The Making of Soundproof Panel Coated by
Compound Natural Fiber Composites
Dania Hasna Ningtyas1), Fitria Hidayanti, S.Si., M.Si.2), Ir. Hari Hadi Santoso, M. Si.3)
Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universitas Nasional
Sawo Manila Street, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12520
dania.hasna.n@mail.ugm.ac.id1), fitriahidayanti@gmail.com2), harihadi66@yahoo.com3)
Abstract— Natural fibers in general have the ability to absorb sound
to control noise, especially the sound of textile machines, so in this
study a sound-absorbing composite wall reinforced with coir fiber,
bagasse fiber, and banana stalks fiber with a fox glue matrix (PVAc)
was made. Natural fibers generally contain different lignocellulose
based on fiber type, fiber physical properties, and fiber morphology.
Therefore, natural fibers need to be treated with NaOH before being
used as a composite material, so that the bond between the fiber and
the matrix will be stronger. The quality of the damper material will
be indicated by the sound transmission loss (STL) value. Of the six
(6) samples of simulation measurement results selected were sample
E, with the composition of coir fibers, bagasse fibers, and banana
stalk fibers. The difference between simulation and experimental
measurement results is not much different. The striking difference is
in the 1000 Hz frequency area, where the STL obtained
experimentally has a fairly good result of 32,18 dB compared to the
simulation result which is only 23,13 dB. Therefore, the material
composition used in the sound test box in this study is very good. So
that the simulation results with the transfer matrix method approach
to calculate sound transmission loss are quite close to the
experimental data results.
Keywords— Composites, Matlab Simulation Program, NaOH
Treatment, Natural Fibers, STL (Sound Transmission Loss).
I. INTRODUCTION
A building can be found to meet human needs in daily
activities. In developed and developing countries, nearly 90%
of activity time is spent indoors. Comfort, security and safety
are requirements for assessment and building space to function
optimally. One of the most influential aspects is the comfort
aspect. The comfort aspect is divided into 4, namely room
comfort, visual comfort, acoustic comfort, and thermal
comfort. From various aspects of comfort, acoustic comfort is
increasingly becoming an aspect that is the main problem
today which often interferes with social activities. Noise at
room usage rights decreased. To overcome this problem, it is
necessary to choose a material that functions well as a
silencer. Glasswool and rockwool which are made from
synthetic raw materials, have become common materials to
reduce sound. Glasswool is composed of glass and cork
material while rockwool is composed of rock and cork
material. Both of these materials are very susceptible to
erosion, so that it can interfere with health. Apart from health
problems, this material is also known to be quite expensive.
This is the main problem for researchers to switch from
synthetic raw materials to organic raw materials. The
1
treatment of natural fiber composite material selection will be
the main parameter shown from the sound transmission loss
value index as a reference for the value, assurance, and quality
of the manufacture of acoustic materials.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Sound & Sound Waves
The word acoustic comes from the Greek (akoustikós),
which means everything related to hearing in a room condition
that can affect the sound and sound quality. Acoustics is the
study of things related to sound, with regard to the sense of
hearing and the state of the room that affects sound.
Physically, sound is a pressure drift, the shifting of particles in
an elastic medium such as air. But physiologically, sound is a
hearing sensation caused by a deviation in air pressure by a
vibrating object. Sounds similar to voices. In English the
sound is called sound, while the sound is called voice. From
the standpoint of language, sound is not the same as voice.
Sound is a vibration produced by inanimate objects while
sound is a vibration produced by vibrations (sound) that comes
out of the mouth or is produced by living things. But from a
physics point of view, sound and sound are the same, both are
vibrations or mechanical waves. Mechanical vibration waves
in air or solid objects that can still be heard by normal human
ears in the frequency range 20 - 20000 Hz. There are several
conditions that must be obeyed so that sounds can be heard
(Gabriel, 2001), namely that there are objects that vibrate,
there is a propagation medium, and there is a sound receiver.
The propagation of sound waves hitting an object will
experience reflection, absorption, sound transmission, and
sound diffraction (in the boundary plane with the gap, in a
hollow space) whose characteristics depend on the object.
Below is figure 2.1. from the nature of the sound regarding the
field (Mediastika, 2005).
Figure 2.1. The Characteristics Of The Sound That Hits
Partition (Doelle, 1985)
 Sound waves are longitudinal waves that occur due to as dB. The decibel is bel. The following is table 2.1. which
sealing and stretching in a gas, liquid, or solid medium. The
contains the typical sounds that are most commonly heard
wave is generated when an object is vibrated and causes a
against the Prms and SPL values.
density disturbance of the medium. When the compression or
propagation of the waves reaches the eardrum, it can cause a
Table 2.1. Typical Situation of Sound Pressure (Dupere,
sound sensation, provided that the wave frequency ranges
2017)
from 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz (audiosonic waves).
To describe a sound wave, it must be the main 𝐩𝐫𝐦𝐬
Source or Situation SPL (dB)
benchmark is its amplitude. When the characteristics of a (Nm )
sound wave change over time, the amplitude will also change The minimal sound that can
every time and because the sound wave oscillates so that the 2 x 10-5 0
be heard by
average (mean) is zero, it cannot be used as a benchmark for
Human
describing sound waves using the mean amplitude. So onei
City activities
way to measure it is by using the root mean squared pressure 6 x 10-3 50
(prms) method which has units of kg / msdi, which is (noon)
calculated by squaring the amplitude (p) value of the signal to City activities
6 x 10-2 70
eliminate the negative component in each one of the waves, (night)
then calculating the average value. (mean) the signal, and Highway activity 6 x 10-1 90
finally rooting the mean value (Dupere, 2017). The Concert
6 110
explanation of this statement can be written in equation 2.1 (rock music)
and can be described in Figure 2.2. Maximum industrial noise 10 115
Noise that hurts the ears 60 130
√( ) (2.1)
Intensity is defined as the average rate of time (W / m2) when
the energy P in watts (W) is lifted by the wave per unit area
(m2), crossing the surface perpendicular to the direction of
propagation. This means that the intensity I is the average
power of the area unity expressed in equation 2.3.

