FIKR\IN MKÍNIJI
RM\@M < - MKÍNAVAV B@ NJ\ Q BAV@ÝI B@ FIES@KVMBI\

RPRI\?
H@K\Q LI\\@\I

PKAW@\VABMB KMFAIKMN MLA@\RM Q M BAVRMKFAM

@VFP@NM B@ FA@KFAMV LÍVAFMV, R@FKINIJÅM @ AKJ@KA@\ÅM
AKJ@KA@\ÅM @N@FR\ÖKAFM
<3<3
 

AKR\IBPFFAÖK

V` r`mnazmb`
fikf`ptis ukemnnm
mkínasas b` yNJ\
mla`rtm emnnmb` uk sast`em bmbi, t`ka`kbi `k fu`ktm nis
f`rrmbm.
 

B@VM\\INNI B@ NM MFRAWABMB

=. Smrm `n
`n b`smrrin
b`smrrinni
ni b`n prae`r
prae`r pukti,
pukti, s` b`l`
b`l` t`k`r `k
`k fu`ktm
fu`ktm `n kÿe`ri
kÿe`ri
b`n jrupi finmlirmtavi. @n jrupi fuyi kÿe`ri t`reakm `k 3 i kÿe`ri
 pmr, trmlmomrí
trmlmomrí fik `n sajua`kt` sast`em?
sast`em?

m) Jrmgaqu`
Jrmgaqu` `n nujmr
nujmr j`ieátraf
j`ieátrafi
i b` nms rmåf`s
rmåf`s b`n sast`em
sast`em (us`
(us` emtnml
emtnml u 

iftmv`)
;; syes s4
;; s5tg('s')4
;; Js5 ((=/(s*(s[<+2*s+0))))
Js 5
 
=
  -----------------
  s[6 + 2 s[< + 0 s
 
Fiktakuius-tae` trmksg`r gukftaik.
;; rnifus(Js)
 

\iit Nifus
6 3.87
3.:7 3.72 3.0 3.62 3.=7
Vyst`e? Js
Vyst`e
Jmak? 3
  s Sin`? -<
- < + =a
   b < Bmepakj? 3.812
3.812
  k 3.12
  i Iv`rshiit (%)?
(%) ? 3.=8: Vyst
yst`e? Js
   )
  f
   = Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)
(rmb/s)?? <.<2 Jmak? 3
  -
  `
  s = Sin`? 3
   ( 3.180 Bmepakj? -=
-=
  s
   a Iv`rshiit (%)
(%)?? 3
  x Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/
(rmb/s)?
s)? 3
   M 0 2 6 < =
3
  y
  r
  m
  k
   a
  j 3.180
  m -=
  e
   A
Vyst`e? Js
Vyst`e
Jmak? 3
3.12 Sin`? -< - =a
-< Bmepakj? 3.812
3.812
Iv`rshiit (%)?
(%) ? 3.=8:
Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)
(rmb/s)?? <.<2
3.:7 3.72 3.0 3.62 3.=7
-6 3.87
-0 -2 -6 -< -= 3 =
-=
\`mn Mxas (s`fikb
(s`fikbs )

 Mkmnåtafme`kt` s` tiem?
s5 3
<
s + 2 s + 053
<

s5 ∜ ∟  √∜ √ √
2½ 2 2 = 0
< =
Ra`k` pmrt` aemjakmram pir ni tmkti

s =5∜< + a
s =5∜< ∜a

l) Ab`ktaga
Ab`ktagaqu`
qu` `k nm jrígafm
jrígafm ilt`kabm
ilt`kabm nis bag`r`kt`
bag`r`kt`s
s rmkjis pisaln`s
pisaln`s pmrm
D.
V` pu`b` ils`rvmr `k `n jrmgafi qu` b` 3 m <3 b` vmnir b` d bm ukm r`spu`stm
sulmeirtajumbi, y sa ki pmsmeis b` `s` vmnir nm r`spu`stm bmråm ak`stmln`, `s pir 
`nni qu` nis vmnir`s b` D s`rík e`kir qu` <3.
 

\iit Nifus
6 3.87
3.:7 3.72 3.0 3.62 3.=7

< Vyst`e? Js
Vyst`e
3.12 Jmak? <3
   ) Sin`? 3.
3.333:<1
333:<1 + <.<2a
  s
   =
   b
  -
  k
Bmepakj? -3.3336<7
  i = 3.180 Iv`rshiit (%)? =33
  f
  ` Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? <.<2
  s
   (
  s 0
   a 2 6 < =
  x 3
   M
  y
  r
  m
  k
   a
  j -= 3.180
  m
  e
   A
3.12
-<

3.:7 3.72 3.0 3.62 3.=7

-6 3.87
-0 -2 -6 -< -= 3 =
(s`fikbs-=)
\`mn Mxas (s`fik

\mkji = vmnir b` D `ktr` 3 y 63% b` iv`rshiit 3>D>0.12

s``sfij`
s``sfij` `n vmnir
vmnir `k
`k `n <3.=
<3.= % qu
qu`` firr
firr`s
`spi
pikb
kb`` m uk vmnirb`
vmnirb` D   ≀ 2.:6

\mkji < vmnir b` D `ktr` `n 3 y 73% b` iv`rshiit 0.12>D>=3.0

s``sfij`` `n vmnir
s``sfij vmnir `k `n 03.=
03.= % qu` firr
firr`spikb`m ukvmnir b` D  8.82  
`spikb`m  ≀

