Shean oY Ve oe Sheet-% A ane as Soke of Ae Bookef Therma Ensnecring Examph@O) Cotentte the ech of 1 of steam aa presture of & tor and deers “ration ef 03 Hw mak Fe nod be repre ralve ky ofthis eamfrom water at 2 C7 Scbtion Given pi 8 bars = 08 Encl of eof ear For startles, comespondig na pressure of Bb, we find tht y= TODRIg and, = 206 S8Ig ‘We know that anhalpy of | Agof set ster, = hybithy = 7209 40820165 « 29581 KI Ans ot eat eset torte 2g oft stan fos wr 20 C ‘Wehnecd:ulv tortie end cv tales eet rae Hof seam fom ater mO°C. Soe be materi ee aly sa, rte Haiskeainase = 40G0= HE yw Op AT Ha ered perigee = 281-84 DTA and eatogeed fer 2h fy : eh « 24820 ba am pQBY Devise gusty oft reqiredtopredace ig ofstecmate presse ef Sbarata tense cf 2 Center te loin condions: The tec ret ang adc fron 2 when thse ny touted ard St whentissuperbeated xe conan prersare a 30°C anemig te mecn cic hectof ssperced oo be 21K = Seton, Ginen:p = 6B, «25°C; £=09 tay = 20°Cieg 223 HE K Fronstam ste, conesposdngo agree of 6B, we id ht Rouaa aan a aeerc 1. When the team inet Wetzow therapy or otal heat of kgf wet tex, A= hytahy, = 6704+09% 2085 = 254691) Sines the waerigsta temperature of 2°C, therefore Hestalventy inmate = 4225 = 1050 Heat acl coed = 25469 ~105 © 24419 Ans 2 Werte tom itd sanrased ‘Welsow tat nhl orto ato hf deysaterted seam, hy = byt = 610847085 = T1554 Heat sctanlyegured = 27554105 = 2650445 Ans. 3.1When te steam is superhated ‘Weknow thatesthalpy eral heatof 1 kgf superheated tea, 20854423 280-1588) = 2965168 bg = 846 ag 2860.16 Aas 1 Heat actualy equted = 296516 = 105 ot igomend! (72.3.3) 7-9, 710, 84, ao) 36 372 10%, 10g Us-g6 20s Formation ond Propertigs of Steum ‘ ‘Determine the conditinn of steam in the following cases > Gta pressure of 10 bar and temperature 200 C. “Zara pressure of 10 bar and volume 0.175 mM. Solution. Given :p = 10 bar; = 200°C ; v= 0.175 mhkg 1. Condition of steam at temperature of 20° C Frora steam tables, corresponding toa pressut of 10 bar, we ind tat v, = 0194 mag; hy = T62OKING: and # = 1799°C i t t Since the saturation temperature at 10 baris (1 ven temperature of the team (20°C), therefore the given seam supereated, The degree of superbeat ofthe sean (eh " = 200-1799 = 20.1°C Ans. e i Prcondiion of steam ata volurse of 0.175 mlkg t Since the volume of given steam (0.175 m'vkg) is less than the specific volume of the dry >} saturated steam (0.194 1m/kg), therefore the given steam is wet. The dryness fraction of steam, i ae oe = 0.902 Ans, t Exanl Steam enters an engine ata pressure of 12 ber with a 67° C of superheat. ft | isexhausted a} issure of 0.15 bar and 0.95 dry. Find the drop in enthalpy of the steam, i Solution, Given :p, = I2barty tf = 67°C: p,=0.15 bar ;x = 095) t f From steam tables, corresponding toa pressure of 12 bar, we find that ' hy = TOBA KKB hg = 1984.3 Kg We know that enthalpy or total heat of 1 kg of superheated steam, Ig = Hy thy #6 inf) = 198.44 198434267 = 29167 kikkg Ans, ++ (Taking ¢,=2kifkg K) ' Similarly rom steam tables, coreesponding toa pressure pf 0.15 bar, we find that } ~~ hy = 226K hy = anaung i We know that enthalpy or total heat of 1 kg of wet steam, i h = hytxhy, = 2264095 x 19843 = 2111 Wikg E + Drop in enthalpy of the steam % hh = 2916.7 ~2111 = 805.7 ike Ans, Examy ‘A steam engine obtains steam from u boiler at a pressure of 15 bar and 0.98 - dry. twas observed that the steam loses 21 kd of heat per kg asitflows through the pipe line, pressure remaining constant. Calculate dryness fraction of the steam, at the engine end of the pipeline. Solution, Given : p = 15 bar ; x= 0.98 ; Heat loss = 21.ki/kg, From steain tables, corresponding to a pressure of 15 bar, we find that. fy = BASO KUKg: hy = 