(2.3)

The human ear can detect sounds with low intensity (10-12 W
/ m2) to high intensity (1 W / m2). The Intensity Level (in
some readings it is stated that the Intensity Level (IL) is
expressed by a logarithmic scale which is stated in equation
2.4 as follows.

Figure 2.2. The Simple Waves to Characterize Sound Waves. (2.4)

Source: Introduction to Signal Levels (Discovery of Sounds
in the Sea, 2020)
The amplitude of sound waves that change with time on a very
large time scale, to characterize it using a logarithmic scale
(Dupere, 2017). This method is usually called sound pressure
level (SPL) or in Indonesian it is called sound pressure. The
logarithmic scale is basically a ratio of the two sound
pressures of Prms and Po, which is called a bell but this is still
too small, then the ten times unit uses equation 2.2 as follows:
Where I is the sound intensity (W / m2) while I0 is the
selected sound intensity of 10-12 W / m2 which can still be
heard by humans at a frequency of 1000 Hz. The sound
intensity level is expressed in decibels, which are abbreviated
as dB. The decibel is bel, a unit used in honor of Alexander
Graham Bell (inventor of the telephone). The unit of the bell is
too large to be used in most purposes and the decibel is the
unit of sound level that is commonly used (Young &
Freedman, 2003: 66).

( ) ( ) (2.2) Table 2.2. Typical Situation of Intensity Level

Where the Prms measured pressure is the rms (root mean IL I

Source or Situation
square pressure) value of the sound pressure level which is (dB) (W/m2)
directly related to the sound energy contained, then the
reference sound pressure level (P0) at the threshold of normal Pain threshold 120 1
adult average hearing is (2 x 10- 5 N / m2 = 20 μPa or 1 Pa = Dryer 95 3,2 x 10-3
1 N / m2). SPL is expressed in decibels, which is abbreviated Raised train 90 1 x 10-3
Heavy traffic 70 1 x 10-5