\mk
mkj
ji 6 vmnir b` D `ktr` `n 3 y `n =33% 33% b` iv` v`rrshiit =3.0>D><3
s``sfij`` `n vmnir
s``sfij vmnir `k `n 13.=% qu`
qu` firr
firr`s
`spi
pikb vmnirr b` D  =:.< 
kb`` muk vmni  ≀
 

Vys
Vyst`e
t`e? Js
\iit Nifus Jmak? =:.<
6 3.87 Sin`
`?? --3.3:
3.3: + <.==a
3.:7 3.72 3.0 3.62
Bme pakj? 3.3
3.366=
66=3.=7
Iv`rshiit (%)? 13.=
Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? <.==

<
3.12

Vys
Vyst`e
t`e? Js
   ) Jmak? 8.82
         =
  s = 3.180
     -
Vys
Vyst`e
t`e? Js Sin`? --3.60<
3.60< + =.7a
   b
  k Jmak? 2.:6 Bmepakj? 3.3.<=0
<=0
  i
  f Sin`? --3.081
3.081 + =.=0a Iv`rshiit (%)? 03.=
  `
  s
   ( Bmepakj? 3.20
3.200
0 Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? =.72
  s 30
   a 2 6 < Iv`rshiit (%)?= <3.=
  x Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? =.<1
   M
  y
  r
  m
  k
   a
  j
  m 3.180
  e-=
   A

3.12
-<

3.:7 3.72 3.0 3.62 3.=7

-6 3.87
-0 -2 -6 -< -= 3 =
-=
\`mn Mxas (s`fikbs )

f) Fmbm
Fmbm jrupi b`l`rí
b`l`rí s`n`ff
s`n`ffaik
aikmr
mr uk vmnir
vmnir `sp
`sp`f
`fåga
ågafi
fi b` D pmrm
pmrm fmbm
rmkji `kfiktrmbi. Pkm v`z s`n`ffaikmbis bafhis vmnir`s, fik fmbm
uki b` `nnis s` b`l`rí r`mnazmr nm saeunmfaök b` nm r`spu`stm b`n nmzi
f`rrmbi mkt` ukm `ktrmbm `sfmnök ukatmrai.

Smrm uk vmnir b` D 5 2.:6

;; syes s4
;; s5tg('s')4
;; Js5 ((=/(s*(s[<+2*s+0))))4
;; D52.:64
;; N5D*Js4
;; R5g``blmfd(N,=)
R 5
  2.:6
  ------------------------
  s[6 + 2 s[< + 0 s + 2.:6
Fiktakuius-tae` trmksg`r gukftaik.
;; pzemp(R)
;; st`p(R)
;; st`pakgi(R)
mks 5

\as`Rae`? =.6063
  V`ttnakjRae`
V`ttnakjRae`?? 7.:0:3
  V`ttnakjEak? 3.1=<=
  V`ttnakjEmx? =.=:78
  Iv`rshiit? =:.7827
  Pkb`rshiit? 3
 

  S`md? =.=:78
  S`mdRae`? 6.=663

Sin`-_
Sin`- _`ri Emp
=.0

= Vyst`e? R
Vyst`e
Sin` ? -3.081
- 3.081 + =.=0a
   ) Bmepakj? 3.200
3.200
  s
   =
  -
Vyst`e
Vys t`e? R
   b Iv`rshiit (%)? <3.=
  k 3.0 Sin` ? --<.8<
<.8<
  i Bmepakj? =
Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? =.<1
  f
  ` Iv`rshiit (%)? 3
  s
   ( Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? <.8<
  s
   a
  x 3
   M
  y
  r
  m
  k
   a
  j -3.0 Vyst`e
Vys t`e? R
  m Sin` ? --3.081
3.081 - =.=0a
  e
   A Bmepakj? 3.200
3.200
Iv`rshiit (%)? <3.=
-= Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? =.<1

-=.0
-6 -<.0 -< -=.0 -= -3.0 3
-=
\`mn Mxas (s`fikb
(s`fikbs )

V
Vy t`p?\`spiks`
Vyst`e
st`e R
=.2 S`md mepnatub`? =.=8
=.=8
Iv`rshiit (%)? =:.:
Mt tae` (s`fikbs)?
(s`fikbs)? 6.=6
=.<
Vy
Vyst`e
st`e? R
Gakmn vmnu`? =
=
Vyst`e? R
Vyst`e
  ` V`ttnakj tae` (s
(s`fikbs)
`fikbs)?? 7.:
7.:7
7
   b
Vy
Vyst`e
  ust`e
3.8? R
   t
\as`
   a tae` (s`fikbs)?
(s`fikbs)? =.60
   n
  p
  e
   M 3.7

3.2

3.<

3
3 = < 6 2 0 7 : 8 1
Rae` (s
(s`fikbs)
`fikbs)

Smrm uk vmnir b` D 5 8.82

;; syes s4
 

;; s5tg('s')4
;; Js5 ((=/(s*(s[<+2*s+0))))4
;; D58.824
;; N5D*Js4
;; R5g``blmfd(N,=)
R 5
  8.82
  ------------------------

  s[6 + 2 s[< + trmksg`r

Fiktakuius-tae` 0 s + 8.82
gukftaik.
;; pzemp(R)
;; st`p(R)
;; st`pakgi(R)
mks 5

\as`Rae`? 3.802:
  V`ttnakjRae`
V`ttnakjRae`?? =3.76<6
  V`ttnakjEak? 3.::80
  V`ttnakjEmx? =.22=:
  Iv`rshiit? 22.=:<<
  Pkb`rshiit? 3
  S`md? =.22=:
  S`mdRae`? <.<763

