I Design of Roof Trusses oo rropuctl 10N minent types of roofing systems + (i) flat roofing, consistin, o dhs Prosi-sia construction, and (ii) sloping roofing Out of attans sloping ms such as (russ roofing, shell roofing of RCC or steel, steel roof trusses the cheapest and most convenient roofing systems for various types of buildings oe OF Py as well as large spans. Steel roof trusses are commonly used for industrial a top buildings, storage godowns, warehoures, and even for residential buildings, s ns offices where the construction work is to be completed in a short duration ‘Temporary structures are invariably constructed with roof trusses of steel or timber. Se ine greatest advantage of roof truss is that its midspan depth is the greatest-specially ox OFM in the span is the maximum, thus resulting in great conomy. ‘The sloping faces ‘proof russes facilitate in easy drainage of rain water. die tof truss i basically a framed structure formed by connecting various members at sess to form a system of triangles, arranged in pre-decided pattern depending upon the st npe of loading and functional requirements. The axes of the members meeting at one ee itesect at common point, The members can be jointed through rivets, or welds or bolts, ‘cr quset plates if required. Riveted or bolted joints permit some rotation of the members, hence the joints are considered as pin joints where B.M. is zero. External loads are generally ayled at joints only (known as panel points), so that the members of the truss carry direct fres (ie. either tension or compression) only. The members carrying compressive forces are led sits while those carrying tensile forces are called ties, Since the strength of a compression tember is also dependant on its length, the members in a roof truss are so arranged that ae of members in tension are longer. Generally, length of a member is limited to tee ns Toof truss, the entire section of each member is subjected to uniform stress, and ote ma ates of each member is fully utilized. This results in the most efficient use me ae to cover a certain area ( L x B ), trusses are placed along the shorter dimension © each mye” OF the truss is the least, To cover the entire area, trusses are placed parallel Be inctin a and are supported on walls/columns suitably spaced along the long Se ipa ra Tafters of a truss are known as principal rafters. Purlins are supported on the hte. "ers, thus spanning between the roof trusses. The roof coverings directly rest on (519)DESIGN OF sTppy, Ye ‘520 16.2. TYPES OF ROOF TRUSSES Fig. 16.1 shows various types of roof trusses. The choice of a particular type of (0) KING POST TRUSS (1 QUEEN Post Ruse truss largely depends upon the" (span<6m) /m span. Another factor that is also important and which af fects the choice of a truss, Is (1) 4= PANELS (i) 6~PANELS its slope or pitch. Pitch, which (e) HOWE TRIANGULAR TRUSSES is defined as the ratio of the (SPANS 6 TO 24m) span length to the depth of truss, is governed by roofing material and other require- ments such as ventilation and (d) HOWE FLAT TRUSS. light. Based on pitch, the trus- (SPAN 6 TO 24m) ses may be divided into there categorics: VS NN (Small pitch : span- AM. IV WW depth ratio more than 12 -Z\ IX (i) Medium pitch : span- ‘(FINK (OR FRENCH)TRUSS, (4) FINK (OR FRENCH) TRuss " depth ratio between 5 to 12 (ii) Large pitch ; span- depth ratio 5 or less. V Y The King post truss and Queen post truss are basically (9) FAN TRUSS (h) COMPOUND FAN TRUSS Freaveing see medipr nent (SPaN | S the pitch, Warren truss is used (ii) TRIANGULAR for small pitch, Pratt truss is U1) Flat used for medium pitch while (k) PRATT TRUSS Fink roof truss is used for large KSPaNe TOsOm! pitch. FIG. 16.1. TYPES OF POOF TRUSSES : impr? The lower chord of a roof truss may be left either straight or may be camber ty cost ut moment ae °° the appearance and to increase the head room. Cambered trusses work than straight chord trusses. A sag tie is sometimes used to reduce the m' a weight in the long middle tie member and also to reduce its resulting deflection.521 sé RUS oF off s f (m) SAW TOOTH TRI Tight TRUSS USS fu So Om) (SPAN 5 TO Bm) ase, agen aa Tears (o) MONITOR TRUSS (SB go 10m) (1) MULTIPLE NORTHLIGHT TRUSS (it) MULTIPLE SAW TOOTH TRUSS (ii) MULTIPLE. FINK TRUSS (iv) QUADRANGULAR ‘TRUSS (p) TRUSSES FOR LARGE SPANS Ig co FIG. 16.2. VARIOUS ‘TYPES OF Bee NNT OF A RODP TRUSS vie. 163: Fig. 163: Q following are various components of @ OOF tH shown in Fig eal rafter or Top chord jottom chord or main tie Ties Struts ‘TRUSSES522 (vi) Purlins (vit) Rafters (viii) Ridge line (a) Eaves (%) Panel points @i) Roof covering Gai) Shoe angle (xiii) Base plate, anchor plate and anchor bolts. 