Chapter 7 Outline

I. The New Order of Republicanism

A. Defining the People
1. Republicanism taught political rights should be limited to property owners
a) The informed political judgment required economic self-sufficiency
b) Slaves, women, servants, propertyless white men denied political
2. 60-85 % of adult white men owned property and could be in politics
a) Other 25% were unskilled laborers or mariners in port cities
3. Revolution changed little men should be head of politics and public life
a) Women were seen as dependent under control of husband & father
4. Some women saw an opportunity to protest oppressive features
a) New Jersey constitution of 1776 defined suffrage
(1) Defined the right to vote in gender-free terms
(2) Extended all propertied adults worth 50 pounds until 1807
5. Revolution had a more immediate impact on lives of African Americans
a) Many white men started to challenge slavery
(1) 1784: Virginia methodists condemned slavery
b) Black people seized opportunities for freedom
c) Number of black people increased from 1000 to 100000 by 1800
(1) Cultures also developed
6. More than 50000 slaves gained freedom as a result of the war
a) British began raising black troops and Americans followed
(1) All states except Georgia and SC had black troops
(a) 5000 men served in the Continental Armies
b) Most who gained freedom fled owners and made it North
7. Slavery experienced some strain in the South and it was barely in North
a) Most northern states ended slavery between 1777 and 1784
(1) New York in 1799 and New Jersey in 1804
b) White Northerners refused to sanction an immediate emancipation
c) Laws only called for children of slaves to be freed
(1) However only when the reached adulthood
8. Black men were allowed to vote; most did not meet property requirements
a) Faced discrimination in jobs and housing, barred from juries, denied a fair
share of funds for schools
9. Native Americans had negative impacts from the Revolution
a) Indians sought to free from American dominance
(1) British defeat deprived the Indians of a valuable ally
(a) Exposed them to the wrath of victorious patriots
10. State Gov. & Confederation Congress treat Indian lands prize of war
a) Few tribes that had cared troops for Americans lost their land
b) Americans didn’t want Natives to be with the Republican society
 (1) States denied voting and legal rights to Indians except MA
B. The State Constitutions

1. New state constitutions, which were in place by 1777, were written docs
a) Vastly different from the English practice
(1) Constitution is collection of rights & practices that evolves
b) Annual elections were now the norm for governors
(1) Some could be made subject to impeachment
c) Governors lost control over patronage
(1) Patriots saw this source corruption & executive domination
2. Constitutions curbed the power of governors, adding legislatures
a) Colonial assemblies were popular opposition of British authority
(1) State legislatures were now trustworthy defenders liberty
b) New constitutions expanded power of legislatures
(1) Appointing officials & oversee military & financial matters
c) Upper houses were independent of the executive
(1) Previously appointed by the colonial governor
3. Americans understood legislatures could act tyrannically
a) Each state constitution included some form of bill of rights
b) Virginia Declaration of Rights written George Mason in June 1778
(1) Set precedent for this notable republican feature
c) 1784: constitution of all 13 states allowed religious liberty, freedom of
press, and citizen’s right to fair practices and jury
4. New constitutions weakened ties between church and state
a) Maintained Congregationalism as state-supported religion
(1) Dissenting Baptists and Methodists could access funds from
religious taxes
5. Mid-Atlantic states lacked the religious uniformity of New England
a) Region had several dominations
(1) Quaker, Episcopalian,Presbyterian,Dutch Reformed, Lutheran
(a) Checked legislative efforts to impose religious taxes
6. Structure of each state government changed; showed republicans struggles
a) Happened due to lost of executive & legislative gain in power
b) Radicals wanted to open government to all male citizens
(1) Conservatives agreed that government had to be derived from the
people
(a) Wanted to limit government to educated elite people
7. In SC, mandated property qualification; barred 90% of white officeholders
a) Pennsylvania Scots-Irish farmers & Philadelphia artisans protested
(1) Gave vote to all free males & barred property qualifications
b) Constitution concentrated power in unicameral (single) legislature
(1) Eliminated both governor and the more elite upper house
8. Other Constitutions enhanced political effects of ordinary people like SC’s
 a) Bicameral legislatures included many artisans & small farmers
C. The Articles of Confederation

