REAL EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS ‘The usual fst stp in pertoming 2 ayaic ara is ctemiing te natural femtenes | and mode shapes ofthe stucture with damping neglected, These resus characterize the basic dynamic behavior of te suc and ae an indication of how the suc wil respond | to anaric loading. | The natural requenckes ofa srucure are the Requencis at which the stueture natural tends to vat Its subjected to disturbance. Fo example, the sings of a pana are each tuned to vivale at a specie feqwency. Some alert tems forthe natal frequency ae characte equeney, tundimental frequency, esonant frequency, resonance frequeny, and rma equeny. ‘The deformed shape of the sructue at a spectc natural frequency of vbralon istered ts normal made of vbraton, Some other terms used to describe the nama mode are made shape, characterise shape, and fundamental shape. Each mode shape is associa wit | space natural lequney Natural fequencies and mode shapes are functions of the structural properties and boundary condtons. A cantlever beam has a set of natural fequencies and associated mode shapes (Powe 3-1). he stvtral proper change, the rata Fequencies change, ut the made Shapes may not necessarlycrange. For example, the elastic maduus ofthe calor beam is change, te natural requnces change but the mode shapes remain the same. Ht the boundary condons change, en the natural requencies and mode shapes both ctange. For ample, ifthe eantlewer beam Is changed so tat iis pinned at both ends, the natal | requencies and mode shapes change (se Fue 8.2). art Freaenie Mode shapes ‘ — foursERMC SEO OE ‘Tere are many easons to compute te natural frequencies and mode shapes of a struct. (he reason is Yo 385085 the dynamic infracton between a component and is supporting rice. For example, rotating machine, such as an ar condone fa, i tobe ists ‘onthe roo ofa buing, 8 necessary to determine the operating frequency ofthe rotting far close to ne of he raual requences ofthe bulng. W the Fequences are close, the ‘cation of the fan may ea to structural damane ofa Deisions ceguding subsequent dynamic anayses le, ansent response, frequency response, response spectrum ana, ec.) canbe based on he resus ofa natal equency amass. The important modes canbe evaluated and used to select ne appropiate Hime or Fequency step for negrating the equations of mation, Similan, the resus ofthe eigenvalue anayris—he natal fequencies and modo shapes—can be used in modal frequency and rool vanslont response analyses (soe Chapters Sand 6). The resus ofthe dynamic analyses are sometimes compared to te physical est resus. A ronmal modes analysis canbe ved 1 gue the experiment. In the pretest planing stapes, 2 rormal modes analysis canbe used to inca We best Heaton for he accelerometers. Aer the test, @ normal modes analysis canbe used as a means to cortlt the test resto the nals resus. eson changes can also be evaluated by usin ratural frequencies and normal modes. Does ‘ partcuar design modifcaion cause an Increase in dynamic response? Normal modes _nalyss can often provide an indication, summary tere re any sonst comp tht equences and ode shapes of oman mee ets | ryt. Af Mest reasons ar based one fact tha eal gona ara te basis fray peter | fr mary ype fran espace anes. Thal, anova drsndng of mma des anys a5 wel as how ot aa feces ard mde stapes fr you fatevir stu is nortan ral yp of rans naycaMPTER a REAL EGENVALUE ANALYSIS Te soliton ofthe equaton sf motion for natural equeneies and normal modes requires a special reduced form of he equation of moton. If here fs no damping and no appied lacing, ‘he equation of maton n mati erm dues to im] i} + (&] jo) = 0 en wore [|= mass mati [K]_ = sttfess manic This Is the equation of moten for undamped ree wtaton. To sole Ea. (St) assume a harmonic soln ofthe form