1945.3 Kg ‘We know that enthalpy of wet steam atthe boiler end, = bytahy = 8446 +098 x 19453 = 2751 Kihkg,208, J. A Test Book of Thermal Engineering ExamplV¥, Find the external work done during evaporation per kg of steamata pressure of 15 bar when the steam is (a) 90% dry and (b) dry: saturated. Solution, Given : p= 15 bar ‘From steam tables, corresponding toa pressure o v, = 0.1317 mike F 15 bar, we find that (a) Workdone when the steane Is 90% dry (ie. x= 09) ‘We know that workdone, w = 100 pxv, = 100%15x09X0.1317 = 1778 kikg Ans. (b) Workdone when the steam is dry saturated ‘We know that workdone, 00 pv, = 100x15x0.1317 = 197.5 Wikg Ans. —— Internal Energy of Steam this the actual heat energy stored steam, above the Festing goint of water. The internal coergy ray becalealatedby subtracting extra ‘york done during evaporation from the enthalpy to total heat of steam. Mathematically, Tnternal energy of steam H tal heat - External workdone during evaporation = Enthallpy or tot ‘Tae expressions ofineral enerey per kgf team (a for Wet steam, dey saturated steam and supetheated steam are given Below (@) For wet steam Joratons = hye xh, 100p 0, hg, oP" (8) For dry saturated st "fei = hypthy- 100 pv, Hike (0 For superheated ste (eh LOOP Up = Uh, 6 (ag M17 TOP Yay HIME in cylinder to final internaleneray (u,), then change N fe seam of ital internal energy ()is heated ie in internal energy, Li,-u, Exam Calculate the internal the steam is: (a) UV dry ; and (b) dry satura Solution, Given : p= 1Ober ding toa pressure of 10 bar, we find that From steam tables, corresponé 626 hig; hy, = 2013.6 Kikg and v, = 01943 mig 9) (a) Internal energy of 1g of steam when itis 0.9 dry (ce ‘We know that internal energy for wet steam * w= hytxh,- WOpxe, = 1626 +09 x 2013.6 - 100x 100.9% 0.1943 I = 2548-1748 = 240010 Ans. energy of 1 kg of steam ata pressure of 10 bar.when ed. The volume of water may benéglected. © °209 es of Stew Honmasen and Propertc pihorernateneres of He af sean whet iniedry sauruced ‘We know that internal energy f° saturated teatig «7 = ht hy 100% 46 +0136- F 00x 100.1983 2776.2 194.3 = 25819! An. : ceray of 1 kg of superten tered 0h) fad ce ct are. ininternal energy. ASSHE eae mre tom or 24 MOE “ottion, Given: Py = 10 fay = 280 C5 pad bbar x= 08 56, = 24 kslkg K From steam tables, coresponding 102 presSUE ‘of 10 bar, wef by = 162.6 KIB: My 2013.6 ki/kg: B, = 91943 mike : and: ‘we know that enthalpy of feet steam, Ihy 2 By thy te lap sam at a pressure of 10 ted 51 rermine the change 12 1799°C = 179.9) = 2986.4 Kiikg, | 2 7626+2013.6+ 2.1 (280 f 80+ 273 {and 19x SS = ODT Pkg, hag = Fag 100P. Yay op w gposa— 105 x 1D RUaIT = 2194 Whe sresuperteted steams expands to apressee of 6b Frome tables corresponding tn a pressure of 16 ba, we find that —— fy = 415A = 72209 Ki an O71 wikg We know that itera energy ofthe expanded steam, ty, = hy 100 pr zY r5-+08x22209 ~ 100% 1.6087 1.081 = 2052.1 = 139.7 = 2112.4 Klkg, ‘Change in internal energy wt, = PAID 2N124 = 637 Kikg Ans. ~~ steam at a pressure of 8 bar. Find the amount of inthe vessel ta be 70%. iy t Example 7.11, A vessel contains 2 of ‘heat, which must be rejected, so.as to reduce the quality of stearn ' } } 1 Solution, Given : m= 2kgip,= Sbat:4,=70%=07 “From steam aan corresponding toa pressure of & bar, we find that = 2167 Sklikg; and Uy = 0.24 mig, Volume of vessel = 24024 = 048 tte, onl = 24024 = 048m) FE snsiiial emafenegyperke fsa 4, = hy ~ HOP Uy Now neglecting the aerate wet steam (with dryness fraction of ceepied by the steam will be equal tothe volume of vessel 21675 — 1008 x0.24 = 2575.5 KKB 0.7), the volumeage goth o ott ” 0.48 = Baadany WE 14%, OF Up = 0.343 mikkg From steam tables, corresponding toa specific