Chapter |6 ExercisesFigure 6.1 ‘Grp ofthe Sf 9 Pale 1) 134 Gaswell Testing tis the AOF of the well? Z Vara A Using the test data below and log-log paper find the values of mand C. What Stabilized Bottom Producing Rate Hole Pressure, psia MMSCF/D 2800 0 268 18 2590 27 2500 3.6 2425 45 HH “Answer: AOF = 14.5MMSCF/D gf by calculating 0, Ge = 14.64 MMSCF/D. at Pas? 10 Bre Porn 10 (wis OR 10 ADF = 14.5 MINSCF/D is gg WMSCEID} ——YZ) 6 the well tested in problem 1.1 delivers gas to a © pipeline that has an operating pressure of 350. psia and the equivalent sandface pressure is 390 Psia, what is the deliverability of this well assuming ort. ginal reservoir pressure exists? Answer: te = 14.4 MMSCFD. Solve problem 1.2 as if the reservoir hag been de- pleted to the point where the reservoir pressure has dropped to 1200 pia. Assume that Cand ndo not change significantly, Answer: the = 3.4 MMSCFAD, Derive the conventional Imekjressure test equation Wheat are the basic assumptions made in the derivac tion of this equation? Draw the flow rate versus limeand sarlface pressure versus time for a conventional hackpressure test Briefly state what you would do in a sequential man- ner at the well site if you were to conduct a conver tional backpressure test. “When can you say that a well had stabilized? What is the range of the values of n and what do the. different values meari? What does absolule open-flow potential mean? Supplemental Exercises Exercises eeelinas 135j ‘Supplemental Exercises (21 aivze the following modified isochronal welltest 1d * Fime of Ran Sandlace Pressure Flow Rate ‘ours! — eer 16 0 Initia shutin 2 32 How! 2 0 Shutin 2 52 How? rs 8 Shutin 2 70 Hows 2 ° Shatin 2 80 Hows “0 80 Elended ow a Fal shut 2.2. Draw the flow rate versus time and sandface pressure Ie Following isochronal welltest data is given: wv lata to determine n, C, and AOF. GAMSCHD) Remarks Answer: n= 0.38, C = 0.000004547, AOF = 12.6 MMSCF/D. . versus time for an isochronal well test. 5 Briefly state the stepwise procedure that you would , follow at the well site if you were to conductan isochronal well test. ny 2.4¢Why is isochronal well testing preferable to the-eone ventional backpressure test?Time of Run Sandface Pressure Flow Rate Shut. BHP ‘Hours (sia) (MMSCED) ‘sind 3000) o 3000 2 aio 1a 53000 , 2 2461 27 3007, 2 2804 36 3000 2 2750 ae sono 6 2530 a5 The well continued to produce at 4.5 MMSCF/D and teached a stabilized sandface pressure of 2630 psia. Find the values of n and Cand! also calculate AOF for this well, » Draw the flow rate versus time and sandface pressure + «Versus time for a modified isochronal well test, 2.2 Under which conditions“is the modified isochronal test preferable to the isochronal test? A X Exercise 3 Yai, What is the superiority of pseudopressure treatment over pressure-squared trealment? Answer: In the pseudopressure treatment, it is not necessary to make ideal gas assumptions with respect to the behavior of | viscosity and. compressibility factor asa function of pressure. This increases the accuracy of the calculations, 3.2#What are the three different states of flow observed when a well is producing at a constant rate from a closed reservoir? List them in the chronological order they appear. What is the characteristic of the last state of flow? Answer: Three states of flow are observed in the fol- Jowing chronological order: (a) Unsteady state or transient. (b) Transitional or [ate transient. Exercises 137te. Pseudosteady state flow is (c) Pseudosteady stal linear change of pressure with characterized by the time. A Bi vwta is the importance of skin factor? What does 2 v (OP negative skin mean? newer: Skin factor characterizes the deviation from ‘teal flow performance in the vicinity of the well bore, A positive skin may indicate the presence of 2 formation damage and/or limited entry, whereas 2 ‘negative skin indicates improvement stimulation). ‘What are the components of the composite skin fac- ctor, 37 ‘Arswer: Components of the composite skin factor are fphysical skin and non-Darcy How skin. Physical skin eo vaused by formation damage or “ormation stimula: tion and limited entry. Non-Darcy flow skin effect represents the additional pressure drop due to turbu- Tent flow conditions around the wellbore and through gravel-packed perforations. ~ : ~ Supplemental Exercise derive the partial differential the flow of gas in a radial im, Hint: start with equation Using pseudopressure equation describing cylindrical porous meditn (2.15). Exercise 4 v o/ ‘The following pressure buildup data was obtained on a ‘gas well located in the center of a circular reservoir. 