a seta EE a Fi , waker Lyanspovtation can he ‘byoad! | i cakegories: 4 | daland weber Lvains poration ocean tvanspovtation. divided inko Lwo types | Lranspovkation uxther divided inte | land wakex : giver. bransportakion sbandesnal, Hans portation: piven boaks, Fevvd books ond danal important carvie’s Tnland worer Lyaons port . lips ane iaedain O9ea Lyans portation: 4 nts estimated that 7h OF the jbeanational hrade is, j out by shipping - ation has De limibakion and | pages very | ation: in ik possesoe> anvie gm 29'es r iyilisabron oF pakwral owes oeans: . Require cheap randaly wind and sree motive iolmowey ie bone Highey lows corvyind Bepaced ore” bulky avy Aoi eormmodibtes: re assists and provides ow powerrul means oF depenc |) vn Fhe emersercd of pabional secyrity ~~ j development of po durksy clea Sy development oF Jgmimexce 279 Mavenhakionsl eee a OD development oF Agricul use oO s =Ddevelopment of nokural vesources and th ev effective wre: 9) discovery of pew islands ‘Ss possible. ang inbernakiona: 10) development of cconomic progvess contact: n) provides enhanced mobilihy and promotes sooral and political unity § consumpkion of fevelan goods: 12) TE encourage Lyangpovkabion Jow speed: disadvantages oF wakey e a the mode | ) PE vequives Mele lime SUG rt ts une pul when woker ts availa op Hans pak and hat boo, along Fhe particular, nee ee eh cubes only: 3 Tk may leads ko accidents and hursvigone? a4 iy Theve ane Mev ghance® oF ak bgek “Bee ee counkyes on naval ships: the opevations oF loading de is More, Gertously appected: Jeve| will cause the vubbing bevths- Ke and pumes Curr 5) Zp the vange OF be cand unloading Oe <) the gluckuations oF water of sides of Ship vessels oil spillage, noise, sme pollukion and endanger marine 5 against the fives - Hiskovy of water Lyansportakion: Himes, wakey Lranspovkation hovizons and har ingluenc! | of civilisation since ancient he» broadened humaniky is the growth and developmen that as early 22, 6000 BC hips with sats and Sanlsaan on thetnile! river aa early 08 propoundly Hiskovians xepevE < “ eguptians’ had si galleys wae used 3000 Be -- 1a during the Yeign op king Soloman (961-9228¢ Be cane eoiiouls sailed prom Biblical Tyve and Mi inaiing coppe’ FYom cypyus, papyyus fYOMm equp pond ivovy, Gold and slaved from Apyica The lange, low, and typically one—decked vessels were propelled by both sails and oars: Galley, which opken were manned by im her wor we bo be 1 Slaves, were used by Rome carthage (Iho A:D) + There vessels conkinuc | cndd Hiouighouk Fhe middle Ages | The Keelboat began We alfpear on bhe veers Pa tabout the buncop the igth century. TE wee a long, JE Eo with CW Wass scsecl with qvacepul lines, skuadily bs! mone stand many Lips beth downskeam and upsb¥ew Bein Pet ettimated that there were o> mote” {see Keel boats operating on the ohio River condeaes _ tyibukaries by isis- \ The slieam beak war invented Pian the swedialwerimes New ovleans es Jaunche in pitts buagh and went in operation: the pivst hale of the jgth century war | Presperous period pov shipping companies: The gqueeé | Le sail “ab a paatclip” eaulled Me deaign and during the period in 1807, cond building of over too clipper ships } From 1846 bo 1855+oF Harbour! nakunal (od antiercial, YY HOH. pevathe govern f 2D wreak waters musk be provided bo prokeck the destvuctive wave action: 3B) The botkom should guanish See’ hold ships against the force of 14) the harbour entvance should be Se wide aa to permit Yeady passage fox shipping &P yoy the kvansmission of excessive a nounk in Lime of storm: Reqguivernents Regupremen musk have hip channels, es a vessels: sugpicien te against tac anchorage te high winds: J go narrow aa to 3 Of wave availability oF eleckvical encagy on 8) Favourable marine condikion 5 9) defence ade setaiceds © ad ee J prahwor fps orekedBREAK WATERS The main punckion of & byeakwater is Lo protect op water eYom storm waved feakwaters arc massive skvuckunes builb gqenarally parallel bo the sheeline be