volume of 0.343 m’/kg, we find that py = SS bar: hy = 6SS.SKKg; and hy = 2095.9 Uikg 20 A Text Book of Thermal Engineering + Final internal energy per kg of steam, ty = Apt hg OPO : = 685.8 +0.7 x 2095.9 - 100% 5.5x0.7x0.343 2123-132 = 1991 kikg uy = 2575S~1991 = S845 and heat rejected = Heat rejected by 2g of steam 2x5U5 = 11691 Ans. Exsmple 7.12. Steam at 18 bar and dryness 0.9 is heated at constant pressure urtil dry and sanurated, Find the increase in volume, heat supplted and work done per kg of stecm. Ifthe volume isrow kept constant find how much heat must be extracted to reduce the pressure to 14 bar, Solutlon, Given : p= 18 bar x=0.9;; p, = 14 bar From steam tables, corresponding toa pressure of 18 bar, we find that fy = BAS Wikg; hy, = 1910.3 Uikg sh, = 2794.8 Whkg; and v, = 0.1103 mikg ‘The diagram is divided into two portions, by alline termed s saturation line. Inthe lower (.e. wet) region, the temperature of steam remains constant at a given pressure. In the upper (ce. super heat) region the temperature of steam increases atthe given pres- sure. lollies diagram has the following lines: ness fraction lines, <2 Copstant voluine ines, Sena pressure lines, Teothermal lines, 5. Isentropic lines, and 6. Thiottling lines, ‘These lines are discussed, in detal, inthe following pages. Lo Dryness Fraction Lines on h-s Diagram, ‘The dryness fraction lines are drawn only below the saturation line (which represents dryness. fraction equal to 1.0). These lines represent the ‘condition of wet steam Between various values of enthalpy and entropy as shown in Fig. 8.7. Now consider a sample of I kg of wet steam ryness fraction 0.9. In the Initial stage, let the ~ ‘Sariple Rave enthalpy of 2500 klikg which may be shiitrrby the point A on the hs diogeamn, Let this ‘sample be cooled at constant dryness fraction to an enthalpy of 2400 kI/kg which may be showa by point B. Now the change of entropy during this process may be found out by the difference of initial ‘and final entropies obtained by drawing vertical ines through A and B. In this case, the entropies at —Env0py (9) — Fig,86 be dingae er Mollicr chart Fig BI. Drress(eachon om hsExpy of Steam 2S 4 ed B are 6.5 and 7.02 respectively. Thus increase in entropy during the process is 7.02 ~ 6.5 = OS2 kikg K. Constant Volume Lines on fis Diagram ‘The constant volume lines are drawn in both the wet steam region and superheated steam region. These linesare straightin the wet steamregion, but curved upwards aboverthe saturation curve iz. superheated region as shown in Fig, 88. a500= Now consider a sample of wet steam of dey ress faction 0.8 having enthalpy (otal heat) of 2250 idfig, which may be shown by point A on the As diagram, From the Mollie diagram, we findthatthe velame ofthis steam is 1.0 m'/kg. Let this sample ‘be heated at constant volume of 1.0 m’skg til its dryness fraction is 0.95. Now mark this point B. This process may be represented by the line AB on the Mollie diagram, Now the change of enthalpy (total feat) during this process may be found out by the difference between the initial enthalpy of 2250 1Wékg and the Final enthalpy obtained by drawing a horizontal fine through . In this ease, the final value of enthalpy is 2590 4d/kg, Thus increase in exthalpy during this process is 2590-2250 = 340 kVkg. Ifthis sample of steamis further heated at constant volume of 1.0 v'/kg firstinto dry saturated steam (shown by point C) and then into superheated steam at 400° C (showin by roint D), we find thot enthalpy at Cand D is 2700 klikg and 3275 Kg respectively. Thus increase in enthalpy from thie Cis 2700 ~ 2250= 450 kltkg Similarly, increase in enthalpy from A to Dis 3275 ~7250 = 1025 ike. Nite: Increase in