B.M. NEPEJIBMYTEP nNPAMOE YNPABJIEHME MOMEHTOM U TOKOM ABMTATESIEV NEPEMEHHOIO TOKA Xapbkos, 2004BBE: 31.26 T1 26 Aemop: B.M.[epenpmytep 11 26 TIpamoe ynpassenue momentom u toKoM ABurateseit mepemenuoro Toxka. /[lepesbmytep B.M. - X.: Rens yrep . - X.: Ocuosa, 2004 - BBK: 31.26 ISBN 5-7768-0811-1 © B.MMepenpmyr -M. ep, 2004 Tipeancaosue 3a nocitexune 10-15 ner 31eKrponpHBo:ts MepeMeHHoro ToKa Bce 60- jee HHTCHCHBHO BHEpAIOTCA B TakHE OGNACTH, B KOTOPbIX paHee WOYTH GerpasUesIbHO FOCHOACTBOBAI I!CKTPONPHBOAD! NOCTOANHOLO TOKA. Dro ciailO BO3MOXKHBIM Guarovapsa JOCTMMKEHHAM cHIORO! H_cAaGoTOHHOH 3K TPONHKH, a TAKE CyLLeCTBeHHOMY Mporpeccy B paspaGorKe METOOB yupasleHa TaKHMH 3sieKTporpuBonaMH. O2HaKo, Kak o6peKT yipanie- uA, WIEKTPHECKHE MAUHHBt HEPEMeHHOLG 'OKA #BILAKOTCA Goz1ee CI1ORK- HbIMH, 42M MAIUMUbI HOCTOAHHOTO TOKa, IGITOMy TeOpHA yipapneHua HepBbIMH eUlle JaleKa OT vaBepUleHA, O YeM CBHAeTENBCTRYET TOT cpaxr, TO Ha Hay4HbIX KOHtbepeHUHAX 110 CHIOBO! WeKTPOHMKE CEKUHH M0 SICKTPONPHBOY ABIAIOTCA HANOOee MHOFOUHCHEHHBIMH, H MOTH BCE IIPCACTABNEHHbIe Ha HAX JOKNA/IbI HOCRALLCHBI 3K TPOMPHBOAM Tepe~ menHoro ToKa. CyectseHHbiit TOAMOK paspaGoTKe HOBIX MErOIOB YTI- PAaBICHHA DNEKTPONpAROMAMH TepeMeMHoro TOKA AaeY H pasBHTHe MUKPORPOUCCOPOB H UNPOBBIX CHFHATHHbIX Nipoueccopos, TpesocTa- BIAIOUMHX TEXHMYCKYIO BO3MOVKHOCTL peaitn3oBuTe Bee Goree YCHOKHAIOLUMECH AIFOpHAMbl yUpaByeHHa B wacrosaujelt KHMre pacCMaTPHBAOTCH IWENTPOTPUBOME C Handosiee UPOCTbIMM 110 KOHCTPYKUMH ABHIaTeRAMH: ACHHAPOHHBe AABNTATeE © KOPOTKO3aMKHYTbIM POTOpoM (KpoMe §3.7) H CHHXpOHHDIe WBHSATeIH C TOCTOAHHSIMM MarHuTamn. B Ka¥eCTBe HCTOMHHKa MHTaHHA MepeMeHHOlt yaCTOTbI JLIA ITHX JBHFaTeleli B HACTOMUAeC BPeMA LHOYTH HCKUONHTE)b- HO IIPHMeHSIOTCA MHBEPTOPbt HANPHKCHIA H3-3a HX Ooubmci FexHoviO- rHyHocTu. B TO Ke BPeMA BEALYTCA HOC PATOUHO HATEHCHBIIbIC padortr 10 CORaHMIO WeKIPOpHBOZOB C Henocpe:rReNHBIM TpeobpasoraKHem HalppKCHHA YacTOTHI WHTAOMeli CeTH B HanpwKeHUe TlepeMeHHOii ¥ac- TOTbI- YaK Ha3HIBACMbIe MaTPHYHbIe NpcoSpasoBaten, KOTOPHIM ‘TakAKe yueeHO BHHMaHHe B KHHSe. Hnpepropi: Habpsxaciia H MaTpHMHBIC IIpe- OSpasogareH MOryT COPMHpORATh VA CHOEM BeIXae TOABKO orpatii- veHHbIit Hap NeHCTBYIONIKX HalipwRe;N, NOZTOMy VANpwKeHHE TH- TAHUA ABHPATeIa MepeMeHHOH YaCTOTS! H aMTLs Ty AbL It GunaKoe uo hop- Me K CHHYCOHe PopMHpyerca NonepemeHnoli pew3aKeH 91HX BOS- MODKBIX HailpWKEHHM - ¢ MOMOLUMO TUK Ha3.iBACMOH IUHPETTES UMyJbC~ volt Moayasiuim (LUM). Han6ovree pacnpocrpaitcHnbiit (1.37) dt rge Jy-TIpHBeeHHbIi K Bay UBMPaTeA MOMeHT HHEpLMIt ABHraTeta H mexanu3ma, Mj-moment comporupnenna. Jlatee ¢ yaeToM ©, @,/p, dt=dt/asp WO.yuaeM B 0.€. * d oe Hp r= km¥sXis~ MI 0.38) 3 Jmo km = (0080 ps p= 5 Pp’ Pb THnMuHble 3HAYCHHA MapaMeTpoB CTpyKTypHOli CxeMbI B 0.€.: Rs, Rp= 0,015-0.03, Lisp Lyp-0.07-0.12, Ly=1.8-2.8, Ly =0.14-0 coOcTBeHHO BHTaTesia pabeH 60-250. B 3akoyenue faparpada TIpHBeyemM MaTpHyHyt0 dbopmy 3alvicn ypaB- neni AJi 6 HeNOABwKHOH CHCTeMe KOOPAMHAT, HCHONb3ya YpaBHeEHHA (1.27),(1.26): (1.39) Bax Buy, (1.40) It rue wekTop X MMeeT pasMepHocTh 4*1, BeKTOp Us pasMepuocTh 2*1, Ae Gyovntaa Maipuua 2*2 ¢ O10Kamu pasmepa 2*2, B- OsouHad Marpuuta 2*1 c 6110KamH 2*2, iT iT E X=licqoispV rar? rB| =lis-¥ rl > Us lar Ar2 | eee re i, Aq=@h a@=—-(Rs tap Rely, Ls = Oks, lar And a 1 ee : ; =f Ag =Cl-d3, C= Ky Rrfkp bss d= Kya! Ls» i} ory Ad ael, @=KyRr, A22 = -€Ai2> © B= Pt Bi =51L, bl =1/Ls- » 41)Cunxponmbte zpurares ¢ nocrosmiiimn Maruiramn VspecTHbl OCHOBHBIC MpeHMYLeCTBa CHHXPOHHbIX ABHTaTeseii: BbICOKAA ueperpy304Had CHOCOGHOCTH, BbICOKH K.ILJL, XOPOLIMe JHIaMHYecKHe hoKasarenn, Oyiako Hanmune oOMoTKH Bo36yxKIeHHA Ha porope OrpanHunBaeT UX pHMeHeHHe, Kak paBHio, WeKTPOUpHBOLAMH Soubuoi MoutHocTH. HonoxKeHHe U3MeHHIOCh C pa3padoTKOli HOBbIX MArHHTHbIX MaTepHalOB C BhICOKOH KOIPHHTHBHO! CHIOH , OOeclIeYHBa- HOIMHX YOCTATOUHO BbICOKHH ypOBeH, OCTaTOYHO MarHH Hol HALLYKUHH H JLAIOWIHX BOIMOXAHOCTb CO3ATb CHHXPOHHDIE MaLLIMHbl C MOCTOAHHbIMH Marunitamu - 6e3 OOMOIAH Ha poTOpe, Tak Ha3bIBaeMble CHHXPOHHbIe MalHbt ¢ Wocrosbimy = MarnitamH =(PMSM-Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor). PMSM umetor tpextbasiyio oOmoTKy Ha cratope c YHCHOM MONOCOB Zp , AHaOrM4HyIO OOMOTKe aCHHXpOHHOrO ABUraTeA, H YKPCIWIEHHble Ha POTOPe MOCTOAHHBIC MaPHUTbl YHCHOM TakeKe 2p ( 10 Pp kax«K10l1| MarHuTHoii WosspHoctn). Pasm4aior PMSM = c noBepxHocTHo: Yeranopitennibimn siarnitramn SPMSM (S-surface - nowepxiiocts) 1 c buytpeneli ycranosKoli marnutos IPMSM. Tlepspie umelor Maruuret, HpHKpelWieHHble = Ks LMWJIMHZIpH4eCKOH = OBepxHOCTH = poropa. HaIOMHHG!OT 8 PASPE3e CHHXPOHHBIE MALUMHbI C ABO BbIP@KCHHbIMH HOMOCAMH, TOFS waK Y BTOPbIX MAPHMTA yCTaHaBMBaOTC! BHYTPH IWWIMHIpH4eckoro poropa. Marepnam mocrosHHbIx MarHHToB HMeer MarnHThyie “poHUNAeocTD, GINBKYIO K Mal AHTHO! ponunaemocr ROZAYNA, H HX HAINGME HE BIIMACT HA HHULYKTMBHOCT OOMOIKH Craropa Y SPMSM anyecuenoer: ro npanombHoli ocH (HarmaeneHHol To ocH fomoca) Ly Takad Ke, KaK MW MHYKTHBHOCIb 110 HOlepedttivn ve Le Larlg@ls, 410 eotuaercd or OBKMHO cHHXpoHHOH Malm, y xoronatt 7, ; -acoopot, y IPMSM. Lashq , Tak KaK NO IpEAOsbHO OcH MalliMHa MMeeT SosUIHi 3a30p H3-3a Heo m nia Marston! Tocrommupte Ossorka | MFHT Cracop cratopa OaHMOCTH — pagMeue- 5 Mocrosnmme Oomonsa Puc.1.4.SPMSM Puc.1.5. IPMSM. 16 Kak H3BeCTHO, aHayH3 CHHXPOHHO! MalIMHb! HanGouee IpocTO BbITIOJI- rb B CHHXPOHHO Bpamlaroleiica CHCTeMe KOOpiMHaT, BeULeCTBEMHAS oe xoropoii HamtpaBiieHa 110 OCH NosnOca poTopa. YpaBHeHna ABHraTeA MOKHO HOJYGHTh 13 (1.21), (1.23), ecm mpHHsTb TOK poTopa i, paBHbIM peKOTOPOMY IKBHBAICHTHOMY TOKY Hj, TaKOMY, 4TO Linim =) woro- co34aBAeMOMY HOCTOAHHbIMH MarHHTaMHu Bektop yroro ToKa Hat- 1110 OCH poTopa. Kpome Toro, BMecTo Ly a0 HCIIO/Ib30BaTb diag\L g, Lq-Torna Ky. pawuiel jyrarOH@IbHy!0 MaTpHLy L. di ie SS + asdLsis*|¥r) ) (1.42) yultt isa : Usd Rsisd + Ld 4, ~ @skgisq (1.43) disg usq = Rsisg*Lq—q + @s (Ld isd + ¥ r)- (1.44) CocrawitsiouHe noToKa cratopa ‘Y, paBHbt ¥od=Laisat Fr, Psq=Lgisg (45) Moment ypuraresia o1pesesaeTca Ha ocHOBaHHH (1 .30),(1.45). Mg=1.5p[(Ldisat pisqLgisgisdl =! Spl Prisgt Lal @isdisgl 1.46) Jkt SPMSM. Mg= Sp Prisg, (1.47) Vs (1.47) suano, yo win SPMSM uenecoo6pa3u0 uMetb isg=0, Tak kak IIpH 9TOM HcrIOu_30BaHHe ABHTaTesA Hansyuiuee. Jia IPMSM upu isq + Lysin 2084 2es L1lisBSiN 20 + i 560820) + 5 ¥ C088, (1.50) Lo=05(Lq + Lg) L1=9-5(Ld ~ Lg) (1.51) 3arimlem ypaBHeHHa CMCTeMbI B HOpMalbHOi c(popme Kou: dis ae rile KOMIOHEHTbI BeKTOpa g H IIeMeHTbI MaTpHub! H: Hg, (1.52) 81 =Usa~ Risa 2@s L lise Sin 20 ~i5900820) + os ¥ yp, (1.53) £2 =UsB- Rsispr2as L\ Gs q00s20 + ispsin20)- ws ¥ pa (1.54) VP ra =P 0088. B= sind, (1.55) Ane Lo- L\cos20 o Lo+L\cos20 nid pata 22 ee Lysin20 m2 =hy=-2 > (1.56) Ldalg MoxkHo Taioke 3anucaTS dy : a =-¥,sindas=-as¥ rp» (1.57) d¥, at B =as¥ra- (1.58) Jus SPMSM npw Lg=lg=ls ypasHenna (1.49)-(1.56) ynpomarorca: disa : Ls Gt =usa-Rsisatos¥ rp» (1.59) disp : Ls 7 =usB-Rsisp-as¥ra- (1.60) TorokocuemieHua cratopa Ha ocHoBaHHH (1.45), (1.11), (1.12) W sq = COSA Ld (isq 0089 + isgsin8) + ¥ ,]—sinO