piobect a Shove ew (os bo develop an artipicial harbour Mm to Uhe Chatbouns which 5 essent yy wovKing oF vessels the enclosed orca Te permits cal for sorely and €or bo be skvong enough bo the breakwateas have RISeIPEEEDe fovces of Waves: BREAKWATER CLASSIFICATION | Break waters arc bvoadly clarsigred Mnto two Ly per ) Mound Breakwater 2» wall Breakwater Hound breakwaters purther clossipred a) stone Rubble Mound Breakwaker by coneveke block Rubble Hound Breakwater c) Tekvapod Rubble mound breakwater. inko Ewo ype STOVE RUBBLE MouND BREAKWATER This kupe oF reakwaker consisks of een of large stones inn dingaeey eT < Shor from the ew lying poralle) to and Some diskance shove This kype of breakwater Is conskvucked oF each. Gul the smal t he cove. skones of weigh upto lg bons stones ane used bo conntyucMETHOD OF LONSTRUCTION! ) te is a hekevogencous oasemblage oF nobural Pee eed aa ieicerah ace walkers octeht Theae lange blocks ac deposited without any vegard to bend Cod bedding !n seawater: 2) this is the simplest -ype and US. gonabvucted by piseaieethe yubble, isons into the sea ti as BERET cimege> oul oP the pater. the mound bel Retieal dated andy tes side slope? vequiated by Ht action of waved 3) The quantity oF gubble depends uPen the depth, ¥i8 of tides and waves ty on the bop of the mound byeakwater & wall may consbvucted “about 25 bo ayxs arte Phe consbyae 8 5 MM akan sacks, conte Bie): RveBLE MounD TYPE BERK WATERS concrete blook breakwaters method of constvackion: 5 plGsdvop Be) damping he blouks5.0€ coneye ko go kenne . blocks welg a eid Te ea Gee etrrres NO pared 2% yeckangy on Front Felt” Thede deposi quand one either een ackis, ce, PX \This provide minimum area and max mars Wgaim Tmpack ©) ovakurning enberior els gq Lnberlov aude of ‘Coneveke ie block, 4 AS ks concrete block B]w ~ ies Ce The conveckional method of Using weighty blocks of conevete (ox) stone of veckangular shape fs Wibed on the peimeiplemithde sthe,ymass, of the Necbivestated BNetparde deaths wells ,and’ the she Bie) tpeeaeen Undintvone ging coves: Uhis prackice ha» been superseded and tetvapods of cement concrete are widely used * 'TETRApoD' is a Foun pronged pre-cant coneveke Hotere? xadialing @ i2ot be sachothe FYom a common cenlre x each prong is cylindvical in shape and slighty bvuncaked. # Blocks of 1eq, wh depending on Lhe hb op waves are simply heaped on the exposed Face oF byeakwater ak a Slope of !4 to) + A facing thus poxmed nakwally provides good interlock anda /good ponedbdige sop sswpace votds'for unobsbyuel plow of the vebun wave (ov) Suckion wave \ be as tonnes bTETRAPED srothe fra, only slegs are seen, Nyeeeth wv teais on the 1y side ple asitienalgeure* ick Advantages of betvaped iy fed Wandal#dlehapenopelbenprons’ help) * eprective interlocking of bocks, vesulbing im steeper sloping an consequent economy in Vocks 2 Dowing te its geometvical shape, the centre of avoriby bp Weethe Back 19 situated ew, vesisting overtuaning 3) the swpace voids ore aboul yo -sol- and appevd e224 and unobstvucked pansage fot the vYebuan (oD guckione, ie apie, deshicly ciara’ Vie raciny one this the cane © Reckangulan blocks Facing, this Yebusn wave disbubs andbeivslbdveaeiner iacks Fe a pletion slope, which entails making up Ye slope with fresh blocks this is @ costly pyoceas. Here, In lies the gteak econe aWeeeeta tabs thely sharps, The walle Is byokt which collide with cach othe thus loose bhely deatuct eaves The pacing undistuabed, whereas 19 inko smaller steams in the tekvaped 9oPS an Bren: verrical WALL BREAKWATER Sedona} wall Wewkwabers) conslibake % send me) dose ee eakantensi ahis is also e tae g wharf, and Ike one Saver f i real operouron. the piey type shrwekire provides mere bexths for unk leesth 3 wale fronk kaa he marginal howd LT The dimensions 4 piev should be dasignad bored on | te ship accenime dat on soothe piey Sheth be supftcrenk wide +e ollew ons vntomdiwes a es wai yok ang clolesy, 1 0m bth sides fim pier the besths ae poovidact . Aitese