see ©), This causes his speed to decrease and as his speed decreases so does R (see ©). Eventually R decreases unti it is equal to W/(see @), The forces acting are once again balanced and for the second time he falls ata steady speed, more slowly than before though, ie. at anew terminal velocity, He travels at this speed unti/ he lands (see ©), Note that these pictures show that there is a sideways force acting on the skydiver. We are only interested in the vertical forces. In the absence of air resistance (ie. in a vacuum) al faling bodies accelerate at the same rate. If you dropped a feather and a ° hammer from the same height at the same time on the Moon, both would reach the surface simultaneously. a P2 Revision Booklet Page 17cee ey This topic looks at: + what is meant by stopping and braking distance + how momentum relates to safety * how to calculate power Stopping Distances The stopping distance of a vehicle depends on ‘+ the thinking distance: the distance travelled by the vehicle from the point when the driver realises they need to apply the brakes to when they actually apply them * the braking distance: the distance travelled by the vehicle from the point when the driver applies the brakes to when the vehicle actually stops Braking distance Stopping distance Thinking distance * Factors Affecting Stopping Distance The Speed of the Vehicle The speed of the vehicle affects both the thinking distance and the braking aistance. The chart below shows how the thinking distance and braking distance of a vehicle under normal driving conditions depend on the speed of the vehicle, B= thinking distance The Mass of the Vehicle The mass of a vehicle affects the braking distance only. It has no effect on the thinking distance. if the mass of the vehicle is increased, e.g. by passengers or baggage, it has greater kinetic (movement) eneray, Which increases the braking clistance (see page 53) The Conditions of the Vehicle and the Road The vehicle may have worn tyres, or the road conditions may be wet, icy or uneven. All these conditions will affect the friction between the tyres and the road and, therefore, the braking distance The Driver’s Reaction Time The driver's reaction time, ie. the time taken from the point the driver realises they need to apply the brakes to when they actually apply them, affects the thinking distance only. it has no effect on the braking distance. The following would increase the reaction time of the driver: drinking alcohol; taking drugs; being tired; being distracted by the surroundings. Investigating Friction ‘Some simple apparatus can be used to investigate friction between surfaces. Block Pulley Weight carrer ‘Material under block to change tition @ Set up a wooden block on a level or slightly sloping surface, as shown. @ Fixa string to the block. Attach this to a weight carrier hanging vertically over a pulley at the end of the slope (or attach the string to a newton meter) © The weight hanger (or the newton meter, pulled parallel to the slope) exerts a force on the block. Record the force needed to keep the block moving steadily. (Remember that weight (N) = mass (kg) x 10 (N/kg),) Q Repeat the experiment with, for example, water to reduce the friction and sand or sandpaper to increase friction. P2 Revision Booklet Page 18Momentum Momentum is a measure of the state of movement of an object. Its dependent on two things: * the mass of the object (kg) * the velocity of the object (mm/s). Momentum is a vector quantity since velocity is a vector. Therefore, the direction of the momentum is important The momentum of an object can be calculated using the following equation: Momentum Mass yy Velocity (kg mis) = (kg) (ovis) Example 1 A railway truck with a mass of 40 tonnes is travelling with a uniform velocity of 15m/s, Calculate the truck's momentum. Momentum =Mass x Velocity = (40 x 1000) x 15 =600000kg m/s ass must be in kg: When two bodies travelling along the same straight path collide, the total momentum before the collision is always equal to the total momentum after the collision. Example 2 Two cars are heading towards each other. Car A has a mass of 750kg and is travelling at a constant speed of 30m/s due north. Car B has a mass of 1000kg and is travelling at a constant speed of 25m/s due south (a) Calculate their total momentum Momentum of car A = 750 x 30 = 22500kg m/s Momentum is a vector quantity so one direction has 10 be called ‘positive’, say toward the north, The ‘opposite direction is then the ‘negative’ direction. In this case, car B's momentum is said to be negative, Momentum of car B =-25000kg m/s Total momentum = 22 500 + (-25 000) = -2500kg m/s (towards the south, since the answer is negative), (b) State their total momentum after they collide. The total momentum after the collision has to be the same as before the colision. So the answer is 2500kg mis towards the south When a force acts on a moving object, or a stationary object that is capable of moving, the object will experience a change in momentum, g Force and momentum are related by the following equation: E _- Change in momentum (kg mis) | 1) = Time taken for change) — “where the change in “momentum is _mv="ma, vith u the "original velocity and v [| the final velocity A.car of mass 1000kg is travelling at 10m/s, 5 seconds later it is travelling at 20m/s. {@) Calculate the change in momentum. Start momentum = mu = 1000 x 10 = 10000kg m/s Finish momentum = mv = 1000 x 20 = 20000kg mis ‘Change in momentum = 20000 - 10000. = 10000kg m/s (b) Caleulate the force produced by this change in momentum. Force = Change in momentum Time taken for change 10000 5 = 2000N P2 Revision Booklet Page 19Work When a force moves an object, work is done on the object, resulting in the transfer of energy where: Work done () Energy transferred () Work done, force and distance moved are related by the following equation: Distance moved in Work Force a Jdonety = "yy % _setion of fo where E's the energy ‘vansferred (or work done) Example ‘Aman pushes a car with a steady force of 250N. The car moves a distance of 20m. How much work does the man do? Work done = Force applied x Distance moved = 250 x 20 = 5000J (or 5kJ) So, 5000) of work has been done and 5000) of energy has been transferred, since work done is equal to energy transferred. Power Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy. The greater the power, the more work is done every second. Power is measured in watts (W) or joules per second (J/s). 1 watt = 1 joule per second. P2 Revision Booklet If two men of the same weight race up the same hill, they do the same amount of work to reach the top. However, since one man has done the work in a shorter time, he has the greater power. Power, work done and time taken are related by the equation: Power _ Work done W) (Ww) = Time taken (=) Example A crane lifts a load of 20000N through a distance of 10m in 4s. Calculate the output power of the crane. First, work out how much work the crane does against gravity, then find the power. Work done= Force applied x Distance moved 20000 x 10 Work done Time taken Power 200000 4 50 000W (or J/s) 5OkW, since 1kW = 1000W) (orP Page 20Gravitational Potential Energy Kinetic Energy An object lifted above the ground gains potential Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because energy (PE), often called gravitational potential of its movement. If itis moving, it has kinetic energy, energy (GPE). The additional height gives it the 9. a moving car or lorry has kinetic energy. potential to do work when it falls, e.g. a diver on a diving board has gravitational potential energy. Mass Velocity! (eg) (mus? Example 1 A car of mass 1000kg is moving at a constant speed of 10m/s. How much kinetic energy does it have? Gravitational Vertica X fikdsvensty Xx