QUESTION NO 1:

There are specific regulations and standards related with human factors within osha true
or false chose one (True/False)
False, there are not specific regulations and standards related with human factors within osha.
QUESTION NO 2:
WMSD’s:
When a muscle, tendon, nerve or joint is stressed and overused on a repeated basis for days,
months or years those body tissues eventually become damaged, this leads to a work related
musculoskeletal disorder. It includes carpel tunnel syndrome, tennis elbow, Sprains, strains, and
tears.
It effects the overall performance of the worker while doing his job or task. Fatigue factor will be
more in this case. That ultimately effect the productivity goals and output will be produced less
as compared to the healthy worker. That will also increase the cost.

QUESTION NO 3:
What is the difference between ergonomic and human factor?
Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among
humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data
and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
Human Factors is concerned with the application of what we know about people, their abilities,
characteristics, and limitations to the design of equipment they use, environments in which they
function, and jobs they perform
The terms ‘ergonomics’ and ‘human factors’ can be used interchangeably, although
‘ergonomics’ is often used in relation to the physical aspects of the environment, such as
workstations and control panels, while ‘human factors’ is often used in relation to wider system
in which people work.
QUESTION NO4
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Measure and record task variable
 Frequency
    Asymmetric angle Object
Vertical
Hand location (degrees) Rate Duration coupling
Distanc
Object
e
weight Origi
(pounds) Origin Destination n Destination Lifts/min    
L(Max
L(avg) ) H V H V D A A F    
7 hrs. <8
15 15 5 33 5 41 8 45 45 1/MIN hr FAIR

STEP 2: Determine the Multipliers and RWL

RWL = LC×HM×VM×DM×FM×AM×CM
For Origin:
RWL = LC×HM×VM×DM×FM×AM×CM
RWL = 51×1×0.9775×1.0×0.94×0.856×1
RWL = 50.20
For Destination:
RWL = LC×HM×VM×DM×FM×AM×CM
RWL = 51×1×0.92×1.0×0.94×0.856×1
RWL = 37.75
STEP 3: Lifting Index
LI= 15/50.20 = 0.29 (for origin)
LI= 15/ 37.75= 0.39 (for destination)
Recommendations:

1. Bring the object closer to the worker at the destination to increase the HM value.
2. Lower the destination of the lift to increase the VM value.
3. Reduce the vertical travel distance between the origin and the destination of the lift to
increase the DM value.
4. Modify the job so that significant control of the object at the destination is not required.
This will eliminate the need to use the lower RWL value at the destination.
Question No 5
Solution:
Part a:
N= total no of observations = 200
P = estimated proportion of time that activity being measured = 170/200= 0.85
E= absolute error = 0.17-0.13 = 0.04
To calculate the confidence level, we have to calculate the z value for this we have the formula;
(z ¿¿ 2)∗p∗(1− p)
n= ¿
E2
(z¿ ¿2)∗0.85∗(1−0.85)
200= ¿
(0.04)2
200∗0.0016=( z ¿¿ 2)∗0.85∗(1−0.85)¿
0.32=(z ¿¿ 2)∗0.85∗(o .15) ¿
0.320=( z ¿¿ 2)∗0.1275 ¿
2.509=(z ¿¿ 2)¿
1.58= z
From the z table we have the Confidence level of .94295 or 94.3%
Part b:
Yes, Confidence level is ok to reach the solid judgement.
QUESTION NO. 6
Part a:
According to anthropomety data we conclude that only 20% of the total 60% female workers
will clear the desktop.
Part b:
When we see the height of 21 inch from ergonomic principle than we found that design is high
for the operators to work in a better way with more efficiency so we have to reconsider the
height dimension according to workers dimenstion and anthrpometry data.
QUESTION NO. 7
What does hierarchy of control mean? Define the following controls, and provide an
example for each one. Please rank them from most effective to least effective.   
Administrative control
Engineering Control
PPE
Substitution
Elimination

