CO-ORDINATION OF ECONOM! GENERATION CONTROL USING FUZZ; D.M. Vinod Kumar and §, Department of Electrical Regional Engineering Warangal - 51 Abstract: This paper presents a new approach for the co-ordination of Economic Dispatch (ED) and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) using Fuzzy controller. Economic Dispatch and Automatic Generation Control are two principal areas of concen for generation control in an interconnected power system. The role and aim is quite different, but both set on the generator through controlling the prime moves and both vary the generation relatively slowly. AGC ig augmented by the errors in unit output to obey the economic dispatch. Thus, an overall control systere will tty to drive area control error (ACE) 10 zero as well as driving each unit's output to its desired economic value, In case of a disturbance, the AGC must at to increase the system generations by an amount of ACE. The total generations (present area generation and ACE) mmuct Wren ce allocated to various generating units by leration of their set points. most economical manne. compared with the conventic of single area and PI interconnected power system, jonal PI and PID controllers controller of two-area Keywords: Economic Dispatch, Automatic Generation Control, Fuzzy Controli ler. 1.0 INTRODUCTION The primary task of power utilities is to deli with continuity and reliability, Fesources of the power sys activities of the power system SRetBY control center. Modem Energy Management Systems (EMS) relies on the on-line acquisition of coments data and its real-time processing by ‘computers. Operating resentation of comprehensible informat Power system, Ge main requirement of the Automatic Generation Control is to ensure the following functions {5}, (The frequencies ofthe various bus voltages and Currents are maintained at or near specified ‘ominal values. The tiecine power interconnected area are m levels and ver power and to optimize the tem. The operational are coordinated at the tion and. «i flows among the aintained at specified IC DISPATCH AND AUTOMATIC ‘Y CONTROL Sridhar eee g College 106 004 (A.P.) (iit) The individual generators in an economically cptimum fashion share the total power ion, ‘equirement on the system as a whole. Designing an efficient load system ensures the first ‘another set of control (optimum allocation of the system). These two maintain the active poy frequency control (LFC) ‘wo. The third function involves action of Economic Dispatch wer economically optimum levels Economic This type of controlsystem using @ higher level of abstraction, originating from accumulated knowledge with subjective concepts such as very tall, too small, moderate and slightly deviated, which are mapped on to numeric ranges. In this paper, Economic Dispatch and Automatic Generation Control are co-ordinated using fuzzy controller for a single area system and two-trea interconnected power system and results are compared With the conventional PI and PID controllers. 2.0 FUZZY CONTROLLER MODEL Fuzzy modeling is the method of describing the characteristics of a system using fuzzy inference rules. The method has @ distinguishing feature in that it can express linguistically complex non-linear systems. It is however, very hard to identify the rules and tune the membership flinctions of the firzzy reasoning. Fuzzy controllers are’normally built with fuzzy rules. These fuzzy rules are obtained either from domain experts or by observing the people who are currently doing the control. The membership functions for the fuzzy sets will be derived from the information available from the domain experts and/or observed control actions. ‘The building of such rules and membership functions require tuning. That is, performance of the controller must be ‘measured and the ‘membership functions and: rules ‘adjusted based upon the performance. This process will be time consuming. The basic configuration of Fuzzy controller consists of fourmain parts (2} (i) ©) Fuzzification (ii) Knowledge base (iii) Decision-making logic and (iv) Defuzzification ‘The functions of the above modules are described below. @ The Fuzzification: (a) Measures the value of input variables. (&) Performs a scale mapping that transforms the range of input variables into corresponding universe of discourse. (©) Performs the function of fuzzification that converts input data into suitable linguistic values, which may be viewed as labels of fuzzy sets, Triangular membership fumetions are shown in Figure-1. (i) The Knowledge Base: t,consiss