Design of Roof Trusses ent types of roofing systems : (@ flat roofing consisting of either PeRSH-slad construction, and (ii) sloping roofing, Out of various sloping Ce as truss roofing, shell roofing of RCC or stecl, etc., steel roof trusses wMipest and most convenient roofing systems for various types of buildings Sse Rell as large spans. Steel roof trusses are commonly used for industrial sp buildings, storage godowns, warehoures, and even for residential buildings, jgices where the construction work is to be completed in a short duration San structures are invariably constructed with roof trusses of steel or timber. meatest advantage of roof truss is that its midspan depth is the greatest-specially the span is the maximum, thus resulting in great economy. The sloping faces esses facilitate in easy drainage of rain water. £ truss is basically a framed structure formed by connecting various members at to form 2 system of triangles, arranged in pre-decided pattern depending upon the of loading and functional requirements. The axes of the members meeting at one ) PLAN : 2. Principal (or main) tie FIG. 163. COMPONENTS OF A ROOF TRUss or bottom chord : This is the bottom most member of the truss, which is key Other members of the truss. It is ‘usually i to wind, it may take compression also, 3: Ties : These are the tension members of the truss, 4. Struts + These are the S. Sag tie : A sag tic is the central vertical mei 10 reduce the moment due to self wei its resulting deflection. It is Provided -STRUe, ROGE Cry, “Enortou cnono ‘Euan te —— span — (or (a) ELEVATION theme. PURLing LE ted 7. Rafters (or common rafters) : If the Spacing of the purlins are larger than the available tensth of sheeting, rafters may be provided 1 ir beams, supported on the purlins, ‘They a from the principal rafter, 8. Roof covering : a coverings Of costly in the form of corrugated sheets of galvanised iron or asbestos cement. ‘owever, roof coverings of lass, fibre Iso used. If the roof covering has smaller planer dimen” : SBass or slates are al ns, sub-purlins, supported on commen safters, are required. PPO!TRUSSES sa OF ROOF TRUS ston OF ot idge line : The ridge line or ridge is the line joining the vertices of the 9, Ridge a of ridges of nor covering material are usually available. ruses, $Pies ¢ The bottom edge of the inclined roof surface is called caves, Aa peal int : These are the prominent points along the principal rafter, at which various ae ye Kes and struts) mect. The distance of the principal rafter between any two panel Paine shoe angle : It is a supporting angle provided at the junction of the top and bottom 12. shetrass, The reaction of the truss is transferred to the supports (column/wall) through cxords Wr angle. It is supported on the base plate, ae a pase plate and anchor bolts : Basc plate supports the shoe angle of the truss through 13 oe plate is anchored to the supporting columnfwall through anchor bolts. Tt can take bolls ownward as well as upward reactions from the truss. fol ne following are some other prominent terms used in truss design : Bay : Bay is defined as the distance between adjacent. trusses. = Rise ; It is defined as the distance from the highest point to the line joining supports. Span : It is the distance between centres of the end supports. : Puch : For a symmetrical truss, it is defined as the ratio of rise to span. It is equal to half the slope of the truss and is expressed as 1/n. For example, a pitch of 1/4 corresponds toa slope of 1 in 2, or to a slope angle of 264. . Slope : Slope of a symmetrical truss is defined as the ratio of its rise to half the span. I is expressed as 1 in m or as degrees. It is thus numerically double the pitch. A pitch of | conesponds to a slope of 1 