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معطيات الإتصالات الاسلكية
معطيات الإتصالات الاسلكية
אא
אא
אא
- ٥٠ ‐
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אאWאא
KאאאאWאא
WאאאWאא
Kאאאאא K١
Kאאאאא K٢
KGSMאאא K٣
Kאאאאא K٤
KGSMאאאא K٥
K٪٩٠אאאאWאאא
K١٢Wאאאא
Wאא
K א
KאאאPower pointא א
KאאאאWאא
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אא
אא١ J٣
אאא?Radio Waves?EאאFאאאאא
K?Hz? ?Hertz?אאאאK ?ƒ?
Speed of ?א?λ??Wavelength?אא
אאKאא3×108 m/s ?c??Light
Wא
ƒ = c/ λ (3.1)
،אאאא
א א א א א א
אא ?λ?אאאאKא
אאאאא א
א אא א Kאא א א
א א א א א א א א
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
Kאאאא
Wא
אאאE3.1Fא
c 3 x108 m / s
1m
f 300 x106 Hz
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
א א ?Radio Waves? אא ?Frequency Spectrum? א א
E١ J٢F א K 300 GHz 300 Hz א א
אאאאא א אאא
אאאא
אאאE١ J٣Fא
אא אא א אא
אאא VLF 1Mm – 10Km 0.3 – 30KHz
LW אאאאאא LF 10Km – 1Km 30 – 300KHz
MWאאא MF 1Km – 100m 0.3 – 3MHz
FM SW אאא HF 100m – 10m 3 – 30MHz
VHFא VHF 10m – 1m 30 – 300MHz
אאא UHFא UHF 1m – 10cm 0.3 – 3GHz
אאא SHF 10cm – 1cm 3 – 30GHz
א EHF 1cm – 1mm 30 – 300GHz
Bandwidthאא ٣ J١ J٣
אאאא?Frequency Band?אא
אאאK?fmax??fmin?
? fmax? א ?Bandwidth?אאK אא
אK?Hertz??BW?Kא?fmin?
אאאאאאא
אאא Kאא אא
K?Bit/sec?אאאאא?Bits?אאא
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אא א א א E٢ J٣F א
Kאאאא
KאאאאE٢ J٣Fא
א אאא
PDC AMPS, TDMA, CDMA NMT
810-820 MHz 824-849 MHz 452-457 MHz ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ
940-956 MHz 869-894 MHz 462-467 MHz
اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ
1429-1465 MHz Mobile
1477-1513 MHz GSM, TDMA, CDMA GSM phones
1850-1910 MHz 890-915 MHz
1930-1990 MHz 935-960 MHz
1710-1785 MHz
1805-1880 MHz
PHS PACS CT1+
1895-1918 MHz 1850-1910 MHz 885-887 MHz
אא
1930-1990 MHz 930-932 MHz
א
JCT CT2 Cordless
254-380 MHz PACS-UB 864-868 MHz telephones
1919-1930MHz
DECT
1880-1900 MHz
?Channels? א אא
?ƒ? א א א
א?BWch?
Kאאאא
א א א אא א א א
א א ?Half Duplex Channels? א א ?Simplex Channels?
K?Full Duplex Channels?א
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
Simplex Channelsאא
Kאא?Pager System?אK١
אאאא?Radio & TV Broadcasting?אאאאאK٢
אאאאאאאאא
Kאאא
Tx Rx
1 Radio Channel
A B
אאאE١ J٣F
Half-Duplex Channelsאא
א E א F א א א אא
אאאאאאא
א
א אאאאאאKאא
،?Police Terminals? א?Release to Listen? א ?Push to Talk?
KאאאאאאE٢ J٣Fא
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
Tx \ Rx Tx \ Rx
1 Radio Channel
A B
אאאE٢ J٣F
Full-Duplex Channelsאא
Tx \ Rx Tx \ Rx
RF1
2 Radio Channel
RF2
A B
אאאE٣ J٣F
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
v
c
(3.3)
r
?Full-Duplex Channels?אאאאאא
אאאאאGSM
א א א א א א ?Down-link? א
אאKE٤ J٣F ?Up-link?א
אאאא،א
KאאE٥ J٣FאK?Duplex Distance?א
Down-link
Up-link
אאאאE٤ J٣F
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
Up - Link Down - Link
MHz 890 915 935 960
Duplex Distance (45 MHz)
Bandwidth (2 X 25 MHz)
אאE٥ J٣F
،אא
א ?Carrier Bandwidth? א
אאKאאאא
Kא?Overlap?אא
א Kא אא א א
א א GSM K א א א
KE٦ J٣F?200 KHz?א
MHz 895.4 895.6
Carrier Separation (200 kHz)
אאE٦ J٣F
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
ASK
FSK
PSK (BPSK)
(0ο, 180ο)
אאאאE٧ J٣F
א אא א א א
Minimum Shift ? א אא FSK, PSK א א א
E٨ J٣Fאאא א ?Keying (MSK)
?Even Bits? אאאאא
f1אאW Kאא?Odd Bits?