138, Gaswell Testing mma tase. sthctnsuinerataeewimeemmues ve mmmmaiedbeShut-in Time, Ati lours) oO t 2 5 14 22 35 45 60 Other data for this well are: Stabilized gas production Well Pressure, rate before shut-in = 5 MMSCFD Reservoir temperature 180°F Formation thickness 62 ft Average gas viscosily 0.02 ep > Gas compressibility factor 0.82 (average) Porosity 18% Cumulative gas production = 900 MMSCF Compressibility 5 x 107? psi-' ‘Well radius 4 inches Determine the permeability and composite skin fac- tor, What is the static reservoir pressure? Answer: k = 2.95 md (A very tight formation), 0.83 indicates a small skin, 6.31 x 108 or By = 2512 psia. What is the additional pressure drop clue to sl exercise 4.12 Answer: Apskin = 97 psia. Since S' is positive in exercise 4.1, Ap calculated Exercises 139Teen Une Son ur aie 3 wat 10 a 1” Pr] ITT} ‘| 5. be hw! ‘nn an 0 btn LE nape — SILAE THe nly wo + sop00 i900 te ‘0 Figure 6.2 ws above is an additional pressure loss due to completion damage around the wellbore. Supplemental Exercises AA : ‘4. Zamposite skin values of 4.2 and 5.3 are obtained from two cycle pressure buildup-drawdown tests with flow rates of 3.4 MMSCFID and 6.1 MMSCF/D, Fe- 140 Gaswell Testingspectively. What is the magnitude of the physical skin, for this specific well? at (4.2) The following drawdown test data are obtained from a ue 5A. well in a cylindrical dry gas reservoir. The well was shut-in for a long period of time before the drawdown test was started. The well was then opened to produc: tion at a rateof 1 MMSCF/D. Time (Hour) Bar (psia) 0.0 2000 O41 1904 0.2 1898 03 1892 0.4 1888 0.6 1885 08 1882 0.9 1880 1.0 1879 Other relevant data are as follows: Formation thickness = 4it Reservoir temperature = 200°F Porosity = 20% Gas gravity (air = 1.00) = 0.850 Find the permeability of the formation. x ‘Exercise 5 {a}. Isitimportant to use consistent pressure measure- ments (tophole or bottomhole) during the life of a gas well? Exercises 141Supplemental Exercises 142 Gaswell Testing (b). Is it more critical in shallow or deep wells to use bottomhole pressures? Answer: (a) Itis very important to use consistent pressure measurements (tophole or bottomhole) during the life of a gas well. Correlations used in converting wellhead pressures to sandface pres- sures are not exact. Hence, consistency for com- parative purposes is very important. (b) The use ‘of bottomhole pressures is especially more desir- able in deep wells. Since the gravity of gas is low, the pressure caused by a column of gas will be very small in shallow wells, In fact, the [OCC recommends the use of wellhead pressures as sandface pressures if the well depth is less than 2000 psia. 5.2. Calculate the flow rate from a well test including the condensate equivalent for a reservoir with the follow- ing production ( see equations (3.12) and (3.13) and accompanying description ): Separator gas = 15 MMSCF/D Condensate production = 150 STB/D Specific gravity = 0.759 2 Answer: total gas production = 15.12 MMSCF/D. 5.3. (a) Iflong stabilization times are expected, what type of drawdown test should be run? (b) Whatis the usual cause of long stabilization times?(c) Name four criteria used in selecting flow rates fora deliverability test 5.47 What are wellbore storage effects? 