1. A legal basis for a permanent union of the states was needed in 1776
a) The Articles of Confederation was created & submitted to states
b) Effect was to create a loose confederation of autonomous states
2. Powers of Articles of Confederation delegated to central gov. were limited
a) No provisions for a national judiciary or separate executive branch
b) Articles made congress the sole instrument of national authority
c) Each state had one vote in Congress
d) State legislatures had congressional delegations in annual elections
(1) Delegates could serve only 3 years out of 6
e) Dealing w/ finances or war and peace required approval of 9 states
f) Amendments required the unanimous consent of the states
3. Congress had authority in areas of foreign policy and national defense
a) Could declare war, make peace, conduct foreign affairs, negotiate w/ Native
Americans, settle disputes between states
b) Had no authority to raise troops or impose taxes
(1) Could only ask the states to supply troops and money
4. Central principle behind the Articles was the fear of oppressive power
5. States quickly ratified the Articles of Confederation
a) 1781 b/c Maryland ratified late and unanimous vote was needed
6. Westward land between Appalachians and Mississippi River was concern
a) Some states claimed land by virtue of their colonial charter rights
b) Landless states insisted that it is to be a reserve of public land
(1) Land speculators sided with them
7. British threat to Chesapeake area in 1781 finally broke the impasse
a) Retained control of Kentucky led Virginia drop claim in the West
(1) Vast area extending North of the Ohio River
b) Maryland agreed to ratify the Articles after need for military aid
II. Problems at Home
A. The Fiscal Crisis
1. Continental Congress and states had heavy debt from the war
a) Unable to impose and collect taxes to cover these debts
(1) Had to borrow funds and issue bonds to repay
b) Congress had the largest responsibility for war debts
(1) Printed $250 million in paper notes backed by its good faith
(a) End of war 1781, notes worthless; debt $11 million
(2) Debt grew to $28 million as Congress issued new securities
2. Congress never put its finances on a sound footing
a) The fiscal problems discredited the Articles to the nationalists
(1) Group of leaders in the 1780s who spearheaded the drive to replace
the Articles of Confederation with a strong central government
 (2) Wanted to strengthen the Confederation at expense of states
b) Nationalists first began to organize in 1780 and 1781

(1) Inflation was rampant during this time & army was unpaid
(2) Congress did not pay interest to public debt
(a) War effort itself seemed in danger of collapsing
c) Nationalists rallied behind Robert Morris
(1) Philly merchant chosen as head of finance for Confederation gov.
3. Morris sought to enhance authority through financial & political reform
a) Began by securing a charter from Congress in 1781 for a bank
(1) Bank of North America, first commercial bank
(2) Wanted it to serve as a national institution
(a) Hold gov. fonts, make loans to gov., issue bank notes
b) Temporarily stabilized the nation’s finances
(1) He was blocked in his efforts to gain the taxing power needed
c) Centralist nationalist objective was to create a “bond of union”
(1) By having Congress assume payment of all national debt
(a) People who financed war would show their economic self
interest with power by the national government
(2) To achieve this goal, Morris had to gain Congress power to tax
(a) 1781: proposed a national impose (tariff) of 5% of imported
goods
(i) National tax; required amendment to Articles
(a) Rhode Island was the only state reject it
(i) Dependent on its own import duties
for debt
(b) Revised impost plan was seen 2 years later
(i) New York blocked it passage
d) Failures doomed Morris’s financial reforms
(1) Morris left office in 1784
4. Failure of impose tax was one of many setbacks for the nationalists
a) Put the nationalists temporarily on the defensive
b) Peace in 1783 brought confidence back to state government
(1) Continued to balk at paying Congress
(2) Denied it even limited authority to regulate foreign commerce
c) States began to assume responsibility for national debt
(1) 1786: NJ, PA, MD, NY took ⅓ of debt
(a) Put state bonds to their citizens for national securities
(i) Morris warned in 1781 this would be ruinous
5. No power to tax, Congress was hostage to sovereignty of the individual states
a) No real authority over nation’s economic affairs
b) Severe depression in 1784 made Congress look on helplessly
B. Economic Depression
1. British closed its markets to American goods during the War
a) Continued after the war, hoping to keep the US weak and dependent