Lg (-isqsind + isp0088) = V rq + Loisa + L1(isq 00820 + isgsin20), (1.61) ¥ sp =¥rpt Loispt Lilisa sin 26 —isgcos 20). (1.62) Moment no-rmpexnemy onpesenaerca (1.28): Mag=\ SpCisa ¥sptisp ¥sa)- (1.63) J18 SPMSM uMeem ipocto: Poa=Fratlsise (1.64) Pope Pept lsisp (1.65) Ma=|.5pCisatrptisp tra (1.66)TJIABA 2 Wupeproppl nanpsxkenHa H MaTpHUHble MpeoGpazoBaTen 1,Cusrospie noslynposoaHHKosbie npHOopbi Tlutanne .leKTpH4eckKHX MallHH MepeMeHHOrO TOKa C H3MeHAeMO! CKO- POCTbIO BpallleHHA OCyueCTBAeTCA OT yCTpOiicTB, OGecrIeyHBalOWIHXx Ha CBOEM BbIXONe perynMpyeMyt0 YacTOTy HaNpsKeHMA WIM ToKa. TIpu mpH- MeHEHHH HOJIYMPOBOJHHKOBOH TEXHUKH MONYMPOBOAHHKOBbIe MpHOopbl AOIKHbI BKMOYATHCA HM BbIKMOYATECA B ONPeAeMeHHO! NoceLOBATEb- HOCTH, (bOpMMpya 3TO BLIXOAHOe HalIpmKeHHe (uM ToK). Jlo cepexMHB 1980-x rofos B Ka¥ecTBe TaKHx MpHOOpOB HCMOsb30BaIIHCb THPHCTOPbI. Kak 3BeCTHO, 3AKPbITb y>Ke OTKPbITbIii THPHCTOP MOXKHO TOJIbKO, NOLAaB B HYKHbI MOMEHT Ha ero aHOs OTPHUATeMbHOE (10 OTHOLIEHHIO K KaTO- ay) Hanpsxenne. JI1a 9TOH UeIH HCNONb3OBaIHCb y3Ibl HCKYCCTBEHHOH KOMMYTalMH, COCTOALIMe, Kak IpaBHJ10, H3 THPHCTOPOB, KOHAeHCaTOpOB, JMOAOB H HHYKTHBHOCTeM. Hx HaIM4YHe CHHDKAIO HalexKHOCTb Npeobpa- 30BaTeneli, yBeM4MBaO HX rabapHTbI H CTOMMOCTS, H B KOHeYHOM HTOre Henano Takue npeoOpa3oBaTenu B OosbUIHHCTBe CAy4aeB He KOHKypeHTO- CHOCOGHBIMH M10 CpaBHEHMIO C 3JIEKTPONPHBOLaMH MOCTOAHHOTO TOKa. Crryallia payikasibHO H3MeHHJIaCb B CBA3H C HoABeHHeM IGBT tpax- suctopos (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor- 6unonapHbiit Tpax3ucTop c ¥30/1MpOBaHHBIM 3aTBOpoM) 4 GTO-rupucropos (Gate Turn-Off- sarmpa- eMbIii THpUCTOp)-YCTpOHcTB, KOTOPbIe MOXKHO 3aKPbITb MO Wer ynipaBsie- nua. YupowexHo rosops, IGBT umeet GunonspHbiii Tpan3ucTop Ha BbI- xoge MW losleBoli TpaH3ucrop Ha Bxoye. Tepspii o6ecneyusaer BLICOKHE AONYCTHMbIe TOK H HalpsKeHHe, a BTOPOH -MasIbIe TOKH ynpaBNeHua. B kopnyc IGBT takxe BcTpoeH o6patHbiii HO (puc.2.1), KoTopsIii oGec- nleyMBaer pH HEOOXOAMMOCTH NyTb JIA MpoTeKaHHa TOKa OOpaTHO!i 10- UapHoctu. B Hacrosmee Bpema BbillycKaioTca IGBT c MaKCHMaJIbHbIMH napametpamu 3.3 KB/1200A, 2400A; 4.5 KB/3.6kA; 6 KB/1.2 KA. Hao cka3atb, uo IGBT Ha Takue GombuiMe TOKH CocTOAT H3 GombUOrO 4HuCIa MapasiesbHO COC MHEHHBIX YHTIOB, HanpHMep, IGBT 3.3KB/1200A co- gepxut 24 IGBT una uw 12 anogHpix unnos, 450 npoBogHHKos Ja ux coeqHHeHia, YTO BOOSIE roBOpA, CHWKAeT NOTEHUMAbHYIO HaeKHOCTS MOAyJIa. IGBT we rpeG6ytoT 3auiMTHBIX u pa3spayHEIx R-C uyerei, HO MOWHOCTH, BbLeAeMad B TpaH3HCTOpax, DOCTAaTOUHO BeHKa. MouyHocts notepb B IGBT cknaypipaeTca 13 CTaTHYeCKHX MOTepb BO BKJIOYCHHOM COCTOAHHK HM QMHAMHYECKHX MOTepb MIpM MepeKOYeHHH, Kora HalipwKeHMe KON- JI€KTOp - 9MHTTep pacTeT (najaer), a TOK Yepe3 TpaH3HCTOp yMeHbIaeTCA ( yBenwunpaetcs), Tak 4TO HX MpOH3BeeHHe (MOMHOCT) ABAeTCA 20 c miecTBeHHOH §BeNMMHHOH. J[MHaMHYeCKHe lloTepH orpaHH4HBaloT HMMIbHY!O YacToTy KoMMyTauHH 500-1000Iu ain CBepxMOUIHBIX IGBT, toraa kak IGBT menbuieit MouHocTH jotlyckaloT YacToTy KOMMYTA@UHH 0 5-10klu, a manomounHbie-10-20Ku. Uto Kkacaetca cTaTHYeCKHX HOTepb, TO B IGBT on jOocTaTO4HO BeuIHKH, TaK Kak 9TH yerpoiictsa umeiot Gonbitoe naneHHe Hanpaxenua Uke 8 npamom wanpasienun. B ycrpoiicrse Ha 1200B Uke cocrasnaet 2.5-3.5 B (6 HarpeToM COcTORHHH), a Ha 3.3KB - 4-5B, ostomy ocHOBHBIe yCHIHA paspa6oT4HKoB IGBT sanpasnensi He TOAbKO Ha yBeIHYeHHe MOLLHOCTH npuGopoB, HO H Ha CHHXKeHHe TOTepb. BBogaTcA HOBbIC TeEXHOJOFHH-C HHKEKUMOHHBIM 3pdektom, trench (tpatuleiivtie) TexHONOrHH HM pAL apyrux. Brarogapa HM 3a mocseqHHe 5 ner yaanoch CHH3HTb mpaMoe nagenue B IGBT cpeauei 4 Gonbutodi MouHocTH Ha 1-1.2 B [3 J. Jaa ynpasnenua IGBT Heo6xoaumo, Kak npaBHs0, mpeobpasopaTb NOPHYECKH CHPHAT YNpaBIeHHA B HaNpwKEHHe, NpHroAHOE JIA ympaB- nenua IGBT. Sto ocyulecTBsAeTCA C MOMOUIbIO Cliet{HaIbHEIX yCTpoiicTB, Ha3bIBaeMbIX jipaiisepaMH, KOTOpbIMH OOBIMHO H3roToBHTenH IGBT KOMILICKTYIOT CBOM NocTaBKH. TlomuMo yka3aHHOi, upaiipepbi peLlaioT TaKHe 3aJa4H: TpaHCPopMaTOpHoOe HJIH ONTHYeCKOe MOTEHUHAIbHOe pa3neseHve were ynpaBieHHa H CHsOBbIX, 3auyuTy IGBT or neperpy30K H KOPOTKHX 3aMbiKaHHit, OrpaHH4eHHe CKOPOCTH HapacTaHHA aHOHOrO TOKa, PeaH3alHiIO HEOOXOAHMBIX 3alepxKEK MPH BKIOYCHHH - BbIKIIO- yennt IGBT B ogHoii base HHBepTOpa (IIA HCKIIOYCHHA CKBO3HBIX TOKOB Kowpan "coxnaropa T —y asia oF G Cmnan Lifer iE D yeaten eae S| |e eH , | Morarropiatr Puc.2.1. IGBT Puc.2.2. Cxema mpaiizepa HeOOXoqHMO CHa4ana OTKMIOYHTS BLIXOMAUMi H3 paGOTEI TPaH3HCTOP, a 3aTeM BIKOUHTS BCTyNAIOWMi B paGoTy, ITA 3aylepxka COCTABIIAeT HEC- KOJIBKO MKcek), HHAMKAlMI0 COCTOAHHA ApaiiBepa H TpaH3cTopa Hi Ap. Sama oT neperpy30K H KOPOTKHX 3aMbIKaHHii OcyulecTBNAeTCA NyTeM KOHTpowa HanpwKeHHA IMHTTep-KOMWIeKTOp. TlosToMy y3e KOHTpona Neperpy3kH BBITIONHAeT eule OAHY PyHKUHIO: OrpaHH4eHHa HaNpmKeHHA Ha TpansucTope mp ero sbiKmOYeHHH. [pH KOpoTKOM 3aMBIKaHHM HaNpwKeHHe Ha TPaH3HCTOPe CYULECTBEHHO MOBBILIACTCA, y3e 3ALLHTEI Pacnosnaer sty aBapHio H MrHOBEHHO OTKMIOYaeT NpeobpasoBaTestb, a 21Y3C0 3AIMHTbI OT MepeHalipswkKeHHA OrpanH4HBaeT yBenMueHHe HarIpsKe- HHA Ha MpHOope. OrpaHuyenne ckopoctu HapactaHus ToKa “epes IIpH- Gop MpH ero BKOYeHHH OCyILeCTBIIAeTCA 3aMejUIeHHeM HapacTaHHs HallpsKeHHA Ha 3aTBOpe MmpH BKNOYeHHH IGBT. Bo3moxHas 610K-cxema upaiipepa mpuBegena Ha puc.2.2.[4 ]. Alia yupowenua KOHcCTpyHpoBaHHa mpeoOpa3zonatena 3aBojtbl- H3T0- roruten IGBT ppityckaior On0KH, CocToMUIHe H3 6-TH pacttoAO“KCHHBIX Ha OjHOM palMaTope TpaH3HcTopoB, o6pa3yiowlMx TomHYyIO cxeMy MHBepTopa, C HEOOXOAHMbIM 4MCsIOM ApaiiBepoB, c aTYHKAaMH TOKOB Harpy3kH HC aTYHKOM KOHTposA Temnepatypp! pauatopa. Ucriomb30- BaHHe TaKHXx GsIOKOB Cyu\ecTBeHHO yiIpoulaeT paspaboTKy H H3roTOB- JICHHE HOBBIX THTIOB WICKTPOMPHBOAOB HM ABIACTCA OLHOH U3 IIPHYHH IMHPOKOFO HCMOsb30BaHMA MHBEPTOPOB HallpwKCHHA. 3anupaempie THpuctopEl (GTO) no3Bosstor cbopmMupoBaHem orpuua- TeMbHOFO TOKa Yepe3 yiIpaBIAIOWM Nepexoy 3anepeTb yxe OTKpbITHIi TupucTop. Benwunna 9tToro ToKa coctapaset 25-40% oT npoBoyHMoro THPUCTOPOM TOKa, T.€. HOCTATONHO BeUIMKa; XOTA MOLHOCTb Uerei yri- PaBeHHA MOXeT ObITh IPH 9TOM Masi, NOCKOMbKy 3amHpaiouynii TOK MPOTeKaeT TONbKO KOPOTKOe BpeMA; eFO CO3aHHe BHISbIBAeT ONIpeseseH- HbI€ TpYAHOCTH, TaK Kak Ielb 3alIMpaHHa JOJDKHa HMCTb BECbMa MaJlyI0 HHAYKTHBHOCTb paccesHus. GTO BplllyckaioTca Ha HalIpMKEHHE H TOK j10 6xB, 4-6KA H xapakTepH3yioTca MabIM MaeHHeM HallpsKeHHA B OTKPbI- Tom cocToaHHH (1-1.5B), onHaKo TpeGOyior CNOXKHBIX 3alMTHO-paspsal- HbIX Herel - cHadGepos ("snabber"), cocroamHx H3 pesHcTopa, KOHJeH- caTopa M MHOAa, 3AHHMAIOUIMX MHOrO MeCTa, YBe/IHYMBAaIOLLHX cTOH- MocTb H HloTepH. B [5S] mpoBegeHo cpaBHeHue TpexypoBHeBbIxX HHBep- TOpOB HalipsxKeHHA (cM. qaee) MouHOcTEIO 8000KBA, BpmmosHeHHbIx ua GTO tupuctopax u va IGBT, u noKazaHo, uro B MepBoM ciyyae tpe6yetca mpumepHo BaBOe OombMIMii OObeM ycrpolicrsa npn Gomee HH3KOM (Ha 2%) K.1.. Tem He Menee, GTO B Kone 80-x-90-x rogax HALIM IMPOKO€ MPHMeHeHHE UIA MOLHBIX IIEKTPOMPHBOROB H OCOGeH- HO Ha TPaHCHOPTE JUIA JOKOMOTHBOB BbICOKOCKOPOCTHEIX T10€30B. B nocnegune rogbt nosBHica HoBbIi Kilacc yerpoiicTs - %KeCTKO-KOMMY- tupyempie (HD-GTO) rupucroppi, koroppie ceiiyac O6bIdHO Ha3bIBaloTCa IGCT (Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor), uto npy6sKenH0 MOX%KHO [epeBecTH Kak "MONHOCTbIO yiIpaBuAeMbIi THpHCTOp co BCTPOHHbIM yIipaBlleHHeM". 