7.0. PUNCTUATION While speaking, sometimes we y; COUT tone: thi, ' ; Ne the listencr that we are < king aquestion, drop our tone to indicate that w sentence. Sometimes we Somcting, © have comp pause, and Sometimes yy hades of Meaning, In writing, the same functions are taken car of P to indicate various mood Chou © Of by Man. unctuation, In other words, Marks of Punctuation } are signals that help the reader the same in voice and pauses help the listener, Nat Changes Thus punctuation marks play a very important Tole in communication. A wrong use of punctuation Can even change the sense of a Sentence completely, ‘The two sentences above are made up of the same words But, because of the placement of punctuation marks only, the meaning conveyed by the first sentence is completely different from the meaning conveyed by the second sentence, The important Punctuation marks are : 1. Full Stop or Period 2. Comma 3. Semi-colon | 96 — Scanned with CamScanner7A. Nv 7.2. 4. Colon 5. Signof interrogation 6. Signofe mation . Inverted commas 8. Dash 9. Hyphen 10. Brackets I]. Apostrophe 12. Capital letters Full Stop (Period) (.) A Full Stop is used : to mark the end of such a sentence which is nota question or an exclamation. Children are fond of ice-cream. Let’s sitin the sun. Please have a seat. afier initials or abbreviations N.D.A. : National Defence Academy etc. etcetera Sept. : September Note : This use of the period is optional in the present- day British English. Comma (, ) A Comma is used : to separate a question ta: the rest of the sentence. 2 or similar word or phrase from You are a doctor, aren’t you ? Asha helped you, didn’t she? 97 Scanned with CamScanneri) 5. 6. You live in Ludhiana, right ° | You will work hard. O. Kee 5°. “No” or Well’ when these Words stay a after” sentence. Yes. he has come. No. that’s not pc Well. you can do iton Sunday. ble. alter nominative address Mohan. listen to me. Friends, let’s do our be: afier an absolute construction : It being hot. we decided to go out. The sun having risen, everybody came out. to save repetition of averb : The husband is an Indian, the wile. an American. I went to Chandigarh. she. to Ropar. 's or clauses: to separate items in lists of words, phras I bought apples. oranges, pears and mangoes If you keep calm. take your time, concentrate and then answer the questions, you are sure to succeed. between an adverbial clause ora Jong phrase and the main claus Inthe winters. at this hei When the sun is shiniv ms a happier pla » becomes really tough. ind birds are singing. the world to separate a reported speech from a reporting verb : Papa said. “We will visit the muscum tomorrow. ~You must learn a foreign langu aid she. 98 - 2 Scanned with CamScanner10 Note: to separate W ords of the same class Used in pairs : Everyone. rich or poor, young orold, high or low, to be happy: aferanon-finite or verbless clause at the wishes beginning ofa sentence = / ‘To make certain his success, he used fairand foul. Wor out by the fong journey. we soon fell asleep. all sorts of Means, to separate long clauses linked by a Conjunction (and, as, but, for. or, etc) : Wehad been looking forward to his visit, but u infortunately itdid not materialize, to separate an introductory word or phrase from the rest of the sentence : moreover, indeed, therefore, in short, by the way, on the contrary, secondly, lastly, as it happens, etc, Ofcourse, I will help you. By the way, have you paid the bill ? before an independent clause or an adverbial, etc., that interrupts the sentence : The attempt, unfortunately, did not succeed. The fire, although it had been burning for hours, did not do much damage. 0 guard against misreading. Sometimes, a comma is Necessary to Separate words or phrases that might seem '© go together, often with two possible readings: aS What he wants, now has to be determined. ; 5 z n “omma is essential between words that do not belong logether aa Scanned with CamScannerObserve the following sentences : 1. were blue and red. 2. shirts were blue, and red. Sentence 1 means that all the shirts were of mixed colours Sentence 2 means that some shirts were blue, wheregs the others were red. 3. We bought grapes, milk, chocolate and butter. 4. We bought grapes, milk chocolate and butter. Sentence 3 means that we bought four items. Sentence 4 means that we bought three items. 72 Semi-colon (3) A Semi-colon is used to indicate a longer pause thanis indicated by a comma. Itis used (a) to separate Ic nger clauses m one anotht My friend turned up at the right moment; but we could notattend the meeting. (b)_ todivide clauses which are connected by the conjun so, then, therefore, for, still, otherv et, etc: Walk fast ; otherwise you will miss the train. icalled again and again ; yet no one answered. (c) to separate independent sentences - saw ; | conquered. Icame ; He is on top ; Lamat the bottom. 