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perceived to enjoy a more advantageous ratio, then so this will have a negative effect on the
full-timer's sense of Equity, and with it, their personal motivation.
Remember also that words like efforts and rewards, or work and pay, are an over-
simplification - hence Adams' use of the terms inputs and outputs, which more aptly cover all
aspects of what a person gives, sacrifices, tolerates, invests, etc., into their work situation,
and all aspects of what a person receives and benefits from in their work and wider career, as
they see it.
If we feel are that inputs are fairly rewarded by outputs (the fairness benchmark being
subjectively perceived from market norms and other comparable references) then generally
we are happier in our work and more motivated to continue inputting at the same level.
If we feel that our ratio of inputs to outputs is less beneficial than the ratio enjoyed by
referent others, then we become demotivated in relation to our job and employer.
People respond to a feeling of inequity in different ways.
Generally the extent of demotivation is proportional to the perceived disparity with other
people or inequity, but for some people just the smallest indication of negative disparity
between their situation and other people's is enough to cause massive disappointment and a
feeling of considerable injustice, resulting in demotivation, or worse, open hostility.
Some people reduce effort and application and become inwardly disgruntled, or outwardly
difficult, recalcitrant or even disruptive. Other people seek to improve the outputs by making
claims or demands for more reward, or seeking an alternative job.
Understanding Equity Theory - and especially its pivotal comparative aspect - helps managers
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and policy-makers to appreciate that while improving one person's terms and conditions can
resolve that individual's demands (for a while), if the change is perceived by other people to
upset the Equity of their own situations then the solution can easily generate far more
problems than it attempted to fix.
Equity Theory reminds us that people see themselves and crucially the way they are treated
in terms of their surrounding environment, team, system, etc - not in isolation - and so they
must be managed and treated accordingly.
A free fully detailed diagram similar to the image below explaining Adam's Equity Theory is
available in various formats.
When using or referring to the diagram emphasise that the calibration of the
scales - the comparison of input/output ratios - is the crucial aspect, not merely
a judgement of whether rewards are appropriate for efforts:
Adams' Equity Theory diagram (mono pdf)
Adams Equity Theory diagram (mono doc)
Adams Equity Theory (colour pdf)
Adams Equity Theory diagram (colour doc)
click to enlarge
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This interpretation of Adams' Equity Theory was updated and improved in December 2007.
The previous summary failed to emphasise the pivotal significance of the comparative aspect
within the theory. Thanks NT for your guidance in making these improvements.
see also
Adair's Action-Centred Leadership Model - its systemic approach very relevant to Equity
Theory
Personality Theories and Types - Jung, Myers Briggs, Keirsey, Belbin, etc
Charles Handy
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
McGregor's X-Y Theory
McClelland's Motivational Theory
Teambuilding and motivational activities, for example the Hellespont Swim case study
and exercise
Free online resources section, which includes many other useful free training materials,
management tools, tests and diagrams.
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the www.businessballs.com website. This material may not be sold, or published in any form. Disclaimer: Reliance
on information, material, advice, or other linked or recommended resources, received from Alan Chapman, shall be
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© JS Adams original Equity Theory concept; Alan Chapman review, code, design 1995-2010
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