Pista norma stay be 4 “theca sar Const ruc en7 TATA Two-BERTH PIER # open pies anc builk over open waker on exposed Limber @) conevete piles- Reinforced conevete IS used for decking purposes : * solid pias anc conskvucked of pmateavals like econth @ vock ill. FENDER SYSTEMS bo puning the mooring pyeceas, damage Con be done the whag ¢ ship go, ko probect the ghvuctue and ship from damage a device ts provided bo absorb the energy of the moving vessel, in doing so it also veducea the bumping and xubbing oF the ship against the whang, there arc called fenders: Types oF genders: 1. pile pendeys a. Timber —hung s.yskerm 3. Rubber fenders 4. Gravity bype pendr syskers: pile fenders: These are a YOU OF verbical wood piles i ce esca on a Slight batter 5 secured 1 the bop edge of the whore: 84 teh sustem impoce /3 absorbed by deglection and by compyeosion oF Wood. Ibe) sperse) absorption of kimber piles depends on the pile divant Vength and type of wood: pile fenders consbvacted of steel and concyete also have been wed Timber - Hung fender system: There fendas are uocd where water is calm land the tidal yange {9 small: In Phis system vobica uoeden members are secured to the pace of the dock and teaminals hear the water surpace: And hovize. wooden members are abbached blw the vetical members and the pace of the dock. These are having low-absoxption capacity. rubber fenders Rubber has been used extemrively and cepec in gender systems and ina varicky Of ways: cylindvical (eo Rectangular vubbe blecks sometime ane used in wood fender systems to improve energy absovphion capability. these blocks which arc placed behind hovizontal members cy valreal piles abso enagy by comp yession- Hollow vubbex fenders are also uscd aa Fenders: She: aay In size of g=5-le inches outside dramekar § ar Inaide diamcber hese cylinders arc dvopped along the pace oF bh suspended by a heavy chain avavity kype fenders: These fenders made of large convele blocks Fhab are suspended from the edge of the whar deck: when a ship impacts the render systems, these heavy objects anc lighed fo a Short dist absovk the energy of impact: These are concre gilled steel Luber lobe 2e2pk indiametes and gotoTherc|.culipders aghich, wetgh, oheuksrs boos-arc suspended vertically along the side of the whaap and are hinged In such a way soas to be lipked when @ lateral impact force Is wpplied: wood vubbing stwps usually are attached bo the Seaward side of these cylinders TRANSIT SHEDS These are sheds of one (x) two sboveys tn ht, the floor aca being devoled bo the handling and diskvibubion of fncoming amd oukgeing cargo tequixing pyokeckion and use for stovage of Cage pov shovk Lime # A covercd awangement for a temporary Skovage 15 called a bansik shed. As the name Suggests, ik isa Shed for goods tn WON Pe ee Lele angigncen, cy hem consignors bo the vessel: Fackors Inglucncing the area of a bansit shed: a) Nature op cargo, ht of its stacking and allowance Fox movement and other non-stovage arcas by size of the veasels ond Frequency °F ceiling constyuckion SN chcocb ct tigrey) She ls binge Span voor const is most desivable, ax rb gives clear inside anca without obstvuction oF Copumns Featunes; length op tvansit shed —> soo -s50¢k x width > lesek : * dleainside LE=S* g04hAprons the open Space | gost Deo GNinliba Demise nelvanc!eatied and : FY) pre is called Apyon. 18 uncovercd aca is need } i Bet snes needed »poy-the ipallourng i) For mooxin ty Foy loading and unloading Ny Few movement of cargo into bansit shed. ™) Fox the accomodation of mooring devices. connection fox eleckvic power and for telephone ond water service musk be provided. These connections ore usta! hewse d in sevice boxes builk into the dock of the apron along the water pront edge. Ab least Ewe sewice be ca bath arc yecommand when yYeilvoad semiee is destved along the Hedloweks conskyuekeawaith the vero, deck end was eb cle spacing - apron, the ce backs anc combvucted on Total width of Apyon Led wid th Carioteal ford evacke