tuted for each other; for example, brabo for bravo; veleza for beleza ; and povre for

pobre.
(o) Other substitutions sometimes heard are an vm sound for an do (for example, num for ndo),
an do for an om
(bao for bom), a g for an5 (quage
for quase), a t for a c (tatapora for catapora), a p for an / (pantasma for fantasma), an e for an a (especially
in the first person, plural of first con-
jugation verbs;
for example, andemo for anda-
mos), an e for
an i (erma for irma, dereito for
direito), and an for caso).
ai or au for an a (hai for ha, causo
(p) In the case of many words, one notes a com-
bination of two
or more of the alterations men-
tioned above; for example,
Caipira
Portuguese
adevertimento
divertimento
andemo
andamos
arfabeta
awalfabeta
aprevenf
prevenir
arreparS
reparar
arreparti
repartir
areirS
beirar
avisitS
visitar
tamo
vamos
cagoemo
cagoamos
conseia
aconselha
cordfi.
acordar
cavoqwemo
cavocamos
chef/Memo
chegamos
credits
acreditar
cmiuS
comer
desdeixS
deixar
desenvorvS
desenvolver
diantS
adiantar
fig'Memo
ficamos
fraquentS
frequentar
inleicao
eleigSo
judS
ojudar
Imushome
lobishomem
mi6
melhor
muiS
mulher
nerfargia
nevralgia
NhS
Senhora (by way of Sinhd)
NhO
Senhor (by way of Sinhd)
pesqwemo
pescamos
quarquS
qualquer
rancS
arrancar
Caipira
sinificante
tano
tavMm
venz6
Portuguese
insiimiflcante
e«tando
estavam
benzer
(q) Occasionally an accent is shifted; for ex¬ ample, periodo for periodo.
3. Variations in the use of certain words and phrases.
(a) The use of exclamatory phrases is more ex¬ tensive; for example, Hd sete ou oito ano comeqo a
aumenta a festa de Boa Vista. E formidave, e colosso! Tudos nois aqui vamo. I'd coisa Undo! (The festa
of Boa Vista has improved in the last 7 or 8 years. It’s wonderful, tremendous! All of us go. It’s a
beautiful thing!) There is an espe¬ cial tendency to employ such phrases following the termination of a
statement so as to emphasize what has just been said; for example, Ele tava embri- agado, bebido! (He
was drunk, drank!) ; Muie sozinho e muito custoso, rmdto oustoso! (For a woman to live alone, it is very
difficult, very difficult!). The exclamatory phrase is pronounced with considerable stress. Moreover,
several ex¬ clamations, although common also to speech in the city, are much more used by the caipiras;
for ex¬ ample,
Capais!
Ch6!
Chiii!
Credo !
Deus me livre!
E-e-e!
0-6!
QuS
TS sorto ! (estS solto!) Uai!
U<5!
(b) There is a more decided tendency to use vivid or picturesque words and phrases, expres¬ sions like
the following being relatively common:
Nuin dS camisa pra ninguem (It doesn’t give any¬ body a shirt.)
Quano sae da linlia, a cinta canta no lombo (When he gets out of line, the strap sings on his loins).
O boi quano tS sozinho se lambe todo e quando ele tS em baixo da canga num pode se lambe (When the ox is free, he can lick
himself; but when he is under the yoke, he cannot), used to compare an unmarried, with a married, man.
N6is num andamo na mema pinguela (We don’t walk on the same log [across a stream]), used to signify that two individuals do not
get along with each other-.
sis Thus reversing the meaning of the word, insignificant becom¬ ing significant.