Sin`-_`
Sin`- _`ri Emp
<

=.0
Vyst`e
Vys t`e? R
Sin` ? --3.60<
3.60< + =.7a
= Bmepakj? 3.<=0
3.<=0
   )
  s
   = Vyst`e
Vys t`e? R
  - Iv`rshiit (%)? 03.=
   b
  k Sin` ? --6.6
6.6 Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? =.72
  i Bmepakj? =
  f 3.0
  ` Iv`rshiit (%)? 3
  s
   ( Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? 6.6
  s
   a
  x 3
   M
  y
  r
  m
  k -3.0
   a
  j Vyst`e? R
Vyst`e
  m
  e
   A
Sin` ? -3.60<
-3.60< - =.7a
-= Bmepakj? 3.<=0
3.<=0
Iv`rshiit (%)? 03.=
Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? =.72
-=.0

-<
-6.0 -6 -<.0 -< -=.0 -= -3.0 3

(s`fikbs-=)
\`mn Mxas (s`fikb
 

Vt`p \`spiks`

Vyst`e? R
S`md mepnatub`? =.22
=.22
Iv`rshiit (%)? 22.<
Mt tae` (s`fikbs)? <.<7 Vyst`e? R

V`ttnakj tae` (s`fikbs)? =3.7

Vyst`e? R
  ` Gakmn vmnu`? =
   b Vyst`e? R
  u
   t
   a
   n \as` tae` (s`fikbs)? 3.800
  p
  e
   M

3 < 2 7 8 =3 =< =2 =7
Rae` (s
(s`fikbs)
`fikbs)

Smrm uk vmnir b` D 5 =:.<

;; syes s4
;; s5tg('s')4
;; Js5 ((=/(s*(s[<+2*s+0))))4
;; D5=:.<4
;; N5D*Js4
;; R5g``blmfd(N,=)
R 5
  =:.<
  ------------------------
  s[6 + 2 s[< + 0 s + =:.<
Fiktakuius-tae` trmksg`r gukftaik.
;; pzemp(R)
;; st`p(R)

;; st`pakgi(R)
mks 5

\as`Rae`? 3.0:82
  V`ttnakjRae`
V`ttnakjRae`?? 06.8128
  V`ttnakjEak? 3.<130
  V`ttnakjEmx? =.:8:2
  Iv`rshiit? :8.:601
  Pkb`rshiit? 3
  S`md? =.:8:2
  S`mdRae`? =.:=86
 

Sin`-_
Sin`- _`ri Emp
<.0

<
Vyst`e
Vyst`e? R
Sin` ? --3.3:32
3.3:32 + <.==a
=.0 Bmepakj? 3.3666
3. 3666
   ) Iv`rshiit (%)? 13.=
   b
  s
   =
  - = Vyst`e
Vys
Sin`t`e ?R
? --6.87
6.87 Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? <.==
  k
  i Bmepakj? =
  f
  ` 3.0 Iv`rshiit (%)? 3
  s
   ( Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? 6.87
  s
   a
  x 3
   M
  y
  r -3.0
  m
  k
   a
  j
  m -= Vyst`e
Vyst`e? R
  e
   A Sin` ? --3.3:32
3.3:32 - <.==a
Bmepakj? 3.3666
3. 3666
-=.0
Iv`rshiit (%)? 13.=
Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? <.==
-<

-<.0
-2 -6.0 -6 -<.0 -< -=.0 -= -3.0 3
-=
\`mn Mxas (s`fikb
(s`fikbs )

Vt`p \`spiks`
=.8
Vyst`e? R
=.7 S`md mepnatub`? =.:1
=.:1
Iv`rshiit (%)? :8.:
Mt tae` (s`fikbs)? =.:<
=.2

=.< Vyst`e? R
Vyst`e? R
V`ttnakj tae` (s`fikbs)
(s`fikbs)?? 06.
06.1
1 Gakmn vmnu`? =
  `
  u =
   b
   t
   a
   n
  p
  e3.8 Vyst`e? R
   M \as` tae` (s`fikbs)
(s`fikbs)?? 3.0:8

3.7

3.2

3.<

3
3 =3 <3 63 23 03 73 :3 83
Rae` (s
(s`fikbs)
`fikbs)
 

Banaj`kfamr nm sajua`kt` tmlnm

\mkji b` Wmnir @f. Fmrmft`råstafm b`n Plafmfaök b` nis Fi`gafa`kt` Gr`fu`kfam Rapi b` sast`em
d s`n`ffaik nmzi f`rrmbi pinis `k nmzi b` kmturmn ki (sulmeirtajumb
mbi f`rrmbi meirtajum meirtajumb i, fråtafme`kt`
ea`kti (η) m (wk) meirtajumbi,
silr`meirtajum
bi)

6 < ∜<.8<
3 ↜ 0.12   D 5 2.:6   s + 2 s + 0 s + 2.:6 ∜3.081 ½ =.=0 a   3.200 =.<1   Vul
meirtajumbi

6 < ∜6.6
3 ↜ =3.0   D 5 8.82   s + 2 s + 0 s + 8.82 ∜3.60< ½ =.7 a   3.<=0 =.72
  Vul
meirtajumbi

6 < ∜6.87
3 ↜ <3   D 5 =:.<   s + 2 s + 0 s + =:.< ∜3.3:32 ½ <.== a   3.3708   <.==
  Vul
meirtajumbi

b) Bana
Banaj`
j`kf
kfam
amrr nm saju
sajua`
a`kt
kt`
` tmln
tmlnm.
m. @k `nnm
`nnm s` fiks
fiksaj
ajkm
kmrí
rík
k nis
nis vm
vmni
nir`
r`s
s
sinafa
sin afatmb
tmbis
is b` nm r`spu
r`spu`st
`stm
m m `sfm
`sfmnök
nök ukatmr
ukatmrai
ai b`n sast`
sast`em
em `k nmzi
nmzi
f`rrmbi fik fmbm vmnir b` d s`n`ffaikmbi?
 