lal = (o)oh ot 62) ere |) = the elgonvetoror mode shape @ = the creutar maura equency ‘Asie fom tis harmonic form ein the Key othe nue soon of he problem, this form also has a physical importance. The harmo form of he soon means tht athe derees of troadom of the vibrating structure move in a synctronaus manner, The stuctal onfguation des not change ts basic shape during maton ony is ampiude changes I ciferemiaion of the assured harmonic soliton is performed and substituted ito the ‘equation of mation, the follweq is obtained «|p| sin ot + K]o|sia wt = 0 es) aie after simpiyig becomes (i aap} = 0 ey In tance moto at OOF move na Sperone.‘is equation is called the eigenequaton, which isa set of homogeneous algebraic equations forthe components ofthe eigenvector and farms the bass forte eigenvalue problem. Ave ‘igemalue problem is spectc equation form that has many applications in Hear matin? ‘lpeba. The bai fm ofan egenvaie problem s 8s) where = square matrix 4 = sigonaues 1 ety mat x = sigemector In structural analysis, he representations of stipes and mas i the eignequatin result in the physical representations of rata frequencies and mode shapes. Therefore, the en nth net 0 1. Hfdt((k] — «%[m)) = 0, the only possible solutions le}=0 6) This is the tal solution, which does not provide any vate information fom a plyscal point of view, sine It repesents the case of no maton. (aet" denotes the (determinant oa matic) 2. tet (| ~ ofl) ~ 0, then arora soit (| 0's btne or (in) - @2iaijo} = 0 on From a sructral engineering point of view, the general mathematical eigenaie ‘roblem reduces to ne of sling th equation ofthe form det (ik) — wa = 0 co) et (K] — aM) = 0 63) ®@Secion 2 Overvew of Noms Modes Anas CHAPTER 3: REAL wes EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS The determinant is zero only ta Seto sce eigenvalues 2, oF w®, There is an eigenvector ‘| which stsies Eq. (2-7) and comesponds to each elgenalue. Therefore, Eq (27) can be renrten as Ik-ofJoj=0 i= 1.2.8 10) ach eigenvalue and eigenvactor dene a tee vivation mode of the stuctue. The bth tigenale 2, slate othe ith natura tequency as fobows: ey | ‘The number of eigenvalues ant eigenvectors is equal othe numberof degrees of reedom at have mass othe numberof stamic degrees of reedom, Tere area numberof carats of natural requences and made shapes that make then useful in various dynamic anayses. Fst, when a near else structure is vibrating in tee or forced vibrations deflected shape at ny given time i a pear combination ofa fs xm @ ~~ Sie) & 0-1 where |v) = vector of physical displacements 6, = Hhmodal dsptcement | = anode shape Second tf) and ae syne andrea (as the cas oa te caren stu! | fete element folowing mathemati papers to foJimfo)=0 wis (6-19) | comrates ass th geneaized mass 614) © | and | | | g esSICA a TA alysis ‘The EGR and EIGRL Buk Data ents define the method and select the parameters hat contol the eigenvalue extraction proceduce. The EIGAL ety is used for he Lanczos method, andthe GR err is used fora of the ter methods. User Intertace for the Lanczos Method The EIGRL entry has the folowing format: Format: a fiom | so | vi [ve | mo [sci [waxser | sirscu | nor ] Example: foo [1 | oor | ae I Co ‘he SID fed isthe set ienteation number, whic is referenced by the METHOD command in ‘he Case Contol. The V1 fd defines ne lower requency bound, the V2 ld defines the upper ‘equency bound, andthe ND eld dotnes te numberof eigenvaes and eigenvectors dested inthe region. The V1 and V2 ens are expressed in wits of cyces per unk tne, Examples af the resus of using exlct or detaut values for he Vi, V2, and ND fllds are shown in ‘ible 3:2. The deauts onthe EIGAL entry are designed to prove the minimum number of iat in cases where the ngut s ambiguows.