gaignttm) | Kineticenergy = } x Mass x Velocity? x 1000 x (107° here g i acceleration of free-fall (because gravity is involved) x 1000 x 100 Acceleration of free-fall is also referred to as Example 2 gravitational field strength (9), which (we can assume) a lorry of mass 2050kg is moving at a constant isa constant and has a value of 1ON/kg. This means seed of 7nvs. How much kinetic eneray does that every 1kg of matter near the surface of the Earth experiences a downwards force of 10N due to gravity. it have? Kinetic energy = } x Mass x Velocity? Example ; A sskier of mass 80kg gets on a ski lift, which takes = 2 x 2050 x (77 him from a height of 100m to a height of 300m 12050 x 49 above ground. By how much does his gravitational = 50225) potential energy increase? GPE=mxgxh = 80 x 10 x (300 - 100) 80 x 10 x 200 = 160.000) (or 160kJ, since 1kJ = 1000J) P2 Revision Booklet Page 21AeA ea in This topic looks at: * what radioactive isotopes are ‘+ how nuclear reactions can be controlled ‘+ what conditions are needed for fusion to occur Isotopes ‘The mass number (or nucleon number) of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number (or proton number) of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, Mass (nucleon) number (number of protons —> 4, and neutrons) ‘Atomic (proton) number (umber of protons—> 2 Eloment symbol + ihe element Helium) All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons, The number of protons defines the element. However, some atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons ~ these are called isotopes. Oxygen has three isotopes: oxygen-16 (0), oxygen-17 (70) and coxygen-18 (0) "0 ‘*O ‘O 8 8 8 sur to nettons Breutrons Although the atomic (proton) number is the same in all isotopes of an element, the mass (nucleon) number will vary. The difference between the mass number and the atomic number tells us how many neutrons there are in each isotope of the element. Radiation Some substances contain isotopes with unstable nuclei. An atom is unstable when its nucleus contains too many or too few neutrons. P2 Revision Booklet Unstable nuclei split up or disintegrate, emitting radiation. The atoms of such isotopes disintegrate randomly and are said to be radioactive. There are three main types of radioactive radiation: * Alpha (o) ~ an alpha partice isa helium nucleus (a partie made up of two protons and two neutrons). * Beta (8) — a beta particle is a high-energy electron. © Gamma (1) ~ 2 gamma ray is high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. A radioactive isotope will emit one or more of the three types of radiation from its nucleus. Alpha & particle sien off OR Beta > + particle aiven off oR Unstable New nucieus ‘daughter Gamma disintegrates nucleus SUM radiation given off Radiation and lonisation A radioactive substance is capable of emitting one of the three types of radiation: alpha particles, beta particles or gamma rays. When this radiation collides with neutral atoms or molecules in a substance, the atoms or molecules may become charged due to electrons being ‘knocked out’ of their structure during the collision. This alters their structure, leaving them as ions (atoms with an electrical charge) or charged particles. Atoms can also become (negatively) charged by gaining electrons, © teal som or oleae ipa price as °. coliged with neutral ton atoms/molecules + Electron Page 22Radiation and lonisation (cont.) Alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays are therefore known as ionising radiations (they are randomly emitted from the unstable nuclei of radioactive isotopes). The relative ionising power of each type of radiation is different, as is its power to penetrate different materials, and its range in a Alpha: ct. ta: B Gamma: ¥ 2 protons, Fastemoving Electromagnetic 2 neutros electron. Negative waves of very Fostve charge, charge. Mecium ——_—high frequency. Strong ‘nising’ —_fonéing power No charge, Poor power ‘onising power Paper 35mm Aluminium Sheet of Lead o SSS B " | A ME YAN ‘Alpha particles Betapartites Gamma rays are ‘are absorbed by pass through alt very penevating afew and paper but They need many centimettesof ate absorbed centimetres of arorathin bya few lead or many sheet of paper, millimetres of metres of conc (low penetrating) aluminium. for most to be absorbed Energy Trapped Inside the Atom Large, heavy atoms, such as atoms of uranium, can become more stable (this is known as radioactive decay) by losing an alpha or beta particle, a process which occurs naturally. Stability can be gained more quickly by bombarding the nucleus of the atom of uranium with neutrons in a process called nuclear fission. The tiny amount of mass lost in the fission process is translated into an enormous amount of energy. Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission is the process of splitting atomic nuclei, It is used in nuclear reactors to produce energy to make electricity. The two substances commonly used are uranium-235 (U-235) and plutonium-239 (Pu-239). Unlike radioactive decay, which is a random process, nuclear fission is caused by the bombardment of the nucleus of the atorn with a source of neutrons. The products of the collision are two smaller (daughter) nuclei and two or three other neutrons, along with the release of an enormous amount of energy. If 235g of U-235 were fissioned, the eneray produced would be the same as burning 800 000kg of coal! Nuclear Neutron A. nef Target Ryne ruceus Neutron sion product The products of nuclear fission are radioactive. They remain radioactive for a long time, which means they must be stored or disposed of very carefully. Chain Reactions Suppose a neutron colliding with a U-235 nucleus produces two further neutrons, These neutrons can go on to interact with further U-235 nuclei, producing four neutrons, then eight, then 16, then 32 and so on. Each fission reaction produces an enormous amount of energy in a process called a chain reacti P2 Revision Booklet Page 23,Chain Reactions (cont.) The diagram below shows the chain reaction for U-235 when two neutrons are produced in each fission, > Ast Generation @uas + 8 and Generation + i © * 316 Generation @ & © B sit Neutron 4th Generation Atomic Bombs and Nuclear Reactors Manipulating the chain reaction allows it to be used in two different ways: @ Uncontrolied Chain Reaction * Neutrons bombard pure uranium nuclei * An enormous amount of energy is released. * An enormous amount of radiation is released. This forms an atomic bomb. @ Controlled Chain Reaction * Neutrons bombard a mixture of U-235 and U-238 nuclei. * The heat produced is used to make steam to generate electricity This forms a nuclear reactor. Nuclear Reactors The diagram below shows a pressurised water reactor (PWR). The reactor is inside a steel pressure vessel and is surrounded by thick concrete to absorb radiation. Heat (thermal energy) from the PWR is carried away by water that is boiled to produce steam. The steam drives the turbines that generate electricity (electrical energy). The steam cools to produce water, which is then returned to the reactor to be re-heated. The reactor cannot explode like an atomic bornb because the U-235 nuclei are too far apart for an uncontrolled chain reaction to occur. The chain reaction is basically controlled in two different ways: Control rods are used to absorb some of the neutrons that are produced in the fission process. This means there are fewer neutrons to cause further fission. The rods can be raised or lowered into the reactor core, Raising the rods will increase the power of the reactor, while lowering them will reduce it. A moderator, which is often water, slows down the fast neutrons. Slower neutrons are more likely to ‘cause fission so the use of a moderator increases the power output of the