Wmnir b` D Vilr`aepunsi Ra`epi b` Wmnir gakmn @rrir `k `stmbi
(%) `stmln`faea`kti `stmfaikmrai
 D 5 2.:6 =:.: 7.:7   = 3
 D 5 8.82 22.<   =3.7   = 3
 D 5 =:.< :8.: 06.1   = 3
Rmlnm <.Smríe`tris fmrmft`råsfis b` nm bakíeafm b`n sast`em
Rmlnm =. Wmnir`s b`n NJ\ b`n sast`em

`) Mkmn
Mkmnaz
azmr
mr nis
nis r`
r`su
sunt
ntmb
mbis
is ilt`
ilt`ka
kabi
bis
s y r`r`sp
spik
ikb`
b`rr nms
nms saju
sajua`
a`kt
kt`s
`s
 pr`juktms usmkbi pmnmlrms pripams sak fipamr t`xtumne`kt`
t`xtumne`kt` b` nalris
i píjakms b` akt`rk`t?

¹]uá akbafm `n nujmr j`ieátrafi b` nms rmåf`s b` uk sast`em9 

@n nujmr j`ieátrafi b` nms rmåf`s s` utanazm pmrm hmnnmr `n vmnir b` D b`sb` 3 hmstm
akgakati, fik `n gak b` ils`rvmr `n fiepirtmea`kti b`n sast`em.

@n eátibi b`n nujmr b` nms rmåf`s kis p`reat` b`t`reakmr nm pisafaök `xmftm b` nis
pinis b`n sast`em, `sp`fågafme`kt` b` nm gukfaök b` trmksg`r`kfam `k emym mla`rtm,
fik jmkmkfam d5k
 

  ¹@k quá akgnuy` bar`ftme`kt` `n vmnir b` nm jmkmkfam `k fmbm fmsi

silr` `n sast`em9

@n vmnir b` nm jmkmkfam sarv` pmrm b`t`reakmr `n tapi b` sast`em qu` s` `stí

pr`s
pr`s`k
`ktm
tmkb
kbi
i fik
fik r`r`g`
g`r`
r`kf
kfam
am m uk
ukm
m gukf
gukfaö
aök
k b` tr
trmk
mksg
sg`r
`r`k
`kfa
fam,
m, sa `stm
`stm sul
sul
meirtajumbi, fråtafme`kt` meirtajumbi i silr`meirtajumbi.

Nm jmkmkfam `k sast`ems fiei nis qu` `stmeis `vmnumkbi , b`t`reakmk qu` `n

pini s` ulaqu` `k r`jaik`s r`mn`s, `k r`jaik`s fiepn`oms, m nm b`r`fhm i nm
azqua`rbm, y `si aepnafm emjkatub b` r`spu`stm, jmkmkfam gakmn, `stmbi `stmln`,
tibm nm r`spu`stm `stí r`nmfaikmbm,
r`nmfaikmbm, tmkti ni qu` s` eu`str
eu`strmm `k `n ta`epi, fiei ni
qu`
qu ` s` eueu`s
`str
trm
m `k nmzi
nmzi f`r
`rrm
rmbi
bi,, sa`k
sa`kbi
bi b` `s
`sttm gire
girem,
m, nm jmjmkm
kmkf
kfam
am uk
b`t`reakmkt
b`t`re akmkt`
` b` nm girem `k fiei `n sastsast`em
`em s` vm m fiepirtmr
fiepirtmr `k j`k`rmn `k
fumkti m nm isfanmfaök b`n sast`em `k ukm gr`fu`kfam `sp`fagafm.

  ¹Va s` b`s`
¹Va b`s`m m bas`
bas`ým
ýmrr uk fiep
fiep`k
`ksm
smbi
birr tapi
tapi prip
pripir
irfa
faik
ikmn
mn (sön
(sönii
jmkmkfam) utanazmkbi `n nujmr j`ieátrafi b` nms rmåf`s, `k quá fmsis
ki s` pibr
ibråmk
åmk usm
usmr nms
nms jmkm
jmkmkf
kfam
ams
s qu`
qu` kis
kis mrrio
rriom
m nm jrí
jrígaf
gafm
bar`ftme`kt`9

Sripirfaikmn (S) Jf(s) 5Df

@n NJ\ r`suntm s`r nm jmkmkfam pir ni qu` nm `fumfaök fmrmft`råstafm b` nmzi
f`rrmbi fiakfab`
fiakfab` fik nms rmåf`s qu` s` eu`v`k `k `n pnmki m e`babm qu` fmelam
nm jmkmkfam p`ri s` sml` qu` m e`babm qu` mue`kt` nm jmkmkfam `k nmzi mla`rti
baseakuy` `n `rrir gakati b`n nmzi f`rrmbi.
Nms jmkmkfams mrriombms pir nms jrígafms ki pibråmk s`r usmbms `k nm ak`stmlanabmb
b`n sast`em, `sp`fågafme`kt` fumkbi nm jmkmkfam `s sup`rair m <3.