entropy during the process ftom A to 2, C ar D may be found out by obtains the sponding values of entropy. &) Constant Pressure Lines on fies Diagram “The constant pressure lines are drawn in both the wet steam region and superbeted steam region. These lines are straight inthe wet steam region, because during vaporisatin the ineceage cf shal Ce ie ret popes toe eat) Ts direcly proporional tothe increase in quality, and hence to the increase in eciropy. The constant pressure nes we curved ce ‘Sightly upwards above the Sumuration curve Le. inthe superheated region as shown in Fig. 89. ‘Now consider a sample of wet stam of dryness faction 0.75 having enthalpy ttalheat) E £2110 kikg which may be shown by the pointe Fig. 88, Constant vol ns dingram, Aon the fs diagram. From the A-s disgram, we find that the pressure ofthis steamis 1 Obar. Let :his sample be heated at constant pressure of 1.0 ‘oa ilits dryness fractions 098. Now mark this, point B, This process may be represented by the a Fine AB on the Mollier diagram, Now the change —— Entopy (3) —= cf enthalpy during the process may be found out by the difference between the inital enthalpy of 2110 ki/kg and final enthalpy obtained by drawing a horizontal line through B. In this case, the final ‘ie of enthalpy is 2570 kl/kg, Ths increase in enthalpy during this process is 2570 - 2110 = 460 akg. Fig. 89. Constant pressure tines on fier diagro,Entropy of Steam 327 Now consider a sample of wel steam at a pressure of 14 bar and dryness fraction 0.88 which may be shown by the point A on the f-s diagram. From the Mollier diagram, we find that the entropy of this steam is 5.94 KI/kg . K. Let this sample be expanded by throttling to a pressure of 1.0 bar. Now draw a horizontal line through A to meet the pressure line of 1.0 bar, which may be shown by the point B, From te Mollir diagram, we find that he entropy at Bis 7.04 kW/kg K. Thus increase in entropy from A to 8 is 7.04 5.94 = 1.1 kilkg K. Fig. 812. Throng lines on Note : Frojn the Mollier diagram, we alo find that specific reas ‘volume of steam at A and B is 0.14 and 1.7 m'fxg respectively. = Entropy (3 — cl Solution. 1. Fits of al, on the Moller chart marka point A, where the pressure line through p, (£30 bar) aud temperature line through f, (Le. 350° C) meets as shown in Fig. 8.13. f t 2, Since the steam is expanded isentropically 1 (ée, ata constant entropy), therefore draw a vertical | is E line through A to meet the pressure line p, (ie. | bar) = | atpoint B as shown in Fig. 8.13. | Enthalpy drop during the process From the Mollier chart, we find that enthalpy hy = 3120 bdlkg, andenthalpy at B, hy = 2450KNkg Entropy (3) —~ Fig. 813 < Enthalpy drop during the process, Final condition of the steam ; k h = hg—hy =3120~ 2450 = 670 Wikg Ans. t t From the Mollier chart, we also find that final condition (i.e. dryness fraction) of the steam at } 81809 Ans. f tami) ‘A sample of steam at 200° C and a pressure of 7 bar is first expanded at a | constant enhalp)T6 5 bar, and then at constant entrop 10.5 bar. With the help of Molter diagram, ‘termine the change of entropy and enthalpy during tke procesies. 200°C; p, =7 bar; p, =3 bar sp, = 0.5 bar 1. First ofall, on the Moltier diagram mark point A where the pressure line through p, (ie. tar) and temperature line through t, (Le. 200° C) meets as shown in Fig. 8.14, { ¢ } Solution. Given =f t 2. Since the steam is first expanded at constant enthalpy, therefore draw a horizontal line t | f [-eough A to meet the pressure ie though (Ue 3b) a pit Bs shown in Fig. 814. ; t228 A eat Bouk of Thermal Engiieering 3. Now as the steain is expanded at constant entropy, therefore draw a vertical fine thrvugh D to meet the pressure line