7.3 Sign of Interrogation (? ) This sign is put after a sentence that Where do you live ? Does she live ina hostel ? asks.a question. tan Scanned with CamScannera4. Colon ( : ) colon denotes a pause lonoer ee Itis oe : Sneerthan the one denoted bya (a) before introducing a quotation, Keats said : “A thing of beauty is ajoy forever” Shakespeare says : “Sweet are the uses of adversity a (b) before giving some justification or explanation or a statement given earlier : . A mathematician should know all branches of Mathematics : Algebra, Calculus, Arithmetic, Co-ordinate and Solid geometry. (c)_ to introduce a list or before an enumeration : The following students won the prize : Harpreet, Sandeep, Gagan, Vikram. (d) to introduce a statement explaining or supporting the previous statement : like him : he is so considerate. Irefused to go to pictures : I was so tired. (e) tosuggest that examples follow. (See (a) to (d) above) 7.5 Sign of Exclamation (!) (a) This sign is used after sentences or words which express some emotion ora sudden outburst of feeling of surprise. grief, joy. wonder, ete. : May God bless you with all the joys of life! Alas !] have lost the bet. (b) after nominative of address : a ” “Sir! Sir! he implored, “Do not dismiss me- 101 _ Scanned with CamScanner7.6. Inverted Commas [“ J Inverted commas or quotation marks are used to the exact words of a speaker or a quotation. She said, “I like helping others.” Shakespeare says, “Life isa tale told by an idiot, fal og sound and fury, signifying nothing.” Ma Note : A quotation withina quotation is marked by single invertey commas. He said. “We often hear people say * love makes life Worth Peers living’. 7.7. Dash (—) qd) (2) A dash is used to indicate a break or sudden tum of thought. She prayed to God-God, who is all Merciful. to mark a parenthesis ora sinall sentence, two dashes are used : He is — between you and me—a crooked man. Evenatthis age -because of the influence of environment —he has started :aking interest in music. to show words in apposition or to mark off an explanation: We—who have assembled here — promise our full suppott to you. Rav’ the youngest boy in the class — has topped the list. 7.8. Hyphen (—) A hyphen is used to combine the parts of a compound word. commander-in-chief. father-in-law, lady-in-waiting Scanned with CamScannerpostro phe xn apostrophe is used : indicate a missing letter or letters : to a Do not : Don't “Tis rItis Shan’t : Shall not (b) to mark the Possessive Case of N Pronouns : Mohan’s sisters. Ram’s scooter One should do one’s duty. Ouns and Indefinite 710 Brackets ( — ) Brackets are used to enclose information, explanation ete. in the main sentence. Their use i just like that of two dashes with the difference that they show a somewhat lesser connection with the main clause than do the two dashes. I went out. and what might be on the othe side) [do not know. side (the west TAL Capital Letters Acapital lette (1) tobegina sentence : Work hard. Where is your scooter ? (2) Tobegin each fresh line of a poem: Youth is full of pleasure. Age is full of care. G) For Proper Nouns : India. Mahatma Gandhi. Ludhiana. (4) To begin a quotation : . The proverb says, “Better alone than ina bad compan) 7 103 = Scanned with CamScanner(5) Fordegrees, titles etc : B.A., Sir, Madam, Dr. Sharma. (6) For personified objects = O Death, where is thy victory ? ssive adjectives which (7) Forallnouns, pronouns and pos: stand for God : O God, Thou are merciful. oun ‘T : (8) For interjection ‘O° and Pron agreed to help him. He asked for help and I, at once, , what can ail thee, knight-at-arms ? Solved Examples Unpunctuated pardon she muttered i cant help it my head aches ill go away Punctuated 9 “Pardon”, she muttered, “I can’t help it. My head aches, Tllgo away.” Unpunetuated . cani see you said iidid not want to say alone again but without it the thing seemed self-evident. » Punctuated 3 “Can I see you 2” said I. I didn*t-want to say ‘alone’. agail without it the thing seemed self-evident. . in but Unpunctuated hieo sll oer well john did you take the note T gave yo gentleman of his rusti¢ sery: ant yes sirre but i wonder who wil Scanned with CamScannerted otal Wee pe fob did you take the note I gave you to Mr. Smith 2” eentieman of his rustic servant. replied John, “I took the note, but I wonder who will ing ed read : . Practice Exercises punctuate the following using proper punctuation marks wherever necessary Exercise | My sister is an ma bed. ramesh the director of the company has gone to delhi. the rich and the poor the high and the low the weak and the strong visit this temple. he asked me why i was crying. the sun having risen we started our journey. god save me from such friends. tibet the roof of the world is an old land. she is no doubt the happiest girl under the sun. we bought apples oranges peaches and bananas. unless you work hard you cant stand first. wre ca Sweeny Exercise 2 kashmir the Switzerland of Indiais very beautiful may icome in sir well we’ll meet at the station tomorrow Money is after all not the most important thing she is an american she a dutch Mohan in his heart of hearts felt sad 1) harprec was clei iimla at balwinder