reactor. Nuclear Reactor Heat exchanger Steam condensed baci into water Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) Generator step-up Etecticiy to National Grid P2 Revision Booklet Page 24Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion involves the joining together of two or more light atomic nuclei to form a larger atomic nucleus. It takes a huge amount of heat and energy 40 force the nuclei to fuse. This means that fusion is not a practical way to generate power. However, for each kilogram of fuel, the energy produced by fusion is significantly greater than that produced by fission, tf we could somehow harness the energy from fusion, we would have unlimited amounts of energy and our energy problems would be solved The energy produced by the Sun, and similar stars, comes from the fusion of two ‘heavy’ isotopes of hydrogen called deuterium and tritium. ® Conditions for Nuclear Fusion ‘Atomic nuclei repel each other because protons have positive charge. For fusion to take place, the nuclei have to be close together. At extremely high temperatures, nuclel move very fast. if they are moving fast enough, when they collide they will have sufficient energy to overcome the electrostatic repulsion and get close enough to fuse together. At high pressures, there are a lot of nuclei within a small volume to make sure that collisions can happen. These conditions are found in the Sun. The practical problems involved in producing energy from fusion to make a practical and cost-effective form of power are: @ Temperature The fuel needs to be heated to 100 million degrees Celsius. This is about six times hotter than the interior of our Sun! Pressure Extremely high pressures are needed to force the nudei into a very small space. © Confinement ‘At such extreme temperatures and pressures, no ordinary vessel can be used to contain (or Helium evterium tHe oH ox ee” YT *e Remember that fission is the splitting of heavy nuclei. Fusion is the joining of light nuclei together, confine) the fuel. One solution is to use large magnetic and electric fields instead. Cold Fusion {n 1989, it was reported that an electrolysis experiment carried out at the University of Utah in the USA had produced more heat than would be expected. In fact, the researchers maintained that the amount of heat could only be explained as the result of a nuclear process. Additionally, some by-products of nuclear fusion, such as neutrons, were claimed to have been detected. As this experiment was conducted at room ‘temperatures, it was called ‘cold fusion’. This caused an incredible amount of excitement at the time. However, despite many hundreds of scientists around the world repeating the original experiment, the results have not been reproduced Scientific theories such as cold fusion are not accepted until they have been proven by many scientists who make up the world scientific ‘community, Page 25Pico c ice runes ne nd RE eee ue cue This topic looks at: + where radioactivity comes from * how radioactivity decays * how radiation affects living organisms * the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear power Background Radiation Background radiation is radiation that occurs all around us. It only provides a very small dose so there is little danger to our health. The pie chart below shows the sources of background radiation Key: > (@ Radon gas (50%) A colourless, odourless gas produced during the radioactive decay of uranium, which is found naturally in granite rock. Released at the surface of the ground, it poses a threat if it builds up in a home, e.9. it can result in lung cancer, The amount of radon varies. Areas with higher concentrations tend to be built on granite, 9. Devon, Comwall and Edinburgh. "| Medical (12%) Mainly X-rays. [Bi Nuclear industry (less than 1%) Cosmic rays (10%) From outer space and the Sun. Mi From food (12%) Gamma (1) rays (15%) From rock, soil and building products. ry € 13% of raiation is from 87% of radiation is rom manufactured sources natural sources Radioactive Decay and Half-life The activity of a radioactive isotope is the average number of disintegrations that occur every second. It is measured in becquerels and decreases over a period of time. In a certain time interval, the same fraction of nuclei will decay (change to other isotopes or elements) This fraction stays constant. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is a measurement of the rate of radioactive decay, ie. the time it takes for half the undecayed nuclei to decay, gina atom © = New atom formed after original torn has decayed NB The olagram shows a colection (of atoms, not a nucteus, If a radioactive isotope has a very long halflife, then it remains active for a very long time. Page 26Finding Half-life from a Graph The graph below shows the count rate against time for the radioactive material iodine-128 (|-128). The count rate is the average number of radioactive emissions fodine-128 Counts per second | Sete AAs time goes on, there are fewer and fewer unstable atoms left to decay. After 25 minutes the count rate has fallen to half its original value. Therefore, iodine-128 has a half-life of 25 minutes The table below shows the half-lives of some other radioactive elements (erence Perens Radon-222 4 days Strontium-90 28 years Radium-226 1600 years Carbon-14 5730 years Plutonium-239 24.400 years Uranium-235 700 000000 years Simulating Radioactive Decay Obtain as many dice as possible for this experiment. The more dice you use, the closer the simulation to radioactive decay. @ Throw the dice on to a surface and count the number of dice with, say, the number 1 uppermost, @ Record the number of dice showing 1 and then remove all of those dice. © Repeat the process again (about four times) with the remaining dice @ Plot a graph of the number of dice left (on the vertical axis) against the number of throws. @ Draw a smooth best-fit curve. @Q Find the ‘half-life’ as above. P2 Revision Booklet Using Half-life Knowledge about the half-lives of radioactive elements can be used to date certain materials by measuring the amount of radiation they emit. Materials that can be dated include: * very old samples of wood * remains of prehistoric bones + certain types of rock. This is because certain materials contain radioactive isotopes which decay to produce stable isotopes. If we know the proportion of each of these isotopes and the halt-lfe of the radioactive isotope, then itis possible to date the material For example: ‘© Igneous rocks may contain uranium isotopes, which decay via a series of relatively shortlived isotopes to produce stable isotopes of lead. This takes a long time because uranium has a very long half-life. * Wood and bones contain the carbon-14 (C-14) isotope, which decays when the organism dies Example Avery small sample of dead wood has an activity of 1000 becquerels. The same mass of ‘live’ wood has an activity of 4000 becquerels. If the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years, calculate the age of the wood. ‘000 (allie halflife 1999 original (p> 2000 > resent activity acuvity The activity of the dead wood is } of that of the live wood. The carbon-14 in the dead wood has thetefore been decaying for two half-lives Pe G=3*D) So, the age of the wood is two half-lives = 2x 5730 = 11460 years Page 27Effect of lonising Radiation on Living Organisms {onising radiation can damage cells and tissues, causing cancer, including leukaemia (cancer of the blood), or mutations (changes) in the cells, and can result in the birth of deformed babies in future generations. This is why precautions must always be taken when dealing with any type of radiation With all types of radiation, the greater the dose received, the greater the risk of damage. However, the damaging effect depends on whether