b) Summer 1783: British excluded Americans from trade w/ British West

Indies
(1) Before the war was colonists’ primary source for credits
(a) Credits were needed to stop their imports from Britain
2. British merchants were happy to satisfy America’s pent-up demand for consumer
goods
a) Flood of cheap British imports inundated American market
(1) Local businessmen sold goods to farmers & artisans in interior
b) British merchants needed hard currency
(1) Not available to Americans as it was foreign loans in Congress and
what French army spend during the war
(a) Soon exhausted as America’s trade deficit with Britain
ballooned in the early 1780s to 5 million pounds.
c) Immense bubble of credit burst in 1784 triggering a depression
(1) Merchants needed immediate payment and prices collapsed
3. Small farmers had trouble paying their taxes
a) Rural shopkeepers could not move goods unless for barter
4. Wages fell 25% between 1785 and 1789
a) Workers organized & called to tariffs to British imports & legislative
measures
(1) Farmers faced a wave of lawsuits for debt & possible loss of land
5. Depression grew due to insufficient money in circulation
a) Congress was powerless to raise cash and unable to pay off debts
b) States made things worse by putting heavy taxes payable in paper money
6. Old Navigation Acts didn’t protect Americans
a) American ships were banned from Britain
7. Economy of Mid-Atlantic region was stronger; no trade to British West Indies 8.
In Southern states, British policy hurt recovery from physical & social damages a)
10% of slaves fled and production for plantations fell
b) Tobacco production fell and tobacco prices collapsed in 1785
c) Rice production was slow recovery and exports fell by 50% from British
duties on it
9. Late 1780s: economic upturn was underway in the Mid-Atlantic states
a) Food exports to Europe were on rise & trade ties start w/ India & China
b) Commercial treaties w/ the Dutch, Swedes, Prussians opened up markets
10. Fully recover in the 1790s
a) Living standards had been reduced from slow economy & burdensome debt
C. The Economic Policies of the States
1. Britain was a target of anger for the economic depression
 a) Merchants did not position to adjust to dislocations postwar
(1) Led campaign to rebel duties on British ships & new taxes on goods
b) Artisans and workers in the north pushed for tariffs on British goods

2. Shippers evaded high tariffs by bringing cargo in through states w/ fewer tariffs
a) New Jersey and North Carolina w/ no ports complained of economic
discrimination
(1) Forced to pay part of tariff cost when they bought foreign goods
(2) All revenue went to importing states
3. Tariff policies eroded efforts to confer on Congress power to regulate commerce
a) Agrarian states of the South had different interests than the North
(1) Except VA, they favored trade policies encouraging British imports
(2) Southern planters took advantage of low rates by British ships
(a) Put pressure on Northern shippers to reduce rates
4. Debt securities dropped during the War and speculators bought them for a fraction
a) Put pressure on states to raise taxes and repay debts in fully hard currency
b) Landowners and merchants supported higher taxes and rapid repayment
(1) Arrayed against a vast creditory group in the mid-1780s
c) Wanted to mainly use paper money b/c it would have inflationary effect
5. Shays’s Rebellion exploded in the fall of 1786
a) Armed movement of debt-ridden farmers in western Mass. in winter of
1786-1787
b) Farm foreclosures and imprisonments for failure to pay debts increased
c) Demanded legislation that prohibits creditors from taking farms & debt
(1) When refused, 2000 farmers took arms up against state government
(a) Marched on state arsenal in Springfield; state official raised
troops
6. Outside western Mass., discontented debtors were lucky in changing money policy
a) 1785-1786: 7 states enacted laws for new paper money issues
(1) Combined with laws that delayed creditors from taking property
from debtors, currency issues helped popular discontent
7. Rhode Island was an exception to this pattern of fiscal responsibility
a) A rural party gained control of the Rhode Island legislature in 1786
(1) Pushed through a currency law to make paper money to pay debts
(2) Creditors who took the money had penalties & many left the state
8. Actions of the debtor party in Rhode Island alarmed conservatives everywhere
a) State legislatures that were held by farmers and artisans grew dangerous
b) Conservatives, creditors, & nationalists now spoke of a democratic tyranny
(1) Would been checked if the republic were to survive and protect its
property holders
D. Congress and the West
1. The Ordinance of 1784
a) To secure the loyalty of the West to the new and fragile Union was a big
 political challenge
(1) Congress said in 1779 that new states in the west to have same rights