1H THPMCTOPbl MMeIOT BCTPOeHHbIli 06- parubiii AHO, HW He Tpe6y!oT 3alHTHBIX YeNeli, B TO Ke BPeMA LONycKaA Gombinyio cKopocTs HapacTaHua ToKa pu BKuOYeHHH-10 1 KA/MKceK. 7\wnamuyeckue xapaktepuctukn IGCT 6u3KH K TaKOBbIM Jia IGBT. Oanaxo sa IGCT tpe6yetca HeSonbUOli npoccems AIA orpanMuenua CkopocrH HapacTaHua ToKa (puc.2.3), KoTopplit He HyKeH zyIa IGBT, tak Kak B MOCJCNHEM 97a BEMYHHa OrpaHHYHBaerca CHTHAJIOM yIIpaBsIeHHs (cm. Bbc). B Hacrosuee Bpema Bbinlyckaiorca IGCT Ha HaripwKenue 22 4,5 KB, ToK 40 4 KA, rOTOBHTCA IIPOH3BO)1- crpo 6KB, tlateHne HanpmKeHMa He Gove 1,4B [6]. Coo6utaerca 0 paspaorke npH6o- pos Ha HalpsKenne 10KB. Tlo cpaBHeHHW0 C IGBT- ocHosaHHbimu ycrpoiicrpaMu HHBe- prop c IGCT meet MeHbuiee YNCIO KOMTIO- V1 L oa A 4 4 ay —— D1 RI HeHTOB H, CJIeLORaTEbHO, GombulyI0 Hase- puc.2.3. Cxema BKNOWeHHA —-KHOCTb, CFO Merde OXAHTb, T.€. MOVKHO 1GCT HOJYYHT Gosiee KOMUAKTHOE YCTPOHCTBO. Takum o6pasom, kak IGBT, tax u IGCT, uMed CBO JOCTOHHCTBA H HeJOCTATKH, ABJIMOTCA HepcleKTHBHbIMH yeTpoiicTBaMM UIA HCTIOb30BaHHA B MHBepTOpax OOOH spuaete Jia yetpolicrs MeHbUJeli MOUIHOCTH TIpakTH¥eCKH anaes IIPHMEHACMBIM 1OAYMPOBOAHHKOBLIM YCTPOHCTBOM HBIAOTCA : 2.MuBepTopbl HanpsKeHHA : i Kak yxe POBOPHJIOC, OCHOBHbIM BHOM npeoOpasozaresis, TIMTAHOLUCrO: peryuIMpyeMbIit 110 CKOPOCTH ACHHXPOHHBIH ABHTATeMb, ABJIACTCA HHBEP- Top HallpspKeHHA (puc.2.4), cocrosummii 13 Tpex vacTeit: HCTOUHMKa TOC- [OsHHOFO HAIIPWMKEHHA, 3BCHA MOCTOAHHOTO TOKA 1 COOCTBEHHO HHBEpTO- pa. Jia GombIIMHCTBA MPOMbILIEHHBIX 91EKTPOMPHBOAOB HCTOMHHKOM HOCTOAHHOFO HallpwKeHHA ABILAETCA IIpOCTOH TpexipasHbiii AByXMOsIyHe- pHoHbIi BbIIpAMuTedtb (puc.2.5). MHAyKTHBHOCTS L orpanMunpaeT aBa- PHiiHBIT TOK YCTAHOBKM H CKOPOCTb ero HapacTaHHA, TOK 3apAlla KOHACH- Herawenm Qren HanpAKeHHA : fokass gc core Puc.2.4. CrpyxtypHas cxema nimepropa Hanpw@KeHHA Haeeprop cavopa 3BeHa TOCTOSHHOTO TOKA, YMeHBINaT HCK@KEHHA TIHTAIOUICH Ce vn. Hanpsokenme Ha KoHeHCaTOpe C paBHo B cpeauem 1.35 Up, rue Up ~ HelicrByroulee 3HaveHHe JMHEHHOrO NHTAIOWerO HanpwKeHHA. B Heko- TOPbIX CiYHAAX BMECTO NHOMOB HCTIOsb3YIOTCA THPHCTOPbI ~BO BCEX I1J1e- YaX MOCTA JIM TOJIbKO BMECTO JHOJOB, MOjCOCAHHEHHBIX K O/HOMY BbI- XOHOMY M1OMHOCY, C LICMIbIO YMCHBILEHHA 3apATHbIX TOKOB KOHJeHCaTOpa. Kak u3BecTHO, BXOAHbI€ TOK BbINpAMHTeJIel| Ha NHOMAX HIM THPHCTO- Pax cyujecTBeHHO HecHHycoMJabHbl. B HacToalee BpeMa HeripepbiBHO: Bo3pactaioT TpeOOBAHHA K KaYeCTBY HalpwKeHMH M TOKOB B IIMTAIOUlAx CeTax, MOSTOMY B HHBepTopax HalpsKeHUA 4ACTO YCTAHABIIMBAIOT AKTHB- 23Dl D3 D5 L #£ x z 4 Ud — ~Uc aA aA A 12: 4: ‘T6: D2 D4 D6 4 Puc.2.5.Heperyampyembiii sxonHoH Puc.2.6. Axrupxbiii 4-x KeagpanT- BBINPAMHTENS Hblii BxOAHOii BLINpaMHTeNB Hbiii BXOAHOM BINpaMHTeb Ha IGBT wan IGCT (puc.2.6). [Ipamenenne TaKOYO BbIIIPAMHTE/A, KOHEYHO, yHOpoxkaeT ycTaHOBKy, HO MO3BOuAeT PelHTh pak 3ayay: MMeTb Ha BXOJe BBITIpAMHTeNA mMpakrH4yecKH CHHYCOMJabHBIi TOK. C HYJICBbIM ()a30BbIM C/BMTOM OTHOCHTENbHO HallpwKeHHA CeTH, OOeCTIeHHTh pekynepalMio TOpMO3HOH %HeprHH ABHraTesA B MMTAHUy!O CeTb, YMEHbIMTb EMKOCTb KOHeHCaTOpa C B 3BeHE MOCTOAHHOFO TOKa NyTeM peryMpOBaHHA HarlpwKeHuA Ha HeM. Kak 6yneT BHJHO M3 JasbHeliero, CHIOBaa YacTb BBINIPAMHTe/A HMeeT Tako 2e BH, KaK M HHBepTopa, HM MX CHCTeMBI yrpaBeHHa TalcKe BecbMa 6/1M3KH . TakHM O6pa30M, B ripeoOpasosateste Ba OLMHAKOBbIX Oloka ycTaHapnuBaiorca "back-to-back"- "cnmHa K cnMHe", PaGota TaKOTO BbINIpAMHTeIA OyAeT PAaCCMOTPeHA NOHKe, 3€Cb TOMbKO OOpaTHM BHHMaHHe Ha TO, YTO HallpwKeHHe Ha KOHJeHCaTOpe C HOKHO GpITb BIL, HEM B Cily¥ae HeperysMpyeMoro BEINpAMHTEeNA, IPHMepHO 1.6-1.7 Ug , HO ero EMKOCTE MOxkeT ObITB yMeHbuueHa. 71a crenmasbHbIx 91eKTpoMpHBOyOB cxeMa BxOMHOrO HCTOUHHKA MOCTOAHHOFO HaMpwKEHHA MOXKET OTIHYATCA OT MPMBeeHHO! Bole. K TAKHM ICKTPONPHBOAM OTHOCATCA MPHBOAbI TOABMKHBIX yCTpolicTB. 7\1a HeGombumx ycrpolicrs TaKHM MCTOUHHKOM sBsIAeTCA aKKyMyJIATOp- naa Garapes. [1a Sonbuinx nosBHOKHBIX yctTpoiicrs - rpy3onoybemubix ABTOMALIMH, M3 -21EKTPONOE31OB - YCTAHABIIMBAeTCA AM3ElIb C CHE POHHBIM reHepaTopom, Tak YTO CHCTeMa He OTIMYAeTCA OT MpHBeeHHO!i spite . TIpH HaIM4Hn KOHTaKTHOM ceTM MOCTOAHHOrO TOKa HalipspKe- Huem 750-3000B nuranne 3nena rocrosHHoro ToKa ocyulecTBAeTCA OT 9TOH ceTH HerlocpezcTBEHHO WIH Hepes peryiATOP HaNpwKeHHA LMpoT- HO-MMilysIbCHOro THA. [Ipn HasH4HM KOHTaKTHOI ceTH nepemeHHoro TOKa Ha BXOW€ HHBepTopa ycraHapyMBaeTca TpaHcopMaTop c oHO- cbasubimn ABYXMOYNepHOAWLIMH BbINpAMHTeAMH (puc.2.7a). Ecim HYKHO HCHOb3OBaTb PeKyIlepauHiO B CeTb, TO MIPHMeHAeTCA YeETHIpex- kBajlpaHTupiii Bbmripamntem (puc.2.7b). 3BeHO MlOCTOAHHOrO TOKa COCTOUT 113, JpoccenA, KOHJIeHCaTOpa MH UerK m4 dl. Ud | 13 | ™ 7 a b Puc.2.7. Bxosuble BLINPAMHTENIH 418 TlOABHAKHOTO CocTaBa a)Cxema nuranua. b) 4-x KeaaparTHbiii aLinpamnrenb MOJYUPOBOAHHKOBLIH KKOY-pesHCTOp, CyxKaWeH NIA raleHHua TOPMO3- HOH 9HEprHM ABHraTeIA M 3aLIMTbI KOHAeCHCaTOpa OT TepeHanpswKeHHA. Tipu HasIM4HH AaKTHBHOFO BXOHOFO BbINIPAMHTEIA ITY Uellb MOKHO HE ycTaHapiupatb. MnyKTHBHOCT B 3BEHE MOCTOAHHOTO TOKA CYT JIA YMeHbINeHHA 3apAHOrO TOKa KOHeHCaTOpa HW YMeHbIeHHS Iyibcalnit ToKa. CoBeplleHCTBOBaHHe CXeM YIIpaBeHHA H 3ALHTbI MIpHBENO K TOMY, YO STOT UPOCCeNb TaKKE YACTO He ycTaHaBUMBaloT. Kouyencatop C os- 2KEH HE CTOJbKO YMCHbIATb TysbCAMM HarpsKEHHA, BbI3BAHHbIe TIpo- WeccaMH KOMMYTalHH B MHBepTOpe, CKOJDKO OGecrIeyHTb Malible H3MeHe- Hua HanpwxenHa Ug mip peskux H3MeHeHMAXx Harpy3KH AJ] M mpoBamax HaripsxKeHMA ceTH. Besmunna emkocTH KOHAeHCaTOpa HOuKHA O6ecne4uTE: 1.CymectBenHoe yMenburenve yposHa nysbcauMit Hanpaxenua Ug, BbI3- BaHHbIX KOMMYTAIMOHHBIMH IIpoleccaMH B HHBepTOpe Hi BBITIPAMHTese. Tak Kak YaCTOTa 9THX MPOLeECCOB OCTATOUHO BesIHKa, TO TpeOyemad Ayia OTOFO EMKOCTb KOHCHCaTOpa OKAa3bIBAeTCA OTHOCHTEIIbHO HEOONBUION. 2. [pu apapuiinom mpouecce B MHBepTOpe BCE eTO KOU 3aKpbIBaIOTCA, H DHeprHs , HAKOIVICHHad B MHAYKTHBHOCTH BHraTesA, paspaKaerca Ha KOHMeHCaTOpe, yBeiM4MBad ero HampaxKeHue. Kak moKa3zaHo B [I], HaKOIUIeHHEI B OOMOTKaX JABHTaTelA 3anac I1eEKTPOMarHMTHON 9Heprun 50 L519 = 0-150 Ls max 0-15 Lip. (2) rae I? - nelicrByioujee 3Ha4eHHe ToKa cba3bi ABHTATeNA, 1,-Sa30Bblii TOK. Sra penmunna AE ypesmunpaer HalpsKeHue Ha KOHeHCATOpe 25na Bennunny AU, KoTopyt0 MoxkHO HaiiTH 43 paBeHcTsa: AE = OSC{(Ug+AU g)-U5]=0.750 L512, (2.2) orkya , sanapance Ug=2up, AUg= 3HAYeHHE CMKOCTH 15Ug, waxonumM MuHUMasbHOe 2 oLsi C>1.16—28 23) ub HJIH B O.€. C*> 11601," (2.4) : * * Ecau, nanpumep, GL, =0.2,10 C>0.23. 