Hierarchy of Control:
The Hierarchy of Control is a list of control measures, in priority order, that can be used to
eliminate or minimize exposure to the hazard.
a) Administrative control: Administrative controls (or work practice controls) are changes in
work procedures examples such as written safety policies, rules, supervision, schedules, and
training with the goal of reducing the duration, frequency, and severity of exposure to hazardous
chemicals or situations.
b) Engineering Control: Engineering controls eliminate or reduce exposure to a chemical or
physical hazard through the use or substitution of engineered machinery or equipment.
Example: attach control or guards to machine to protect user. Ventilation such as lab hoods,
blast shields, machine guarding, guardrails, interlocks, etc.
c) PPE: The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to
hazards when engineering controls and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to
reduce these risks to acceptable levels. Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the
wearer/user and the working environment.
Example: wear gloves and goggles when using the machine.
d) Substitution: in this control, we have to replace a hazardous substance or process with a less
hazardous process or substance.
Example: change out chemicals, use equipment that creates less noise, etc.
e) Elimination: Design to eliminate hazards or completely stop the practice to remove the
hazard.
Ranking of Hierarchy of control:
A. Elimination
B. Substitution
C. Engineering controls
D. Administrative controls
E. PPE
A time study was conducted on a job that contains four elements. The observed times and
performance ratings for six cycles are shown in the following table. Note that all units are in
minutes. Machine broke down.
Element Performance 1 2 3 4 5 6
rating
1 85% 0.44 0.5 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.46
2 100% 1.5 258 1.47 1.51 1.49 1.52
3 110% 0.84 0.89 0.77 0.83 0.85 0.8
4 95% 1.1 1.14 1.08 1.2 1.16 1.26
*: Machine broke down.
a. Determine the average cycle time for each element.
b. Compute the normal time for each element
c. Assuming an allowance factor of 15% of job time, compute the standard time for this task.
d. Assuming an allowance of 15% of the work time, compute the standard time for this task
e. How many parts are expected to be produced in an 8-hour shift?
f. What would be the range of the number of parts that would be produced in an 8 hour shift
based on the normal time, assuming that the time that is required to complete each cycle is
independent based on 95% confidence level.
g. What would be the number of observations to be taken to have a 95% confidence level of
1% error related based on the element 1 based on the observed time?
Solution:
a. Determine the average cycle time for each element.
Average cycle time tor each element
Element 1

Average cycle time =

∑ of all observed time
no of observed time

0.44+0.5+ 0.43+0.45+0.48+ 0.46

= 6
=0.46 mins

Element 2
Average cycle time =
∑ of all observed time
no of observed time

(1.5+258+1.47 +1.51+ 1.49+ 1.52)

= 6
=44.24 mins
 Element 3
Average cycle time =
∑ of all observed time
no of observed time

(0.84 +0.89+0.77+ 0.83+0.85+0.8)

= 6
=0.83 mins

Element 4
Average cycle time =
∑ of all observed time
no of observed time

(1.1+1.14+1.08+ 1.2+ 1.16+1.26)

= 6
=1.157 mins

b. Compute the normal time for each element

Normal time = (Average element-time) * (Performance rating/100)

Element 1
Average element-time of Element 1= 0.46 mins

Performance rating = 85%

Normal time = (0.46) *(85/100)

= 0.39 mins
Element 2
Average element-time of Element 2= 44.24 min
Performance rating = 100%
Normal time = (44.24) *(100/100)
= 44.24mins

Element 3
Average element-time of Element 3= 0.83mins
 Performance rating = 110%
Normal time = (0.83)*(110/100)
=0.913 mins

Element 4
Average element-time of Element 4= 1.15 min
Performance rating = 95%
Normal time = (1.15)*(95/100)
= 1.09 mins
c. Assuming an allowance factor of 15% of job time, compute the standard time for this
task.
Standard time is as:
Standard time = Normal time × Allowance factor
ST = NT × AF
AF= 1+ A = 1+ 0.15
AF= 1+ 0.15
AF= 1.15 (allowance percentage based on job time)
Standard time = Normal time × Allowance factor

Element Standard Time

1 0.39*1.15 = 0.445
2 44.24*1.15=50.876
3 0.913*1.15=1.045
4 1.09*1.15=1.253

Standard time for task= 0.445+50.876 +1.045+1.253 =53.62 minutes

d. Assuming an allowance of 15% of the work time, compute the standard time for this
task
Standard time = Normal time × Allowance factor
ST = NT × AF
 1
AF=
1− A
1
AF=
1−0.15
AF= 1.18 (allowance percentage based on job time)
Standard time = Normal time × Allowance factor
Element Standard Time
1 0.39*1.18 = 0.460
2 44.24*1.18=52.2
3 0.913*1.18=1.077
4 1.09*1.18=1.29

Standard time for task= 0.460+52.2 +1.077+1.29 =55.02 minutes

e. How many parts are expected to be produced in an 8-hour shift?

operating time per day

Cycle time =
desired output rate
operating time per day
Desired output (parts) =
Cycle Time
480
Desired output (parts) =
1.09
Desired output (parts) =440.36 = 440 parts

f. What would be the number of observations to be taken to have a 95% confidence

level of 1% error related based on the element 1 based on the observed time?

As we know that at 95% confidence interval

Z critical =1.96
Error= e = 1% =0.01
Here p^ = 0.50

p̂ (1− p̂ )
e = (Z critical)
√
n
0.50 ( 1−0.50 )
0.01= 1.96
√ n
Sample size= n = 9604