in 2 or to a slope angle of 264". Table 16.1 gives the values of pitch, slope and slope angles for symmetrical trusses. It is to be noted that in the case of a north light truss, the pitch and slope are equal. TABLE 16. Slope angle 45° 00" 33r41" 26°34" 2°48" 18°26" 14°02" Je oie ate wie Bie GIe ie = 1r19" The minimum slope is governed by the the ease with which rain wet i Slope may be dcsign. A slope of 263° ‘onomical when the type of roofing material and also depends upon in water can be drained off. From architectural point of view, greater Preferred but it increases the wind pressure resulting in heavy and uneconominal » Corresponding to a depth of }-of span, is considered to be most Toof is subjected to snow loads and heavy winds.DESION OF STEER, ¢, . “STR 16.4. ECONOMICAL SPACING OF ROOF TRUSS y times acing of the roof trusses, supported on columns, is a functtonel reyarcatene of the one fo However, where theres Mextbili i te of columns, the spacing of the columns and henc spacing of 1000 trusses shot ths ical design is obtained. The economic spacing of truss S depends upon (Pe tut Seas tre of floor area of trusses, purlins, columns, roof covering ete: all alsa) ,*¢iaht Spon the relative cost of materials Of each of these ear pet If C is the total cost, we have Ge T+P+R . i th ; Sy where T= Cost of truss, which is inversely proportional 10 the spacing ©) of mi es kh P = Cost of putlins, the section of which depends upon the BM, o, 1 HL. Sings CoE is Proportional to the square of the span of Purlins, p= jt R = Cost oftoofing material, which is constant per unit length co the shed. ang hence R =k; ky sy ks = constants. x = spacing of trusses A s -Q) or ~E+ 2m <0 or -T+2P= ” T =2P Hence the spacing should be Purlins. However, Eq. 16.1 does not it is not possible to determine the value of x directly from Eq. 16.1. contain the term x, and hence it i may be kept between 3 to 5 m, between 4.5 m to 7.5m. In $ of span (for large spans) to 1 16.5. SPACING OF PURLINS If the covering material is supported directly on the purlins, upon the safe span of the Covering material (ie. covering she the putlins, in such a case, ca is Hen SOME CASes, however, the puriine are placed on the pan in the top rafter), and hence the Covering sheets are indirectly sup battens and common rafters, the spacing of purlins depends ets). The maximum spacing of 16.6. SAG RODS FOR PURLINS Subjected to considerable Y, aiis. Since the rigidity je. the Z-value) quite small about its weak axis, sag rods are often installed in ‘The sag rods reduce the span for bending about the plane of the slope, as shiet Of phtoce Purtin seen Ceerally 10 pelos Gag rods are 7 vies y, which TpoRL ute’, jn each bay, Whi 2 i nea to the ridge 4 (Fig. 16-4 ab), and i Cpe sidge purlins feat Mjeigned forthe i] ei on from the S38 rods. Tgagt seater purlins are made ee ipa ofan I-beam oF two (a) SIDE ELEVATION (c) SIDE ELevaTion chanel, Cae FIG. 16.4. PROVISION OF SAG RODS ssonger no ds may b i cette, the sag rods may be anchored on the roof trusses (Fig. 164 c). If corrugated emevering is used, Sag rods may be dispensed with, assuming that the Steel covering sheets set Opork of tTansmitting the tangential component of the load. Sag rods are made from 4 U6 50 mm dia, bars with screwed ends. Nuts are tightened after the erection of purlins 16 the trusses but before installation of sheeting to induce some pre-tension in the sag rods. Srreating upon the span of purlins, One, two or more lines of sag rods may be used, The ms can then De analysed as continuous beam, for bending about the weak axis. If one Bie of sag rods is used, the tension T, in the sag rods is given by T= (Fec3] W, sin@ ROOF TRUSS 4 cos 6 (16.2) where L; is the span of the truss, Lz is the