Itri fmsi, `s `k nis f`ris, pu`s `k `st` pukti fråtafi nm jmkmkfam `s akgakatm, pu`s
`k `st` pukti tibi ni qu` `ktrm mn sast`em, t`reakm sa`kbi f`ri.

<. Bmbi `n sajua`kt` sast`em?

  =
J ( s )5
s ( =3 s + =)

m. V` b`l` bas`
bas`ýmr
ýmr uk fiep`
fiep`ksm
ksmbirbir usmk
usmkbi
bi `n eátib
eátibi i b`n nuj
nujmr 
mr 
j`ieátrafi b` nms rmåf`s b` tmn girem qu` mn aepn`e`ktmrni, `n 
ku`v
ku `vii sast
sast`e
`em m `k nmzi
nmzi f`
f`rr
rrmbmbi
i t`kj
t`kjm m uk fifi`g
`gaf
afa`
a`kt
kt`` b`
meir
me irta
taju
jume
mea`a`kt
ktii 5 3 .2 y ukm gr`fu`kf kfaam kmturmn ki
meir
me irta
taju
jumb
mbmm b`   5 <    /    V` b`
b`l`
l` ei
eiststrm
rmrr `n pr
prif
if`s
`si
i
b`tm
b`tmnn
nnmb
mbi,
i, fi
fikk jr
jríg
ígaf
afms
ms b` njnjrr y pnpnmk
mki
i fi
fiep
epn`n`oi
oi bi
bikbkb`` s`
eu`s
eu `strtr`
` `n mp
mpirirt`
t` b` fmfmbm
bm f` f`ri
ri y pi
pini
ni b`
b`nn sa
sast
st`e
`em,m, b` ni
 

fiktrmrai ki s` hmrí vínabi `n bas`ýi pmrm nm fmnagafmfaök b`n 

trmlmoi finmlirmtavi.

Smrm hmnnmr `n empm b`n Nujmr b` nms rmåf`s NJ\ s` `xtrm` b` nm emnnm mla`rtm?
  =

J ( s )5 =3 s <+ s

 Gukfaik
 Gukfaik b` trmksg`r`kfam
trmksg`r`kfam b` emnnm mla`rtm sak `n fiep`k
fiep`ksmb
smbir
ir `s ?
J ( s )5J √ D 

  D 
J ( s )5 <
=3 s +s

Smrm bas`ýmr `n fiep`ksmbir, prae`ri s` b`l` `kfiktrmr ukm s`ra` b` bmtis fiei
gr`fu`kfam meirtajumbm, gmftir b` mt`kumfaik, pmrm ni fumn usmr`eis nis bmtis
pripirfaikmbis `k `n `kukfambi b`n `o`rfafai.

η 53.2

ρ k 5<

meirtajumbm ? ρb 5 ρk ∟ = ∜η 

<
 Gr`fu`kfa
 Gr`fu`kfam
m kmturmn
kmturmn meirtajumbm

ρb 5< ∟ =∜ 3.2 5=.86

<

 Gmftir b` Mt`kumfaik? φ 5η ρ k

φ 53.2√<5 3.8
 

V`jÿk nm jrígafm b`n nujmr b` nms rmåf`s, b` nm gukfaök b` trmksg`r`kfam b` emym

mla`rtm b`n sast`em, sak `n fiep`ksmbir, v`eis qu` ki hmy uk pini `k `n pukti (-
3.8,=86), y pmrm qu` `n sast`em t`kjm ukm gr`fu`kfam ki meirtajumbm b` <, uk
fi`gafa`kt` b` meirtajumfaök b` 3.2, `s k`f`smrai finifmr uk pini `k `n sajua`kt`
pukti(-3.8,=86), pmrm b` `stm girem t`k`r uk pini gakati, f`rfmki m f`ri?

 Mpnafmeis gukfaik`s trajikieátrafms pmrm `kfiktrmr `s` pukti?

 

  =.86

 μ

3.8
 Mhirm s` prif`b` m hmnnmr μ t`ka`kbi `k fu`ktm qu` fis(μ)5 

∜=  =.86
 μ ¹ tmk 577.61 ³
3.8

B` nm gukfaök b` trmksg`r`kfam b` emym mla`rtm b`n sast`em sak `n fiep`ksmbir,

sml`eis qu` t`k`eis uk pini `k -3.=, y uk pini `k `n iraj`k, fik ni fumn s` kis
girem uk s`jukbi Mkjuni?

  =.86

θ=

3.8

θ=5=83 ∜¹ 77.615==6.7= ³ ¹

 Mhirm `kfiktrmeis uk Mkjuni qu` privasaikmne`kt` nnmemr`eis mngm ? ν 

 

  =.86  

  -3.8 -3.=

  =.86
∕ 5 tmk∜ =
571.3:
3.8 ∜3.=

 Mhirm `kfiktrmeis  θ ? <

  =.86  
θ<

-3.8 -3.=

θ<5=83 ∜71.3: 5==3.16

 Mhirm hmf`eis
hmf` eis uk mkínasas, `k `n fumn nm suemtiram b` f`ris bavababi nm suemtiram
b` pinis b`l` s`r ajumn m ½ =83 ¹ =).
 z`riss
 z`ri
∝ pinis 5½ =83 ( < D += )
 

∝ z`ri
 z`riss ∜∝  pinis5½ =83 ( < D + = )