the radiation source is outside or inside the body. If the source is outside the body: * alpha (a) radiation is stopped by the skin and cannot penetrate into the body * beta (B) and gamma (1) radiation and X-rays can penetrate into the body to reach the cells of organs, where they are absorbed Outside the Body If the source is inside the body: + alpha (a) radiation causes most damage as it is entirely absorbed by cells, causing the most ionisation + beta (B) and gamma (Y) radiation and X-rays cause less damage as they are less likely to be absorbed by cells. Inside the Body Precautions People working with ionising radiation (for example, in the nuclear industry and radiographers in hospitals), may need to wear protective clothing. The amount of exposure to radiation is monitored on a daily basis. Some highly radioactive materials may be handled remotely, For hospital patients undergoing treatment, the amount of exposure is limited as much as possible, Treatment plans include the type of radiation used, its half-life and how long the procedure takes. Uses of Ra n lonising radiation can be used beneficially, for example, to treat tumours and cancers. This is done by one of the following methods: + implanting a radioactive material in the area to be treated * dosing the patient with a radioactive isotope * exposing the patient to precisely focused beams of radiation from a machine such as an X-ray machine Radiotherapy slows down the spread of cancerous calls so itis used to treat cancer. Gamma Rays and X-rays Gamma rays and X-rays are forms of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays are emitted by highly excited atomic nuclei. X-rays can be produced by means of a medical X-ray tube and are emitted when fast-moving electrons hit a metal target. Low-energy gamma rays and X-rays can pass through flesh but not bone, which is why bones show up on an X-ray photograph. Gamma rays and X-rays have weak ionising power but both can damage living cells. Sterilisation of Medical instruments ‘Gamma rays can be used to sterlse medical instruments, because germs and bacteria are destroyed by them. ‘An advantage of this method is that no heat is required, therefore damage to the instruments is minimised Preserving Food Subjecting food to low doses of radiation kil microorganisms within the food and protongs its shelf life. Page 28Nuclear Power The use of nuclear power has advantages and disadvantages, and the setting up of a nuclear power station in any part of the UK will have a huge environmental and social impact. Eee Re eae ach * No greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. carbon dioxide) * No air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. * Quantity of waste is small * Low fuel costs. * Local economy could benefit from the many jobs created. DE Cue Cone Ue ae urea) * Risk of a major accident, e.g. Three Mile Island, Chernobyl * Nuclear waste is dangerous and long-lived leading to transport and storage problems. * High construction and maintenance costs * Security concerns, * Large-scale designs — large areas of land used. * A power station spoils the look of the countryside. * Wildlife habitats would be destroyed * An increase in traffic means an increase in noise and air pollution. P2 Revision Booklet Nuclear Waste Currently there are a number of possible ways to deal with nuclear waste, depending on its type High-level waste ~ about 1% of the total waste is from spent fuel rods. When they are removed from the core of the reactor, they are highly radioactive and are placed in a pool filed with water. The water cools the rods. The spent fuel rods are placed much further apart than in the reactor, to minimise the chance of fission occurring, Some ideas for the longer term disposal of spent fuel rods are to bury them under the sea floor, store them underground, or even blast them into space. The most ikely possibilty is to bury them about a mile underground in special, tightly sealed casks. Medium-level waste — which accounts for nearly 20% of the total, comes from things such as cladding around the fuel rods and radioactive sludge. This can be contained in stainless steel drums and stored in monitored areas above ground, Low-level waste — about 80% of all the waste is from items that are only slightly radioactive, such as protective clothing and laboratory equipment. This can be compacted and placed in containers and then stored above ground in special areas. Page 29You will receive a formula sheet like this in your exam paper. You will often need to use this to answer calculation questions. P2 CCharge (coulomb, C) = current (ampere, A) x time (Second, s) gniet Potential diference (vol) ~ current (ampere, A) * resistance (ohm, 2) VaIxR Electrical power (watt, W) = current (ampere, A) x potential diference (vl, V) Paixv Enorgy transfered (Joule, J) = current (ampere, A) x potential difference (vot ) «time (second, s) Estxver distance (metre, m) ‘Speed (metre par second, m/s) = Fey change in velocity (metre per second, m/s) ww Acceleration (metre per second squared, m/s’) = Se) momentum (kilogram metre per second, kg m/s) = mass (kilogram, kg) x velacity (metre per second, m/s) ‘momentum = mx v ‘Work done (joule, J) ~ force (newton, N) * distance moved in the direction of the force (metre, m) EsFxd Graviatlonal potential energy jul. J) = mass (klograr, kg x grauiatioral let sIrengt (newon per Klogram,N/kg) * vertical helght (metre m) GPE=mxgxh Kinetic energy (oul) =-F * mass (klogram, ka) * velocty®(Imere/second? n/sP) KE Lx mx SF nr EEE EEF EEEEEEeEEEEET EEE ed P2 Revision Booklet Page 30Questions labelled with an asterisk (+) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed ~ you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. 1, (a) Give an example of an electrical conductor. a (b) Give an example of an electrical insulator. a (©) In terms of the flow of electricity, what Is the difference between a conductor and an insulator? (1) 2. tis possible for an insulator to gain an electrical charge, (a) How can this be done? oO (b) Complete this sentence. The insulator is then said to be charged with ian, a 3. Sven rubs a balloon on his jumper, charging tt, (@) His jumper gains a negative charge. Explain how. (C2) (b) (What charge does the balloon gain? 0) Gi) Explain your answer, ® 4, Two ebonite rods are rubbed with fur. One of these rods is suspended from a string, , (@) What will happen to the suspended rod if the other rod \/ is moved close toi? w (b) Expiain your answer, @ P2 Revision Booklet Page 315. Sean brings a charged ebonite rod near to a suspended and charged Perspex rod. He notices that the suspended rod moves towards the other rod. How can he explain this observation? @ L ee tf Ses 7 6. Salma was in her classroom, which has a nylon carpet. She found that walking over the carpet and then touching the metal radiator gave her an electric shock. Explain why this happened. @ 7. Earthing allows excess charge to be removed from an object. (@) Explain this in terms of the movement of electrons. (2) () The diagrams below show the dome of a Van de Graaf generator, (2) Py ‘The dome on the left is negatively charged. A small sphere connected to earth touches the dome. (Draw arrows to show what happens to the flow of electrons. Gil) Do the same to the diagram on the right where the dome is positively charged. 