spacing of the trusses, @ is the slope of ses and W, is the design gravity load. 167, LATERAL BRACING OF END TRUSSES Bracing is required to resist horizontal loading (stich as that due to wind etc.) in pin jointed buildings, including roof trusses. Bracing of roof trusses and supporting columns provide siff rigid structure, When wind blows normal to the inclined surface of the trusses, it is efficiently reisted by all the members of the truss, and the wind forces are transferred to the supports atthe ends of the truss. At However, when the wind blows along the Fides ridge, it causes large deformations in the ‘oof ifthe truss is sup- ported on columns and ifstrong gable walls are ot provided at the ends. of the shed. In such a case, it is essential 20 Provide lateral bracings to the last two trusses, on either ends of the END TRUSS PURLINS RIDGE, PURLIN (b) PLAN OF TOP CHORD BRACING shed, both at top chord END TRUSS aun well as bottom (a) VIEW OF TOP CHORD {e) PLAN OF BOTTOM CHORD BRACING ord levels (Fig. 16.5). BRACING Simian, the Tast na FIG. 165, BRACINGS OF ROOF TRUSSESDESION OF stp4y 526 cr ils ate to be vertlelly braced, No such braciny, ing columns, at elther ends, arc nce ich racine, iteaney ees teurporiee on masonry walls and I strony end gable way ee rontgltea FOvideg 16.8. ROOF COVERINGS The following are the most common roof covering materials: i Scns 2 Tiles 3. Lead sheets 4 Zine sheets . Glass 6. Corrugated 4. Galvanized corrugated iron sheets, ; ents States ar elmo ta I } since they are not affected by he other environmental factors, They are heavy, and are, therefore, Commonly used jn Fesidennat buildings where spans are small and the heavy weight is nod advantag Tes, manufactured from asbestos, clay etc, are the Substitutes for slates and are monty used for residential buildings with pitched roof, ighter ang Lead sheets were formerly used for flat roofs. Zine shects are comparatively 4; ANC Sheets aluminium, Sheets, (Gil. sheets) 1, rain op cheaper in comparison of lead sheets, However, because of theln cost, lead and are now seldem used, Glass sheet or wire-reinforced Blass is generally used to admit light Omron in North light trusses and sky lights -———— 1-05 m ——- ‘OF monitor trusses. They are manufac. Side top tured in various sizes and thickness, Sa Corrugated aluminium sheets arc costly and are used for side coverings, though t they can also be used as roof covering, They are light and corrosion resistant, Asbestos cement sheets are now increasingly becoming popular since they are cheap, light’ weight, tough, durable, water tight, fire- resisting and vermin resistant. A.C. sheets are manufactured from asbestos fibre (about 15%) and portland cement. In India, asbestos cement roof coverings are available in the following three forms: (b) Everest Standard aa 1. Everest big-six corrugated A.C, sheets, 2. Everest standard corrugated AC. sheets 3. Everest trafford A.C. sheets ‘These sheets have lengths 07 1.28 to 3 metres in increments of 15 cm ‘The big-sir type A.C. sheets have 15 corrugations per sheet and overay depth of 55 mm. The standand iad Hook bolt Tugated sheet is a smaller version of (9) Everest Trottord bix- six with overall depth of corruga. FIG. 166. Ac. snentsaa gu oF ROOF TRUSSES _ ie of 25 mm. There are vig rugaions per sheet, The , 2" yead lap is 150 mm and ead edsegiag Te eget 10 a hs, we 1 corrugations or Bitumen imately 1z © her sbest yn Taford sheets ate Tatge i crankea | |Wosner™ rod mm T.o9 m standard width, Secon speels Feet has four 50 mm deep SN ch ions alternating with flat o crt They are fixed to steel porudtpy 8 mm dia, hook bolts, (0) GtMook (vy GE Cramk Gd puttin it bolts and to wood PUr- Bott Bolt Hook oe jas by 115 mm long driving eon screvs, The