5.5, Name two factors that determine the necessary dura- tion of a flow test. 5.6. During a well test, the stabilized shut-in (q, = 0} tophole pressure was 2759 psia. If the following data apply, what is the bollomhole pressure? (See Cullencler-Smith approach.) Gas specific gravity = 0.665 Well depth 0500 feet Wellhead temperature. = 67°F Formation temperature = 213°F 5.7, Ifthe well in exercise 5.6 was flowing 12.5 MMSCF/D {as measured by a critical flow prover) through 5.24- inch ID casing, how would you calculate the flowing bottomhole pressure? 6.1 Given the following orifice meter configuration and data (use Appendix E): Flange taps 11,938" 1D pipe; 4° orifice Upstream static pressure = 692.5 psia Orifice pressure drop. = 27.0 inches H,O Flowing temperature 75 Gas gravity Base temperature Base pressure 0.63 60°F 14.65 psia Exercise 6 Exercises 14.Supplemental Exercises Exercise 7 144 Gaswell Testing {a) What are the minimum lengths of straight pipe: needed upstream and downstream of the orificel (b) What is the flow rate in MMSCF/D? ‘Answer: (a) Upsiream += 102 inches minimum be fore the orifice Downstream = 37.2 inches minimum after the orifice (b) Ge = 14.179 MMSCF/D 6.2. Suppose that during a well test gas is flowing throughs 2" critical flow prover with a 1/2" orifice, If the pres sure in the line is 800 psia, temperature is 70°F, and the gas gravily is 0.65, what is the flow rate in MMSCH Db 6.3. Under which conditions will the most complex well testing facilities be necessary? 6.4, What ate the, different ways of preventing hydrate formation? 6.5. What are the three basic types of bottomhole pressure gauges? 7.1. What does the IOCC manual recommend if the value of nis greater than 1.0 or less than 0,502 What do you do if the same values of mare obtained in the second test?ate 7.2, 7.3. 7.4 Answer: if obtained values of 0 are greater than 1 or less than 0.500, IOCC recommends the retesting of the same well. If similar results are obtained from the retest data, then, a straight line is drawn from highest flow rate point with a slope of 1, ifnisgreater than 1. nis less than 0.5, then, a straight line is drawn from the lowest flow rate point with » slope of 0.5. How does the definition of stabilization time differ in Oklahoma and Texas? What is the definition in your area? You are asked to design a backpressure test for a well that has already been producing. What specific proce- dures would you follow if the well is located in Oklahoma? How would your procedure change if you were to test this well in Texas?, in Alberta? What is the procedure in your area? Supplemental Exercises Exercises 145| Nomenclature & Units: 148. Gaswell Testing ‘The standard symbols adopted by the natural gas engineer- ing industry are used throughout this manual. In the equations, practical rather than metric field units are used consistently. Definition of the symbols and associated units are presented in the following list. A= B= cos c = aq7mseso Ey ppeares RAs area, $9 ft formation volume factor, cu fi/sef gaswell performance constant, daily flow rate’ psi gas compressibility, psi’! compressibility of wellbore fluids, psi-’ turbulent flow factor, D/MSCF depth, ft internal diameter of casing of tubing, ft friction factor, dimensionless gas gravity (air = 1.00), dimensionless gas equivalent, SCF/STB formation thickness, ft permeability, ma molecular weight, tb mol mass, Ib pressure, psia static reservoir pressure, psia gas flow rate, MMSCF/D or MSCF/D ratio of dry gas to condensate, SCF/STB radius, ft skin factor, dimensionless composite skin factor, dimensionless reservoir temperatyre, °R ime, hours or days wellbore storage time, hours volume, cu ft volume of wellbore, cu ft velocity, yD compressibility factor, fractionson Greek Symbols viscosity, cp density, Ibicu ft porosity, fraction pseudopressure, psia/cp specific gravity altered zone condensation external gas middle flowing radial direction reservoir non 60°F) tophole flowing well flowing well = shut-in well or wellbore storage average difference = del operator standard surface conditions (14.7 psia and sory Petwole va lnag: University ef ts. G Technelo LAH OR E+E ts Nomenclature & Units 149