3.B nepexogHbix mpoueccax c6poca u Ha6poca Harpy3KH H Mepexoste Apuratesa B reHepaTopHbili pexkHM HanpsKeHHe Ha KOHZeHCaTOpe HE AOWKHO H3MeHHTECA Oonee, yem Ha 15% oT ycraHoBseHHOrO 3HayeHHA. Tpeanoiokum, 4To ABHraTen Nepemen B reHepaTopHbiit perxkHM C MOLLI- noctb Py.Torga %Heprua KOHJeHCaTOpa BO3pacTaeT Kak Pot-epes HeKOTOpoOe Bpems t, cpaOaTbIBaeT HIM TOPMO3HOI KI04 B 3BeHe MOCTOSH- Horo TOKa, MIM CHCTeMa perysIMpOBAaHHA HalpswKeHHA Ha KOHseHCaTOpe, BOSMeHCTByIOIad Ha BXOHOH aKTHBHBIN BbINpAMUTenb. Torya MHHH- MaJIbHas BEJIMYHHA EMKOCTH KOHJ€HCaTOpa MOxeT ObITb HalijjeHa , ecaH Po.ty ipupaBHsTs K BenM4HHe B MpaBoii YacTH MepBoro pazeHcrBa (2.2) : C>2 Po t0.15SUg*2.15Ug). (2.5) Bpems peakuHm 3aBHcHT OT THMa BXOAHOFO BBITIPAMMTENA, OT HacTpoiikn CHCTeMBI peryJIHpOBaHHA, OT BHJa paCCMaTpMBaeMorO BO3MYLIeHHA. Hycrs P9=Pro,y, Ug=2up. Torna, nepexons x 0.¢., momy4aem: 2*15upi, Cop abides Rb tr 9396 ty. 0.15*2.15U Ecam uctionp3yerca HeperyMpyeMbili BBITIpaMHTEB, TO MoxHO puuste ¢=3.3mcex, Tora CD24. (2.7) Anal3 MHBepTOpoB HallpwKeHHA, BbIMYCKAeMBIX BeLyMMMH dup- MaMH, NlOKa3bIBaeT, YTO B HUX OOBIMHO YcTaHaBIMBaeTCA KOHJeHCaTOp (2.6) 26 *. emkoctbio C”=2.5-5. Ec ke B MHBepTOpe HCNoub3yeTCA BXOJHOM aKTHBHbIH YeTHIPexXkBay- PaHTHbIi BbINIpaMHTesb (puc.2.6), TO MoxkHO mpHHATb [7] f,=1MceK, Tora C*>0.73. (2.8) Octapurytoca 4actb cxembI puc.2.4 coctapiaeT CoOCTBeEHHO HHBepTop. TIpocroii (uM AByxypoBHeBbiii) HHBepTop H306pax%KeH Ha puc. (2.8). Kaxypiii ycnoBHO NoKa3aHHbiii KOU MpeyctaBiseT co6oi IGBT win IGCT (c o6patHbim yHonoM). [Ip HopmastbHoi paSote B KaKAOH dase OMMH 43 KuOUeH 3aMKHyT, a BTOpoi pasomMKHyT. [IpHHato cocroaHHe HHBepTopa O603HaYaTb TpeXpa3PATHEIM JBOMYHBIM KOJOM, B KOTOPOM pa3paz "0" cooTBeTcTByeT pa30MKHYTOMY COCTOAHHIO KJIIOUa COOTBET- cTBy!OUleli (pa3bl, MOACOeAMHEHHOrO K WIMHe "+" (4 COOTBETCTBEHHO 3aM- KHYTOMY COCTOSHHIO KuO4a B ITOH (pase, MOACOeAMHeHHOMy K WwHHe "-"), a b c Puc.2.8. Museprop Hanpaxenua ——-Puc.2.9. K pacuery npocrpanctsenworo BekTopa HaNpwKCHHA a "1"- MpoTHBoMos0xKHOMy cocTosHHIO KuoUel. Hanpumep, cocrosHHe uHBepropa Vi =100 (4) ropopuT 0 TOM, 4TO 3aMKHyTHI KMIONH T1,T4,T6. Takum 06pa30M, BO3MO%KHbI TOJbKO 6 aKTHBHBIX (He HYJIEBbIX) cocTosHHii HHBeptopa: Vy=1+6. Kpome Toro, MMeeTca Ba HYJIEBbIX coctosHua 0 mu 7, Korma BCe Tp (a3bI ABHaTesIA COeAHHEHbI MexKLy co6oii. Iyctb Vy =4 Torfa MMeeT MeCTO CoeqMHeHHE, NOKa3aHHOe Ha puc.2.9a, Tak Kak Bce (a3bl CHMMeTPHYHEI, TO Ug=2Ug/3, Up=Uc= - Ug3, Uq=2Ug/3, ug=0 corsacuo (1.8). Tycts Vx =6 (puc.2.9b), Torna ug=U gq, up=UgB, Uc= -2Ug3, Ug =Ug/3, Ug/3+2Uq/3 up= Ual3+2Ual3 B — UalN3 27AMIIMTYa H yroul BeKTOpa HalipwKeHHA u ua tu 2Uq/3, 9 =aretgu g/uq) = 7/3. Tlpowoukaa aHalorH4no, MOx%kHO HaiiTH, YTO KaKNOMY COCTOAHKIO HHBepTopa COOTBETCTBYeT BeKTOp HanpwxKeHuA uj; WinHbI Ug=2Uq/3, CABHHYTbI OTHOCHTEsbHO CocegHerO Ha yroul 7/3 (puc.2.10): uj =2/3Ug el V3, j=126, (2.9) MakcumanbHoe HallpwKeHne uHBepropa OyweT HMeTb MeCTO, eC/IH kKaxkyoe 3 6-TH cocTosHHii anutca 60 20. rpan. Toraa cbopma HanlpskeHha (pa3bi a (HH Ug) MMeeT BHA, UpHBeyeHHbIi Ha puc.2.11. Tleppaa rapMoHuka 9TOrO Hanpw@KeHHA paBHa U]g=2U gin. (2.10) TipH 970M uelicrsyiouee 3HayeHne 1-oii rapMOHHKH s1HHeliHOTO HallpwKeHHA eae v3 oud uneff = {Uae a (2.11) Tak Kak Mp YMeHbWEHHH YaCTOTbI BpalleHHa NBHTaTeNA HallpwKeHHE TaKXKE NOKHO YMeHbUIATBCA, a JIMHa BeKTOpa MOCTOAHHa, TO BMe- CTO NpHBexeHHOH Ha puc. 2.1] cbopmbl HanpsxKeHHa (Tak HasbIBaemoe 6- ‘TH CTYMeH4aTOe HallpwKeHHE) HCHONb3yI0T ero Gostee COX*KHbIE :POpMbI: WMPOTHO-HMnysIbCHYy10 Moyysisumio, (LIIMM) u mpamoe ynpaspnenne, KoTopoe GyeT paccMOTpeHO B STO! KHHre MOApOOHO Jae. Vk=010=% 53 B Vk=110-6,+2 w, of. x Puc.2.10.[poctpaucrsenbic Bexrops! Puc.2.11. Hanpsokenue na aura - nanpakenna Tene B 6-TH cryneHyatom pexnme 28 TIpupeyem Tombko 9nemenTapuble cBexenua o LUIMM. Orpannunmca TOJIbKO OLHHM BHLOM LIMM- mMoxysauHeii mpocrpaHcTBeHHoro BeKTOpa (Space vector modulation-SVM). 9ro- mpHHunnnanbHo undposoit metog. Cucrema paOoraet c auckpetHoctpio T,; 3a spema Ty BbIOMpaeTcA HECKONIbKO cocTosHHii uHBepTopa. Tak Kak BenM4uHHa Ty Maila 110 CpaBHEHHIO C 3J1eKTPOMarHMTHbIMH MOCTOAHHBIMM ABHTATeLIA, TO lipeQtiosaraeTca, YTO BbIXOAHOE HalIpwkKeHHE paBHO CpeAHeMy 3HAYCHMIO nelicrsyioumx 3a Bpema Ty Hanpsxennii. [Ip mpumenenun SVM cucTeMa perysIMpoBaHHa BbIpadaTbIBaeT TpeOyeMbIii BeKTOP BbIXOAHOrO HaMpwKeHHA U -B JeKapTOBBIX HIM MOMApHEIX KOOpsAMHaTax. J[aa ero (PopMupoBaHHA HcrOMb3y!OTCA Ba COCeMHHX COCTOAHKA MHBepTopa H HysleBoli BexTop. Ilycrb, HanpHMep, HYKHO BbIpadoTaTb BeKTOp U (puc.2.12). Tycte mpoekunn coceauux c U Bextopos ects Vig, Vig, Vi+ 1.0 Vi+1,p-Tlycte sextop Vj ucnonpayerca B Te4eHHe BpeMeHH 1}, a sextop Vj+1-t2. OGosHaymm ty=)/To,t2=t2/To.3nayenua tT] MT] HaXOMATCH M3 CHCTEMBI ypaBHeHuii Vigt1+Vi+10t2=Ha Vigtr+Vi+1p T2=UB (2.12) oTkyia 4aVitl,B-u BV ista U BV ia-ugv ig = .t2= ViaVi+i,p-VipVitla ViaVi+i,p-Vipvisia B teyenve spemenn 7/(1-t1-t2) ucromb3yetca HyJeBOe CocTORHHe MHBepTopa. Haiinem BbIpaxkeHua JIA T/,T2 B OMAPHbIX KOopaMHaTax. HycTb BeKTop Vj o6pasyer c ocbio a yrom ~, Torga Vig=Ug cose, Vip=Uo sing, Vi+1,a = Up cos(p+n/3), Vi+1,p=U0 sin(@tn/3), Ug=ucos(pty), up =u sin(pty). Mocue nogcTaHoBkH 9THX BbIpaxeHHii B (2.13) HaxoqHM: TI (2.13) Bu é vBu =—sinC -y7), =—siny. (2.14) T1 Ua 3 Y)s 72 Ua MakcnMasbHoe BeM4HHa Uy, HaXOMTCA M3 YCHOBMA T/4+T2=1, MpHyeM 3HAYCHHE U,, MHHMMasIbHO mpH Y=7/6. Hmeem umlUg= V3. (2.15) 29Tipu Gonpuimx 3HayeHMax U HHBep- TOP BXOAMT B pexKHM CBEpXMOslysIA- uuu, re pabora TakKe BO3MO?7KHa, HO COMpoBoxknaeTca yBeMMYeHHeEM HCKa- 2KEHHA BEIXOMHOFO TOKa H, CiEqOBa- TeNbHO, NoTepb. KooduunexT Mosy- AAUMH OMpesenseTca KaK OTHOMIEHHE uk ammntyye 1-H rapMOHHKH B 6-TH ov. TV: cTyneHuaToM pexkume (2.10), orciona ita “a ‘ia My=T/2V3=0.906. (2.16) Puc.2.12. Mogysauna npocrpanct- Pacyernoe BbIxXoHOe HanpskKeHHE BeHHOro BeKTOpa HHBepTopa MOXKHO MpecTaBuTb Kak Ug. =Sig, Ug up =Sip Ua (2.17) rae xosppunnentst Sig , Sig 3aBHcaT OT cocToaHHa HHBepTopa i B Manni Moment (Ta62.2.1). OgHako peanbHble BbIXOHBIe HaNpwKEHHA Ufoy yp SyMYT OTAMYATRCA OT YKa3AHHBIX, B OCHOBHOM, H3-3a JBYX MIpH4HH: 1aeHHA HalpwMKeHHA B MOJYMPOBOAHHKOBbIX mMpHOopax Hu 3anepKKH fg B MepeknioyeHHH KlOY¥el HHBepropa. PaccMoTpHM 3TH MpHYHHEI MOLpoOHee. Ta6n.2.1.Koopiuunextei sbixoaHoro HanpwKeHHA k_ I p B 5 6 Re 1B 3 23 pa lis [iB iB HA3 fiN3 Li3 fIN3 1. MspectHo, ¥ro xapakTepHcTHKy NosyNpoBoAHHKoBoro MpHGopa MOxKHO AlpOKCHMHPOBaTb 3aBHCHMOCTBIO upy=UpotRa iE (2.18) Toporopoe HanpwKenne Uno 4 QMHaMHYecKoe conpoTHBnenHe Ry 3aBHCAT OT TeMMepatypbl H OT HaNpaBAeHHs MIpoTeKaHHa ToKa B IpHGope. Tak Kak XapaKTepHCTHKH TpaH3HCTopa WIM THpHcTOpa OTIMYAIOTCA OT XapaktepucTHK OOpaTHoro aHona. Bennunny Ry MoxHO yyects Tax xe Kak H COMpOTHBMEHHE MOABOAALIMX NPOBOAOB: yBeTM4eHHeM pacueTHOro conporussienua ctaropa. Ecnm 3apucumocts Up, ot nanpasnenua mpoTekaHua ToKa He yaHTbIBaTS [8], TO MOXKHO 3anHcaTE ug=u-Upg sign(i), (2.19) npHeM 30 Ufa =SiaUd-U posigntia)s 1 u fp Sigua a ae polsign(ip) — sign(ie)). (2.20) 2.B ynpaBiiennn KO4aMH HHBEpTOpa JWI HCKINOYCHHA CKBOSHBIX TOKOB IPH UX 1epeKJHOYeHHH BBOTCA 3aepxKKa [79 MerKILY noyayel CHrBasia Ha 3alIMpaHHe KJNOYa, BbIXOMAUErO H3 PpaoTEl, H nogayeii curHasia Ha OT- Kpbipanue Bcrynaouero B padory Koya. Ha puc.2.13 u306paxena cxema oHoi da3bl uHBepropa. Tyctp Tl D1 TIpoucxoyuT nepexmoueHHe oT T2 Kk TI, a eae aN i TOK HMeeT HampaBsleHHue ig. IIpu padote a — 12 tox ig uporexaet 4epe3 nu0y