2
 Usual talk 65 1 x 10-6 sound absorbing wall performance starts from the propagation
A car that doesn't sound of sound waves through a wall, sound waves that enter the
50 1 x 10-7 wall (I) will experience a loss of energy after passing through
noisy
A car radio that doesn't the wall (T) and the energy lost is sound waves reflected from
40 1 x 10-8 the wall (R ). This explanation can be illustrated in Figure 2.4.
sound that loud
as follows:
Prompter average 20 1 x 10-10
Swish the leaves 10 1 x 10-11
Listener threshold at 1000
0 1 x 10-12
Hz

In acusic, the relationship between sound intensity

level (IL) and sound pressure level (SPL) is stated in equation
2.5 as follows:

(2.5)

Measuring sound pressure is much easier than

measuring sound intensity. Therefore, in general, the sound
Figure 2.4. Sound Propagation through Walls.
field is explained by the sound pressure level, which is the
Source: Aero-acoustics MACE 40442 – 1D Waves
same as the sound intensity level for field waves in free space.
(Dupere, 2017)
Generally, sound units use a sound pressure level of weight A
In the propagation of sound waves, it can be limited by using a
(dB (A)), which is the sound pressure in accordance with the
material that has soundproof properties so that the energy
characteristics of a normal human ear. The human ear is very
transmitted will be able to be reduced / inhibited by the
sensitive to sounds with a frequency range of 1000 Hz to 4000
material. So far, the soundproof wall material is still made of
Hz compared to sounds that have a frequency lower than 1000
synthetic material, which is quite expensive. Therefore we
Hz or higher than 4000 Hz (Engineering ToolBox, 2003). In
need alternative materials for sound absorbers that are cheap,
addition to dB (A), there are also other sound pressure
lightweight and environmentally friendly. One of them is the
weightings such as dB (B) and dB (C) to measure sound with
use of natural fiber composite materials.
a lower frequency than dB (A), and dB (D) which is specially
applied to characterize the noise caused by by airplane
C. Natural Fiber Composites
(Dupere, 2017). The following is figure 2.3 of a contour graph
Composite itself is a type of new, engineered material
showing sound pressure measurements weighted A, B, C, and
consisting of one or more constituent materials with different
D against sound frequency:
physical and chemical properties, where the composition of
the composite will eventually remain separate and can be
distinguished on a macroscopic or microscopic scale.
Composite constituent material is divided into 2 (two), namely
reinforcement (reinforcement) and binder (matrix). The
existence of two or more composite constituents gives rise to
several regions (see Figure 2.5.) And the following terms are
referred to:
1. Matrix: the constituent with the largest volume fraction
2. Amplifier: main load bearing
3. Interphase: adhesive between the two constituents
4. Interface: the surface of the phase bordering another phase

Figure 2.3. Contour Diagram of Sound Pressure

Weighting A, B, C, dan D.
Source: Wikipedia-Weighting (Wikipedia, 2019)

B. Silencer
Silencer according to the Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia comes from the word redam which means unclear or
less audible, while the word silencer means a tool to muffle.
So that the silencer is a tool to muffle sounds so that unwanted
sounds are not heard or are not clear. The basic principle of
Figure 2.5. The Part of Composites (Mitchel, 2010)
Composites based on reinforcing materials (filler) are divided
into 3 (three) types, including particle composites, fiber
composites, and structural composites. In this study, the type