@ ‘Sectin 35 User tetae for Ral iene Anais “le 3.2. Nunber and Type of Roots Foun wih he EGR Entry ve | m0 unbeaten | V2) ND | Lowest ND in range or allin range, whichever is smafter | ve Allin range | 10 | owe nome Lowest root in range [V1, =). 10 | test esa. =] | tows | V2 | Loyest0 rains V2), wer sale ve | Alton ‘The MSGLVL fd ofthe EIGR. ety is used to contol the amount of agrase output. The valve of 0 produces no dagneste ouput. The values 1,2, or 3 provide more ouput with he | higher vaues providing inreengy more cup. In some cases, higher diagnostic levels may hulp o resol cifcuies wit special madetng probes. | The MASET fs tol ck se Te ea vb 7s creer ot spo, Tee maybe seal ees hee 9 ae ay ei ack comers any mae os wa love! vo aye nen when Src ht cape we he ck vate ot btn chs at teeny fe ress to 2 we rg of poo on ser ee contr es wh be lt Tig te eongr eA cen erie re boc Sob eet by | TCRASTRAN aueg te rx teense hue © ntoet memay fara bck seo 7. | Congr ecncy ed crt 35 Book oe Orsts Toe rnyotat to ‘ane we egenaue amiss sunray aut deere Da TISCRASTRAN ns siren san iit ck, haa ck my mare efcent when only a ew mots ae requested, The minimum recommended bck se 2. ‘The SHFSOL te allows a use-dsigated sit tobe used 1 improve performance especialy hen lage mas tecmiqus ae used in enforced min analysis (See Chapter 7). Large | mass techniques can cause a large gap between the rgd body (see Chapter 4) and feb | frequencies, which can degrade performance ofthe Lanczos method or cause System Fatal | Message 5299. When SHFSCL i used, ts value should be set close to the expected fst nonzero natal requeey. ‘The Lanczos method normalizes (1, seaes) the computed eigenvectors using the MASS or MAX metnod, These methods ae specie using the NOAM fd (ew for Vtsion 68). The MASS method normazs to aunt value ofthe generalized mass (1, m, = 1.0). The MAX ‘meno normalizes oa unt vue of he largest component inthe a-set (see Chapter 11). The chfaus MASS, Use of he GAL inputs dessbed in more al in the MSCINASTRAN Numerical Motes User's Guo. CHAPTER 2: REAL FGENVALUE ANALYSIS £y‘hs secon deserbes input equ ore selection and contol of normal mages analysis Executive Control Section \When used a8 an independert solution, normal modes ara is avaablen SOL 103 of the ‘Stuctured Solution Sequenes and SOL 3 and SOL 63 of the Unstructured Soliton Sequences. The prefered sduion sequence is SOL 103 because SOL 103 contains the atest enhancements. Al eigenahe extraction methods are avaiable In these souton sequences wih one exceplon. ithe Lanczos method sto be used in SOL 3. Rigi Frat Aer AFSOB3 rust also be incided. The Execulve Conol Sect can also contain agnostic DIAG 16, hich pits he feraton infomation used inthe INV or SIKV method. Normal modes analysis is aso avaable as part of te otter soon sequences (suchas modal ancient response, moda requency response, design optimization, and eretastcy). (Case Control Section The mast important einandysis command in the Case Control Is the METHOD command. ‘This command is requited. The sot ideifcaton number specified by the METHOD Case Control command refers tothe set entcaton number ofan ENGR o EGA entry inthe Bulk Dat, When a modal analysis is performed, te MSCINASTAAN output fle contains various Gognosie messages and an vgenaive analysis summary. Optona et and element ouput ‘ae avalate using standard Case Conol ouput requests. Eigewvectors ar ped ony Ha DISPLAGEMENTT or VECTOR command is incuded. These quests ae summarized In Table 3.4 CHAPTER: REAL FIGENVALUE ANALYSIS Te SOL 1098 be peter ‘oon seine, ‘he METHOD coma ‘ete.Scalar Spring Gonnecton CELAS1 Defines a sear peng omen. Format Example: Feld Contents 0 Unig lomentisentestion number. hioner=0) Propet lenticaon rune ofa PELAS ey. (htgor>0; Dea 1D) PD i.e Beometi gi poi inion number (eger= 0) ence Comecnent umber (0=lneger= 6; blank cr zr salar pint) 1 