DECLARATION

This is to declare that this project work was carried out by me in the Department of Science

Laboratory Technology, under the supervision of Mr. Ajipe, J. O. The information in this work is

genuine and it has not been presented in any previous application for the award of National

Diploma (ND) of this college or any other institution of higher learning. All citation and sources

of information are already acknowledged by means of reference.

i
 CERTIFICATION

The project write-up was carried out by ANOFI RUKAYAT YETUNDE with matriculation

number P/ND/17/3710247 and approved in accordance with the fulfilment of the requirement for

the award of Ordinary National Diploma in Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos State,

Nigeria.

-------------------------------------- -----------------------------
MR. AJIPE, J. O. DATE
Project Supervisor

-------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
DR. OGUNREMI, A.B. DATE
Project Coordinator

-------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
DR. (MRS.) POPOOLA, E. O. DATE
Head of Department

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 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty God, my source of inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and

understanding. He has been the source of my strength throughout this program. I also dedicate

this project to my parents Mr. Anofi, G. and Mrs. Anofi, M. for constantly encouraging me

throughout the period of this research work and all the way and whose support motivated me

towards completing this work.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My profound appreciation goes to my God Almighty for His grace of sustainability; He alone

has orchestrated wisdom and guidance on my path for the success of this seminar write-up.

I want to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my project supervisor Mr. Ajipe, J. O., who

amongst all gave the best of his time to read and also offer a professional guide to this project

and also for carefully reading the manuscript, for his assistance in making this project a

successful one.

I will also like to appreciate the head of department, Dr. (Mrs.) E. O. Popoola. God bless all my

lecturers who have taken their time to impact their knowledge into me. I will forever be indebted

to you all.

A special thanks to all my course mates and project colleagues who in one way or the other, have

contributed in one way or the other to the success of this project, may God reward you all, Amen.

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 ABSTRACT
There has been an appreciable increase in research on bioactivity of natural products. The
present investigation was carried out to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidants activities
of methanol extracts of both Zingiber officinale rhizomes and Tetrapleura tetraptera pods. The
Zingiber officinale roots and Tetrapleura tetraptera pods were collected, authenticated, dried and
ground into powder. The plants were dried, meshed and the extraction process was carried out
with methanol to obtain the crude extract. This process of extracting the crude extract, was
undergone using a rotary evaporator. In this research, phytochemical test for qualitative analysis
of Zingiber official was seen to be present in the rhizome except for which is absent. Also the
quantitative analysis shows that this plant is a very rich source of phytochemicals. Alkaloid was
very much in abundance possessing the highest value of (102.83mg/100g) followed by phenol
with total of (85.87mg/100g), tanin with the value of (62.46mg/100g), reducing sugar having the
value of (18.49mg/100g), steroid with the value of (18.12mg/100g) while terpernoid was seen
possessing the lowest value of phytochemical in this plant with the value (17.40mg/100g). The
research work done on Tetrapleura tetraptera indicated that all phytochemicals were all present
in the sample as seen in the result expect for which is absent. The quantitative analysis revealed
that phenol possessed the highest value of phytochemicals with the value of (87.67mg/100g)
followed by tanin with the value of (63.77mg/100g), reducing sugar having the value of
(42.71mg/100g), alkaloid with the value of (33.63/100g), steroid having the value of
(31.30mg/100g). The Antioxidant study, also revealed the potentials of the methanol extracts of
Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Tetrapleura teraptera through DPPH radical scavenging assay,
reducing sugar and total reducing power. This review will facilitate to gain all about the present,
past scientific research and the necessary information about the enormous pharmacological
activities of both Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Tetrapleura teraptera which will assist
researchers for future research to protect human beings from several types of diseases and will
serve as a natural and efficacious remedies for the promotion of health remedies to mankind.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………….i

Certification………………………………………………………………………………………...ii

Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………..iii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………….iv