3
of composite used is a type of fiber composite (randomly
oriented discontinous fiber). Fiber composite is a type of
composite that uses a fiber or fiber reinforcement as the main
load bearer. The fiber used has better strength and stiffness
than the binder matrix as shown in Figure 2.6. The fibers used
can be in the form of synthetic fibers (fiberglass, carbon
fibers, & plywood) and also organic fibers (materials that exist
in the natural fiber of tree trunks, plant leaves). The
arrangement of fibers in this type of composite can be
arranged randomly, in the same direction or with a certain
orientation or even in more complex forms such as webbing.:
Figure 2.6. Fiber Type of Composites
a) Continuous Fiber Composite
Continuous or uni-directional, has a long and straight
arrangement of fibers, forming laminae between the
matrix. This type of composite is most widely used. The
disadvantage of this type is the weak strength between
layers. This is because the strength between layers is
influenced by the matrix.
b) Woven Fiber Composite (bi-directional)
This composite is not easily affected by the separation
between layers because the fiber arrangement also binds
between layers. However, the longitudinal fiber
arrangement that is not so straight causes the strength and
stiffness to be not as good as the continuous fiber type.
c) Discontinuous Fiber Composite (chopped fiber composite)
Composites with short fiber types are further divided into:
1) Aligned discontinuous fiber: Composite type with cut
short fiber pieces, arranged vertically.
2) Off-axis aligned discontinuous fiber: Composite type
with cut short fiber pieces, arranged diagonally.
3) Randomly oriented discontinuous fiber: A type of
composite with short fibers randomly scattered among
the matrix.
Figure 2.7. Discontinuous Fiber Composite (chopped
fiber composites)Type
4
d) Hybrid Fiber Composite
Hybrid fiber composite is a composite composite
between straight fiber types and random fibers.
D. Sound Measurement
The concept of sound absorption refers to the energy
loss that occurs when a sound wave hits and is reflected from
an object's surface. This energy loss can be used to determine
the STL value of a material. The factors that affect the STL
value are the density of a material, porosity, surface area of the
material, and the stiffness of the material. The density of the
material will be inversely proportional to the STL value. So,
the greater the density of the material, the smaller the STL
value. Meanwhile, the porosity is directly proportional to the
STL value. The greater the porosity value, the bigger the STL
will be. This is because porosity is a presentation of empty
space in a material that can be passed by the material.
Furthermore, material stiffness is inversely proportional to the
STL value, this will also apply to the surface area of the
material which will also have an inverse ratio to the STL value.
The energy loss value can be found in equation 2.6 as follows.
(2.6)
In this study, the performance of the STL (sound transmission
loss) results in a simulation is calculated the matrix
transformation equation using the MATLANB application.
The matrix transformation equation was created by Tageman
in 2013 and translated into coding language and published by
Grundfelt in 2019. According to Grundfelt, the MATLAB
code has been designed to calculate the sound transmission
loss value of silencers with two-layer and three-layer
configurations. quickly. The calculation of two layers and
three layers aims to compare whether the composition of the
material supports a three-layer combination if the two-layer
alloy is better. Then to determine the measured frequency
level, data collection was taken using the octave band method.
According to NoiseMeters Inc., the octave band method is
used to estimate the sound level in the ear, taking into account
the noise frequency content or to estimate the performance
estimate of a hearing protection device based on the dB
attenuation in each octave provided by the hearing protection
manufacturer.
Figure 2.8. Grafik Pengukuran Octave Band
Source: What is sound level meter (ONO SOKKI
Technical Report, 2016)
 The octave method has measurements using specific B. Tools and Materials
frequencies, such as 63 Hz, 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, and so Tools:
on. In other noise measurement methods, besides using the  Wire Brush
octave band method, there is also another method, namely the
 Scissor
narrow band method, which exposes a signal for a longer
period of time and occupies a much more local area in the  Digital Caliper
frequency domain (Gladden, 2011). a much more local  Digital scales
frequency, this corresponds to the frequency sample measured  Mixer (Spatula)
on the narrow band method much more thoroughly than the  Coconut Filter
octave band method, in short, the octave band method only  Wok / Tampah
measures at a certain frequency and the next frequency is  Sound Level Meter (SLM)
twice as large as the previous frequency, for example 63 Hz
 Bluetooth speaker
then 125 Hz. However, measurement using the narrow band
method requires better technology than the technology  A device with a tone generator software installed
required for measurement using the octave band method. In Materials:
addition, the narrow band has fluctuations compared to the • Coconut Fiber
octave band and the degree of fluctuation will always increase • Banana Stalks Fiber
with increasing frequency, usually often appearing at high • Sugarcane Dregs Fiber
frequencies. • Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
• Aquades
III. RESEARCH METHOD • Water
• Fox glue (PVAc glue)
A. Flowchart • Isolative