3 ∜(==6.7= ³ ∜==3.16 ³ )5 ½ =83 ( < D + = )

3 ∜( <<2.02 ³ )5½ =83 ( < D + = ) fie

fiei
i ki s` fuepn
fuepn`` tifm
tifm r`mnazm
`mnazmrr ba
bas`ý
s`ýi
i , pm
pmrm
rm `nni
`nni s` b`l`
b`l` pik
pik`r
`r uk f`ri
f`ri pmrmlus
pmrmlusff

 Mhirm, fiei ki s` fuepn` `stm fikbafaök, b`l`eis pnmkt`mr ukm `fumfaök, `k nm

fumn nm suem b` nis Íkjunis, + uk Mkjuni akföjkatm, s`m ajumn m -=83.
∜<<2.02 + x 5∜=83
B`sp`omeis x?
 x 5∜=83 ½<<2.02

 x 5 22.02 ³

 Mhirm qu` t`k`eis `n vmnir b`n Mkjuni girembi pir `n traíkjuni r`ftíkjuni qu`
fikv`rj` `ktr` `n pukti -3.8, y uk pukti qu` kis p`reatarí `kfiktrmr `n vmnir b`n
f`ri qu` b`l`eis ulafmr `k nm r`ftmr r`mn, pmrm b` `stm girem gakmnazmr `n bas`ýi
b`n fiep`ksmbir.

 Mpnafmkbi nm tmkj`kt` b`n Mkjuni ( 22.02 ³ ¹, pnmkt`meis ukm `fumfaök lmsíkbikis

`k nis bmtis qu` t`k`eis `k `n traíkjuni r`ftíkjuni, pmrm hmnnmr `n vmnir b` Vn

(
tmk 22.02 ³ )5 =.86
 x
 

B`sp`omeis nm akföjkatm.
  =.86
 x 5 5=.87
(
tmk 22.02 ³)

=.87, `s `n vmnir b` nm bastmkfa

bastmkfam
m `ktr` `n pukti 3.8 y `n pukti bikb` nifmnazmr
nifmnazmr`eis
`eis
`n ku`vi pini. Fik ni fumn nm bastmkfam
bastmkfam `ktr` `st` ku`vi pini y `n pini ulafmbi `k
`n pukti -3.= `s?
=.87 3.8 + 5<.77

Fik ni fumn ku`stri fiep`ksmbir `s ajumn m ?

 B 5 V + <.77

  s + <.77
 Ni 5 emnnm
emnnm mla`rtm
mla`rtm
s ( =3 s + = )

Jrmgafmeis `k Emtn
Jrmgafmeis Emtnml,
ml, pmrm `kfikt
`kfiktrmr
rmr nm gukfaök
gukfaök b` trmksg`r`kfam
trmksg`r`kfam b` nmzi mla`rt
mla`rtm,
m,
p`ri eibagafmbm mpnafmkbi `n fiep`ksmbir.
B` `stm girem `kfiktrmeis `n nujmr b` nms rmåf`s b` nm Gukfaök b` trmksg`r`kfam
b` nmzi mla`rti, bikb` mpnafmkbi `n fiep`ksmbir mn sast`em, `kfiktrmeis uk
sast`em
sast`em `stmln` fik nis vmnir`s b` Fi`ga
Fi`gafa`kt`
fa`kt` b` meirtajumea`kt
meirtajumea`kti
i η 53.2  y
Gr`fu`kfam
Gr`fu`k fam kmturm
kmturmnn ki meirtajumbm, ρ k5< rmb / s`j , fuepn`k fik nis pmríe`tris
meirtajumbm,
sinafatmbis `k `n `kukfambi b`n `o`rfafai?
 

Sib`eis hmnnmr `n nmzi f`rrmbi b` nm gukfaök b` trmksg`r`kfam, pmrm v`r nis

r`suntmbis b`n fiep`ksmbir bas`ýmbi silr` `n sast`em.
 

l. M pmrta
pmrtarr b` nm gr`fu`kf
gr`fu`kfam
am kmtur
kmturmn
mn ki meirta
meirtajumbm
jumbm y fi`ga
fi`gafa`kt
fa`kt`
`
b` meirtajumea`kti b`s`mbis, fmnfun` nis pmríe`tris b` nm
r`sp
r`spu`
u`st
stm
m m `s `sfm
fmnö
nök
k uk
ukat
atmr
mrai
ai b`
b`nn sa
sast
st`e
`em
m fieiep`p`ks
ksm
mbi
(silr
(silr`a
`aep
epuns
unsi,
i, ta`e
ta`epi
pi pa
pafi
fi,, ta`e
ta`epi
pi b` susula
labm
bm,, ta
ta`e
`epi
pi b`
`stmln`faea`kt
kti
i). Fmbm pmríe`tri s` b`l` b`eistrmr 
emt`eítafme`kt`.

Nms göreunms m t`k`r `k fu`ktm sik?