WאאKf2=2f1 f2אא
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
f1 אאאא0אא1אאא J
KE180oאאאאFא
f1 אאאא1אא0אאא J
Kאאא
אf2אאאא1אאאא J
Kאא
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
FDMA אא
א א א א א א
א א א Kא א
אאא?Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)?א
אאא א
K?Frequency Domain?אאאאא
FDMA
אאE٩ J٣F
915 ? ?890 MHz? א א א א GSM
א א ?MS? א א ?Up-Link? א א א ?MHz
?960 MHz? ?935 MHz?אאאא ?BTS?
20 ? א א ?BTS? א א ?Down-Link? א
א 124 אK א ?MHz
K?200 KHz?
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
TDMA אא
GSM?FDMA?אאאא
TDMA frameאא?TDMA?אא
אאK ?Time Slot (TS)? 8
K?TDMA? E١٠ J٣FאKאאאא
Frequency1
TDMA
GSM?TDMA?אאאE١٠ J٣F
SDMA אא
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אאאאאאא?(SDMA)
א E١١ J٣F א K ?Cells?
אאאאאאא K?SDMA? א
Kאא
?SDMA?אאא E١١ J٣F
?BTS?אאא?GSM?אאא
א?MS?אאאאא
א א א א א א ،א
אאאאאאKא
Co-channel ?אאאאאאא
א?SDMA?אאK?Interferance
?Main Beam?אאאאאאא
אא ?Smart/Adaptive Antennas?אאאאא
E١٢ J٣FאK אאא?Radiation Nulls?א
K?SDMA?
אאאאאאאא?SDMA?אא
אאאאאאא
Kאא?SDMA?א
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
f1
f1
f2
Phased
Array
Antenna
f1
f3
f1
A. 120ο Sectored Radio
Site
Radio beams
follow movement
of mobile radio f1
f1
B. Radio Site with SDMA
Technology
CDMAאא
? CDMA?אאא E١٣ J٣F
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
א٢ J٣
3x108 m/s אא א אא א
אאאKאא
EFPrאא K?Line Of Sight (LOS)?
א אKאאא ?d?אא
Wא?Inverse Square Law?אאאא
1
Pr (3-4)
d2
א?Gain?אאאאא
א א א א אא Kא א
אאKאאאאאא
אאא
،אא אאאK
K
?Fading?אאEאFא
א אא ?Shadowing? אא ?Reflection?
אאאאא
א א Kא א אא א א א
- ٦٤ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אאKאאא
א א א א א
א א א אא E١٣ J٣F א א E אF
Kאא
?Shadowing?אE١٤ J٣F
EאFאאאאא
א א א ?Scattering?
א ?Wave Diffraction? א א א K
א א ?Patterns? KE١٤ J٣F א
אא
?Wave Diffraction?אא?Scattering?אE١٥ J٣F
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אאאאאאאא
Multi-path ? אא א א א
א א אא א ?Propagation
?MS?אא ?BTS? אאא
?Rayleigh Fading? אא א א Kא
K?Delay Spread or Time Dispersion?אא
א א א אא א א א
3μsא?Delay Spread?אאא אא
אאאאKאא
א א אא א
K
Rayleigh Fading
،אא א ?Rayleigh Fading? E١٥ J٣ F
אאא א
אאKאאאאא
Kאאאא
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אא א א א
אא K?TDMA? אאאא
?One Bit? אאאאא ?Time Dispersion? א
Kא א א
אאא אא אא
א א א א K א
אאאאאא
אאאאאKאא
א ?Adaptive Equalization?אאKאא
Kא
?Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)? א א א א
Kאאאאא
KE١٦ J٣Fא
KאאE١٦ J٣F
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
15 μs א א א GSM
אאא ،E١٧ J٣Fא 4.5Km
אאאא15 μs
Kא4.5Km
אאאאאE١٧ J٣F
K?Time Domain? א א א א א
אא ?MSs?אא ?BTS?אא
אאאאאא אא
א א א א
א Kא E١٨ J٣F א Kא א
K א?Timing Advance?אאאא
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
?Time Alignment?אאאE١٨ J٣F
אאאא٥ J٢ J٣
אאאאאאאאא
אאK?Bit? ?Symbol? א
Inter-Symbol Interference?אאאאא
Kאא?Symbol Rate?אאKK?(ISI)
א א א א א א א
אאא א
אאאKאאאאאא
E١٩ J٣FאK?Short Term Fading?אא אא
אא?Long Term Fading?אאאאאא
א א א א א א א א
אאאאאאK
Kאא א
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אאאאאאE١٩ J٣F
אא א א
א ?Doppler Shift?אאאאא
אאא אKאא
Kאאאאאאא
א٣ J٣
א א א א א
אאא אאא
אKאאאאא
אאאאאא אא
Kאאאא
א א א אאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
א א א א א א א
א א אא Kא
Kאא
- ٧٠ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
( Tx bits) 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
( Rx bits) 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
א א ?Channel Coding? א
א א א א Kא
אאאאK
K?Path Loss?אאאKא
אא?Interleaving?אא
אאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאא
KE٢٠ J٣Fא ?Bits? אאא
אאאאאא
Kאאאא
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אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אאאE٢٠ J٣F
א א א א אא
א א Kא א א
אאאא
Kא
- ٧٢ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
KאאאאאE٢١ J٣F
Choose
"?"