head tap 1s 159 mm FIG. 167. FIXING BOLTS AND SCREWS gad side lap is approximately corrugation of 74 mm. — ; Fig. 16.7 shows typical fixing bolts and screws used with corrugated A.C. sheets. Corrugated galvanised iron sheets (C.G.1 sheets) CG. sheets +e also widely used. They are stronger than A.C. sheets, However, because of their higher cost, they are now gradually replaced by A.C. sheets. They are not used for slopes flatter than 1 in 4. Gl. sheets are manufactured with corrugations running from one end to the other. The corrugations impart additional strength to the sheets. G.I. sheets are made of iron sheets which are galvanised with zinc to protect them from rusting action of water and wet weather. These sheets are fixed in a manner similar to the A.C. sheets. End lap should not be less than 15 cm and the side lap varies from 14 to 2 corrugations. The holes are either drilled or punched in the sheet crowns. The sheets are secured to purlins by means of G.L hook bolts, screws and nails etc. with curved washers. The sheets should te fixed to eaves by means of flat iron wind ties. 169. LOADS ON ROOF TRUSSES. Roof trusses are subjected to the following types of loads: 1. Dead load 2. Imposed load 3. Snow load and 4. Wind load. 1... Dead load The dead loads on roof trusses consist of (i) weight of roof covering (ii) weight of purlins etc (iii) weight of bracings and (iv) self weight of the trusses. Except for the weight of roof coverings, the other weights are not known in the beginning, and are therefore assumed. (© Weight of roof coverings Type of covering Weight per m* of plan area 1. Trafford Asbestos sheets 159 N/m 2 20 gauge CGI sheets 112.7 N/m? (i) Weight of purlins : The load due to weight of purlins per square metre of plan area, may be assumed as 0 t0 120 N for glazed roofing, 60 to 90 N for G.1. sheting and 90 to 150 N for A.C. sheeting. (iii) Weight of bracings : ‘The load due to the weight of bracings may be assumed as 12 '0 15 N/m* of plan area.DESIGN OF STEEL sTRUGH, Res = ‘The exact weight of the truss canlee {ietcrmines only ¥ : Hence the Bien fof the truss are known. he toad “at med in the beginning of the design. Te ee eniaee depends 4 ; truss has to be ea ‘as the span, the rise and the spacing . 2 with the several factors ‘sul specially for the purposes Of roof coverings and the geOBra of the truss may very between 99 ie i ight the load due 10 self weight of te tne to self weight of eight of embers section of various mem! wind load. Generally, Generally, 3 the the plan area. Ge : : . the truss N per sau een empirical expression applicable for pitch equal to 1 jn q 3r4 is m seer am, with corrugated G.I. shects. w=10(£ +5) ; oa w =load per square metre of plan area, due to weight of the truss, in N/m? L =span of the truss, in metres. fee eae i jonate value o} self weight other spacing of the trusses, a proportional ¢ be determined Atemative, the load due to the weight of the truss may be determined from the following expressions by Mukhanov. These expressions takes into account a design Joaq where q per me q 2 For - L =18 m, w=10 2+ | N/m For L=24m, w =10 78+ 345 N/m? (16.4) “4 ) Nm? For £2 =30m, 10 (aae+ x a N/m’ For L =36 m, w =10 (s27+ 4 N/m? The load due to the weight of the truss may also be expressed in terms of plan area (A) covered by each roof miss, by the following empirical expressions : (@) Rived steel trusses . () For sheeted roof trusses : w = 10 (4.88 + 0.075.4) N/m? (i) For partly glazed roof trusses: — w = 10 (4.88 + 0.088.4) N/m? ...