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Phytolacca Decandra Induces Apoptosis in Skin Melanoma
Phytolacca Decandra Induces Apoptosis in Skin Melanoma
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OBJECTIVE: Preventive measures against skin melanoma like chemotherapy are useful but
suffer from chronic side effects and drug resistance. Ethanolic extract of Phytolacca decandra
(PD), used in homeopathy for the treatment of various ailments like chronic rheumatism, regular
conjunctivitis, psoriasis, and in some skin diseases was tested for its possible anticancer
potential.
METHODS:&\WRWR[LFLW\RIWKHGUXJZDVWHVWHGE\FRQGXFWLQJGLPHWK\OWKLD]RO\O
GLSKHQ\OWHWUD]ROLXPEURPLGHDVVD\RQ ERWK QRUPDOSHULSKHUDOEORRG PRQRQXFOHDUFHOOVDQG
$FHOOV)OXRUHVFHQFHPLFURVFRSLFVWXG\RIƍGLDPLGLQRSKHQ\OLQGROHGLK\GURFKORULGHVWDLQHGFHOOV
was conducted for DNA fragmentation assay, and changes in cellular morphology, if any, were
also recorded. Lactate dehydrogenase activity assay was done to evaluate the percentages of
apoptosis and necrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, if any, and expression
study of apoptotic genes also were evaluated to pin-point the actual events of apoptosis.
RESULTS: Results showed that PD administration caused a remarkable reduction in
proliferation of A375 cells, without showing much cytotoxicity on peripheral blood mononuclear
cells. Generation of ROS and DNA damage, which made the cancer cells prone to apoptosis,
were found to be enhanced in PD-treated cells. These results were duly supported by the
analytical data on expression of different cellular and nuclear proteins, as for example, by down-
regulation of Akt and Bcl-2, up-regulation of p53, Bax and caspase 3, and an increase in number
of cell deaths by apoptosis in A375 cells.
CONCLUSION: Overall results demonstrate anticancer potentials of PD on A375 cells through
activation of caspase-mediated signaling and ROS generation.
KEYWORDS: Phytolacca decandra; skin neoplasms; reactive oxygen species; apoptosis; gene expression
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Ghosh S, Bishayee K, Paul A, Mukherjee A, Sikdar S, Chakraborty D, Boujedaini N, Khuda-Bukhsh AR.
Homeopathic mother tincture of Phytolacca decandra induces apoptosis in skin melanoma cells by activating
caspase-mediated signaling via reactive oxygen species elevation. J Integr Med
Received June 25, 2012; accepted August 9, 2012.
Open-access article copyright © 2013 Samrat Ghosh et al.
Correspondence: Anisur Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh, PhD, Professor; Tel: +91-33-25828750-315; E-mail:
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skin cancers, it is responsible for a 75%-80% of deaths
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in the tumor cells[5]. Apoptosis, a highly structured and H[WUDFW%HIRUHWKHH[SHULPHQWDOWUHDWPHQWWKHGUXJZDV
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Table 2 The Bcl-2/Bax ratio at the both mRNA and protein levels
mRNA expression Protein expression
Gene
Control ' ' ' Control ' ' '
Bcl-2 1 0.997 802 0.903 297 0.734 066 1 0.962 838 0.856 419 0.810 811
Bax 1 1.068 293 1.138 211 1.193 496 1 1.005 747 1.026 820 1.042 146
Bcl-2/Bax 1 0.934 016 0.793 611 0.615 055 1 0.957 336 0.834 050 0.778 021
In case of both mRNA and protein expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax, drug-treated ones are expressed as fractional values considering the
control as the unity.
caspase 3 expression both at mRNA and protein levels (by the diurnal, ontogenetic and seasonal variation in the
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Bax ratio and caspase 3 activation indicate that the cells aqueous berry extracts. Phytochemistry. 1994; 35(1): 95-99.
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anticancer effect on skin melanoma by indulging the cells 13 Salminen A, Lehtonen M, Suuronen T, Kaarniranta K,
to apoptosis via elevation of ROS. Our study suggested +XXVNRQHQ - 7HUSHQRLGV QDWXUDO LQKLELWRUV RI 1)ț%
that the ROS might activate p53 and block Akt and induce VLJQDOLQJZLWKDQWLLQÀDPPDWRU\DQGDQWLFDQFHUSRWHQWLDO
DSRSWRVLVYLDFDVSDVHPHGLDWHGSDWKZD\7KHUHIRUHWKH Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008; 65(19): 2979-2999.
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3'DVDQDQWLFDQFHUGUXJDQGPLJKWHQFRXUDJHWKH&$0 soybeans and soy-based foods. Curr Med Chem Anticancer
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as an anti-melanoma drug. 0DQGDO 6. %LVZDV 5 %KDWWDFKDU\\D 66 3DXO 6 'XWWD
S, Pathak S, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Lycopodine from
Lycopodium clavatum extract inhibits proliferation of
"DLOPXMFEHFNFOUT HeLa cells through induction of apoptosis via caspase-3
activation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010; 626(2-3): 115-122.
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No authors has any competing interests to declare.
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Editors-in-Chief: Wei-kang Zhao (China) & Lixing Lao (USA). ISSN 2095-4964. Published by Science Press, China.