8. Give the names of two examples of everyday products that make use of static electricity, @ es (i) (o) ee _ a (1) 9, During the refuelling of planes, great care must be taken to avoid dangerous electrical discharges. (@) How could a discharge occur? @ P2 Revision Booklet Page 3210. Ts (©) Give one way in which this could be prevented. Calculate the charge, in coulombs, that flows when: (2) a current of 2A flows for 10s (b) a current of 1.54 flows for 30s (©) a current of 0.75A flows for 1 minute 20s, a a) Clouds may become charged due to very small particles of ice rubbing against each other, In thunder clouds, the charge is greater than normal and lightning can occur. (2) What is lightning? (b) The bottoms of thunder clouds gain a negative charge. Explain how lightning occurs. ‘Some buildings have a lightning conductor fixed to the outside wall. This is a copper rod that rises above the highest part of the bullding, with its lowest end connected to earth, Explain how this protects the building from lightning, P2 Revision Booklet © Page 33Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed ~ you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions, 1. Draw the circuit diagrams in the spaces below. (@) A circuit with one call and two lamps in series. @ (b) A circuit with one cell and two lamps in parallel (2 2, The diagram below shows a simple circu, Jefe Using the correct symbol, draw on the diagram where you would connect: (@) an ammeter in the circult fo measure the current (2) (b) a voltmeter in the circuit to measure the potential difference (voltage) across the lamp. (2) 3, The diagram below shows a circult with two lamps in parallel, The current passing through the top lamp Is 0.24, a— (@) The bottom lamp Is identical to the top lamp. What Is the current passing through the bottom lamp? (1) (b) What is the tofal current passing through the rest of the circuit? a) P2 Revision Booklet Page 34A circuit has two cells connected in series with a lamp. How does the brightness of the lamp change if (a) one cell is removed? _ $< o (b) one cell is added so there are now three cells? _ _ ns) (©) © How does the brightness of the lamp depend on the number of cells? @ Gi How does the current in the circuit depend on the size of the voltage? @ (@) @ What does resistance mean in a circuit? a) i) What unit is used to measure resistance? Give the full name and symbol. a (b) The resistance Is increased in a circult. How does this change the current? a (©) What component could be used in a circult to change the resistance? a ‘The graph below shows how the amount of light falling on a light-dependent resistor (LOR) affects its resistance. (@) Label the axes of the graph, @ (b) Explain the shape of the graph. (2) (C) Give one example of the use of an LDR. a P2 Revision Booklet Page 35,7. (@) Sketch and label a graph to show the relationship between resistance and temperature for a thermistor, @ (b) In terms of resistance, thermistors are not like most electrical components, such as light bulbs, Explain why. In what ways is a thermistor like an LOR? 8 0 — 4 — @ (b) Ina series circult, the reading on an ammeter is O.6A. The total resistance Is 10. Calculate the Potential difference supplied by the battery, (2) 9. Inthe circuits shown below, each cell provides a potential difference of 1.5V. ft fe feee-e fe ee ec) i) ¢@ ct) bre) ce] 20 40 ed 2 2 0 For each circult, calculate the following: (For part (ili) you will need to use current = p (@) @ pd. supplied = (0) (pd. supplied = (2 @ pd. supplied = Gi) total resistance = _ Gi) total resistance = Gi) total resistance = Gil) ammeter reading =... Gi). ammeter reading = ..... (i) ammeter reading = WW y=... Ww y= Ww v,- @ v=. @ v=. @ y=. @ —————————————————————— Page 36 P2 Revision Booklet10. Josh decides to investigate how the current flowing through a filament bulb changes with ‘the potential difference across it. He obtained the results below. Potential Difference (V) | 00 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 (@) On the graph paper below plot a current-potential difference graph. @ (b) (Describe the shape of your graph. @ Gil) Explain the shape of the graph. @ i P2 Revision Booklet Page 3711. The graphs below show current against potential difference for different components, Current (A) Potential Difference (Vv) Potential Difference (Vv) A a s = s £ = a — é Potential Difference (V) Potential Difference (V) c D (@) Which one shows the graph for a fixed resistor? ers a (b) Which one shows the graph for a resistance that increases? a) @ Which one shows the graph for a diode? a) 12, An electric current passing through a wire causes it to heat up. Name a common electrical device that makes use of this effect, oe 13, In the device you wrote as the answer to question 12, there is a transfer of energy. What Is the main energy transfer that takes place? @ 14, A similar device works on the mains voltage of 230V and draws a current of 5A. (@) What is its power, in watts? _ neice, (2) (b) How much electrical energy is transferred in @ 1 second? wee es (1) GO 1 minute? —— oe ID On P2 Revision Booklet Page 38Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed ~ you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. 1. Mandy is talking fo a friend, trying to explain what is meant by the velocity of a car. o A (_) Velocity is the same as speed. B (_) Velocity is speed in two diferent directions. © (_) Velocity is speed in a certain direction. D_ (_) Velocity is the direction ofthe car 2, _ Adistance-time graph for @ person walking along a road is shown below. 30 4: Distance (m) ea8 8 °o 8 to 18 20 25 90 Time (seconds) (@) Calculate the speed: ( in the first 5 seconds @ Gi) in the last 20 seconds, @ (b) What was the total distance walked? 0) (©) Describe the journey that the person takes. @ 3. A truck is stationary at a set of traffic lights. When the lights change, it moves off and reaches a velocity of 15m/s after 30s. Calculate the acceleration of the truck. @ P2 Revision Booklet Page 394. Study the four velocity-time graphs below. gio e150 E 1004 E 100 £ 00 F 0 ee o1aa ae 3 Time (s) * _t0 3m E 100 E 100 Fe Fw 3, Zo o1a3as 3 Time (s) Which graphs A, B, C or D show: (@) an object that is constantly decelerating? _ (b) an object that has zero acceleration? = (©) an object that is constantly accelerating? __ - @) an object that is moving at a steady velocity? —_ 5. Calculate the acceleration shown in graph C of question 4, 6. Atrain is moving along a track. 34 5 Time (s) 8 2348 Time (3) = oO a a a (2) a Ressive force — — Describe the relationship between the two forces shown when: (a) the train accelerates (b) the train moves at constant speed (©) the train slows down, P2 Revision Booklet a ao a) Page 407. _ In free-body force diagrams, an arrow Is used fo show the direction of @ force. The length of the arrow shows the size of the force. Draw a free-body force diagram for: (@) a man standing on the ground @ (b) a hot air-balloon accelerating upwards. @ 8 Calculate the weight in each of the following (taking g = 10N/kg). (@) The mass of a girl Is 45kg, (} (b) The mass of a car is 900kg, a 9. Acar of mass 800kg accelerates at 1.5m/s*. Calculate the driving force of the car. (2 10. Use the formula: acceleration = "2 in the following questions. (a) A full supermarket trolley of total mass 25kg is pushed along with a resultant force of 10N. Calculate the acceleration, a () A lorry of mass 2000kg has a driving force of 2800N. The resistive forces total 100N. (What is the resultant driving force? 0) Gi) Calculate the acceleration. a) SA TSETEEe FSSC TEE EIEEEREERERetaeeemeendinianeeemneieeeeneeenieeeemeee ed P2 Revision Booklet Page 4111. The drawing below shows the main forces acting on a skydlver, 0 P Which statement correctly describes the situation that Is shown? 