b) Ordinance of 1784 was proposed by Thomas Jefferson with an aim to create

10 districts
(1) Each could apply for admission as a state when its population was
adequate
(2) Jefferson proposed settlers be permitted to choose own officials
(3) Prohibition of slavery in the West after 1800
c) This ordinance passed Congress but was not put into use
2. The Land Ordinance of 1785
a) Congress later responded with the Land Ordinance of 1785
(1) Act passed by Congress under the Articles creating the grid system
of surveys where all public lands was available for sale
b) Had provisions to how land was set up
(1) Required land be put into townships of 36 sections, each 640 acres
(a) Adopted the New England system of land settlement
(i) Promoted compact settlements and produced
undisputed land titles
(2) 640 acres offered at $640 to be paid in hard currency or equivalent
(a) Done to remove the poor from the West and keep rich,
law-abiding families there
(3) 16th section in each township had a public school as per the
congressional report of 1783
c) Settlers pushed north of the Ohio River to claim homestead as squatters
before any land sales
(1) Clashed with local Indian tribes and troops by Congress to evict
(2) Congress sold 1 mil and half acres to Ohio Company
(a) Bought land with depreciated loan office certificates
(i) Less than 10 cents in hard money per acre
3. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
a) Created a political structure for the territories and a phased process for
achieving statehood
b) Controls would be strictest in the early stages of settlement
(1) Congress would appoint a terrestrial government
(a) Governor, a secretary, three judges
(2) Territory reaches population of 5000 adult males, legislature created
(a) 50 acres of land or more is needed
(b) Actions of the legislature could be vetoed by the governor
(3) 60000 adult males: settlers could draft a state constitution and apply
for statehood
c) Stipulated that only 3 to 5 states were to be formed out of the Northwest
 (1) New states would weaken original 13 states’ control over Congress
d) Ordinance gave more protection for property rights as well as a bill of rights
e) Prohibited slavery in the Northwest