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………..v

Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………………....vi

List of figures………………………………………………………………………………..…..…viii

List of tables………………………………………………………………………………...………ix

CHAPTER ONE ………………………………………………………………………………......1

1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..….....…1

1.1 Phytochemicals……………………………………………………………………………… 1

1.2 Antioxidants…………………………………………………………………………………. 3

1.3 Zingiber officinale (Ginger)………………………………………………………………… 6

1.3.1 Taxonomical Classification Zingiber officinale Roscoe ………………………….……6

1.3.1 History of Zingiber officinale……………………………………………………………….. 7

1.4 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Aidan)…………………………………………………………….. 10

1.4.1 Botanical Classification of Tetrapleura tetraptera…………………………………………… 11

1.4.2 Botanic Description…………………………………………………………………………11

1.5 Aims and Objectives……………………………………………………………………… 12

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CHAPTER TWO ……………………………………………………………………………… 13
2.0 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………...13
2.1 Background study……………………………………………………………………………...13
2.2 Zingiber officinale……………………………………………………………………………………….13
2.3 Tetrapleura tetraptera……………………………………………………………………........17

CHAPTER THREE ………………………………………………………………………............21

3.0 Field Work …………………………………………………………………………………21
3.1 Plant Collection……………………………………………………………………………..21
3.2. Laboratory Work……………………………………………………………………….... 21
3.2.1 Qualitative Analysis Preparation of the extracts…………………………………… 21
3.2.2 Qualitative analysis of phytochemical compounds…………………………………22
3.3 Quantitative Phytochemical Screening…………………………………………………….. 23
3.4. In Vitro Antioxidant Assays……………………………………………………………….. 26

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results…………………………………………………………………………………… 28
4.1. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis……………………………………………………... 28
4.2 Antioxidant Essay Results………………………………………………………………..... 29
4.3 Statistical Results ……….………………………………………………………………….31

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………..35
5.1 Quantitative Determination………………………………………………………………....35
5.2 Antioxidant Activity ………………………………………………………………………..37
5.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..38
5.4 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………........39

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………40

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Image of some major sources of antioxidants………………………………………5

Figure 2: Image of Zingiber officinale……………………………………………………………..8

Figure 3: Image of the pods of Tetrapleura tetraptera………………………………………..10

Figure 4: Bar charts results of the phytochemical screening………………………………….31

Figure 5: Simple bar chart showing the antioxidant (Reducing Power)

values of the Zingiber officinale roots and Tetrapleura tetraptera pods……………33

Figure 6: Simple bar chart showing anti- oxidant (DPPH) values of the

constituent in Zingiber officinale roots and Tetrapleura tetraptera pods………….34

Figure 7: Simple bar chart showing antioxidant (Nitric Oxide) values of the

constituent in Zingiber officinale roots and Tetrapleura tetraptera pods………...34

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Result of phytochemical screening (Qualitative Analysis) for the methanol extract
of Zingiber officinale roots and Tetrapleura tetraptera pods (Qualitative
Analysis).

Table 2: Percentage (%) results of phytochemical parameters of the methanol extract of

Zingiber officinale roots and Tetrapleura tetraptera pods (Quantitative Analysis).

Table 3: Results of Anti-oxidant activity of Zingiber officinale roots and Tetrapleura

tetraptera pods (Reducing Power).

Table 4: Results of Anti-oxidant activity of Zingiber officinale and Tetrapleura tetraptera

(DPPH) (Antioxidant Essay Results).

Table: 5: Results of Anti-oxidant activity of Zingiber officinale roots and Tetrapleura

tetraptera pods (Nitric oxide).

Table 6: Results of Total Anti-Oxidant Capacity of Zingiber officinale and Tetrapleura

tetraptera leaves.

Table 7: Statistical data analysis of results of Zingiber officinale roots and Tetrapleura
tetraptera pods.

Table 8: The Mean and Standard Deviation of Reducing Power data analysis of Zingiber
officinale roots and Tetrapleura tetraptera pods.

Table 9: The Mean and Standard Deviation of DPPH data analysis of Zingiber officinale
roots and Tetrapleura tetraptera pods.

Table 10: The Mean and Standard Deviation of Nitric Oxide data analysis of Zingiber
officinale roots and Tetrapleura tetraptera pods.

ix