4 A () Force Pis weight and force @ Is ar resistance, 7 . B (_) Force P is air resistance and force Q is acceleration, WW © (_) Force P is acceleration and force @ Is air resistance. Q D (_) Force P is ar resistance and force @ is weight 12. The velocity-time graph below shows the motion of a skydiver at 10s intervals after he steps out of the aeroplane. Velocity of Skydiver (@) Explain what happens at stages A, B, C, and D. @ A pe ee ns —— ae Se — — ainc == a —_ w yD ee a — = fi) (b) What stage does the dotted line represent? a (C) Explain whet happens at stages EF, G, and H. ME _ — = 0 oy F__ a ae 0 qe ee - _ 0 WH _ _ _ 0} P2 Revision Booklet Page 42Questions labelled with on asterisk (‘) are ones where the quallty of your written communication will be assessed — you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions, 1. The total stopping distance of a vehicle is the sum of two distances. What are they called? (C) f@ ) a x 2, Which of he following conditions will not increase the stopping distance of a car? 0 A O The car is travelling at high speed. c O The road is dry. BL) Mis raining hard, D (_) The arwveris steepy 3. A criver is driving steadlly, She suddenly sees a child step out in front of her car. She brakes. (@) What is meant by the driver's ‘reaction time"? @ (b) Apart from feeling tired, name two other things that could increase reaction time. o a) Go a 4, A woman is learning to drive. Her driving instructor points out the various features of the car. Below Is a list of features. Which one Is a safety feature? ao a () Satnav © (_) Metalic paint B () Airbag D () Alloy wheels 5. _ What two things do you need to know to calculate the momentum of a vehicle? @ @ (b) 6. Acar of mass 1000kg travels at a constant velocity of 20m/s, (@) Calculate the momentum of the car. @ (b) Another car of the same mass is travelling at the same velocity but in the opposite direction. What is the momentum of this car? a 7. Use the equation velocity = "2" to calculate the velocity of a motorbike if its mass is 250kg, mi the rider has a mass of 90kg and its momentum is 8500kg m/s. @ P2 Revision Booklet Page 438. Ina collision between two bodies, momentum Is conserved. (a) What does this mean? a (8) Two cars are travelling in the same direction. They both have the same mass of 800kg. The velocity of the one in front is 20m/s. The other is moving at 30m/s. ‘At some point, the cars will collide, @ Calculate the total momentum before they collide. (2) Gi Write down the total momentum after they collide, a 9. Accyclist moves along a level road against resistive forces of 150N. He travels 1500m. Calculate the work done by the cyclist. (2) 10. A man lifts up a parcel of weight SON from the ground through a distance of 1.8m. @ (@) How much work does he do? () How much energy does he transfer? a (©) Explain your answer to (b), a 11, Acrane on a building site tifts @ load of SOOOON through a distance of 30m. (@) Calculate the work done, (a (b) If this takes 20s, calculate the power output of the crane. @ P2 Revision Booklet Page 4412. (a) What is gravitational potential energy (GPE)? a (0) Give two examples of objects that have GPE, — 7 @ Gi) ——— a 13, A girl climbs 5m up a tree. Her mass Is 50kg. Work out her gravitational potential energy. (@ 14, A football of mass 0.4kg is kicked into the air to a height of 8m. (@) Calculate the gravitational potential energy that the ball gains. @ (b) What happens to this energy as the ball starts to fall back to the ground? a 15, Give two examples of objects that have kinetic energy. fa) ee a) ) a oO 16, Alorry of mass 2000kg moves at 20m/s. Calculate the kinetic energy of the lorry. (2 17. Energy can only be transferred from one form to another. Draw a line to match each example to the correct description of how energy is transferred, @ (® Potential energy to kinetic energy to (@) Using an iron potential energy , 5 2 pecking Info a mobile phone, (id Kinetic energy to heat (thermal) energy a (ii) Sound energy to electrical eneray A {<0 A car stopping at frffc lights (iv) Electrical energy to heat (thermal) eneray CPT ann P2 Revision Booklet Page 45,"18. Outline an experiment you could perform in a schoo! laboratory to investigate how the force Needed to move a wooden block depends on the type of surface, © 19. _ In terms of momentum change. explain how the air bags in @ car protect the passengers, @ Time (s) Use the graph to answer the following questions, (@) How fast was the car travelling before It braked? o (b) What was the thinking distance? __ a P2 Revision Booklet Page 46Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed ~ you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. 1, The diagram below shows a simple model of a lithium (Li) atom, Lithium has an atomic number of 3 and a mass number of 7. ‘Name the particles X, ¥ and Z. (@) x= — Y= — @) @z- - 2. The atomic number of cobalt is 27. Cobalt has two isotopes, cobalt-60 and coball-59, (@) What is an isotope? ro) (©) Fill in the missing information about the two isotopes of cobalt to complete the table below. (3) Cobatt-60 Cobalt-59 (@_ Number of protons Gi) Number of neutrons Gil) Number of electrons A 3, The various isotopes of an element, X, are written in the following way: _X What do the letters A and Z represent? (2 A= : = = z- 7 4. Lithium can be represented as Li Represent cobalt-60 and cobalt-59 in the same way. (2) Cobalt-60 Cobalt-59 - a ion Booklet Page 475. What do we mean if we say that @ substance is radioactive? wo 6. Draw lines fo link each different type of radiation to the relevant description/s. A description can apply to more than one type of radiation, @ (@ Emitted from a nucleus Gi Very high-frequency radiation (@) Alpha Gil) Consists of two protons and two neutrons (b) Beta Gu) Very short wavelength radiation © Gamma @ Fast-moving electron (i) Has a negative charge Gil) A helium nucleus 7. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation are directed at three absorbers, as shown below. Paper 36mm aluminium Sheet of lead (@) Which radiation or radiations will still be detected after going through the sheet of paper? w —————————— Page 48, P2 Revision Booklet8. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation are all sald to be lonising radiations, (a) What is the meaning of ionise or ionising? @ (b) These radiations have different ionising powers. Which radiation has the strongest ionising power? oo 0) 9. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are processes that release large amounts of energy. What is the difference between them? CO) Nuclear fission - ee Nuclear fusion ” 10. The diagram below shows part of a nuclear fission process, Write the following labels in the correct places on the diagram. @ energy neutron unstable nucleus fission occurs further neutrons uranium nucteus new radioactive nuclei are formed — > > 11. Chain reactions can be controlled or uncontrolled. Give an example of: (@) a controlled chain reaction = a (b) an uncontrolled chain reaction. - o (©) Name the two methods of controlling a chain reaction. 0 —_ - a @) _ a P2 Revision Booklet Page 4912. Below is a diagram of a type of nuclear reactor. Nuclear reactor Hest exchanger Steam ines Generator ‘Seam condensed ack into water Explain how electricity is produced from a nuclear reactor, @ 13. An unstable nucleus emits radiation at random. What do you understand by this? a) 14, (a) What are the products of nuclear fission? @ (b) Are these products radioactive or non-radioactive? w (©) What potential problem does this pose? a 18. Once nuclear fission has started, it continues by itself (2) What is the term used to describe a self-sustaining reaction like this? a P2 Revision Booklet Page 50(b) Describe how this reaction continues. @ 16. What is the difference between 2 controlled and an uncontrolled chain reaction? 4 Controlled Uncontrolled 17. _ Explain what happens during the nuclear fusion process. @) 18. Name and explain two conditions that must be met before nuclear fusion can occur. @) == = = — 3) (©) Where in the Universe are these conditions met? A P2 Revision Booklet Page 51Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed ~ you should fake particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. 