ρb 5ρ k ∟ =∜η 
<

φ 5η ρ k
∜η σ 
∟ = <

 E   SS 5 ` ∜η 
  σ 
R  S 5
ρb

2
t s5
φ 
σ ∜ μ
t r5
ρk

φ 5η ρ k53.2√< 53.8

ρb 5ρ k ∟ =∜η  5< ∟ =∜ 3.2 5=.86

< <

Vilr`aepunsi
 

∜η σ  ∜3.2 σ 
∟ =∜η  ∟  ( )
<
=∜ 3.2
<

 E  S 5` 5` 53.<0
Ra`epi b` sulabm
σ ∜ μ
t r5
ρk

∜= ρ b
 μ 5 tmk
φ 

∜=  =.86
 μ 5 tmk 5=.=7
3.8

σ ∜=.=7
t r5
<

t r5 3.11

Ra`epi b` `stmln`faea`kti?
2  2
0
t s5 φ 5 3.8 5
Ra`epi pafi?
  σ 
R  S 5 5=.:=
=.86

Fieprilmfaök `k Emtnml b`n pukti < 

;; fn`mr mnn
;; syes s4
;; s5tg('s')4
;; Js5 =/(s*(=3*s+=))
Js 5
=
  ----------
  =3 s[< + s
 
Fiktakuius-tae` trmksg`r gukftaik.
;; rnifus(Js)
 

\iit Nifus
3.36
3.1: 3.12 3.81 3.8 3.72 3.60

  s 3.3<
   b 3.188
  k Vyst
ys t`e? Js Vyst
yst`e? Js
  i
   )
  f
   =
  -
Jmak? 3 Jmak? 3
  ` Sin`? --3.=
3.= Sin`? 3
  s 3.3= 3.11:
   ( Bmepakj? = Bmepakj? -=
-=

   a
  s Iv`rshiit(%)
(%)?? 3 Iv`rshiit (%)? 3
  x Gr`qu`kfy (r
(rmb/s)
mb/s)?? 3.= Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/
(rmb/s)?
s)? 3
   M 3.= 3.38 3.37 3.32 3.3<
3
  y
  r
  m
  k
   a
  j 3.11:
  m -3.3=
  e
   A
3.188
-3.3<

3.1: 3.12 3.81 3.8 3.72 3.60

-3.36
-3.=< -3.= -3.38 -3.37 -3.32 -3.3< 3 3.3<
-=
\`mn Mxas (s`fikb
(s`fikbs )

Va s` b`s`m earmr `n empm b` nis pinis y nis f`ris s` usm?

Szemp(Js)

Sin`-_
Sin`- _`ri Emp =
=
3.380 3.308 3.32< 3.3<8 3.3=8 3.338
3.8
3.8
3.=6
3.7
3.7
   )
  s
   =
  -
Vyst`e
Vys t`e? Js Vyst`e? Js
Vyst`e 3.2
   b 3.2 3.<0
  k Sin` ? --3.=
3.= Sin` ? 3
  i Bme pakj? = Bmepakj? -=
-=
  f 3.<
  ` 3.< Iv`rshiit (%)? 3 Iv`rshiit (%)? 3
  s
   ( Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? 3.= Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? 3
  s
   a
  x 3
   M
  y
  r -3.<
  m
   a
  k
  j 3.<
  m -3.2 3.<0
  e
   A 3.2

-3.7
3.7
3.=6
-3.8
3.8
3.380 3.308 3.32< 3.3<8 3.3=8 3.338
-=
-3.= -3.31 -3.38 -3.3: -3.37 -3.30 -3.32 -3.36 -3.3< -3.3= =3
-=
\`mn Mxas (s`fikb
(s`fikbs )

Qm t`ka`kbi `k fu`ktm `n fiep`ksmbir b`ravmtavi?

 Ni 5   s + <.77 emn emnnm

nm mla`rtm
mla`rtm
s ( =3 s + = )
 

Fieprilmfaök `k Emtnml b` nm r`spu`stm?

;; B5 (s+<.77)
B 5
s + <.77
Fiktakuius-tae` trmksg`r gukftaik.

;; Ni5 B*Js
Ni 5
  s + <.77
  ----------
  =3 s[< + s
Fiktakuius-tae` trmksg`r gukftaik.
;; rnifus(Ni)

V` lusf
lusfmm 5 3 .2 .2 pmrm v`r `n pini fikoujmbi y s` ils`rvm qu` nm gr`fu`kfam
tmelaák `s b` <?
Vyst`e
Vys t`e? Ni
\iit Nifus
Jmak? =0
6 Sin`? - 3.83= + =.86a
3.17 3.1< 3.87 3.:7 3.08 3.60
Bme pakj? 3.23=
Iv`rshiit(%)?
(%) ? <0.6
Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? <
<
  s 3.182
   b
  k
   )
  i
   =
  -
  f
  ` = 3.117
  s
   (
  s
   a
  x 3
   M =3
8 7 2 <
  y
  r
  m
  k
   a
  j -= 3.117
  m
  e
   A
3.182
-<

3.17 3.1< 3.87 3.:7 3.08 3.60

-6
-=3 -8 -7 -2 -< 3 <
\`mn Mxas (s`fikbs-=)

Akgiremfaök fiepn`tm b` pinis y f`ris?

 

\iit Nifus
6
3.17 3.1< 3.87 3.:7 Vyst`e? Ni
3.08 3.60
Jmak? =0
Sin`? -3.83= + =.86a
Bmepakj?
kj?3.23=
3 .23=
Iv`rshiit(%)? <0.6
< Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s) ? <

3.182

Vyst`e? Ni Vyst`e? Ni
  ) = 3.117 Jmak? <.76`+36 Jmak? 3
  =
 -
Sin`? -<.71 Sin`? 3
Bmepakj?
kj? = Bmepakj?
kj? - =
  s Iv`rshiit(%)? 3 Iv`rshiit(%)? 3
  b
  k Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s) ? <.71 Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? 3
  i
  f =3 8 7 2 <
  `
  s 3
  (
  s
  a Vyst`e? Ni
  x
  M Jmak? 3
  y
  r
  m
  k
Sin`? -3.=
  a
  j Bmepakj? =
  m
  e
  A 3.117 Iv`rshiit(%)? 3
-= Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s) ? 3.=

3.182
-<

3.17 3.1< 3.87 3.:7 3.08 3.60

-6
-=3 -8 -7 -2 -< 3 <
-=
\`mn Mxas (s`fikbs )

Smrm v`r nm r`spu`stm b`n sast`em mn ym ilt`k`r qu` nm jmkmkfam `s =0

;; D5=04
;; \5D*Ni4
;; R5g``blmfd(\,=)

R 5
 
=0 s + 61.1
  --------------------
  =3 s[< + =7 s + 61.1
 
Fiktakuius-tae` trmksg`r gukftaik.