1. Principal rafter or Top chord : The top inclined mem- ber of the truss extending from the eaves level to the ridge, is known as principal rafter or top chord. They support the roof covering (sheeting) through purlins. They are mainly compression members. However, if the purlins are not supported at the panel points, they may also be subjected to bending moment and shear. 2. Principal (or main) tie or bottom chord : This is the bottom most member of the truss, which is kept horizontal in most of t Other members of the truss. It is usually in tension, However, if rl ‘of loads 9a to wind, it may take compression also. ccur due 3. Ties : These are the tension members of the truss. 4 Sirus : These are the compression members Of the truss, 5. Sag tie : A sag tie is the central vertical member of the truss (shor y wn dotted) used ie reduce the moment due to self weight in the long middle tie nea and also to es res ting deflection. It is Provided only in Jong span trusses, aa aha pean are structural members which are Supported on the principal ratte, centre spacing of eee to the trusses. The span of the purlins is equal to the centre 10 or through common neat Purlins support the roof covering (sheeting) either directly section, and are ieee “ey are usually made of either an angle section or a channel Subjected to unsymmetrical bending. 7. Re Bes or common rafters): It the Spacing of the purlins are larger than the ace inci () PLAN FIG. 163. COMPONENTS OF A ROOF TRUSS B. Roof vavering « . fae sey coering i Root Swewengs are mostly in the form of corrugated sheets of galvanised If the roof covering has smalleg 17,107! ONeTINES Of glass, fibre glass or slates are also wet ‘maller planer dimensions, Sub-purlins, supported on commen rites523 ses = pu “ae ti RU i "he ridge line or ris a ie Doe So ela aise surlaoe iso available, TN . 1 re the ent points 3 sca Pomp te Pr asians of along the Principal wane Se , ¢ principal rafter between qth various 5 ir . n any two 3 supporting angle provided at the junction of Panel the top and bottom je ST a grote eqetion of the truss is transferred to the s [Tie Kopported on the base plate Supports (coturnnhwall) bolts + : throu or ore 1 tHE Base ple supors the shoe angle ft eh jate IS 2 g column) u ie a © ell as upward reactions from Tne va through anchor bolt. tone wet ? smite are some other prominent terms used é . Tt can take spe fs defined as the distance between adja in truss design : & ‘ed as the distance from the Raa : yy is the distance between centres point to the line joini : : a s of the end joining su a: te Mymmetrcal truss, it is defined as er one 'Pports, «Fe ofthe truss and is expressed as 1/n ‘the rao of ie to span. I . For example, a pitch of 1/4 corey esponds pute of 1 in 2, or to a slope angle of 26+ a jis efi H 1A Spe of a symmetrical truss is defined Miesed a5 1 inn OF ‘ as the ratio of its ri Se to a slope of = ee eee) pie ee ssp , e span. oe and fie an, ae or to a slope angle of 263° Table fe : paeeres dF SOP gles for symmetri a 1 gives the Ports Fh light truss, the pitch and “slope vical tases. It to be noted that in See ° TABLE Gt sd Slope angle sed aa Ice 45° 00' 33°41" 26° 34° 21° 48" 18°26" 1402! Sherine aps i Im ete whe ie z Of roofing material and also depends upon ff. From architectural point of view, greater ting in heavy and ‘uneconominal The minh be gage Minin C356 yin nM Slope i © fe ee th Which pos is governed by the type be 'y be preferred by water can be drained © BS ee A slope of ate it increases the wind pressure rest! ES "corresponding to a depth of 7 of span is avy winds. When the : roof is subjected to snow Joads and he:514 ° ‘TRUSSES (CAL SPACING OF ROOF ata aed he spacing of the roof trusses, Supported on columns, is po Many im ments of the floor space. Howeve! where there is Mexibiyiy®® functional requircmmeting of the columns and hence spacing of root trusses: g Of columns, the spacine sptained. ‘The cconomic spacing of trusses depends 4 that ecomical design is area of trusses, purlins, columns, roof coverings ete. and at perisquere mee ials of cach of these components, 0 ive ater upon the relative cost