Chapter 3:

Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

Course: PH1016
Lecturer: Dr. Nguyen Cong Tu

One Love. One Future.v 1

Summary

• Position, velocity, and acceleration vectors;

• Projectile motion;
• Uniform and non-uniform circular motion;
• Relative velocity;

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Position, velocity, and acceleration vectors
• Position vector: r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ

• Average velocity vector: r2 − r1 r

vav = =
t2 − t1 t r1

• Instantaneous velocity vector: r dr

v = lim =
t →0 t dt
r2
• Components of instantaneous
velocity: dr dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
v= = i+ j+ k
dt dt dt dt
dx dy dz
vx = vy = vz =
dt dt dt

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Position, velocity, and acceleration vectors
• Position vector: r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ

• Instantaneous velocity vector: r dr

v = lim =
t →0 t dt

• Average acceleration vector: v2 − v1 v

aav = =
t2 − t1 t
v dv
• Instantaneous acceleration vector: a = lim =
t →0 t dt

• Components of instantaneous dv dvx ˆ dv y ˆ dvz ˆ

a= = i+ j+ k
acceleration: dt dt dt dt
dvx dv y dvz
ax = a y = az =
dt dt dt

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Parallel and perpendicular components of acceleration
• Acceleration will describe changes in the velocity magnitude
(that is, the speed) and changes in the direction of velocity
(that is, the direction in which the particle is moving)
• Resolving the acceleration into its components parallel to the
velocity (along the path) and perpendicular to the velocity:
• The parallel component, at only changes the magnitude of
the velocity, its speed;
• The perpendicular component, an only changes the
direction of the velocity, so its speed remains constant.

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Projectile motion

• Motion in two dimensions can be modeled

r = xiˆ + yjˆ
as two independent motions in each of the
two perpendicular directions associated
with the x and y axes. That is, any influence dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
in the y direction does not affect the motion v= = i+ j = vxiˆ + v y ˆj
dt dt dt
in the x direction and vice versa.

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Projectile motion
Projectile motion could be modelled be the
superposition of two motions:
(1) motion of a particle under constant
velocity in the horizontal direction,
(2) motion of a particle under constant
acceleration (free fall) in the vertical
direction.
r = xiˆ + yjˆ

x = xi + ( vi cos i ) t vx = vxi = vi cos i

atotal = a y = g
v y = v yi − gt = ( vi sin i ) t − gt
1 2
y = yi + ( vi sin i ) t − gt
2

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 Horizontal Range and Maximum Height of a Projectile
Trajectory varies with θ

vi2 sin 2 i
hmax =
2g
• Origin of co-ordinate system is at
v sin 2i
2
R = vxi t B = ( vi cos i ) 2t A = i initial position;
g
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Uniform circular motion

v r
=
v r
scurve = v  t = r  

• Centripetal acceleration (centripetal means v v r v 2

center-seeking); aavg = = = = ac
t r t r

• Period and angular speed: 2 r 2 v 

T= = = =
v  r t

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Non-uniform circular motion
• Total acceleration:

a = ar + at ar ⊥ at  a = ar2 + at2

• The tangential acceleration

component causes a change in the
speed v of the particle:
dv
at =
dt
• The radial acceleration component • The instantaneous angular speed and
arises from a change in direction of instantaneous angular acceleration:
the velocity vector:
ar = ac =
v2
=
d
=
( r ) = 1 ds = v
d s
=
d 1 dv at
= =
r dt dt r dt r dt r dt r

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Circular motion
Length Angular
scurve
• Displacement scurve • Displacement  =
r
s ds v  d
• Speed v = lim = • Speed = = lim =
t →0 t dt r t →0 t dt

• Acceleration v2 at 
at =
dv
ac = • Acceleration  = = lim
dt r r t →0 t
• Constant acceleration (at=const): • Constant acceleration β=const:
2a  ( s2 − s1 ) = v22 − v12 2   ( 2 − 1 ) = 22 − 12
1 2 1 2
st = s0 + v0t + at t  t =  0 + 0 t +  t
2 2
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Relative velocity
rP / A = rP / B + BA = rP / B + vB / At drP / A drP / B
 = + vB / A
dt dt
• Galilean velocity transformation  vP / A = vP / B + vB / A

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Thank you for your attentions!13

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