;; st`p(R)
;; st`pakgi(R)

mks 5

\as`Rae`? 3.0=<8
  V`ttnakjRae`
V`ttnakjRae`?? 2.1:63
  V`ttnakjEak? 3.1==7
  V`ttnakjEmx? =.6287
  Iv`rshiit? 62.8011
  Pkb`rshiit? 3
  S`md? =.6287
  S`mdRae`? =.<772
 

Vt`p \`spiks`

Vy
Vyst`e
st`e? R
S`md mepnatub`? =
=.60
.60
Vyst`e
Vyst`e? R
Iv`rshiit (%)? 62.1
Mt tae` (s`fikbs)?
(s`fikbs)? =.<: V`ttnakj tae` (s`fikbs
(s`fikbs))? 2.1
2.1:
:

Vyst`e
Vyst`e? R
  ` Vy
Vyst`e
st`e? R
Gakmn vmnu`? =
   b
  u
   t \as` tae` (s`fikbs)
(s`fikbs)?? 3.0=6
3. 0=6
   a
   n
  p
  e
   M

3 = < 6 2 0 7 :
Rae` (s`fikbs)
(s`fikbs)

Smrm ils`rvmr nm NJ\ b`n sast`em fiepn`ti s` utanazm?

;; rnifus(R)
Vyst`e
Vyst`e? R
\iit Nifus Jmak? 3.3=:=
6 Sin`? --3.8=6
3.8=6 + =.82a
3.17 3.1< 3.87 3.:7 3.08 3.60 Bmepakj? 3.232
Iv`rshiit (%)? <0
Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? <.3=
<
  s 3.182
   b Vy
Vyst`e
st`e? R
   )
  k
   = Jmak? Akg
  i
  -
  f = Sin`? -<.77
- <.77
  ` 3.117 Bmepakj? =
  s
   ( Iv`rshiit (%)? 3
  s
   a Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? <.77
  x =3 8 7 2 <
   M 3
  y
  r
Vyst`e
Vyst`e? R

  k
  m Jmak?
n`? -3
   a Si 3.8 - =.86a
  j -= 3.117 Bmepakj? 3.23=
  m
  e Iv`rshiit (%)? <0.6
   A Gr`qu`kfy (rmb/s)? <
3.182
-<

3.17 3.1< 3.87 3.:7 3.08 3.60

-6
-=3 -8 -7 -2 -< 3 <
-=
\`mn Mxas (s`fikbs )
 

FIKFNPVAIK@V

Nm jmkmkfam b`n sast`em b`t`reakm nm ulafmfaök b` nis pinis, `k r`jaik`s r`mn`s, y

fiepn`oms, ni fumn `s fiks`fu`kt` fik nm emjkatub b` r`spu`stm b`n sast`em,
sa`kbi `stm jmkmkfam uk b`t`re
b`t`reakmkt
akmkt`
` b` `n`e`ktis fiei? gr`fu`kfam kmturmn ki
meirtajumbm,
`st
`stmbi
mbi `stmln fi`gafa`kt`
`stmln`
` `k r`m b``ktmfa
b`
r`mnae meirtajumea`kti,
nae`kt mfaök
ök ukatmram. `n
ukatmram. Nivmnir
b`s
b`sfragakmn,
frati y `n`raire
ti mkt
mkt`ra vmnir b`n`,`rrir
ire`kt
`kt`, `s b`
uk
akbafmbir aepirtmkt` b` nm firr`nmfaök pr`s`kt` `k fmbm uki b` nis `n`e`ktis b`n
sast`em, tmkti `k `n bieakai b`n ta`epi fiei ni r`pr`s`ktmbi `k `n nmzi f`rrmbi
b` nm gukfaök b` trmksg`r`kfam.
Nm fr`mfaök b`n sfrapt `k Emtnml, y `n b`smrrinni bb`n
`n fiepik`kt` prmftafi, kis hm
p`reatabi fieprilmr b` emk`rm jrígafm `k `n Nujmr j`ieátrafi b` nms rmåf`s, nis
puktis fråtafis b`n sast`em mkmnazmbi, `k nis fumn`s ki `s pisaln` hmf`r usi b` nms
jmkmkfams b` bafhi sast`em, b`labi m qu` `k bafhis puktis fråtafis (d ≢ 3 4 d ; <3 ),
ást`, `s ak`stml
ak`stmln`,
n`, ni fumn fumn aepna
aepnafm
fm `n usi b` fiep`ksmbir`
fiep`ksmbir`ss pmrm p`reatar mn
sast`em t`k`r ukm r`spu`stm `n `n bieakai b` ta`epi y nm gr`fu`kfam, iptaem y

b`s`mbm.
 

LALNAIJ\MGÅM