4. The Southwest Ordinance of 1790

a) Some agreed to the slavery ban in part of fear that planters would compete
in production
b) Slavery was permitted south of the Ohio River
III. Diplomatic Weaknesses
A. Impasse with Britain
1. Provisions in the peace treaty of 1783 was an issue that poisoned Anglo-American
relations in 1780s
a) Prewar American debts upset British & treatment of Loyalists by patriots
b) To justify the violations in the treaty, Britain claimed American failed to
satisfy provisions
(1) Diplomatic dreadlock hurting American interest in the West and
foreign trade
c) Called for payment of all pre war debts at full value in hard currency
(1) Tobacco planters in the Chesapeake region had lots of debt
(a) British army freed many slaves w/out compensating planters
(b) Planters did not want to pay debts and payed the face value
(i) State Treasury or Continental paper money (no value)
2. All states had passed anti-Loyalist legislation during the Revolution
a) State governments took Loyalists' lands and goods for war effort revenue
(1) 100000 Loyalists fled to Canada and England
b) Treaty pledged Congress to stop persecuting Loyalists
c) John Jay, secretary of foreign affairs in the Confederation government,
pleaded with states
(1) Wanted them to rescind legislation and give back property
3. Unpaid debts and failure of states to give restitution to Loyalists made British hold
on to forts West
a) Britain refused to abandon forts from Lake Champlain along Great Lakes
(1) Made the United States weak, divided, and small
b) Fur trade with Americans and Natives stopped with the British’s presence
c) 1784: New Yorkers warned Congress to have the British leave
4. VT politicians led by Ethan, Ira, and Levi Allen gave treaty of friendship w/ British
a) In exchange for recognition of Vermont’s independence and trade
b) Britain declined for fear of antagonizing the US
c) 1791: Vermont became a state in the Union
5. Americans saw Britain’s retaliatory trade policies as grave threat to American
security and prosperity
6. Adams said the British would never lift their trading and shipping restriction
a) He said only would the if forced to do so by American system of
 discriminatory duties
b) Policy was impossible under the Articles of Confederation
B. Spain and the Mississippi

1. Close of War: Spain made barriers on American commerce within its empire a)
Refused to recognize the southern and western boundaries of the US in the
treaty in 1783
b) Denied the claim of the US to free navigation on Mississippi River
2. Settlers of Kentucky and Tennessee flirted with idea of secession
a) Spain sought to trade on divided loyalties of American speculators
b) Spain likewise sought to exploit division among Indian groups
3. Spain put force on the west in 1784 summer when Mississippi River closed to trade
a) Spain also opened negotiations for a long-term settlement with the US
b) Don Diego de Gardoqui offered John Jay a deal to cleverly play the interest
of North against the South and West
(1) Exchange for an American agreement to surrender claims and
navigate Mississippi
(2) Proposed to grant the US notable trading rights in Spanish empire
(3) Jay accepted the offer
4. When Jay released terms on treaty w/ Spain in 1786, Congress got mad in debate
a) Southerners accused Jay of selling out their interests
b) Threatened the agrarian alliance they hoped to forge with the West
5. Regional antagonisms exposed by Jay-Gardoqui talks heightened the alarm over
future of republic
a) Union never appeared more fragile or Congress under the Articles of
Confederation so powerless to resolve its differences
b) As sense of crisis deepened in 1786, nationalists led by Alexander Hamilton
of NY and James Madison of VA, grew in influence and numbers
IV. Toward a New Union
A. The Road to Philadelphia
1. Fall and Winter of 1786: Agrarian protests released Shays’s Rebellion in
Massachusetts
a) Unrest strengthened the case of the nationalists for more authority
2. All states except RI sent delegates to Philadelphia for Constitutional Convention
a) The 55 men were mostly lawyers in the Confederation Congress
(1) Wealthy, intellectual and politically elite
(2) 19 owned slaves
b) Committed to nationalist solution to crisis of trust striking the republic
(1) Supporters of the Articles of Confederation did not attend
B. The Convention at Work
1. Congress only agreed to revision of the Articles of Confederation, but the
convention wanted to replace it entirely
a) First action: elect George Washington as the presiding officer
 2. Ardent nationalists seized the initiative of presenting the Virginia Plan
a) Drafted by James Madison
b) National government organized similar to state governments