py (te. 0.5 bar) at point C as shown in Fig. 8,14. From the Mollier diagram, we find that hig = hy = 2850 ilk; +, =684 kde K he = 2S35 KN; 55 = 55 Change of entropy and enshalpy during constant ‘enthalpy process We know that change of entropy = ign, = T- 684 = 0SKhg K Ans. and change of enthalpy = 1) Ans, 4 Change of entrap cand enthalpy ‘We know that change of entropy =O Ans, and change of enthalpy = hy he pnsturt entropy prowess 850-2535 = Sky Ans. EXERCISES : 1. Calculate the entopy of kg of water at PC. (Ans. 1.195 UA KE 2. Calculate the entropy increase during evaporation of 1 kg of dry saturated steam ata pressure of 7 by. (Ans. 4.714 1/2 X]) 3. Determine the extopy of | kg of wet steam ata pressure of 10.5 tar and of dryness fraction 09. [Ans. 6.127 Uikg Kb 4. Determine the envopy of !kg cf superheated steamat 14 barand 200°C. Assume, =2.1 KSke K. {Ans 659 Ag Ki} 5S. Cakulate the entropy of I kg of superheated steam at a pressure of 1S bar and 100" C of superbect Assume ¢, = 23 ufhg K. (Ans. 6583 U4 KI 6. Drysaturcted seam ata pressureof 10 baris expanded ientopically toa pressere uf 07 bo. Us Mollie dizeram, determine te emhalpy d:op. 2 [Ans $3042) QUESTIONS 1, What is the arbitrary temperature of zern entropy chosen for water ? 2. Is the temperature used in calculations fur entropy °C or K? 3, Write the equation for the entinpy increase during superbeating. 4. Show the following processes oa T-s diagram : (i) heating of water from O° Cto boiling temperature; (ii) evaporation of water ; and (ii) superteating of steam. 5. What is meant by constant dryness fraction lines ? How thesc are plotted on T-s diagram ? 6. Write short note on the Moltier chart znd its construction, 7, Name the various uses of Motlier chart. 8, Show the throttling and isentropic expansion of steam on Moltier chart.Engineering Thermodynamics Final Exam Suggestions (Total 4 set questions will be needed to answer out of 5 set questions) Sheet-6: Vapor Power Cycle Define Wet steam, Dry saturated steam, Superheated steam, Dryness fraction. Specific Volume of steam, Explain Sensible heat of water, Latent heat of vaporization and Total heat of steam. ‘What is Mollier Diagram? Sketch it showing different constant line. Define dry steam, total heat of steam Math- 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.9, 7.10 (Using Steam Table) SHER heet- 8: Rankine Cycle Sketch Carnot Cycle with steam as a working substance and also draw P-V, T-S diagram with their process name. Draw schematic diagram of a Rankine Cycle with T-S diagram and also write down their process name. Draw P-V and T-S diagram of Rankine Cycle with superheated steam. Why steam is superheated? Why steam is reheated? Draw schematic diagram of Reheat cycle. What are the advantages of reheat of steam? Why regeneration of steam is done? How regeneration is done? What's are the limitation of this system of regeneration? Math: 8.4, 8.5 (Using Mollier chart) aaa Sheet: Gas Turbine How a closed cycle gas turbine works? Describe with proper diagram. ‘Write down the name of cycle based on which a gas turbine works? Draw a P-V and T-S diagram of this cycle. How can improve efficiency of a gas turbine? Explain with proper diagram. How can increase power output of a gas turbine? Explain with proper diagram, Write down some field of application of a gas turbine. Math: 33.1; 32]. aa Sheet-10: Psychrometry Define: Dew point temperature, moist air, Humidity, Relative humidity, saturated air, Wet bulb Temperature. ‘What is Psychrometric Chart? Define sensible cooling, sensible heating, Humidification, Dehumidification, Explain Cooling and Dehumidification, Heating and Humidification. Math: 37.6; 37.7 (Using Psychrometric Chart) aati,