of mater eh cost, we have ; Sri . ccc eyo Gost of truss, which is inversely proportional to the Spacing Ge op “ ” ty where ah P = Cost of purlins, the section of which depends upon the By, on the BM, is proportional to the square of the span of purting Soy R = Cost of roofing material, which is constant per unit length gin? Pg hence R= ks. he ky ky ks = constants, 1 = spacing of trusses c= that ths ~Q) For minimum cost, we have 42 =9. =~ & + 2kox ; or -# +2hx =0 or —T+2P=0 ; T =2P im Hence the spacing should be such that the cost of truss is equal to twice the cos o purlins. However, Eq. 16.1 does not contain the term , and hence it is not possible to deternize the value of x directly from Eq. 16.1. The spacing is therefore assumed, to start with, and checked by Eq. 16.1 to see tha the total cost is a minimum. Experience shows that for spans upto 15 m, spacing of ins may be kept between 3 to 5 m, while for span between 15 to 30 m, the spacing may vey between 4.5 m to 7.5 m. In general, the economical spacing of trusses may range fron $ Of span (for large spans) to 4 of span (for small spans). 16.5. SPACING OF PURLINS fi the woe 2e00URE a des, ke For 5 4) 2 L=18 n, w=10 pot 4) N/m For Lb =24 m, » = 10(2784 4) N/m? (8s = = =) For =30 m, w= 10 [4444 z q| Nya Fo L236 m w =10(5.274 4 N/m? the weight of the truss may also be expressed A) covered by each root "USS, by the following empirical expressio (@) Rived steed trusses ‘ © For sheeted root trusses ; ™ = 10 (4.88 + 0.0754) N/m () For partly gtazea TOOf trusses : 6) Welded roof trusses W = 10 (4.88 + 0,088.4) N/m? 169 in terms of plan ae ms : w= 10 (5.37 + 0,053.4) Newt w = 10(5.37 + 0,064.4) N/m’ a ‘ach truss, which is dependant 00 . or live load edo! IS 875 recommends that 708 with slope upto and including 10°, live load Ee Plan should by taken as 1599 N/m where access to Toof is provided, and as 150 Fe Tet Provided except for the maintenance, Foy Sloping roofs with slope grea 10", the live toad may be taken as 750 N/m? | Over 10°, subject to a minim fi ins! ‘S* 20 N/m? for every degree inciease ing ine 400 N/m? of the van area, For members suppotit Toof EP a mot Purlins, such as beam pint etc, the live load may be Of the al load, cade wher in 16. ww29 -_gequre is situated in an area where show fall takes place, ad. 1S 875 recommends a snow load of 2.5 N/m? per some considered if the slopes ate er than 50°. he om gnow Toad Chourd be considered, ie. half the roof fully Joaded vag the other half Joaded with half the design snow load. fone of the most important Toads 10 be considered Of pitched roofs. A detailed discussion on wind wind pressure is ps given by 2, The design vie 06 (ei V6 A Pe cesas ls ot OTe height (Fig, 2.1 and Table 2.6) Y factor (oF isk cocficient) cl ssiructure size factor sic Wi! We it pability fn rain, height and ne ioeraphy fC fact a direction normal tO the individual structural clement or F acti Re pa (Ce CRATE ny) ressure coefficient (Table 2.15) sure coefficient (Table 2.16) d combinations should be tried: i Dead load + Wind load js due to wind, no increase fe: The following 10m nations + THE : 1 oad + Live Toad Ww * sted that if the main toad on the purlin shoe stresses due 10 wind is allowed. ae up DESIGN OF PURLINS ‘te purlins, which support roof covering, batten OF common-rafters, are ‘supported on paca rs of the trusses. ey may therefore, be considered as continuous beams. » be of rectangular section (timber), I-section, channel section or angle secon: Porn in Fig. 168. Gead load (Wa) due to self weight, roof sean battensetc, acting i go eed wind Load (We) normal to the text of roof. Because of the transverse exponent of dead toad Wa, a purlin is staed to unsymmetrical pending. If U-U ei VV are the principal centroidal axes, we apes ending stress in the extreme is given by Eq. 15.10 Ze 5 “i paMoose 4 Msing ,, a a Twos cengcangnsn S607" | tpeMo 4 Ms wel wt Ew (66) * Reus components (= Muy), bendi oat Bi fw), bending takes place ant, for which U-U becomes the l g(a; For the component Wy top Mw), bending takes place about Te) CHANNE! VV becomes the neutral t which530 Rewiting eee (16.7 €) Mov f= Zu + Zw Mov (1 + 2 gus) (16.7) 7 p= Ze (1+ Mow Zw ki = Op, WE get nus S Muv ¢ Aho, Zu) (168 4) Zw = Ge (? HZ] ction and channel oe eectaguar Sect0Re TE quired et secu In ua cases Od Zw = avy From Eq. 16. z ee ed section my ey = boys Z00 7 coming proper Values of yatio Zuv/Zvy, a8 under : ah