sort one vail youd baeks oe Two vailvoad bvarksDocks y docks are Shelkered basins for berthing ships. They anc So ananged thak the water in the deck may be ke pk ak e,e Mot loss Can skanbdevel togacilitate loading SP unloading of cargo * Oo Seeed closed ov open bavsina by the Swryounding. oY carding Structure such a the guay ov pier These docks can be broadly claasipted 2 harbour dooks and vepaiy docks The harbour docks: sometimes Known oo wet docks are Feed cs patltlly icles acsisa> jievrded/wilhleckts —_ gate bo keep the water at patvly conotenb nk ye SE) penine axe SMBBIRP Et obdescland op unten bist Os Svajserachedeebugopen. cnrence> ond oC Subjected Ee fluctuations op water levels. There basinn allow versels Peay oe eave ab all Limes. The 32,2" like Jock gate, eke | there enists @ considera bo come In wn < yeguive enpensive, amangeme? 3 > Teter enuseleal to. Wexbouts where vange of bide: > They ane Specially sul the approach bo the hayhoun ibse _ deep dva pk vessels J athey sre ese Specte conatderwble silbing > the main adventas ~ Gin bats ORES’. Lable where under low bide condibion Jp is nek navigable FeY lly “uaepul tn harbowss 7 vivens whet up bakes place weg the web docks o%¢ tha Hes level oF wake Shkreh helrs tn handhin op gvded agorinae the cango cube: 2 each > They prevent the vubbing © ques walls. The eppects oF S the harbour donok obskruck & forme th the dock enclosure Repaiv docks: > Repaiv pacilibres are needed por ships fm every Conve and specially in Lerminal por ds - ®> In povt, harbours with some tidal vange will push up the vessel at high Erde and leave it thc beached when the bide Yecedes. This aequives a hard bottom bo twke the wh of ship Gnd) Pabegls Ged AVadkanbe this=/prdcbide oproxed| babe gules economical for soiling ctapks which book shelker during mBRsahini Goa sesntinall inapecktinsdabercns qv do woriseoms Yeo Gp cligevrce eeepeomilclubeams slaidlet, taadles inkewals Upen @ fi¥m foundations was used as yepaix dock in tidal basin Vessel brought inko positron on this qyid at brah water will sit and vepaivs will be casted blw the lider. > Broadly, the vepaiv docks may be: Maxine vailways Ligk docks Griaving ov duy docks, and floating docks Hantne Railwaysi They are Inclined slips of Waus extending Gul some distance Into and under the waken. They! wD 4Pe? Yhe fore Shove w Suppicient distance So thak the vease when healed out will be entively clear of the waker Litkdocks! se They ane platpovms lowed Into” and ¥ Raising and lowerng is achieved by zopplicd” Hough: a..gexiea, op culinders’ aplaced on both side> of the platorm and connected bogether lyansvesely givders. with the Increase in size and. tonnage of Ye Ss, the ligk docks have become obsolete: ai —> They arc compartments inke which a ship can - er e and gipeovedde ar, {blagks per vePar work ap Fea DE Sock has been dyoined ae > the size of the dock should be commensurate eaised prom the woke bydvaulic Power size of the ship water to be pumped the shit Saebnaiondds dry dock wei the larger dock srze veguives additional Sul and the’ loager sharing bo, byece dock walls, The main Components of & floov, the walls and the entyanceeAsisoon as the ship is taken aploat, the caisson ov gate is then shul, the water is pumped out and the ship is Sept dvy, being supported on the docking bleck with ov. wikhouk taking shoves sbvalking onko her FYO™M the dock walls: the dyy blocks ae generally used only poy canvying ouk Mminoy vepolys, inapection® and painting Te can also be needed For heavy vepatxs oY complete vepithing- Floaking dock! Fela esuclunes of Minber, Ember and steel steel ay veingorced concrete, capable oF being submerged by Che admission of waker lo iks inkeriov cornpark ment: In this stage aw ship is Floated inko position, the Swuskure Js thes Raisdd, ba the Memon of we f from ibs Inkertov compartment by purip iis igvOrsg~ means _» Fledkinig decks have Jower initial cost, genie Insect In pumping and [ore mobilearo Of. RY Dock ol pier ff SEASHORE