to fell you the truth i isa ctook aeeubite™ there are five mab eds in our school Sita is dancer gita a singer PuFPenr 105 eer Scanned with CamScanner —wt ws Exercise 3 \ h the captain of the team is from m, he passed the ba exam last year akhan ay i Nalinder cane iirst he was therefore Vena prize hill clinton the president of the usa aS avery a, politician Mig the ramayana isa sacred book of the hindus harpreet isa student of khalsa college amritsar she isa phd student do as I tell you said the magician gilanjali was composed by tagore the teacher said students don’t make a noise ilike the poems of amrita pritam he lost money reputation and friends Exercise 4 Portia is the heroine of shakespeares merchant of venice i would rather die she said than beg the brave and the coward the intelligent and the dull the weak and the strong came to ashok for guidance his story wa \s improbable mahatma gandhi was killed on 30th january 1948 and was cremated at raj ghat dethi example as the proverb say is the best precept friends romans countrymen lend me your cars we want help not sympathy being dissatisfied he re igned his post john smith lived soberly honestly and prudently Exercise 5 J alti [have opted for punjabi, english. economics philsopiny ae 1 Scanned with CamScanner8. 10. > oo some men atte born great some achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon them wvilliam the conqueror is remembered for his courage and fortitude anand and not you is to blame have you read shakespeares as you like it Jong live the president the headmaster said to the student yes come in ashoka the great declared buddhism as the state religion the examination being over we decided to have aholid ay the room was spacious but dark and suffocating Exercise 6 IF you go to agra do visit the taj mahal welcome he said have a seat what can i do for you on Tuesday the prime minister of Afehanistan reaches inet sir said the lamb you surely see that the water flows you to me how can i then make the water muddy he said asha looks terrible is she ill reading maketh a full man speaking a ready man writ an exact man Men may come and men may go but | go on for ever tell yousiri have read king lear my uncle dre | Sharma lives in shimla how stupid I have been said vandana Exercise 7 kolkata . ; » kata Thow fully understand who he was why he came to Ko and Where he went away i away in soft breeze Once during a break in the raias there was cool een , . are 2 the gl blowing a bird was singing a sweel song. among trees he studi sin hindu college 107 __ Scanned with CamScanner6. o death where is thy sting ; | ilefi this place on suni ythe 9th of october and Fem on thursday the 15th of november your son is certainly a boy of abilit butall depends upon you W hether hei sto do wellat Scho what an extraordinary statement said the father hoy Can his progress possibly depend upon me you can see repyieg the headmaster that he does his homework carefully sh yes said the father i can do at least that much one day walking together up a hilli said to friday do you not wish yourself in your own country again yes he saig what would you do there said i would you turn wild ang eat mens flesh again he looked full of concer and shaking id the headmasy, tr his head said no no agentleman thinking he was charged too much by a porter for the delivery of a parcel asked him what his name was my name replied the man is the same as my fathers no smoking in this compartment said the ticket inspector to the traveller i am not smoking was the travellers reply but you have got your pipe in your mouth answered the inspector yes was the sharp reply i have got my feet inmy boots but i am not walking you coward he said gently as if to himself then with neither hurry nor any particular violence he struck the man inthe mouth the man sprang to his feet and cried a blow I would not take a blow from god almighty ablind man carrying a lantern in his hand anda pitcheron his shoulder was walking along one ni ght alone when he meta thoughtless young fellow who asked him to explai the use of a lantern toa blind man 108 Scanned with CamScanner——___ i wish i had lots of mone mone} uid the wife if one could get what one wished for i think i should wish for common sense not for money said the husband naturally everybody wishes for what he has not got said the wife - who is the man you speak of asked rama leaving his seat buttoning up his coat and moving towards the door the hare said to the tortoise you bulky fellow how slowly you crawl i could run a mile while you ran a dozen yards the tortoise replied 0 boaster do you really think so let us have a race and we shall see who is faster a few years ago aman named smith was tried ona charge of entering a house and committing theft there he had made an opening into which he had thrust the upper part of his body and he had removed the articles he could lay his hands on his pleader said my lord my client did not enter the house only his upper half went in ste ake ate afe ale of efe Scanned with CamScanner