Salar Eat Property PELAS Speci the stthest,darping coetilent, and e655 copie! of a scaler ease (pt09) ‘Semant (CELASToF CELASS erty), + Field Contents Pro: Proper ection umber. (hiager>0) Ki ast propory valu. Peal) cet Damping coeiion gg See Remark. (Real) s ‘Sass contin! (RealcOoNM2 Detnes a conenated mass at gi pit 14,32, %9 ‘Concentrated Mass Element Connection, Rigi Body Form Contents lomentidortiieation number, htger>0) Gri poitdertestion arbor. (leger>0) Cooranate system keieaton number for CID of ~ 1: £08 Xt X2, XB below (iteger= —¥ Detaut=0) Mass eke. (Real) (fet tances frm the rd ait to the contr of gravy ofthe mase ne eet cyte cuit i uress CID ~ fn wich case X32. 3 case earinates, nt ose ofa cara of gravy of Me mass nthe base Seria syst. (Res) acs rromets of eis measued at the mass center of gravy tho MSs a oyatem detnod by tld 4 ICID = ~T, the bai coordinate oyster 8 ‘Seg eri 12, an; Real 200 lor 2,11, an 82 eaNASTRA\ |AL_FREQUENCY AN Linear Eigenvalue Analysis * Use SOL 103. [K - «®M] {0} = (0} with wand output K = stiffeness matrix M = mass matrix (from mass density on matj, and lumped conm2) = circular freq (radians) = 2xf (f= Hz = cycles/sec) eigenvector = vibrational mode shape (arbitrarily scaled) * To send mode shapes to XL, use param, post,0 NOTE: Ne forcing function This is the inherent property of the structure determined from mass & stiffness - independent of load. Since there is no oad, the magnitude of the response is irrelevant - only the shape important. ‘All load input (FORCE,GRAV,PLOAD, etc) is ignored! MASS: Include mass density on all materials (MAT1). Use CONM2 to add lumped mass & inertias. Use nonstructural mass on properties (PSHELL,etc) for distributed mass not calculated from structural material (ie insulation). Assumption: Linear materials, small displacements Assumption: NO damping. (ie damping is so small it is ignored) This greatly simplifies the mathematics & allows use of real math (not complex). Hf damping is not negligible, then use complex eigenvalue technique (SOL 107) Note: Use care with symmetry. Often the lowest vibrational mode is antisymmetric. ‘Only 1 BC per run (SPC). Subcases only used for grouping output modes. Best all-purpose eigenvalue technique = Lanczos method => use elgr!+ - — 3” UNmANPED NATURAL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS / REAL EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS ——_or ~ ~ Tune 5 (EIGENVALUES REQUIRE LARGER TINE LIMITS) 00103, (REAL EIGEWALUE SOLUTION) ceo (See w/oa Sec 9 FOR LIST OF ALTERS) yt suBTITis= SeC-9 (omy 1 pc SEP PER RUN) METIOD=13 (REQ: CALL EIGR CARD) DISP=ALL (PRINT MODE SHAPE) BEGIN BULK ‘PARAM, GRDPNT,O (PRIE MASS PROPERTY TABLE) ‘PARAM, POST, 0 (GREATE. XL. xD FILE) GRIDS, ELEMENTS, PROPERTIES... (MODEL DESCRIPTION) 5PC,9.-- {BC FOR THIS RUM — ONLY 1 SET/TUN ACTIVE) (INCLUDE MASS DENSITY FOR ALL ELEMENTS) (LONPED MASSES & INERTIAS) (FOR LANCZOS METHOD) ————____ Sot 103 ignores all damping, use SOL 107 to calc complex (damped) freq Free body modes are caloslated as freq-0 modes Note: NO applied loads (force,pload,etc) used.Wo Stoumar rrsqunicres 2 vor seamncmass syoran 2 Ma thonson, Vibrations 3rd £4, Example 5.31 ae BE Stee as a Qwismer $ $oiSkien 103 assumes NO damping (real mathematics) — Wier, sea eens a lea ao sing met etn ieee rt Jabel=natural frequency analysis Ben ten spe=70 ‘Sturn on be’ hae Toh . § een Sprint mode shape Flea ie a ef smethod=90 Seall eigel mor Rn Roet.o | geen toe reat a See te orp © © ® fo Bors wa Ee Po gridssbs0 00 2865 Baars 010" ess Keema thd, 52, 2.50.0. 523455 eid, 53, 3.50. ,0.5, 23055 SSPRINGS' CONNECTING X DISPL. pew =m Celast, 21,20,50,1,51,2 f= by and b= k/ ‘colasl,22,20,51,1,52)1 conm2, 31,51, 2. $t2 ‘corm? 32/52) 2 PIED BC AD WALLS spel, 70,1, 50,53 cawALbe SET ‘aLomarion eigrl,90,0.,,2 $2 freq > 0 Buoonta