1. What is meant by background radiation? o A (Radiation that is produced by someone working in the background 8 (__) Radiation that occurs from the fall-out of atomic bombs, © () Radiation that occurs in he environment, © (_) Radiation that occurs from outer space. 2. The following are some of the sources of background radiation, radon gas nuclear industry cosmic rays gamma rays (a) Name one other source. oO (b) Which one of the above sources contributes most to background radiation? a 3. Name two uses of radioactivity. f@) = — b) — as a) 4, (a) What is meant by the half-life of a radioactive source? @ (b) A radioactive source has a half-life of 1 hour. Its activity is measured as 1600Bq at 9 a.m. What would its activity be at: @ 10am? 0} Gi) 12 pm? w (©) At what time would its activity be 25Bq? o oo P2 Revision Booklet Page 525. The explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor released a large cloud of radioactive gas into the atmosphere that spread over Europe, The gas contained caesium-137 (with a half-life of 30 years) and iodine-131. The following table shows measurements of the count rate, in bequerels, from a small ‘amount of iodine-131. Time (days) 0 4 8 | 12 Count Rate (Bq) 320 250 160 125 ft @) From the table above, work out the half-life of iodine-131. a “(b) Four months after the explosion, scientists were no longer concemed about the health risks from the iodine but were still worried about the effects of the caesium-137. Do you think that they were right to be concerned about the caesium but not about the lodine? Explain your answer, © 6. — (@) Americium-241 is used in smoke detectors. It has a half-life of 460 years, How long will take for the number of radioactive atoms in a sample of Americium-241 to decrease to. ¥ of the original number? (2) (8) Do you think that It is @ good idea to use a radioactive isotope with such a long halt-ife? Explain your answer, a 7. Why is ionising radiation dangerous to humans? @ 8. — The damaging effects of radiation depend on whether the radiation source is outside or inside the body, (@) Which type/s of ionising radiation Is not harmful to the inside of the body when the source is outside? Explain your answer, @ P2 Revision Booklet(@) Which types of ionising radiation are less harmful when the source is inside the body? Explain your answer, (2) 9. — Anurse is delivering radiotherapy to a patient. What type of precautions should she take: @) for her own protection? a (b) for her patient's protection? (0) 10. In 1901, radium was first used to treat patients with cancerous tumours. (@) Radium-based paint was invented a few years later, What was it used for? a (b) Why were substances containing radium removed from use in the 1930s? a 11. State two advantages and two disadvantages of using nuclear power fo generate electricity, Advantages: (2) Disadvantages: @ 12, There are three different types of nuclear waste. (2) What are they? a) (b) (Which one is the most common type that has fo be dealt with? o ——_—_—_—_—_—— P2 Revision Booklet Page 55Gil) Where does this waste come from? (2) 13, The graph below shows the decay of a radioactive isotope. 600: 500. fm £ 300 I 100 3 a e078 100 125 180 148 200 Time (years) (@) What is the average half-life of this material? a (b) What fraction of the material would remain after 300 years? ay 14, A smoke alarm makes use of @ radioactive isotope. The diagram below shows a simple smoke detector, Postve electrode a comiter ~~ particles e e gQ o ~< nt er eh a pe — ST (@) Give two reasons why a source emitting alpha particles, rather than beta or gamma rays, Is used, (2) SS P2 Revision Bookl Page 56(b) Explain how the smoke alarm works. @ 15. Part of the skeleton of an animal is unearthed in an archaeological dig. A Geiger counter measures the activity of radioactive carbon-14 present as 450Bq. Over the same period of time, the same mass of new bone has an average activity of about 1740Bq. (@) Calculate the approximate age of the skeleton, given that the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years, (2) (b) (Why is your answer only an approximation? a) Gi) Should the actual age be more or less than the answer you gave in (a)? w 16. One disadvantage of using nuclear power for electricity generation is the waste produced. (@) Where does high-level waste come from and what can be done about I in the short and Jong term? @ (b) Other waste accounts for nearly all of the waste produced. (Why is it not as dangerous as high-level waste? @ GD What is done with this kind of waste? 3 (Total: /89) oii P2 Revision Booklet Page S72 Static and Current Electricity qanggpelpaliay, 1. (a) Any metal () Most non-metals(@ Conductors allow electrily to flow, insulators do not 2. (@) Frltion/rubbing with another insulator 8 Static electricy 3. (@) Electrons (1 mark) go from balloon fo jumper (1 mark) (©) 0 Positive 00 Fewer elecrons/iss negatve charge on balloon 4. G@) Repels/moves away () Both (rods) have the same charge (1 mark) same charges repel (1 marid '5. Perspex roa has oppeste charge (¥ mark) to ebonit od (Y mar) ‘opposite charges atiract (1 mark) 6 Shoes rub on carpet (1 mark) shoes/Saime gains charge (mario charge ows to metal) racator (1 mark) 7 Ga) Elactrons fow/move (1 mark) from one object to another (mark) Eich ow to flow trom extn arth (1 mark) (1 mari) 8 (a}() Accept any two trom: Laser printer Photocopier: Xerox copier Pn sprayer insectclde sprayer; Computer memory, Removal of smoke om factory chimney: Al lrisars: Deis 8. (@) Fuel gains elecitons (om pipe/plpe loses electrons lo fuel (1 mark, s0 the pipe becomes postvely charged the fel becomes negatively charged (Y mar his resus in a pote ‘erence/votage, between the pipe andthe fel mark) hs ould lead fo a cscharge/spark/explosin (1 mark) (8) Tank can be earthed/anker and plane can be Inked with (copper conductor 10, (a) 200 th) 45¢ Ce) 075 x 80 1 mark) = 60C (1 mark) 11. (a) (Amospherc)cscharge (1 mark of static elecrcy (1 mand (©) Separation of charges bullis up (1 mart; Cloud Induces Poste charge on ground (¥ mark Potent aifeence between ground and cloud (Y mark: Electrons ump ram cloud fo ground (1 mark) *"¥2, The conductors the tallest, postvly charged object on the bulding. A (thunder) cloud induces a postive charge an the {op ofthe conductor. The conductor provides an easier path for charges to flow because Its made of copper and copper has 8 low electrical resistance. So the conductor provides a path for the charges to flow to Earn rather tan trough the bulding, re Confrotig ‘and Using Electric Current Qing | | —— (lat oes oma | mere cc positions) oe CI (1 mark for correct symbols, 1 mark for correct positions) 3 4 (2) (1 mark or correct symbol, 1 mark for corect position ~ ammeter can be anywhere Inthe tne of he circu) (@) (1 mark for correct symbol, 1 mark for correct position) a) 02800) 048 Ga) Dimmerless bint () Brighter (Number of cls increase (1 mark, brightness Increases (1 mark) ) Voliage increases (1 mark, current Increases (1 mark) (©) @ How herds for curtent io flow | GD ohms, 2 | () Reduces/gets smatier (©) Variable resistor @ Upht intensity (1 mark for each axis labelled correctly) (2) As light intonstylgnt level increases (Y mar resistance decreases (1 markd (©) Accept any one trom: Automatic tight detector; Control ‘exposure in camera: In a circuit switch orvoft a light. etc. | “Temperature (1 mark for aach ats labelled correctly, 1 mark for curve 2s shown) () The resistance ofa ght bub increases as emperature Increases (1 mark), the resistance of @ thermistor decreases as femperature increases (Y mari, his Is Simla tothe way the resistance ofan LDR changes/varies or the graph looks the same. But ts resistance changes/vares with ight (tensity not temperature (1 