D2, a mpu ———-YYST _ paore T1-uepes tpansucrop TI. Mosromy oe ieee nocie 3anMpaHua T2 TOK UpoyosuKaeT jay npotekaTb 4epe3 D2, a ciiycta ty -4epe3 al aS T1. Takum o6pa30m, mpH TaKoi Mocse10- ee BaTEIbHOCTH MepeKMOYeHHA H HaTpaBiie- HHH TOKa HOBOe COCTOAHHe MHBepTopa Puc.2.13. Bauaune 3anepxkn — 3alep»kHBaeTca Ha fy. HyctTb Temepb Ha- HipH TepeKsHO4eHHH npapsleHe ToKa ig}. [pu 3amKHytom T2 on mporexaer yepe3 T2 K "-" Kak K TOUKE c HaMMeHBIIMM ToTeHUMasIOM, pH 370m D1 3anepr. [Ipu BbIKm0"eHHOM T2 tok mpotekaer 4epe3 AHo_ D1, 4 3ambikanne Tl] Ha mpouecc yxe He pinaet. TakHM 0Opa30M, B 3TOM Clly4ae Cpa3y %Ke NOCHE pa3MblKaHHA T2 B (paze ycraHaBIMBaeTcA HOBOe cocTosHHe.. AHasOrH4HO mpoTeKaeT upouecc nepexmouenua or T1 K T2 (nip ig- Ges 3aneprKKH, NpH fg) - ¢ 3alep2kKOli), a TAKE B pyrHx (pasax. Takum oOpa3oM, 3Haa HalIpaBlleHHe MpoTeKaHHA ToKa B Kako! dase , MOXKHO OMPeLEHTb UpoMexyTOUHOe cocToaHHe Vp , HelicTBy!oulee B revenue spemenn fg ( up i>0 pa3pan Koja COCTOAHHA, COOTRETCTBYIO- mui LaHHO!t dbase, paser 0, upu i Ugp ¥ apuraten» paGoraer B ABUTAaTeMbHOM pexKHMe, TO TIpH HCTIONb30- Bann HH cocrosuuii Ug) 6yaer yMenbmarsca, a nocxonpxy Ug} +Ugo = Ug, to Ugo 6yner ysenmunpatica. Ecnn xe apuratem paGoraer B re- HepaTOpHOM (TOpMO3HOM) pexHMe, TO HY2%HO Hcnonb3oBaT HL-cocros- una, mpu 910m Ugo 6yner BospactaTb Hu, cooTBercrsenHo Ug) ymenb- maTEca. B 3akmoveHve OTMeTHM, ¥TO Tak Kak B paccMaTpHBaeMOM MHBeptope Uq AocraTouHo BenHKO, TO BO BXO/HOM BBINPAMHTeNe YaCTO HCHONL3y- yorca 12-TH MysACHBIC IKBMBAJIEHTHBIE CXEMbI BbITIPAMJIEHHA C MOCIEq0- BaTebHbIM COCJMHEHHEM BbIIPAMHTEIbHbIX MOCTOB, H CO CABUHYTbIM Ha 30° ux nurannem. [IpH Mcnosb30BaHHH aKTHBHBIX BbINpsAMHTeNeli MoxKeT MPHMEHATECA TaKWKE TPexXypOBHEBBIH BbINPAMHTeb, CxXeMa KOTOPOTO TaKOBa 2Ke, KaK H TpexypoBHeBoro MHBepTopa. Pay Bonmpocos, oTHOCA- INHXCA K TP€XyPOBHEBBIM M MHOTOYpOBHEBbIM CXeMaM, H IIPHMepBI Hx TIpHMeHeHHA JaHbl B TeMaTHYeCKOM BbiltycKe [10]. 3. Marpuunpie mpeo6pa3zonatenn Vuseptopst vanpmxenva Jui nMTaHMa peryMpyeMbix oNeKTponpu- BOOB NepeMeHHOrO TOKa JOCTHIIH BbICOKOH TeopeTHYyecKO uv TeXHOJOFHYeCKOH cTeneHH cBOero pa3BMTMa. OnHaKO MX MpHHyMnH- @JIBHBIM HeOCTaTKOM ABIIAeTCA HaHYHe KOHJeHCaTOpa B 3BeHE MOCTOAHHOrO =TOKa jOcTaTONHO OombuoH emKocTH. [Ipucytcrane 34 KOHJeHCaTOpa yBeIHYHBaeT raGapHTbl ycTpolicTBa, co31aeT oupente- JICHHbIe TPYHOCTH MIpH FO KOHCTPYHPOBAHMH, TAK Kak Hayo OOecTIeyHTb MaJlyIO HH/YKTHBHOCTS paccesHHA COeMHHEHHA ero C KONaMH HHBep- Topa, CHHDKaeT CpoK cily2kObI yerpoiicTBa, OCOOCHHO IPH IKCTPEMAJIbHBIX YCOBHAX OKpyxaloulelt cpeubl. TlosToMy mMo-MpexkKHeMy aKTYaIbHOW ABIAeTCA 3ajla4a CO3\aHHA MpaMbix (6e3 3BeHa NOcTOAHHOTO TOKa) npeoOpazosaresiei YacToTbl. [pampie upeoOpasopatesH yacTOTbI Ha OCHOBe THPHCTOpPOB C eCTeCTBEHHO! KOMMYTAaLHeH TIPHMCHAIOTCA HaBHO [11]; kak yoke yHOMMHasoch, BbIXOMHad YaCTOTa TaKHX mipeo6paso- Batesieii He npesbiwiaet 1/3 yacTorTst ceTH. B HocHeyHHe FOjbI B CBASH C passutuem JGBT cyulectBeHHo paciuMpHsica HHTepec K IIPaMbIM mipeoOpa30paTessM YaCTOTbL, HE HMCIOLMM (reopeTwueckH) orpanHyennit MO BbIXOJHOM 4aCTOTe - TAK Ha3bIBACMbIM MATPHUHIM tIpeoopazoBaresAM (MC). : Takoli mpeo6pa3opatetb CocTOHT H3 9 AByHAaLIpaBICHHbIX KIOYeH, MO3BONAIOLUMX KMKAYIO BXOHYyIO tbasy (cpasy ceTH) MOACOeAHHUTh K mi060% tpaze ABuraTena (puc.2.17). B Hacroslee BpeMaA TaKHe KON MpaKTHYECKH He BBITIYCKAIOTCA, H OHM JOIKHBI ObITh COCTAB/IEHbI M3 ABYX IGBT mo cxemMe c OOMMM 2MHTTepoM HIM OOWIMM KOJIeKTOPOM (puc.2.18) Upa Le ugh ef fe ga le lec fi | |y + sui siz 4s13 Kear {s22{s23 1831 {saa {sa L L L J Ee ne = — + Ua Ue Puc.2.17. MarpHuneiii npeo6pasonarens Tipu BpiGope BOIMOXKHBIX COCTOAHHH KONE YYMTEIBAIOTCA 1Ba cpaxto- pa: OjHa H Ta xe (basa ABMTaTesA HE MO%KET ObITE oACoeMHEHa K ABYM Ppa3HbIM (pa3aM CeTH, Tak KaK IIpH 9TOM 9TH cpa3ei 6ynyT 3aMKHYTbI HaKO- POTKO; (ha3a ABHTATEsIA He MOXKET OCTATBCA He MOMCOEMHEHHOM, TAK Kak Tip 9TOM H3-3a HayIM4HsA TOKa B €€ MHAYKTHBHOCTH OyaeT UMeTB Mecto TepenanpwKeHHe, CHOCOGHOe Pa3pYLHTb MOMYMPOBOAHHKOBEIM KIO. 35Takum o6pa30m, MoryT MMeTb MecTO 27 cocroaHHii MC. Lecte Taknx COCTOAHHH MMEIOT MECTO, Kora KaKad (asa ABMraTesIA MOACOeAMHeHa K cpoe (base ceTu, HallpuMep, 3aMKHYTbI KTIOWH S11, $22, S33 nan S13, $22, S31. [pu orom Ha apuratesb NosaeTCA NOMHOe HalpsmkKeHHE CeTH, H OH MOXKET BPAllaTbCA C MOACHHXPOHHOH cKopoctbIo. Jia WeneH peryH- POBaHHA 9TH COCTOAHHA He UcHONB3yroTca. Tpu cocToAHHA HMelOT Mec- TO, Kora BCe Tpu asbl ABHrATeNA MOACOeMMHEHDI K OHOI pase CeTH. [Ipu 9ToM HanpsKeHHE Ha ABHYaTene paBHO Hys0.(IPHO%KeH HyeBOH Bextop). B ocrabubix 18 cayyaax ojHa basa UBMraTena MoAcoenHHeHa K Kakoli -HuOyab cba3e CeTH, a Be Apyrne - K Apyroii dase. Y a b Puc.2.18, Kmioun MC Puc.2.19. K pacsety npoctpaxcrsentioro a-C OOM 9MHTTepoM bexropa 8 MC bec oun Kos1eKTopoM Tlycts, Hanpumep, 3amKnyret Kon $11,822,832 (puc.2.19a). Toraa Ug=Ug=2Ugp/3, Up=Uc=-Ugp/3, UB=0, U=2ugp/3, O=0. Tycts samKnyTsr $12, S21,S31 (puc.2.19b), Torna Ug=Wg=-2ugb/3, U_=We=Ugb/3, UB=0, u=2Ugp/3, 8=n. Nycts 3amKnytbl KnK0Un S12, $23,S33 (puc.2.19¢), Torsa UgrUg=2Upe/3, up-0, u=2up-/3, 8=0. Tlycrb 3amKHyTHI Kou S13, $22,833 (puc.2.19d), Torna Ug=Ug=Ue=-Upe!3, Up=2Upe!3, UB=Upe/V3, Uu=2Up¢/3, 0=20/3 WTA. TIpoctpaicrseHHbie BexTOpbI Hanpa%xKeHHa MC ananormunbl cucteme MIpOcTpaHCTBeHHbIX BEKTOPOB HHBepTOpa C TEM OTJIMYMEM, YTO OHO H TO %*Ke HallpaBlleHMe BeKTOpa MoxeT ObITh MOyYeHO MpH pa3Hbix COYeTaHHAX 3AMKHYTEIX KOYeH, M 4YTO aMIMINTyZa 9THX BeKTOpOB MeHAeTCA BO BPEMEHH, H Jake HANpaBsIeHHe BEKTOPa MOXKET H3MEHHTSCA Ha MpoTHBONONOKHOe. CBogKa COCTOAHMIi IPOCTpaHCTBEHHbIX BeKTOpOB HallpwKeHHS Jana B TaGMUe 2.3 M Ha puc.2.20. PaccMorpyM Teflepb BeKTops! TOKa ceTH. Tak KaK BeKTOp HallpwKeHHa OllpefeMAeT TOK ABHTATEsIA, TO TOK CeTH OMpeseMAeTCA TOKOM JBHTATE LIA 36 H COCTOAHHEM KnO4eH, T.€. TOK aBHTaTenA i ABIAeTCA BXOOM, a TOK ig (puc.2.17)-Beixogom. J[ia cocroanua MC , toKa3aHHoM Ha puc.2.19a, uMeem: igg=ig igh=-ig, ige, igomia igp= -iqlV3, ig=2iql V3, 0j=-1/6; suid puc.2.19b ig ig¢=0, igg=-igs igp= iq/V3, ig=2ig/V3, Oj=57/6; aaa puc.2.19¢ igh=ig, ige=-ig iga=0, igg=0, igp=2iq /N3, ig=2iglV3, Oj=m/2; ana puc.2.19d igp=ip, ‘get igg=0, igg=0, igg=2iplV3, ig=2ip/V3, Oj=n/2 wv.n,( 1a62.2.3, puc.2.21). Ta6a.2.3. Cocroanus MC Hanpaxenue Tok Vk | Bronoversr Monym @aza | Moaym basa +1 [811,822,832| KpUpab_ 0 [Kila -w/6 -1_[$12,521,S31|-KpUpa 0 [-Kila 51/6 +2 [$12,823,833|KpUpbo 0 [Kila 2 a a a -2_ [$13,522,532 |[-KpUpbe “Kila -w2 +3 [813,521,531 | KpUpca Kila ?ai6 ~3_| 511,523,833 |-Kp Upea “Kila 6 +4 | 512,821,832| KpUpab 203 | Kilb -w/6 ~4_| $11,822,831 |-KpUpab_-2/3 |-Kilb 51/6 +5 [$13,822,833 | KpUpbe -5_| $12,823,832 |-KpUpbe +6 [$11,823,831 | KpUpca ~6_[S13,S21,833, |-KpUpca +7 _| $12,822,831 | KpUpab -7_[S11,S21,332 |-KpUpab +8 | $13,823,832 | KpUpbe ~8b [$12,322,833 |-KpUpbe +9_| SU1,521,833| KpUpea -9_ [$13,823,831 |-KpUpea @a_[S$11,S21,$31 0 Kp=2/3, Kiran Anamorua itp PBEHHAX NeKTOpOr. eRepTopa BO3MOXKHOC |}, Ji. bIOO} a TERY ECs coctoaring MC ner METOMbi. YTO 1 ti juBepropa, ¢ ‘scoOxeaHMeIH KoMcHeHHAMM. B. YaCTHOCTH, HALO YU UAaTh TERYMSS COCTORMIE NpocTpailcTBeithOrO BekTOpA HallpsKCHAS Cov HiiipokcHi BMTAITIA LOALO NAsteIHTb Ha 6 37Puc.2.20. [lpoctpanicraennbie Bextopei Puc.2.21. Hpocrpaucrsennnie nanpskeHna MC BexTOphl ToKa MC ceKTOpoB, KaK 3TO MOKa3aHO Ha pHc.2.22. OueBHoHO, 4TO B KaKOM cekTope Hy%KHO BbIGupaTb Te cocTosHua MC, 1px KOTOpbIX BXOAHBIE JMHeHHbIe HalpwPKEHHA HE MCHSIOT 3HAK H MaKCHMAJIbHBI M10 BeJIM4HHE. Tlycts, — Hampumep, Mbl XOTHM peaJiH30- BaTb BeKTOp 4 (puc. 2.20), a BexTop Hampa- 2KEHHA CTH HaXOJHT- ca B MlepBOM cekTope (puc.2.22).Tlo Hanpas- NeHHIO BekTopa 4 Han- PaByeHbI BEKTOpbI COC- Toannit +1,+2,+3. Coc- Puc.2.22.