C. Composites Panel Manufacturing Procedures

In the manufacture of sound absorbing composite
panels. The type of composite used is a natural fiber
reinforced composite with a matrix in the form of PVAc glue
(fox glue). The composition of the fiber composition in this
study is arranged randomly between the matrix with short
pieces or also called randomly oriented discontinous fiber.
Making composites in this study using the hand lay up
method, namely the method of printing manually by hand, in
which the reinforcement (fiber) is placed in the mold and then
mixed with the matrix (adhesive). In the use of natural fibers
that will be used as composites, it is necessary to treat NaOH
first, this aims to clean the husks (dirt) attached to the surface
of the fibers, so that the surface of the fibers will become
rough and can be firmly bonded to the matrix. After being
given NaOH treatment, the next step is to print the fibers with
a size of 28 x 28 cm at a thickness of ± 1 cm, then dry them in
the oven until dry. After the composite panel is completely
dry, lift and remove the panel from the print, repeat the
printing steps with various sizes of 27 x 27 cm and 26 x 26
cm.

D. Measurement Steps
The following are the measurement steps used in this Final
Project research:
1. Make sure the computer device has been installed with
the Matlab application.
2. Enter the mechanical specification data (appendix 7) per
Figure 3.1 Flowchart material into the coding data, to find the most optimal
STL simulation results for each sample. The following is
table 3.1 sample code A to sample F based on the
variation in the placement of the material arrangement.

5
 Table 3.1. Fiber Composition Arrangement Sampling space that will be used as a speaker placement area of 26 x 26
Fiber Composition Arrangement x 26 cm.
Sampel Sampling
Code
Filler Matrix
Banana
A Coir Baggase
Stalks
Banana
B Baggase Coir
Stalks
Banana
C Coir Baggase PVAc
Stalks
Glue
Banana
D Baggase Coir (fox glue) Figure 3.2. 3D sound test box design that will be used in the
Stalks
Banana research (bottom view).
E Coir Baggase
Stalks
Banana
F Baggase Coir
Stalks

3. After obtaining the most optimal STL sample, then

prepare the tools and materials needed to design the sound
test box.
4. Make a sound test box design on the most optimal
material sample arrangement simulation results.
5. After the sound test box has been designed, place the
sound test box into the room specifically designed for
acoustic research. Figure 3.3. 3D sound test box design that will be used in the
6. After the sound test box design has been made and placed research (top view).
in the acoustic room, place the speaker into the sound test
box with a position in the center and facing upwards, turn
on the speaker with a certain frequency starting from 63
Hz, 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz
and 8000 Hz (SNI 03-6386-2000), usually referred to as
the octave band measurement method.
7. Next, adjust the speaker noise using a sound level meter
as shown in Figure 3.6. The readable value from the
sound level meter is used as a noise source at the
frequency used and must be corrected first with
calibration data in accordance with applicable standards.
8. Then, make a distance of 1 - 2 meters (ISO 1978 &
ASTM 1992) from the sound test box (according to Figure 3.4. 3D sound test box design that will be used in the
Figure 3.7) using a calibrated sound level meter, it is research (side view).
recommended that measurements be carried out for 10
minutes at a reading every 5 seconds (SNI 7231 : 2009).
9. Record the measurement data and compare it with the
simulation results.
10. Repeat steps 6 until 9 for the next frequency.

E. Design of Sound Test Box

In making a sound test box, there is no standard size.
However, what needs to be underlined is that when measuring
noise using a sound test box, the tools used must be adjusted
between the size of the radio and the room used at the time of
testing. The measured distance between the material and the Figure 3.5 Illustration of a sound test box used in the
sound level meter is 1-2 meters (ISO 1978 and ASTM 1992). research
The following is the appearance of the sound test box with the
overall size that has been measured after being given a
soundproof wall of 28 x 28 x 28 cm and the size in the empty

6
 Table 4.1. The measurement results of sound transmission
loss (STL) values use MATLAB with the Octave Band
calculation method
Performa STL (Octave Band) Hasil Simulasi
Frekuensi A B C D E F
63 Hz 10,89 10,90 10,89 10,90 10,89 10,89
125 Hz 13,73 13,73 13,73 13,73 13,74 13,73
250 Hz 17,91 17,87 17,88 17,87 17,98 17,98
500 Hz 8,90 8,80 7,59 7,56 21,93 21,97
1000 Hz 14,17 12,94 13,32 12,83 23,13 23,84
Figure 3.6 Illustration of measurement of sound pressure 2000 Hz 20,90 24,82 24,46 25,46 34,8 34,67
level 4000 Hz 35,32 38,71 36,22 37,70 49,02 44,59
8000 Hz 77,72 76,56 77,40 77,03 89,11 88,36