be determined DY SN y/Zw = 5 10 7 fer light loads an i =F to 10 for heavy loads. tions 1 Zuv/Zw =8 Channel sectit coments in the purlins are determined by assuming it as contin ressions: nn ‘The bending m following €xP! supports, using the (le (163 4 2 Mus = Mga = (iw + 40058) 1 pl Muy = Mery = (458i 8) 75 a where / is the spacing of the trusses. J Design of angle purlins In the case of angle purlins, the principal axes (U-U and V.V) do not coincide with X-X and Y-Y axes respectively, arc clear from Fig. 16.11 (d): Indian Standard IS : 800-1984 provides an alternative to the above general design procedure for angle purlins conforming to steel grade Fe 410-0, Fe eeding 30° based 410-S and Fe 410-W and roof slopes not excé on a minimum live load of 750 N/m’, if the following re- FIG. 16.10. ANGLE PURLINS quirements are satisfied (Fig. 16.10). () Width of angle leg in the plane perpendicular to the roof covering > (@ — Width of angle leg in the plane parallel to the roof covering. = 75 where_w is the total ual (i) Maximum bending moment may be taken as 35 70} =e { foads shall be sure! distbuted toad on the puriin including wind load. ‘The | normal to the roof in which case the bending about the minot taking it se mail) be neglected ¢ maxim eco? me za te stress shall not exceed the appropriate value of abe OF dt Becount increase in permissible stresses due to wind load. The calculated deftecion soot creed these permitted forthe pe of cladding ce imple 16.1, Th ; ane pEtamle 61 The tuses for a factory building are spaced at 4.5 m centre 10 conte 8 mi centre 10 centre. The pitch of truss is 1/4. and the a eetgor ROOF TRUSSES 15 ym. The vertical load from roof sheets et. are equal to tap = is 10m normal to the roof is equal to 1200 N, =O : a ‘m? while the wind cya 165 N/mm? te ins m. L-sectic section purtins, (ay Design (ay it AM J yotlon f 1 vs pitch of truss = 3. Hence slope 0 = tan“! = 96,569 sin@ = 0.4472; cos 6 = 0.8944 wn of F-section purlin ® Lae of dead load on purtin, De foad from roof sheeting = 180 x 1.8 = 324 Nim ‘self weight (assumed) 20 N/m (say) Total wa = 444.N/m. (ay Wind pressureim run Wy = 1200 x L8 = 2160 N/m, (ai) Design BM. for E-section purlin it assumed here that (dead load + wind load) combination would produce more effect cq the purlins than the combination (dead load + live load). Now, for I-section purlin, 2 Mou = Mxx= (Ww-+wa cos oy = (2160-+444 0.8944) ay = 5178 N-m =5178 x 10° N-mm 2 2 Mw = Myy = (wasin6) 5 = 444 x ogre GSP = 420.1 N-m= 420.1 x 10° N-mm (i) Selection of I-section From Eq. 16.8, taking Zxx/Zyy = 6 and oy = 165 N/mm’, — Mx Zxx Myy )_ 5178 x 10° 2x me? + ey’ Max \7 185 (1+6x a = 46.66 x 10° mm’ = 46.66 cm? Hence provide ISLB 125 @ 11.9 kg/m, having Zxx=65.1.cm? and Zyy = 11.6 cm’ Check for stresses. From Eq. 16.7 (a) : 8 x 10° , 420.1 x 10' fe eee T1.6 x 10° = 79.54 + 36.22 = 115.76 N/mm’ < 165 N/mm®, Hence OK. ©) Design of angle purlin (IS : 800-1984) ® tion of loads Assume self weight = 100 N/m (say) 0 os Toa tad nat we 4 260 = 2584 Nm asx (ii) Computation of bending moment (ni) Design of section Required \ §232.6 x 10 25 eS = 31713 mm’ = 31.713 cm’ Min, depth of purlin . sou = 100 mm Min, width of purlin = 4 = 4521000 = 75mm. Select ISA 125x75 @ 14.9 kg/m with thickness= 10 mm Section modulus = 36.3 cm? > 31.713 em? Depth of purlin = 125mm >100mm Width of purlin = 75mm > 75 mm It is to be noted that for this case, the I-section purlin (having mass of 11.9 kgm) is xm Note: economical than the angle purlin which has a mass of 14.9 kg/m. In many common cases, however, shez che spn of the purlin is less and where wind load is also less, angle purlin is found to be more econanct than I-section purlin, or evez channel section purlin. % The two alternative sections of purlins are shown in Fig. 16.11. (a) T-SECTIGN PURLIN (0) ANGLE PuRLyy FIG. 16.11. 16.11. DESIGN OF ROOF TRUSS — Be sesin of yO" truss consists of the design of principal rafter, design of maiat Spree Geel pene 2 ers, along with the design of joints and the design of ex! ST eee na eaeel layout of a truss will depend upon the spacing of putliss Though it Is economical 7. in lepends upon the maximum permissible span of the sheeting. top chords, it my name a eusee, the purlins at panél points so as to avoid bending in This will induce bending imine op eS, 10. Place the purlins at intermediate poists #& Sine i f0P chord in addition to compression. Wherever it becom