[uraioume nanpaxenus MC toaHua +2 onpenens- 1OTCA JIMHeHHBIM Han- PHKEHHEM Ube, KOTOPOE B HlepBOM CeKTOPe MeHACT 3HaK, CocToAHHA -1 4 +3 gaioT "oTpnuatenbHyio" BenmunHy ( T. €. coorBeTcTByIoUlMe BeKTOpb! HallpwKeHHA —-HaNIpaBNeHbI MO BeKTOpy cocTosHua 3, OCTAIOTCA TOJbKO BO3MOXKHBIe cocTosHHA +] uv -3. [Ip oTom yin coctosHua +1 cha3za ToKa cern papua -7/6, a aia -3 pasa 7/6. BuiOupaa NOOYEPEAHO 9TH COCTOAHHA, MOXKHO NOMYYHTS casoBblii cABHT GIN3KHii K Hy. Cymecteyer pay cnoco6os ynpaBieHHa BbIXOLHbIM HanpskeHHem MC [12]. Mi ne 6ynem Ha HHX OcTaHaBIMBaTECA, TAK KaK OHH He sBJINIOTCA MpesMeTom AaHHOH KHHTH. [IpuBegem 3fecb TONbKO MeTOA MOsYALHH fipoctpaictBenHoro Bexropa| 12,13 ]. B 9:Tom Metoye aia MC 8 orsmuve oT MHBepropa HalilppKeHua B KaKOM HHTepBalle AMcKpeTHOcTH T, peanusyoTca He 2 , a 4 coceqHHX c 2K€AeMbIM BEKTOPOM BbIXOAHOTO HalpwKEHHA BEKTOPb! CocTOAHHA MC. 38 Orn cocroaHHa mpHBeeHbl B TabAMUe 2.4 ANA BO3MOXKHBIX CeKTOPOB BXOAHOFO Up H BbIXOMHOFO U Hanpsxennii. Cexropa U ompexesmotca NONOKEHHEM ITOrO BEKTOpa Ha IWIOCKOCTH MpOCTpaHCTBEHHbIX BEKTOPOB coctosunii MC (puc.2.20), mpuyem meppbiii ceKTop JI@KHT MOKULY BeKTopaMH 4 H 6, H CeKTOpa OTCUHTHIBAIOTCA IIPOTHB YACOBO! CTpesKH, a HOMEp CeKTOpa Up OMpeyeuseTCA KaK Ha puc.2.22.Mpupesennaa TaGsmua, 3aumcTBosana H3 [14] c HeOOXOAMMbIMH H3MeHeHHAMH. B YacTHOCTH, B [12] u [14] raGamua gana He B PyHKUHH HallpsrxKeHHA CeTH, a ee TOKA, HO NOCKOJbKY Halla Web MMeTh MexKy HHMH HyeBOi (asoBbiit CABHT, BO3MO2%KHO HCHOJIb3OBATb TAKYIO MOMPHKALHIO. Tadunua 2.4. wu, |! 2 3 4 5 6 1 +1-3 +2-3 -142 | -143) | -24+30 | +1-2 -74+9 | -8+9 | +7-8 [+7-9 | +8-9 | -7+8 2 “149 -8+9 +7-8 | +7-9 | +8-9 | -74+8 +46 | +5-6 | -a+5 | -4+6 | -5+6 | +4-5 3 [+46 | +5-6 |-445 | -446 |-5+6 [44-5 -143 243 H1-2 | +1-3 | 42-3 | -142 4 -143 -243 +1-2 | +1-3- | 42-3 | -142 +7-9 +8-9 -7+8_ | -7+9_ | -8+9 | +7-8 5 +7-9 +8-9 -T48 | -7+9 | -8+9 0 | +7-8 446 | -5+6 [44-5 | +4-6 | +5-6 | 445 6 | 496 |-5+6 | 44-5 | 4-6 | 45-6 | 445 41-3 42-3 142 | -143 | -2+3 | +1-2 Tpeanionoxum 6e3 HoTepH OOUIHOCTH, 4TO BeKTOpbI UH Up sexKaT B TlepBbIx cexropax. Dopmynty (2.14) MoxkHO 3amIMcaTb Kak Upt, =2/N3 u cos(n/3+A8), (2.14a) rye yron A® onpesenseT NoOxKeHHe BEKTOpa U B CeKTOpe H OTCHHTBIBA- eTca OT CepeuMHbI cexropa, T.e. -1/6Ug, wim ocraerca mporekatp uepes al, ecan Ug>Up; 3) orkinouenne al, npn xrom ToK B sH060M ciyyae uporekaer 4epe3 bl; 4) Bkmouenne b2, te. (-a2), (+b1), (-al), (+b2). Ecum oke TOK TeYeT B HafipaBneHHn 77, TO HOCIeLOBATeEbHOCT TaKOBa: (- al), (+b2), (-a2), (+bl). Takum o6pa3om, gua peanw3aunn 9TOrO a/IFOpHTMa HY%KHO 3HATb 3Hak TOKa, KOTOPBIii MOxKeT ObITb OTIpeseseH 110 3Haky Na[ecHna HanpsKerHHa Ha KuO4e [12 ]. 3auuta MC ycnoxkHeHa Tem (pakToM, 4TO B HEM B CBA3H C OTCYTCTBHeM HaKAaILIMBalOlerO IHEPrHiO KOHJeHCaTOpa BCE MpOUecchl B CeTH Cpasy %Ke fpoaBsiaoTcs Ha BbIxXOe. Ha puc. 2.25 npHBezeHa THMOBad CxeMa 3aLLH- tet MC [15]. Mpu apapuiinom pexume sce xioun MC orwrouaiotca HeMEUICHHO, MH Ha OOMOTKAaX ABHTaTesIA HOABIAIOTCA GosbIIHe TlepeHa- MpwKeHHA, KOTOPbIe MIpeBbIAOT ypoBeHb HallpwKeHHA ceTH, AOnycTHMbIM «A KMNONeH; ~AMOAbI, TMOACOeMHeEHHbIe K OOMOTKE ABHTATeNA, TIPOBOLAT MPH TOM TOK H 3apsKAlOT KOHAeHCATOP, KOTOPbIit aKKYMYJIHPyeT 9/I€KTPOMArHUTHY!O DHEPrHio, 3allaceHHyt0 B OOMOTKe ypuratesia, 4 OrpaHH4uMBaet tlepeHatipsKenne. VMerwrca cxembl C YMeHBIUCHHBIM YHCIOM 1HOL0B [15], TaM %*Ke MpHBEeHbI COOTHOLICHHA JUIA pacueTa eMKOCTH KOHMeHCaTOpa. Begytca TakxKe paspaboTKH CXeM 3alMTbI C HCHOSb30BaHKeM BapucTopos [12]. Marprunsiit ApynanpanxeHAste rpeospasoeatem a [eu]. ——,_] ~Up | i ane y ‘\ Saugarstas rer ee] lee Puc.2.25. Cxema saumtb1 MC TJIABA 3 Tipsmoe ynpaB.cHe MOMeHTOM acHHXpoHHOro aBpuraresa(DTC) LI praia ynpapienna Cymecrayer Comoe pasHooGpasne CHCTEM yIIpaBseEHHA ACHHXPOHHBI- Mn uisnrarenamn (AJ). HanGo1ee upocran (u ucropiueckH ona 13 lepBbIX)- 9TO Tak Ha3biIBacmaa cucrema Boubr/repu (U//), B KoTOpoi yactora Tpexa3Horo HanpsxKeHuA, muTatoulero AJL, ycranaBsnpaercs pasioii (TouHee, mponopunonasbioi) %enaemolt uacrore Bpaienns ABUPATeA, @ C UeTbIO UPHMepHOTO COXpaHeHHA J1eKTPOMArHUTHbIX xapakTepHcTHK AJL (onpeuetembix moroKocuermienHem —cTaropa) AMIINTY{a ITOFO HalIPAMKEHHA H3MCHACTCA MPpHMePHO NPONOpLHOHAsIbHO uactore (C YYeTOM HaQeHMA HarllpswKEHHA Ha COMpoTHBACHHH CTATOpa). Takada CHCTeMa HMeeT HEBbICOKYIO TOUHOCTh H ILIOXHE AHHaMH4eCKHe XapakTepHCTHKH, OHAKO, LUMPOKO HCMOUb3yeTCA HB HACTOAIee BpeMA, Tak Kak BO MHOPHX CuIYMaAX JYUUIHe XApakTepHCTHKH H He TpebyloTCA. OxHako c pa3BHTHeM CHIOBOH H CIAGOTOUHOH IIEKTPOHHKH MOABHIACL BO3MOKHOCTh 3aMeHLI ABHraTesleyi MOCTOAHHOFO TOKa, ABJDTOULHXCA OCHOBHBIM BHJOM IBHFaTesIA B BbICOKOTOYHEIX 9/1EKTPOLPHBOAX, ACHHXPOHHBIMH =BHTaTedisIMH, ABJLAIOLMMHCA — 3HANHTEJIbHO Gouee HIPOCTBIMH, ACWEBIMH H HatexKnbiMA. Sto uoTpeGoBano paspa6orKu HORBIX CIIOCOGOB YIpaBsleHHa HMM. B 1972 r, @.Buauke npeioxny vovpiii mpwwuni yupapienus, OcHOBAHHBI Ha peryNMpoBaHHH cCocTaBAMOUINX isd, isqg BEKTOPA cTaropHoro ToKa fs, HafpapleHHbix MO MH MepmeHAHKyiapHo BeKTOpy notoxocuenena poropa Wy [16], (cm. tawxe [17]). Taxoii metros ynpaBileHua, KOTOpbIii aBTop Ha3BaiT "TPaHCBEKTOPHBIM", ONY4HI TawKe Ha3BaHHa " BEKTOPHad OPHCHTAlMa" WIM "BEKTOPHOe yripaBseHne". TIpHuuwn BeKropHoro ynpapnenHa BHeH M3 COOTHOWeHHIt (1.28), (1.33), 43 KOTOPBIX cueLyeT, YTO yMpaBeHHe TOKOM isq HO3BOsIAeT YilpaBsATh NOTOKOM XBHPaTesIA He3ABHCHMO OT ero MOMeHTa H CKOpOCTH ppallleHs, a TOKOM isg~ MOMeHTOM JUBHraTena. TH COOTHOMIEHHA HANOMMHAIOT COOTHOUIEHHA LIA JBHTATeMA MOCTOAHHOTO TOKA, THe BMCTO isy HCHONb3YeTCA TOK BOI6YKTEHMA, a BMECTO isg -TOK AKOpA. Haviyumme xapakrepHcTHKH MOllyyalorca B CHCTeMaX Tak Ha3bIBaeMoit NpsMoi BeKTOpHO OpHeHTaHH, B KOTOpOH NomMOxKeEHMe BeKTOpa Y, HeNOcpesCTBEHHO M3MepseTca WIM OMeHMBaeTca. CrpyKTypHaa cxema TakOrO WIEKTPOTIPHBOLa TIpHBeeHa Ha pHc.3.1. 43Ua WHE Buwncmrem moroKa poropa Puc.3.1. CrpyktypHtaa cxema cuctembi c BexTopHbiM yrpapieHHem AJ unraerca oT uupeptopa Harippxenua MHB. Boruncuntess notoKa poropa vcuomsyer dopmysry (1.21) np Ox=0 Win BEIMcHeHHA COCTaBIAIOWMX BEKTOpa NoTOKOCYeMIeHHA cTaTopa u (1.25) ja BLINHCICHHA COCTABIAIOLUMX HOTOKOCUeTLIeHHA poropa Yq, ¥%-3, 10 KOTOPbIM BLINMCIACTCA MOLYi1b H YrOBOE ONOXKeHHE BeKTopa VY, Vat YP Oy =aretY B/¥ ra) G.1) (1.1m xe sin6,, COSO,). BosMoxHBi H sipyrHe croco6s! onpexeieHHs be G, Yact H3 KoTOpHIX 6yxeT paccmorpena janee. Box aB/ABC perac- AMET COCTABNMOMIHE TOKA CTaTOpA is cy isp no (1.9), a 610K dq/aB1 -coc- TABIMOUINE Ise, isg no (1.11). Hocnequne nocrynaior na BxoyBI porop- UMOHAIbHO - HHTeErpasbHbIX perysATOpoB ToKOB PTd, PTg kak curHaJtt oopatuoil cBa3n. Boixoubt perysaTopoB 610Kom dg/aB2 upeoOpasyrorca O6paTHo H3 Bpautatomelica CHCTEMbI KOOPAMHAT B HETOLBIXKHYI0, B pe- 3ybTare Yero BbIpabaTbIBaIOTCA BeHYMHBI Ug Up caAyKaIne juIa pop- MupoBaHia HMitysbcos LMM (uanpumep, ¢ Hcriosb30BaHHem (2.13). 