So that
Correlator diff Diff
Is
minimized
Transmitted burst
{
? S ? Channel
Model
אE٢٢ J٣F
- ٧٣ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
א אא א ?Frequency Hopping? א א
?Co-channel Interference?אאאאאא
אאאאא
א K ?Fading? א
Kאאאאאא
א אא א א א א א
א 124
Kאאאא
אא E٢٣ J٣F
- ٧٤ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אאאאאא
.?BTS?אאא?MS?אא
Kאאאאאאא
אאאא ?Timing Advance?א א
אKא אאאא
א א א א
אKאאא
?Timing Advance? א א
K?Time Alignment? א אא
KאאE٢٤ J٣Fא
Start
Sending
Time Synchronization Time
אאE٢٤ J٣F
אKone bitאאאאאאאGSM
GSMKאאאא
אא63 bitאאא
K35 Km
- ٧٥ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
GSMאא٤ J٣
MSאאKGSMאאאE٢٥ J٣Fא
א E٢٥ J٣Fא א
KאKאאא
MSאאE٢٥ J٣F
MSאאE٢٥ J٣F
- ٧٦ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
?GMSK? א א א אא א
א א א ?Duplexer? א א
א Kא א א Kאא א
אאאאאא?BTS? א
אאאאא
KE٢٥ J٣Fא
אE٢٦ J٣F
Samplingא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאאא8 kHz
KאE٢٧ J٣FאK3400 Hz 300 Hz
- ٧٧ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
SamplingאE٢٧ J٣F
Quantizationא
אאאא
Quantization ?אאKא
E٢٨ J٣FאKאאא ?Error
GSM 256 אאאאאKא
K13 bit / sampleאא،8192
?Quantization?אE٢٨ J٣F
- ٧٨ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
Codingא
EBits F א Coding א
אK( 213 = 8192 level ) 13 Bit
KאE٢٩ J٣F
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
GSMאE٢٩ J٣F
אא
א ?MS? 200 kHz GSM אא א א
אאאאא 832 kbit/sאא
K
- ٧٩ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
Segmentationא
א אאאא
אאאKאא
20 ms א ، א א
אאאbits 20 msא
KE٣٠ J٣F8000 sample/s 50 sample/s
אאE٣٠ J٣F
Speech Codingא
- ٨٠ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
Wאאאאא
E٣١ J٣F א א א ?Channel Coding? א
אK GSMאאא
א 20 ms א א 260 bit
Wא
GSMאאאE٣١ J٣F
- ٨١ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
W?MS?אא
Rb = 456 bits / 20 ms = 22.8 kbits/s
W?MSs?
Rb = 22.8 kbits/s × 8 MS = 182.4 kbits/s
GSM אאא٤ J٤ J٣
אאאא א
Kאאא GSMאאא
א אאא
20 אא אKאא
8 Blocksאאאא456 bitms
אאEF 57 bit
KאאE٣٢ J٣FאKא
אאאאE٣٢ J٣F
- ٨٢ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אאאאא
20 ms א א
אאאאאאאE 1,2,3,4Fאאא Kא
אאא KאאאאE5,6,7,8F
אאE٣٣ J٣FאKאאאא
Kאאא
אאאאאE٣٣ J٣F
- ٨٣ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
Ciphering / DecipheringאאE٣٤ J٣F
א 30.5μs א א
K577 μs?Time Slot?אא
- ٨٤ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
GSM ?Burst?אE٣٥ J٣F
GSMאא٧ J٤ J٣
אאאאא
?Digital Modulator?אאאאאא
א אא GSM א א
K?Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) ?א
-60dBאאאאאא
א Kא א א אא אא
200KHz ?Bandwidth? 270.8Kbit/s
אא א?Duplexer?אאאK 1.35bit/sec/Hz
Kאאאא
א אא א א א א
אא א א א א א א אא
Kאאאאאא
- ٨٥ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
אא
אא Jאא Jאא Jא JW
K١
؟אאאא K٢
אא ؟אא אא K٣
؟א
אאא K٤
MSKאאא אK٥
؟GSMאאא K٦
؟אאאאMultiplexing אא K٧
FDMAאא אK٨
TDMAאא אK٩
SDMAאאא K١٠
אאאאא K١١
؟אאאאא K١٢
אאאא K١٣
אאאאא K١٤
אאאא K١٥
אאאא K١٦
אאאא K١٧
GSMאא K١٨
אאאאא K١٩
Wאאא K٢٠
א Jא Jא J
Wאאאא K٢١
א א J אא Jאא Jא J
- ٨٦ -
אא ٢٤٨ א
אא אא א
؟؟אא K٢٢
؟؟אא K٢٣
GSMאאאא K٢٤
؟GSMאא K٢٥
؟GSM K٢٦
GSMאאאא K٢٧
؟GSMencryption אא K٢٨
GSMאא K٢٩
GSMאאא K٣٠
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