From the simulation results of the STL measurement

using the transfer matrix method based on graph 4.1 and
which is described in detail in table 4.1, it states that the most
optimal STL performance of the six types of sound absorbing
wall samples that can be designed according to the simulation
results is sample E with a material composition consisting of
from coconut fibers (first layer), bagasse (second layer), and
banana stems (third layer), while the sample that had the
smallest STL value was sample B with a material composition
of bagasse (first layer), banana stalk (second layer). , and
coconut fibers (third layer). The following is a graphical
illustration of the STL value in detail from each sample of
soundproofing walls carried out in a simulation.

Figure 3.7 Illustration of measurements between the sound

test box and SLM at a distance of 1-2 meters

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Simulation Results
The following is a graph (figure 4.1), and a table of
measurement data in detail (table 4.1) from the calculation of
sound transmission loss (STL) for all combinations of material
composition consisting of coconut husk (10 mm), banana
stalks (10 mm), and dregs. sugarcane (10 mm) designed by
measuring simulated, using the MATLAB application based
on the transfer matrix method (Tageman, 2013):

Figure 4.2. STL graph of simulation results for silencers in

Figure 4.1. The Comparison Chart for all Simulated STL sample A (coir, banana stalks, bagasse) and
Results Perfomance samples B (bagasse, banana stalks, coir).
In Figure 4.2 for sample A and sample B there are
graph lines that are blue and red. The graph line indicates that
the simulation results can be measured in two layers or three
7
layers. The blue line only measures the STL value up to the
second layer, while the red line measures the STL value up to
the third layer. According to Quirt in his journal entitled
"Sound transmission through windows II Double and triple
glazing" in 1983 and Tadeu with his journal entitled "Sound
transmission through single, double and triple glazing:
Experimental evaluation" in 2000 stated that, the use of two
types layers are used as a comparison of the STL performance
between the soundproof walls with a two-layer structure and a
three-layer structure. From the graphs in sample A and sample
B, it is clear that the three-layer structure walls still
outperform the results of the STL value at each frequency,
even though at a frequency of 4000 Hz, the STL value is
dominated by layers with a two-layer configuration.
According to Tan and Yan in their journal entitled "Multi-
layer fibrous structures for noise reduction" in 2017 states
that, to estimate the combination of material composition with
optimal performance, you can use the method of sorting the
sound attenuation coefficient from lowest to highest or vice
versa in the case of in samples A and B which are located in
Figure 4.2 the arrangement of the damping coefficient is still
not consecutive so that the STL value obtained is not optimal.
Figure 4.3. STL graph of simulation results for silencers in
sample C (banana stalks, coir, baggase) and
sample D (bagasse, coir, banana stalks).
In Figure 4.3, which is the simulation result of STL for
soundproof walls in sample C and sample D with the second
layer of material, namely coconut powder. The value of the
STL obtained on the two graphs is identical (not much
different), when the graph of the three-layer wall is compared
to the two-layer wall graph, the results are alternating when
the frequency is above 1000 Hz. This happens because the
8
arrangement of the damping coefficients between the materials
is not consecutive. According to Marcado in his journal
entitled "The Potential of Selected Agricultural Wastes Fibers
as Acoustic Absorber .." in 2018, the absorption coefficient of
banana, coconut, and bagasse fiber was 0.50.0, respectively.
75, and 0.80 at a frequency of 800 Hz. Then at a frequency of
400 Hz the absorption coefficient values were 0.35, 0.78, and
0.92 for banana stalks, coconut fibers, and bagasse fibers.
Therefore, it can be said that for the soundproofing walls with
the material arrangement in Figure 4.3 for sample C and
sample D, the STL value is still not optimal because the order
in which the sound attenuation performance of each material is
not sequential.
Figure 4.4. STL graph of simulation results for silencers in
sample E (coir, bagasse, banana stalks) and
sample F (coir, bagasse, banana stalks).