3aqaHnem ToKa ig ABIACTCA BbIXOA PerysATOPa CKOPOCTH, a TOKAa Ig -BbI- XOU perystropa HOTOKA. 3ayanHe NOTOKOCHEMIeHHA poTopa HOCTOsAHHO Y 44 HO OCHOBHOI CKOPOCTH M yMeHbINaeTCA BbILe OCHOBHOI MpHMepHO OGpaTHO UporlopunoHamHO cKOpocTH Onucantaa cxema MoxeT OGeCIIeNHTh BLICOKYIO TOHHOCTS pery.NpoBa- HHA, HEILIOXYIO MHAMMKY H HH3KO€ COMep%KAHHe BHICLINX rapMOHHK B Toke ypnratena. M3 paccMorpeHus cxembl BUH psi ee OcobeHHOCTe:, Xopomias Hactpoiika peryusTopow ToKa TpeOyeT TOUHOrO 3HaHHsA Tapa- merpos AJI, KoTOpbie MOryT H3MeHSTECA B Mpouecce paGorbl, ¥rO SyAeT yxyulaTb XapakTepHcTHKH peryiiaTopoB. Hasmmune BHYTPeHHHX KOHTy- POB TOKA CO CHOKHOM AMHAaMMKOii 3aMejUIaeT GbICTpouelicrBue BHELLHErO perysiatopa ckopoctu. B cucreme HeoOxoyMMO HMeTb lIpeobpasoBaresin KoopauHat nu y3en LAM. Takum o6pasom, cxema oKa3biBaeTcA ocTa- TOUHO CHOKHOH. TeM He MeHee, OHA TlouyUHsIA LIMpOKOe pacrpoctpa- HeHHe, cepHiiHo BbIIIycKaeTCA paOM MPM HM ABIACTCA THIIOBbIM pewennem. CymecrBy!oT Takxke MHOO MOLMpHKaLMii ITOH CXEMbI B 1986 r. B [18] 6bu1 mpeatoxeH mpHHuMnanbHo HoBbIt cnoco6 yupasienua AJ| c uNBepropoM HanpwKeHHA, B KoTOpOM jleficrByiOIee COCTOAHMe HHBepTopa BEIOHpaeTcA TAKUM, YTOOBI yMeHbIMTh OWHOKY perysmpyemoii = BeIM4HHDI, UpH4emM BLIGOP COCTOAHMA 3aBMCHT TOsIbKO OT 3Haka OMOKH, HO He OT ee aGcomoTHOrO 3HayeHHA. JIA ypasnenna AJ uchlomayrorea Be perysipyemble BeNMHHUBI: HOTOKOCUEMIeHHE cratopa Y,, KoTOpoe HepxKHTCA Ha HOCTOAHHOM ypoBHe Y,-o/, H MOMeHT usurareis My , xoTopblii yctaHaBmuBaetca paBHBIM 3ailaHHOMy 3Haye- unto M,er . BeiGupaemoe coctosHHe MHBepTOpa 3aBHCHT OT 3HaKOB oum60K €,= Myep- Md u &y=Frefp- Hs Tak Kak ayia peamsaunnt CHCTEMBI B HACTOSILEe BPEMA HCHOUb3YIOTCH HCKINONHTEbHO LPpoBbie yeTpoiictsa, TO cucrema paOoraeT ¢ AHCKpeTHOCTIO 7,,; 9TO 3HAYHT, YTO BEIOpaHHbiii BeKTOp yiepxKUBaeTCA B TeYeHHe T,, Nocie Yero WIM KE COXpaHAeTCA, HIN 3aMeHAeTCA UpyrHM, ecu xoTA Ob OHA H3 OMHOOK M3MeHMIIa 3HaK. BpiOupaemble COCTOAHHA MHBEpTOpa 3aBHCAT TAKE OT MOOKEHHA BEK- topa ‘Ps. Jlia stoi nenM Bce NpocTpaHcTBO CocTOAHHii HHBepTopa pa3te- sIAeTCA Ha 6 CeKTOpOB, NpOTAKEHHOCTHIO 60° KaxkubIli, IpHyeM CepenHHa llepBoro cekTOpa HallpapieHa mo BellecrBeHHOii ocH (puc.3.2.). H3 (1.21), nonaraa @=0, Ry=0, nonyyaem mpupaujenus coctapimonlHx sexropa ‘Vs 3a Bpema Ty, A= Usal A¥s B= Uspl er (3.2) THE Usgy, Us -COCTABIAIOUIMe BbIOPAHHOTO BeKTOpa HanpwKeHHA. Vea B Busy, YTo Mogysb BeKTopa ‘Ys oupeyemaetca BbIparkeHHem, 45anaslorH4Hbio (3.1), WIA NpHpauleHHsA MOsyJIA HOsyYaem: AY=(2 Fog A Vea t2 Yop ¥,pi/2 Fs=(COSOUsg + sinOusp)Te 6 » =usgTes . Vk=6i=2 Litcexrop rye Usq- MPOCKUMA BEKTO- a pa HalpskeHHs MHBepTo- \ pa Ha HanpaBsleHue BeKTO- pa ‘Vs. [lycra sexrop ‘Vs J@KUT B TlepBOM ceKTOpe. Torna npn BbiGope coc- Tosnuii 5,4,6 % yBenn- uMBaeTCA, a Mp BbIGOpe 2,3,1-yMeHbuaeTcs. Moment ApuraTesa ompeyensetca cooTHoue- yuem (1.32). Jia coxpa- Puc.3.2.Bexrop ‘f, 8 cucreme npocrpancrBeH- WWeHHa 3anlHcn O603HauHM HbIxX BexTOpos HanpwxeHna HHBepropa 1.5K, p/oLs=kypq. Torna Vk=5,i-6 Marka ¥s P,Sin gr. G4) Tipu perynuposanun Bemmunnnl Y%, Y%. nourn He MeHAIOTCA, Tak YTO JUIN W3MEHCHHA MOMEHTA HY2kHO H3MeHHTS yrou O,,. Ecam, Hanpumep, Bextop ‘VY, B epsom cextope (puc.3.2), To 1a V=6 u Vy=2 AMg>O, a muta Vy=5 u Vy=l AMg<0. Jaa Vy=4 u V\=3 3nax AMg sapucut ot nonoxenua BexTopa ‘Ys BHyTpH CeKTOpa; B OCHOBHBIX BapHaHTaXx 9TH COCTOAHHA He HcrIoNb3yroTca. Takum O6pa3om, HMeem TaGu1.3.1. Ecunm oGo3Ha4uHTh i- HOMep CekTopa, Kak Ha puc.3.2., To Nomy4unM TabsHUy 3.2. TaGn.3.1.Peanusyemuie cocroanua —-—-Ta6n.3.2.Peannayempie cocrosnna npn ¥g 6 nepsom cexrope npn VB i-tom cextope SHAK Ey | sHa ey | Vir SHAK Em | SHAK Ey | Vi 1 1 6 1 1 il 1 ot 2 1 -t i+2 <1 1 3 a 1 il =I =I 1 = =I 2 46 Cuctembl 3JleKTpoupuBonza, B KOTOpbIX peanH3yerca orlMcaHbtit UpHHUHt yupaBeHHAa, Ha3biBaloTcA CHCTeMaMH C UpaMbIM (HeI10C~ peuCTBEHHEIM) yupaBseHHem MomeHToM (Direct Torque Control-DTC). MbI coxpanum ory anruiickyio a6Opennatypy, 4roGbi OGueruT, UTeHHe JIMTepaTypbl Ha aHTIMIICKOM A3bIKe, Ha KOTOPOM HalIHcaHO rosaBsiaroUee 4HciO pabor 110 paccmatpuBaemoii TemaTHKe. Cucrembl, 8 KOTOpbIX peawH30BaHa TaGHIa 3.2, nasee OyueM Ha3biBaTb cuctremamu M1 PaccmotpuM xapakTepucrHkKn M3MeHe- HHA MoMeHTa Goulee noupo6Ho. [pu perymposanun Y% Opictpbie BapHauun cocrapsiaiommnx Bexropa ‘Vy yemidupy- lore Goutbtuoi nocTosHHOi Bpemenn Ty (1.26), 109ToMy MoxkHO npHHaTs, To Bextop ‘VY; uMeer rloctosHHy!0 am y M Bpailaerca C NOCTOAHHO: CcKOpocTHIO @g. Ha puc.3.3 npuBegexsi roxorpadpp! Ys wu 'Y; Bro, 470 Bexrop Wg KoseGseTca BOKpyr YCTaHOBMBUerocA 3Ha4eHHA, a Puc.3.3.Ponorpadbi BeKTopos —_ BEKTOp OMHcbIBaeT MpakTH4eCKH Healib- Yo, HyiO OKpyxKHocTb. Torya u3MeHeHHe yria A;-=AO-OsTo, (3.5) rae AO -w3menenue yria Bexropa ‘Y. . Umeem c yyerom (3.2): Yspt ay Y Ad =aretg_ °F. aera Be ay .pcosd- Psat Asa Ysa Ws AW .qsind) Pe ( cos sind) Pe (3.6) cate Us, =—~usg> oS sa Ys sp sa Ys sq orky,la c yyeTom (3.3) AMa=kind Fal A FSi Oyy a+ PrefT clitgg / Porto] = Tckma Fro(Usd Sin sr + Usq -Os Prop), 3.7) 47rae 9,89 coorsercrsyior uccuelyemMom: 'Y YCTaHOBMBUIeMyca pexu- My upa Y= Pref Ma-Myeg Usq- MpOeKuMA BeKTOpa HarIpaxKeniA HuBepTopa Ha HatlpaBuenve, reprexjuKyApHoe eee Jia pacuera Y.9,,9 — Moxno BOCHOMb3OBaTECA TIPHOWKEHHBIMH COOTHOWeHHAMH: ro-Ks Frey, sinOrg-MahimdKs Prog (38) rye K,=L,,//L. - KooHUHeHT cBA3H CTaTopa. ‘Ss S: P AMa Vk-6 Vk=2 “060402093 Puc.3.4.3asucumocts namenenus momenta or Nos1oxeHna Bextopa Y. np pasmmuneix: 8) Mg a4 06=1; 6) «5 sua Mg=l 48 Ha puc.3.4 MmpuBeyeHnbi PaccunTaHHble no (3.7) BEIMYHHI ~—pupaujenus MOMeHTa (TOKO BeHUH- Ha B CkoOKax). BugHo, uro B HeKOTOpoM quaria30He NonoxKeHuii Bextopa VY, MPH CkOpocTax Bpaujenns OuM3KHX K HOMMHaTBHOit NpowcxonnT He ysemnye- HHe, a yMeHbUeHHe Mome- uta. Ha puc.3.5 noxasanpr nonyyenHple MOyIerH- PoBaHveM BenH4HHEI Mo- MeHTa qBuratena ~My, COCTOAHHe MHBepTopa Vj 4 yron @ npn npoxox- nen nepsoro cextopa, ©s=1,7.=0.021(69 mxcex), \eticrsurensuo, B TepBoit uacTH CeKTopa cocTosHue Vk =2 mpupogut ne x YBeIMYeHHIO, a K yMenb- WICHHIO ~MOMeHTa (TOUKH "a"), B cepequne cexTopa MOMEHT pH Vj =2 nouTH He MeHseTCa (TOUKH "b"), B nocieqHel YacTH ceKTo- Ppa MOMeHT Bo3pacraer (ro¥Ku "c"), Puc.3.5.Ipoueccei 8 s1exrponpusose ¢ DTC: a)-ana M1; 6)-n18 M2. Takum 06pa3oM, Bech CeKTOp MOxeT ObITh pazilevieH Ha TPH MoyceKTopa: -7/6<0<8}; 8)0, Bo BTopom toacexrope AMq(V,=2)>0, AMA V,=6)>0 , B tpetsem AMG(V,=2)>0, AM{(V,=6)<0. pannus TouceKTOpos onpeyesmtotcs KaK [19] 6] = arcsin e ~aretg 32 9200. 