(165) (6) Welded roof trusses @ For sheeted roof trusses : w = 10 (5.37 + 0.053.4) N/m? @ For partly glazed roof trusses: w = 10 (5.37 + 0,064.4) N/m? where A is the in m’, eee Pn fae peer by each truss, which is dependant on both 2, Imposed load or live load ee peameat at i roofs with slope upto and including 10°, live Ioad measured on oeess is not provided except {97 The eee SO°eSS 10 TOOL is provided, and as 750N/m where 10", the Ive load may be ween tg Pe maintenance, For sloping roofs with slope greater than ower 10, subject to's panne 3 a N/m less 20 N/m* for every degree inctease in slope roof members and roof puri N/a of the plan area. For members supporting the equal to z ot the} ators itaa es, beam, girders etc, the live load may be taken“a oF ROOF TRUSSES 59 16 ce gnow Load. If the roof siructure is situated in an arca where show fall takes place, oeell be subjected to snow load. IS 875 recommends a snow load of 2.5 N/m? per pe 100! Gf snow. No snow load may be considered if the slopes are greater than 50. The at OT of total oF partial snow load should be considered, Le. half the roof fully loaded ess gesign snow Toad and the other half loaded with half the design snow load. wit vind Load, The load duc 10 wind fs one of the most important loads to be considered and design of roof trusses and other (pes of pitched roofs. A detailed discussion on wind in the orig given in chapter 2 ‘The design wind pressure is p, given by pes ps = 0.6 V2 = 0.6 (ki kks Ys) Vs = basic wind specd in m/s at 10 m height (Fig. 2.1 and ‘Table 2.6) Probability factor (or risk coeficient) Terrain, height and structure size factor ky = Topography factor ‘me wind force F acting in a direction normal to the individual structural clement or adding unit is where F = (Cpe— Cp) Ape w(2AN) where Cpe = external pressure coefficient (Table 2.15) Gq = internal pr sure coefficient (Table 2.16) Load combinations : The following load combinations should be tried: () Dead load + Live load (i) Dead load + Wind load It should be clearly noted that if the main load on the purlin is due to wind, no increase in permissible stresses due to wind is allowed. 1610. DESIGN OF PURLINS The purlins, which support roof covering, batten or common-rafters, are supported on the principal rafters of the trusses. They may therefore, be considered as continuous beams. The purlins may be of rectangular section (timber), I-section, channel section or angle section, 3 shown in Fig. 168. Purlins are subjected to (#) dead load (Wz) due to self weight, roof covering, battens etc, acting in vertical direc- tion and wind load (W,) normal to the slope of roof. Because of the transverse component of dead load Wg, a purlin is subjected to unsymmetrical bending. If U-U and V-V are the principal centroidal axes, the maximum bending stress in the extreme fibre is given by Eq. 15.10 fy = Moos 4 Msind Tu Iw or f= Mov Mwy (16.6) « Tw” * Tw For the components Mcos8(=Myy), bending takes place about V-V for which U-U becomes the neutral axis. For the component Msin@ ( = Mwy), bending takes place about” uu for which V-V becomes the neutral (¢) CHANNEL SECTION (4) ANGLE SECTION FIG. 168, VARIOUS CASES OF PURLINS.x DESIGN OF STR, an Ure ty 330 Rewriting Eq. 16.6, "Mv 4, Mov (16.7 a “re hate ae --(167)2) Muv (1 4 Mow Zu = 1+ >.3— io Cheer, or t= Ban (1 Hts Zoe a Taking fe =o We get _ Mov (1 4 Mow Zou 168 a 2 = (14 too Zw ey FIG. 169, I-section and channel sections, ; 5 Tay = In the cases of rectangular section, f Tov; Zuy = Zxx and Zyy = Zyy. From Eq. 16.8, the required section modutys ‘y=! oY can ratio Zyv/Zwv, as under : Ive be determined by assuming proper values of Lsection = Zuyy/Zw =5 to 7 for light loads =7 to 10 for heavy loads. Zwy/Zw =8 Channel sections : The bending moments in the purlins are determined by assuming it as continuous gy er supports, using the following expressions: A Moy = Mix = (tw + 40050) 4 (169 (169 a) 2 Moy = Mee = (wasn) where / is the spacing of the trusses. Design