In Figure 4.4, the sample E and sample F are the results
of the STL value in the simulation calculation. From the two
graphs above the order of the second layer is bagasse fiber.
The value of the STL obtained in the sample E graph and the
sample F graph is better than the previous sample graph,
because the STL value tends to increase in performance. The
material composition in the two graphs is still clear, that the
material with three layers configuration still dominates
compared to the material with two layers configuration. If the
graph between sample E and sample F is compared, the largest
STL value is generated in sample E (detailed data in table 4.1).
As a result of these results, the sample combination E will be
selected as the selected sample from the simulation results,
which are used to design the material arrangement in the
sound test box (prototype) for measuring the STL value
experimentally.
B. Exsperimental Results
The following is the data on the measurement results of sound
absorbing walls with a three-layer configuration using coconut
fiber, bagasse, and banana stalks experimentally using a sound
level meter that has been calibrated and measured with sound
pressure weighing A / db (A) for 10 (ten). ) minutes within 5
(five) seconds for each measurement reading. Previously the
result data had been corrected with the calibration result data.
The material used has a thickness of 30 mm, the length of the
air gap between the layers is measured as 0.005 mm for the
first gap and 0.001 mm for the second gap. Noise
measurement method adapted to SNI 03-6386-2000 and
Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 48 Tahun 1996
about Baku Tingkat Kebisingan by using the octave band
method which measures STL performance from 63 Hz to 8000
Hz frequencies. Collecting noise data uses a method adapted
to SNI 7231: 2009, namely measurement using a Sound Level
Meter (SLM) which is calibrated for 10 minutes, for each
reading of 5 (five) seconds with the measurement distance
measured between the material and the sound level meter
(SLM) 1 to 2 meters following ISO 1978 and ASTM 1992
recommendations.
Next, in Figure 4.5 is a graph of the comparison of
sound transmission loss between experimental results carried
out in this study with the simulation results of the selected
sample arrangement, namely sample E which is composed of
coconut coir fiber (first layer), bagasse fiber (second layer),
and fiber. banana stalks (third layer).
Figure 4.5. Comparison Graph of Simulation STL and
Experimental STL
windows by using microperforated panels" which is applied
specifically to housing. Microperforated panels are panels that
have submillimeter holes made of glass and perforated glass
(glass-MPP)
..
Figure 4.6. Research Result from Mu, Toyoda, dan
Takahashi in 2011.
Source: Mu, R. L., Toyoda, M. & Takahashi, D., 2011.
Improvement of sound insulation performance of
multilayer windows by using microperforated panel.
Acoust. Sci. & Tech., 32(2).
Based on Figure 4.6. The results of Mu, Toyoda, and
Takahashi's research on the use of three-layer soundproof
walls with glass-glass-glass MPP configuration when
compared to the results of this final project research with the
configuration of a composite of bagasse fiber - coconut husk -
midrib Banana produces almost the same STL performance at
a frequency of 63 Hz to 125 Hz, but the STL performance is
lower in the frequency range of 500 Hz to 2000 Hz, then the
STL performance is superior again at frequencies above 2000
Hz onwards.
Next is the result of research by Yu Liu in 2015 entitled
"Sound transmission through triple-panel structured lined
with poroelastic materials". The material of this research uses
poroelastic to make a sound suppressor system with a three-
layer configuration which has a thickness of 0.76 mm on the
first and third layers and 0.51 mm in the second layer. The
polyurethane foam layer that is placed between each layer has
a thickness of 13.5 mm.

From figure 4.5. The very striking difference in STL

between simulation and experiment can be seen in the 1000
Hz frequency area, where the STL obtained experimentally
has a fairly good result of 32.18 dB compared to the
simulation result of 23.13, therefore the composition of the
material used in the sound test box in this study is very good.
So that the simulation results with the transfer matrix method
approach to calculate sound transmission loss are quite close
to the experimental data results.