mark) (@) © Curront id Resistance (any orden) () 06 « 10 mark) = 6V (1 markd @ © 3va)6aanosA0W 1 0 2 © © sva)saqno75AGy 15V M0 45v © @ 8VG0 100 GW 06a Oa 12v ) BV ((al-(€ 5 correct = 3 marks; 3-4 corrct = 2 marks; 1-2 correct = 1 mark) P2 Revision Booklet Page 58.10. @ 25. Yo 20 30 40 80 Potential Difference (V) Curent (A) on y-ans (t mar; Potential dference(V) fn x-axls(¥ mark; Correct slotting (1 mar; Smooth curve (¥ mari (0) © Curve 1 mark) a8 pa Increases curent increases mari ata smaller rate/cuvent tends to maximum (1 mark) as lament heats up (1 mark) (W Resistance increases (1 mark) asthe lamperatre ofthe bub increases (¥ mark) 1. @ A@cws 12, Accept any one trom: Halder immersion heater: Kee Toaster Light bulb, et. | 18. Electrical (1 mark) fo tharmal/neat (1 mark) 14. (@) 230 %5 (1 mark) = 1150W (1 mark) © @ M50) {Q) 1150 = 60 (1 mark) = 690004 (1 mark) P2 Motion and Forces @agpanggulian> 1. Cal ota 8 2 2 © Zamad~snis 6 ma 0025 4 mad “25m mara 0 50 (3 Wakes sas or mat s(x 53 Cra non akaont# saver see e209 8 ma) 950 mat) = 05m mtd 4 @ WAMBadCwA 50 t= 200 mat {a Driving force is bigger than the resistive force (0) Forces are equal (@) Diving forces less than the resistive force @ 2 6 (Weight) action force of rman on Earth Reaction force of Earth on man (1 mark for reaction force of man on Earth up arrow and 1 mark forthe weight down arrow. 1 mark for arows being the same length) P2 Revision Booklet (8) Upthrust (due othe dispracement of ar surrounding ballon) (§ mark for up arrow tabalod ‘ Uupthrust 1 mark for down iy arrow labeled weight, 1 mark {or up arrow longer than down arrow, credit to be given if downward force alr resistence: {is labelled) Welt & ) 450N @) 9000N | 8800 1.5 (1 mare) ~ 12008 (1 mark) 40. (@) Onis?) @ 100080 ams? 11. D shouldbe ticked. 12, (a) (Accelerates: because of weight/aravty (‘Acceleration less because ofa resistance (iD Acceleration eren less as ar resistance creases (0) No acceleration weight = ar resistance reaches terminal vlocty (0) Parachute opens (2 (‘Speed decreases since ai rsistance bigger (G) Speed turner decreases soar essence less | (ay ready speed/no acceleration: welght= ar resistance: reaches lecina velocy (0 Speed zero ~ lands on grouna P2 Momentum, Energy, Work and Power @qgagyeay 1 Tinkng esc 0 Sakng clone E Cuuavoveice ta) Tire fo snag ch (| ma app ras mat) © aro sce ny wo en ay Seo a chu Song ataoes sy mode 5 Shou oe oka thas sy nyt (@) 1000 = 20 (1 mark) ~ 20000kg m/s (1 mark) “200006 2 lass 3049 man 22.4 mar 20/8 mad 8) (7) arent pe ton = a) manent tor SSuson ts 200" 20" 800" 500 man cacookgns {mat 0D 00000 {20.1600 er 235 0010 mart to, 20 tet ma = 21 mr 8) 9019 Foray farses won toe vy, {2200007300 ma = 1500000) ma 1) 1800000 mand 75 0000/7540 mart 12, (a) Energy gained by lifting object above ground/m x g * hth 1g, hexpained (6) Gti) Accept any answer where the object {is above ground, eg. Diver on board: Book an bookshelf etc. 18. 50 « 10 « 5 (t mark) = 25004 (1 mark) 14, (@) 04 « 10 8 (1 mark) = 321 (1 mark) (b) Transfers to KE 18, (4) and (b) Accept any two examples where object is moving, 89, Moving car; Running man, oc (05 « 2000» 20% (1 mark) = 4000004 (¥ mark) % @ WO WDD “18. Altach a newron meer fo the block or attach a mass holder by sting (over a pully tothe block. Pl he block atong the ‘surface or place masses on the holder to make the block move Make sure te biock moves steady. Record the force tn ‘newton. Repeat this get an average force. Change the surtece Yo make rougher or smecter ane repeat the experiment, 19, ‘ir bags increase time of stopping (1 mark) rate of change of "momentum less (Y mart force acting less (1 mark) 20. (a) 20s () 20m Page 59P2 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion @igegeiND 1. G) Proton i) Neutron (€) Electron 2. G) (Element wth) same numberof protons (1 mark), diferent ‘number of neutrons (1 mark) (e) (027,27 C33, 32 GH) 27, 27 (mark for each correct row) 8. A= mass number/number or rotons + neutrons: Z= atomic rnumber/number of protons/eletrons 60, 59 27° 2700 (Unstable) nucious that splits/alsintegrates/emis radiation G4 (), WD, GAD CY. (DC), GD, Cv) (@) Bete and gamma (e) Aluminium or fad (€) Gamma (a) Accept any three trom: Radaton collides wth atoms; ‘Aioms lose electrons; Alms become cherges: Charged atoms are called ions ©) Alpha 9. Nuclear fislon:fssion-spiting (1 mark of arge/heavy nucleus (mark Nuciar fusion: Fusion-oining (1 mar of ight nucll exes (man 10 at un ee genta Neurone: = oe ne a wetone gf © Se Fission occurs ( correct = 4 marks; 5~6 correct = 3 marks; 3-4 correct ‘= 2 marks; 1-2 correct = 1 mark) M1.) Nuctoar reactor (B) Atomic bomb (6) ) and G9 Control rods: Moderator 12, Fission occurs inthe nuclear reactor (1 mark, this produces heat” thermal energy 1 mark this energy Is used fo heat wari the ‘eat exchanger which produces stzam that then drives the Turbines/mekes the turbines rotate (1 mark the turbines are connected to he generator hat ums fo produce electric (1 mark) 18. Cannot be predicted when radiation wil be emitied/radiation Is not emitted at constant Intervals of ime 14, (a) Ta) smair ruc (1 mar, (ore) neutrons (1 mar Energy 1 mad (2) Radoacive(€) It mus! be stored/caretuly disposed of 18. (@) Chaln reaction () Noutron spits nucleus (1 mark (ore) neutfons produces (1 mark; Neutrons spit more nue (¥ mark) 16. Controle: thermal energy used to meke steam (¥ mart in ‘nuclear reactor (1 mark; Uncontrolled: enormaus/huge ‘amount of energy released (1 mark) In afomic bom (¥ mark) 17, Two or more light/smallrucil (1 mark) join/combine to form a heavy nuclei (1 mark) withthe release of energy (mark) 18. (@) High temperature (1 mark) nuclei driven (1 mark) to overcome electrostatic repulsion (Y mark) () High pressure (1 mark) high density of nucll (1 mark) {ensures colistons (1 mark) © instars 2 13, 4, 18. 16. shoud (@) Nedieat/ood (8) acon ges (2 and) Aecep any two tom: Smoke sar reatng food: Swising equipment ontorng inekress Dagnasis of concer: ‘Weolmen ef ance: Dating fo fost. (@ Tine akon man fora (mar of Po nucel 0 changococay (1 mart) (8) (8 80034 GD 20084 9 3 pm. (@ Bone Yes he slits ware right because te hate of eesti 1s 30 years So afr four months wl sl be very ate and nt much of wil have decayed, The halite of lacne SS much sore an caesium a ony 8 oo he vale ue), Ate four months slst al or very nary all ofthe dn wl have cecoyes (@) 2orgral ono nate 460 years: 3 rg, wo hives 820 yess: rh hes raves (1 mac sght = 1380 years mand 0) Yes: Doesnt need replacing si tec ater ang time/any years Can damage cls/eause cancer 1 marl Can cause mutans {nfutr generations) mand (a) Apa mar stopped (1 mat by skn/or penetrate oy C mer) Bead game mar) slo be sesrbed by cals t mar) {@) Protec cling re ergo nese Limit exposure ‘nase sort nae source (@ (Hands o watches/arcrat insruments( Inurles/ceahs reparied |. Advantoges: Accept any two trom: No alr pollutants: Waste Is Sino Fa cose ote cated Dtacnoges cca ayo om: Rs of nal cle Mast cangorum rareprvorage of est aca Cantctan manures cots Seay ere At oflnd wed Vial pln Habits esaje erase tafe causing raiser cotton Go) igh ve ect ee (8) Low eve {Proce cing ory easel (2 50 ye One siytourn (a Apa absrbed by snk ut ean gira wal ot be mar Apa stoped y Bast cac ao we ttm 2 Tho apa aaton nies ne a parle produc ons {Vinh wri ae atateg othe ochaces ening & Curent oo (mar When heel reas pares tre tzrad by he sepals (mat Ts ress ines ison anda smelercaret oto wie {ctl he alarm/mehas he rm Sound Cart (a Aiea mat ope abou 2 8730" 460 Yess ( mart (0 Bone acy ese #505 ra {abed Daca ogo shoul be ai ss (a) Spe rods (nas shat slr polo au (to absorb radiation) (1 mark): Long term: bury (deep) Underground mar) night) seed colar mart (0) Dose adasive W) Sorosn cuore’ mand. thor ground mart end monte mer P2 Revision Booklet Page 60