of angle purlins In the case of angle purlins, the principal axes (U-U and V-V) do not coincide with X-X and Y-Y axes respectively, as is clear from Fig. 16.11 (a): Indian Standard IS : 800-1984 provides an alternative to the above general design procedure for angle purlins conforming to steel grade Fe 410-O, Fe 410-S and Fe 410-W and roof slopes not exceeding 30° based on a minimum live load of 750 N/m’, if the following re- FIG. 16.10. ANGLE PURLINS. quirements are satisfied (Fig. 16.10). (® Width of angle Jeg in the plane perpendicular to the roof covering > 45 w Width of angle leg in the plane parallel to the roof covering 2 zy ‘ " 2 if Maximum bending moment may be taken as we where w is the total uniformly distributed load on the purlin including wind load. ‘The loads shall be assumed as acting normal to thé roof in which case the bending about the minor axis may be neglected, The maximum fibre stress shall not exceed the appropriate value of ose or om, taking into account increase in permissible stresses due to wind load. The calculated deflection should not exceed those permitted for the’ type of cladding used. ) Example 16.1. The trusses for a factory build oo ; ry building are spaced at 4.5 m centre to centre the purlins are spaced at 1.8 m centre 10 centre. The pitch of muss is 1/4 and the span ofwr Rey pessoN OF ROOPTRUSSES is 10 m. The vertical load from roof sheets etc. are equal to 180 N/m? while the wind sa { the rom oof surface normal to the roof is equal to 1200 N/m. Design (a) I-section purlins, (a) ae purlins. Take 4=165 N/mm. an t= Solution. 4, Hence slope 0 = tan“! 5 = 26.56" i Pitch of truss = + sin@ = 0.4472; cos @ = (a) Design of I-section purlin (@ Computation of dead load on purlin. : Load from roof sheeting = 180 x 1.8 =324 N/m ‘Self weight (assumed) = 120 N/m (say) 1.8944 Total wa = 444N/m. { (i Wind pressureim run Ww = 1200 x 1.8 = 2160 N/m. (ii) Design B.M. for I-section purlin ‘ It is assumed here that (dead load + wind load) combination would produce more effect the purlins than the combination (dead load + live load). Now, for I-section purlin, 2 2 Mass = Max= (i+ wa 008 0), = (2160-+444x0.8944)x ay = 5178 Nem = 5178 x 10° N-mm 2 » Mw = My = (vasino = 444 x o4a7a ASP = 420.1 N-m= 420.1 x 10° N-mm (i) Selection of Fsection From Eq. 168, taking Zxx/Zry=6 and oy = 165 N/mm, 420.1 [ Myx | 4 4. Zax Myr) _ 5178 x 10° Zax, = Mose ( 1 4 Zax Mev) _ 5178 On (Ze Mx Tos (1+ 9% Sr75 ) = 46.66 x 10° mm’ = 46.66 cm? Hence provide ISLB 125 @ 11.9 kg/m, having Zxx= 65.1cm? and Zyy = 11.6 cm’. Check for stresses. From Eq. 16.7 (a) = Max 4 Mey _ 5178 x 10° 420.1 x 10° ea Zot Zep es ix i * Thexie = 79.54 + 36.22 = 115.76 N/mm’ < 165N/mm?, Hence OK. (®) Design of angle purlin (IS : 800-1984) © Computation of loads Assume self weight = 100 N/m (say) Wa = 324 + 100 = 424 N/m Also, ww = 2160 N/m, as before, Total load w = wa + wy = 424 + 2160 = 2584 Nim onDESIGN OF a (ii) Computation af bendin ii) Design of section Required , M _ 52326 10) M Ow 165 231713 mm’ = 31.713 em? Min. depth of purlin (0) T= SECTION PURLIN (6) ANGLE PuRLIN FIG. 1641. et 4.5 x 1000 = 199 mm 45 45 000 Min. width of purlin u ma 75 mm. &- select ISA 125x75 @ 149 kg/m with thickness= 10 mm Section modulus = 36.3 om? > 31.713 om? Depth of purlin = 125mm >100 mm ‘Width of purlin = 75 mm >= 75 mm Note + It is to be noted that for this case, the I-section purlin (having mass of 11.9 kg/m) is more ‘economical than the angle purlin which has a mass of 14.9 kg/m. In many common cases, however, where She apan of the purlin is less and where wind load is also less, angle purlin is found to be more economical than Tsection purlin, or ever channel section purlin. ‘The two alternative sections of purlins are shown in Fig. 16.11