Figure 4.7. Research Result from Liu in 2015

C. The Comparison of STL Perfomance (Experimental
Results) with Previous Research
The following is a comparison of the sound attenuation
performance of research results from researchers Mu, Toyoda,
and Takahashi in 2011 with their research journal entitled
"Improvement of sound insulation performance of multilayer
9
Source: Sound transmission through triple-panel
structures lined with poroelastic materials (Liu, 2015).
Based on Figure 4.7. The comparison of the STL
performance obtained between Liu's research results and the
experimental results (prototype) obtained in the study
appeared to have differences in STL results at certain
frequency points, namely at frequencies below 500 Hz, the
STL obtained in Liu's study was far superior to those made by
experiments in this study. Then at frequencies above 500 Hz,
the STL performance between Liu's research and experimental
results was not much different. At a frequency of 8000 Hz, the
experimental sound suppression system (prototype) has a
much better performance than the results of Liu's research.
The next research is the result of research conducted by Alvin
Liyanto in 2020 entitled "Production of Three Layers
Configuration Soundproofing System" with a configuration
that does not use an air gap in a combination of material
composition consisting of cardboard (100 mm), wood powder
(60 mm), and coconut husk (50 mm). then the performance of
the soundproofing wall is shown based on the experimental
results and simulation results.
Figure 4.8. Research Result from Alvin in 2020
Source: Production of Three Layers Configuration
Soundproofing System (Alvin, 2020).
Based on Figure 4.8, the experimental results of the
STL in the research conducted by Alvin were striking in the
differences in STL results at frequencies below 4000 Hz,
which in Alvin's research resulted in higher STL values than
the experimental results in this study, then at frequencies
above 4000 Hz to 8000 Hz. and so on, the STL performance
results from the sound suppressor system made in this study
are much better than the sound suppression system that Alvin's
research results. The target of the sound suppression system in
Alvin's research is more precisely placed in housing such as
music studios, bedrooms, and so on. Meanwhile, the target
application of the sound suppression system in this study is
intended to be applied to certain industrial areas to reduce the
noise generated on various machines, such as pumps,
compressors, and others that can interfere with the activities of
the surrounding environment.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusions
The construction of a sound-silencing panel system for
compound natural fibers using a composite material of
coconut coir, bagasse fiber, and banana stalk has been
completed. The sample chosen from the simulation results is
10
sample E with an arrangement of coconut coir fibers, bagasse
fibers, and banana stalk fibers. The difference in STL
simulation results is quite close to the experimental results.
The following is the difference between the experimental
results and the simulation results starting from the frequency
of 63 Hz to 8000 Hz, respectively 0.24 dB (63 Hz), 0.08 dB
(125 Hz), 0.02 dB (250 Hz), 0.44 dB (500 Hz) , 9.05 dB (1000
Hz), 0.96 dB (2000 Hz), 2.09 dB (4000 Hz), 0.01 dB (8000
Hz).
The STL difference that is very striking between the
simulation results and the experiment is in the 1000 Hz
frequency area, where the STL obtained experimentally has a
fairly good result of 32.18 dB compared to the simulation
results which is only 23.13 dB, therefore the composition of
the material which is used in the sound test box in this study is
very good. The target application of the sound suppression
system in this study is intended to be applied to certain
industrial areas in reducing the noise generated on various
machines such as pumps, compressors, and others that can
interfere with the activities of the surrounding environment.
B. Recommendations
Based on the experience gained during carrying out this
research. The suggestions that the writer can convey to be
developed in further research are:
1. The use of natural fibers must be used as often as possible
as a substitute for synthetic materials. In addition to
reducing organic waste, the use of natural fibers also has
environmental friendly aspects, low production costs, and
the amount is abundant, aka easy to find in the
surrounding environment.
2. In making panels with natural fiber composites in the
future, it is advisable to use mechanical methods such as
hot press and no longer use manual methods (hand lay
up). Because it will affect the homogeneity of the printout
and STL performance.
3. In subsequent studies, it is suggested to add a textured
structure on top of the surface layer of the panel, as was
done by Mu researchers in 2011 using a perforated glass
material, which can increase the performance of the STL
value.
4. Furthermore, if the tools from the results of this research
and future research will be used as commercial products
and want to make soundproof walls that are more resistant
to water and fire, it is advisable to use paints that have
specifications that are resistant to water and fire.
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