0 : (3.9) 1= a 5 7 2 v30 y+ O50 sr 4902 = ~aresin —_—_,. (3.10) d=1.50; FrefUg. lpn ysenuyennn @s yi 0] 1 02 cOnwKarores, 1 IPH HEKOTOPO! CKOPOCTH Ws). OHH PABHBI, Tak 4TO JUIA KAKOTO yrua O BO BCeM jUtallazoHe CyULeCTByeT TOKO OM BeKTOP VK, JLIA KOTOPOrO AM PO , t.e. He cymecTByer BO3MO2%HOCTH jUIA BEIGOpa V_ B 3aBHCH- MOCTH OT OMIMOKH Ey. ITY BCMMYHHY Ws, MOXKHO PACCMATPHBATh Kak upeiieabnylo. AHaH3 HoKasLIBaeT BecEMA CiGyIO ee SaBHCHMOCTD OF Og. . Hootomy 43 ycxoBns 01 = 09 HpHt O,,9 =0 Hoaysaem: Osm® re) Osm¥ ref | (.11) Ha puc.3.6 noKa3zana Mad a 10 3ABHCHMOCTb cpeyHero momenta AJ] 3a nepnwoa ff OCHOBHOH = rapMOHHKH nHMTalowlero —-Halipspke- Vy ae nua mp Myep=l, Pep 1, Uge2 cxompxenne 07 1.6% na pa3HYHbIx 3HayeHHit aMcKpeT- 06 HocTH peryzropa. Jinuus, ormeyenHaa coorgetcrsyet (3.11). Os oe Ps Om Oe enw BuaHo, ¥To 9TO cooT- ML To aan M2 HOWeHHE aeT NoctTa- TOYHY!O TOYHOCTh (A sees Te=0,007 ss 7 ea OUeHKH = MaKCHMaJIbHO Puc.3.6.Cpeannii moment B byHkunu ckopoctHt BO3MOXKHO! CKOpocTH AJ, oco6eHHo mp ma- Joi JMCKpeTHOCTH BEMHCHeHHi. V3 storo puc., a TakwKe m3 puc.3.5a BUHa elle OAHa OCObeHHOCTE cuctembl. Cuctemb! DTC B Hactosilee Bpema peasM3yeTcs C MOMOLIbIO Undpossix yetpolicrs (uMdpoweix CHrHaJIbHbIX MpoLleccopos), moyTOMy MM MIPHCYIH 3auepxKKa BbIIIOIHEHHA BLIMHCIeHH fy HM WMCKpeTHOCTL noBTopeHua BbIuncneHHii T,. Hano TakKe OTMeTHTb, 4TO C le/bIO 50 YMCHbILEHHA YACTOTBI KOMMYTALIMH HHBepTOpa JUIA OLIPeAeCHHA 3HAKOB Em H Ey HCTIONBSyIoTCA peseiinbie cxemb! (pealiM3yeMbIe, ECTECTBEHHO, porpammuo) c rucTepesHcom WHpHHOH NeTIM AA MoMeHta 24MO u aia uoroKa 2dFO, v.€. &_=1 mpu M,e¢- Mg>@M0, &,= -1 upn Myer- Ma< -dMO0, upu -dM0>M,e¢- Mdy prom ae ; / : Pref TS noms nom! Os- G.12)Ha puc.3.14 sacuxcuposan upouece pasrona AJ 20 nBoliHoi cKopocTH ¢ HCHOJb3OBAHHEM MPOMOPUMOHAJIbHO-HHTerPabHOrO perysaTOpa CKOpOC- TH M 3ajaT4nka HHTeHCHBHOCTH. Asiroputm DTC- M2 ¢ 1repexojjom K M1, Kak 970 ObLIO OIIMCaHO BpIWUe. ‘WA Puc.3.14. Pasroxt 20 BoiiHoii ckopocrH Baxkubiii Bompoc mpH npamMenenun DTC- 310 o6ecneyenne nycka AJ] 6e3 cBepxToKos. CyulecTByIOT pa3IMYHbIe cnocoOsl, mpocteiummii H3 KOTOpbIX -BO36yxXHeEHHE ABHTaTesA TOCTOAHHBIM TOKOM. J[IA ITOH WENH BbIOMPaeTCA OLHO H3 COCTOAHKI MHBepTopa, Hanpumep, V\=4 (Tora TOK HallpaBJIeH 10 OCH CL) M MHBEpTOp yIIpaBsAeTCA TOA KOHTpomeM rHc- Tepe3HcHoro perysTopa ToKa: Kora ig>l, Vy=0 ,korua ia< Ip-A, Vx=4 noKa I-A K,eH- Horo AJ], npuyem 6bui0 npuHato J,=2, A=0.1. 7[na pana s1exTponpHBogoB AOKeH OpiTb OGectiedeH Tak Ha3bIBaeMbIii “nryck Ha xogy", wiM "flying start", Korga CHcTeMa JOJDKHa BKIHOYAaTECA Ha Bpaljaioutniicn §=HeBo30yxKTeHHbI = aBuraTenb. TaKoii pexHM XapakTepeH, HalIpHMep, JUIA TpaHciopra, Kora BHraTelb OIKeH BKJHOYATSCA MPH ABHKYLIEMCA 10 HHEPUHH TpaHCHopTHOM cpeycTBe. Cymecrsyer pan cnoco6oB ocymecrsieHHa mycka Ha xony. Koneyno, 56 mS . AN AAAAAAN Se OW \f JEN ENE ANE ay Ma f : ee A aoe oh nnn 1 36ms ow Puc.3.15.[yck HeBos6y:kueuHoro aBnrarena 3ajlaua ypoujaeTca Np HAIMYHH JaTYHKa CKOPOCTH, OHAKO MbI GyjeM npeiiosarath, YTO TakoBolt oTcyTcrByeT. Bo36yaxqeHHe MOCTOAHHbIM TOKOM H@K¢ IPH €rO MaKCHMAJIbHO!i BEIHYHHE, JONYCKaeMOli HHBepTO- POM, MoxKeT He OGecHe4HTb HOMHHaIbHOe BO3OyxKHEHMe AJ] 13-3a Goub- WOTO CKOJIbKEHHA, MOSTOMY BO3MOXKHO HCHOMb30BaTb CIIeLyIOUMii airopHtm: cHayasia AJ Bos6yxkqaeTCA MOCTOAHHbIM TOKOM B TeyeHHe orpeyeneHHoro Bpemeru (30-50 Mcek), Kak 9TO ObIIO OLMcaHO BILE, pH 9TOM MOTOK AOCTHTaeT HeKOTOpO! BenHYMHE! Moy jn 52 3ATEM BKITO- yaerca DTC, u sananne Y.ef TIaBHO, TO” KOHTPOsIEM TOKa, yBeMYHBA- erca oT Yon in HO HOMHHATBHOH BenMunHBI. Ecum MakcuMyM TOKa [Ipe- spuuiaet [,, TO cKopocTb Hapactanus Y,r orpannunpaeres. IIpu 9toM Myep=0 (puc.3.16). TokoorpanHyuenne uMeeT OoubWOe 3HAYeHHe WWia HayexHOH paOoTbI DNIEKTPOMPHBOMA, MOCKONBKY TOK HeTlOcpeCTBEHHO He OrpaHHunBaeTca CilenyeT OTMeTHTL O4eBHAHI (PakT, YTO NOZa4a HyNeBOrO HaNpwMKeHHA UpH Neperpy3kax IpHBOAMT K MpOTHBOTIOOKHOMY WpeKTy: BOSHHKAeT P@KHM KOpOTKOrO 3aMbiKaHHa AJ], Mp KOTOpOM TOK cyulecTBeHHO ypetMunpaetcs [1]. Y3en ToKoorpanHyenna PyHKIMOHHpyeT He TObKO NIpH llycke, Kak 9TO ObLIO OTIMCaHO BBILUe, HO H TIpH HOpMalibHoii paGoTe, Bosuelictays Ha yMenbuenne Myer . Ha puc.3.17 noKasaH HecKosIbKO HCKYCCTBEHHBI MIpHMep, Kora MpH paOore Ha HOMHHaNbHOH CKOpocTH 3ajlaHMe MOTOKa yMeHbillaeTCA BABOe, MPH 3TOM TOK CyUeCTBeHHO 57Bo3pactaer, HO B MOMEHT Z BCTyNaeT B padoTy y3e1 TOKOOrpanHucHHaA, nacrpoenHpiit Ha [,)=1.8 , 4 TOK orpaHHuBaetca nytem cHWKeHUs 3ajJaHHsl MOMeHTA. i. Ma [ lop 1 ‘s ,=0.98 Puc.3.16. Baouenne neaos6y:kxeHnoro, Bpauiaroueroca ¢ HOMHHaNBHOH ckopoctsio apHrarena ig=2 \ vpn ne } nd AANA VT v eo eee ear amrg Z Puc.3.17. PaGora y3ua ToKoorpannueniis 67 58 2.XapakTepucTHKH Mpouecca peryMpoBanna Kak BH1HO 13 pHBezeHHOrO BbILIe OrMCaHUA cucTembI DTC, ona crpy- KTYPHO MIpocta H HMeeT TOKO Ba HaCTpawBaembIX mapametpa: dMO 4 dF0. Ha xapakrepucTHKM CHCTeMbI CyUIeCTBeHHO BuIMAeT TaKwKe JHC- KpetHocts T;; O6bIHHO B H3FOTOBJICHHOM 31€KTPONpPHBOAe OHA He MOXKET ObITb H3MeHeHa, Tak Kak OHa OMpesenAeTCA BLIOpaHHO! IIeMeHTHO 6a30i, 3a1OKEHHOH MporpaMMoii, yCTaHOBJICHHBIMH JaTuHkaMu H T.1. BesH4vaMi, XapakTepH3ylOlMMHM Ka4eCTBO CHCTeMBI, ABJIAIOTCA (py- kKTyalHH MoMenTa yBHratena AMy, yactota KOMMyTauMM MHBepTopa ff, cojlepyKaHHe BBICIUHX rapMOHHK B TOKe ABHTaTeA Cy. Hecmorpa Ha mpo- CTOTY CHCTEMbI, IOYYHT AHANHTHYECKME BbIP@MKEHHA JUIA 9THX BEMYHH MOCTATOYHO CJIOXKHO, YTO CBAZAHO C HEMHEMHOCTbIO CHCTeMbI, ee HeCTa- UMOHAPHOCTbIO (3aBHCHMOCTbIO XAapakKTepHCTHK OT MOMOKeHHA BeKTOpa ‘VY, B CeKTOpe), BIMAHHeM CiyyaiiHOro MOMeHTa (pPHKCaLMH H3MepseMbIX KoopsMHat. B WMerouynxca B HEOOsbIIOM KONMYeCTBe padoTax He BCe ITH pakropbl yuTeHbI, YTO WesaeT MX pe3y/IbTATbI He BCerda AOCTOBEpHbIMH. TlosTOMy OCHOBHBIM MeTOMOM MONYYeHHA yKa3aHHbIX XapakTepHcTHK ABIAETCA MOeNMpOBaHHe. Jka ITOH LEH BO3MOXKHO HCIIOb3OBaTb KaK cileuMajibuble a3b1KH MATLAB, Simulink, Tak m #3bIKM BBICOKOrO ypoB- Ha OOuero MpuMeHeHna (Hampumep, Turbo Pascal). B 6ospuimucTse cily4aeB MPUBeEHHbIe B KHMTe Pe3ybTaTbI MOMYYEHbI C TIOMOUIbIO HMe- HHO STOO A3bIKa, XOTA B pane 3ana4 Obl HcHOND30BaH ~MATLAB- Simulink, a B Hekoroppix cayyaax B UeAX CONocTaBIeHHA 3aya4a pella- Hach AByMa cnocobamu. Bpuro naiiyeno, yo B GObULMHCTBe cyyaeR 3ayaya, HanvcaHHast Ha a3bike Turbo Pascal, pewlaerca 3a MeHbuee BpeMa, 4eM C Hcriomb3oBaHHem Simulink, 4 BO MHoro pa3 OpicTpee, 4eM Mp MCMO/b30BaHHH MIporpamM, HallMcaHHbIX Ha A3bIKe MATLAB. Uto kKacaeTCad BpeMeHH, 3aTpauHBaeMoro Ha MporpaMMuposanne, TO nocie NepBOHAYabHOrO HakOTWIeHMA TpeGyeMbIX No_MporpaMM HallMcaHHe HOBO NporpaMMbI HIM e€€ MOepHH3aLMA TIpH HcHOAb30BaKHKH Turbo Pascal rpe6yer MeHulero BpeMeHH, 4eM MpH HCroNb30BaHHH Simulink. PaccMoTpHM BHa4ase MOMeHTHBIe XapakTepHcTuKH. C oho 13 HHX MBI yKe BCTPeyallHcb B Npeybiyujem raparpade. ITO 3aBMCHMOCTE cpesHerO MOMEHTa ABHYaTeNA OT CKOPOCTH MPH HOCTOAHHOM 3aaHHH Myef - Ha PHc.3.6 mpuBeyeHbl 9TH XapaKTepHCTHKH MpH Mref=1 qua cuctrem M1 w M2, orkyma ciemyer, uTO cuctema MI He oGecreynBaer yjoBNeTBOpH- TEAbHBIX B TOM CMbICHe XapakrepucTuK. Ha puc.3.18 npuBeseHo conoc- TaBneHue cuctem M2 n M3 mpu pa3iM4HbIX BeyIMYHHaX MMCKpeTHOCTH H AByx 3HaveHnax sananns:.M,e¢=1 4 Myer =0.25. Buauo, 40 cuctema M3 gaer xyaume xapaktepuctuKu, ocobeHHo npv Gonbuux T, , 410 CBA3AHO C YaCTBIM HCIO/b3OBAHHEM €1O AKTHBHBIX BeKTOPOB BMECTO 59