of a database, and a lingustic.contol.rule (a) The database provides necessary definitions, which are used to define linguistic control rules and fuzzy data, manipulation in @ Fuz2y Logic Control (FLC). ‘The rule base characterizes the control goals and control policy of the domain experts by ‘means of a set of linguistic control rules, © ‘The Decisi ing Logie: Its kemel ofan FLL, it has the capability of simulating human decision making based on fuzzy concepts and of inferring fuzzy control actions employing fuzzy implementation and the rules of inference in fuzzy logic. (i) The Deffuzification: (@ A scale mapping which converts the range of values of input variables into corresponding universe of discourse. (©) Defuxzification, “which yields @ non-fuzzy, control action’ from an inferred fuzzy control action. The calculation of the fuzzy control action was composed of the following four steps, () Calculate the present error and its rate of change ‘Convert the error values to fuzzy variables Evaluate the decision rules using compositional tle of inference. Calculate the deterministic regulate the process. di) 9) input required to 3.0 CO-ORDINATION OF ED AND AGC USING CONVENTIONAL CONTROLLERS ‘Load frequency control with integral controller achieves: ‘ero steady slate error and fast dynamic repose, but exercises no control over the relative loading of various ‘generating stations (ie, Economic Dispatch) of the Control area. For example, if a sudden small increase in load (say 1%) occur in the control area, the load frequency control changes the speed settings of the governors of all generating units of the area so that, together, these units match’ the load and. frequency ‘eturs to the scheduled value (this action takes place ip a few seconds). However, in the process of this the loading of Various generating units change in manner independent of — economic loading, considerations. In fact, some units in the process may 463which adjust. the speed. changer setting every few ‘minutes in accordance with a command signal generated by the central economic dispatch controller [4} 3.1 Single Area System ‘The block diagram of the single area system with PID. controller is shown in Figure-2. It consists of two typical units with LFC and ED of a control area. A base load of 800 MW is considered with a base of 1000 MVA and a change in load of 0.01 pu. The participation factors (pf) of the unit one and unit two are pf(1)=0.6 and pf(2)-0.4 respectively determined from the fuel cost funetion. The fuel cost funetion is considered as F(R) =a; + BR +P? Rethr Where, 0%, Bj and y are constants of the fuel cost function and participation factor is given by PAD al! ZOD) 341.1 PL Controter ‘To reduce the steady state error of the uncontrolled ‘ase, integral controller is utilized. The output of the integral controller command signal (AP.)is given by APs = -K(AF+ (Pp - APag)) of the integral controller viation in frequency AP, = calculated real-power Pup = desired real-power ‘The K, value is between 0.1 and 0.3892, determined by solving the characteristic equation of the system. The integral controller improved the steady state error but introduces transients, which takes longer settling time. 312 PID Controtter For the co-ordination of ED and AGC, the PID controller is ut ‘The integral and’ derivative controllers are utilized for the AGC block and integral controller alone is used for the ED unit. The PID controller improved the transient performance and desired generation of the individual unit at the economic value. The control signal to the individual units is given by AP s(S)=-((Ki/s)+KqS)Af ~ Ke/s (APyi~ Pap) Where, Ky = gain of the derivative controller Ky = ED gain of the integral controller The dynamic responses of the unite) and unit-2 are shown in Figure-3 and Figure-4 in. comparison with uncontrolled case 32 Two-Area System For the two-area system simulations were done for both the uncontrolled case and PI controller. The command signals for the area-1 and area-2 are given by AP)= -Ku/s (BAF (s) + APuc(s)) AP.2=-Kols (BoA f(s) + a12 APi(S)) And the dynamic responses of the deviation in generating unit-l and unit-2 is shown in Figure-S.and Figure-6, 4.0 CO-ORDINATION OF ED AND AGC USING FUZZY CONTROLLER 4.1 Single Area System The design of fuzzy controller for single arca system, the error and the rate of change of error are taken 25 inputs whereas the output of the fuzzy controller is. the ‘command signal (AP.), The total error consists of error in frequency (Af) and error in the desired generation (AP y-APy). In the fuzzification we have considered similar triangular membership functions with seven linguistic variables for both the error and rate of change of error. With these linguistic variables a total of 49 rules are formed. Out of these 49 rules only maximum of four rules will ire. These fired rules are in fuzzy form. Using the method of Center of gravity for the defuzzifaction, the fired fuzzy rules are converted crisp command signal (AP.). The fuzzy rules framed forthe single ares system is shown in Table-1, The dynamic responses of the deviation in generation of unit-1 and unit-2 are shown in Figure-7 and Figure-8, in comparison withthe conventional PID controller. 42 Two-area system ‘The block diagram of the fuzzy controller based two area interconnected power system is shown in Figure-9. ‘The inputs to the fuzzy controller based two-area system are each area's error and rate of change of error. The error of the area-1 is (BiAf, + APs. + (APy, ~ APiyi)) and area-2 is (BiAf + 2/2 APs, + (APL ~ APA) ‘The fuzzy rules framed for the twouarea intercorinected system is shown in Table-2. And the dynamic responses of unit-I and unit-2 (Area-1) of the Two-area power system are shown in Figure-10 and Figure-11.NM PS PM PB “2aS a3 gy talS 420/348 a See lembership Functions of Seven Linguistic Variables it input 1 Oe pe sw Foams =-@ TINE Cin sect ~~ Fig. 3: PID Controller Response of Unit (Single Area System) t= TH tun est Fig. 4: PID Controller Response of Unit-2 (Single Area System) ot tin sae Fig. S: PI Controller response of Unit-l (Two-Aren System) rz oS Tine in ane PI Controller Response of Us (Two-Area System) = * 5ef bot S Fey ‘ : PID x ot Ir 2 10 B® ls 48 6 > lb Re Lute 3 279° THRE in ved 2 TIME in ed Fig. 7: Fuzzy Controller Response of Unite1 (Single Area System) Fig. 8: Fuzzy Controller Response of Unit-2 (Single Area System) [ste POAT b AF) ca ate) AP Fig, 9: Block Diagram ofthe Fuzzy Controller Bascd Two-Area System 2 oa in a = tia ate Sle bao -> "Tan sees Fuzzy Controller Kesponse of Unit-1 Fig: 11: Fuzzy Controller Response of United (Two-Area System (Area-1)) (ine Aeey aire oreNM "TNS JZ PS [PM JB | See Pe” [PB [PM [PM [PS eT Para} PM} PM Pw [RSP PM TPM PMs Zz Tz z z z z } [PS [PS [RM [NS] NW [RAT TRRT PNA Pat [NM [RS [NS] NB [ROTA Pa_[NM_|NM__|NS_{NB—TNB TNO TNE Table-2: Fuzzy Rules for Two Area System 50 CONCLUSIONS This paper has of ‘economic Control using Presented a new model of co-ordination dispatch and Automatic Generation fuzzy controller for the single area system ‘and:two-area interconnected power system. The results of the fuzzy controller based single area and two-area interconnected power system are compared with the conventional PID controllers. The results presented for the two systems reveal that, In case of single area system, it is observed that, setting time of the dynamic response of the fuzzy controller output is reduced from 8.2 $2¢ to 3,8 see for the deviation ‘in frequency and change in generation of ane! and unit-2 The maximum change in the frequency. is reduced from ~0,02366 Hz to,-0.0123 Hz and steady state error reduced from -0.0003 Hz ~ @ 467 0.00008 Hz. ‘And the steady state értor in unite 4 and unit-2 are reduced from -0,0003 pu, to 0.00003 piu., compared to the PID contraiter. (i) | In ease of two-area system it is observed that the settling time of the dynamic response of the fuzzy controller is reduced from 10.0 sec to 3.0 sec for the deviation in. frequency, tie-line Power and generation in unit-1 and unit-2. The ‘maximum change in frequency is reduced from 0.02040 Hz to -0.001383 Hz and the steady state error is reduced from -0.00088 Hy wo 0.000352 Hz. And the steady state error in lunit-l and unit-2 are reduced from 0.000519 P.t, {0 0.00013, p.u.,. compared. with, the PI controller. Zhe ‘performance of the. fuzzy controller has been analyzed for the single-area system and twoce interconnected power system in'a closed loop forms, The fest results feveals that the fuzzy controller has bers dynamic response (Le. quick in operation, reduced eevee {Reenitudes, minimized frequency transients and smelig compared with the Pl and PID fuzzy controller can be utilized for the real-time operation of power system 60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Auiior sincerely. acknoveledgés the financial suppor provided by the AICTE, New Delhi, Grant Nor So, 13/97 TS 1 for carrying the present work 7.0 REFERENCES pe a eeltert: “Electric: Energy Systems’ Theory:An prsaivetion’. 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