(1) Bicameral legislature, executive, and judiciary

c) Granted the national Congress power to legislate and nullify state laws
d) Made representation in both houses of Congress proportional to population
3. Delegates from smaller states introduced the New Jersey Plan
a) Introduced by William Paterson on June 15
b) Kept the basic structure of the Confederation Congress
(1) One state, one vote
(2) Amended the articles
(a) Gave the national government power to tax
(b) Power to regulate domestic and foreign commerce
(3) Gave acts of Congress precedence over state legislation
c) Plan was quickly voted down
4. Plans and issues were resolved with the Great Compromise
a) Roger Sherman of Connecticut provided the proposal
b) Split the differences between the small and large states
(1) Small states were given equal footing with large states in the Senate
(upper house)
(a) Each state gets two votes
(2) Large states got population proportion in House of Representatives
(lower house)
c) Compromise settled conflict over representation of free states & slave states
(1) South wanted slaves seen for alloting representation in the House
(a) But excluded from the direct tax assessments
(2) North wanted slaves excluded from apportioning representation
(a) But included in direct tax assessments
(3) Settled on the Three-Fifths Compromise
(a) Free residents were counted precisely and would be added
three-fifths
(b) Indians excluded and not taxed
(c) Slave states got more political depiction & North got taxes
5. Convention then debated about specific powers on the new government
a) Sectional cleavage between North and South initiated
b) First erupted over the power of Congress to regulate commerce
(1) Lower South wanted ⅔ majority to enact trade legislation
(a) To prevent a Northern majority from passing navigation acts
favoring northern shippers
(b) Central plank in nationalists’ plan was dangered
(c) Madison later agreed that a simple majority is necessary
 c) Concessions on slavery grew with Southerners
(1) Convention abandoned a proposal to ban foreign slave trade

(a) New Englanders reached a compromise with Lower South

delegates to have Congress bar from acting against the slave
trade for 20 years
(b) Convention denied Congress right to tax exports from states
(c) Constitution had a provision to return escaped slaves back to
their original state
d) Question on national executive power grew next
(1) September: delegates enacted a chief executive office w/ power
(2) Powers of the president included multiple sectors
(a) Rank of commander in chief of armed forces
(b) Authority to conduct foreing affairs and negotiate treaties
(c) Right to appoint diplomatic and judicial officers
(d) Power to veto congressional legislation
(3) Term is four years and no limits on reelection
(4) Washington was expected to be the first president
6. Delegates wanted an executive who was independent and intrigued in legislation
a) Rejected both the popular election and election by Congress
b) Created a convoluted system called the “electoral college”
(1) Votes per state was based on senators and representatives in that
state
(2) Electors would cast votes to select a president
(a) No majority would lead to vote in House of Representatives
(i) Each state has one vote
7. 39 of 42 delegates signed the document on September 17
a) The preamble changed from a list of the states to “We the people of the
United States, in order to form a more perfect Union….”
(1) Identified the people instead of the states as the source of authority
(a) Emphasized the national vision of the framers of government
is different from a confederation of states
C. Overview of the Constitution
1. The central government under the Constitution was more powerful than the
Congress in the Articles
a) No strong, single person executive in the Articles
b) No Supreme Court in the Articles
(1) Constitution stated this court and lower courts were judicial power
in US
c) Delegated Congress powers to tax, borrow and coin money, regulate
commerce, raise armed forces that the Confederation government had
lacked
 2. Economic power came mainly at expense of the states
a) Prohibited from passing tariffs, issuing money, enacting laws that infringe
collecting money from debtors

b) Constitution and all national legislation and treaties were “the supreme law
of the land”
(1) Effect giving the central government power to deem state laws
unconstitutional
3. Madison and others thought self-interest motivated political behavior
a) Constitution designed a central government in which powers
counterbalanced each other
4. Division of the government created internal systems of checks and balances
a) Executive, legislative, and judicial branches
b) Limits the powers of others branches
c) Examples
(1) Senate authority on presidential appointments and over treaties of
the executive
(2) President commands armed forces, Congress can declare war
(3) President could veto legislation, Congress could override veto with
⅔ vote
(4) Legislation goes through Congress
5. Supreme Court soon got right to invalidate acts of Congress and the president
a) Can deem them as unconstitutional
b) Power of judicial review provided another check against legislative and
executive authority
(1) Constitution empowered Congress to determine size of Supreme
Court
(a) Could also indict and remove judges appointed by President
6. External restraints on central government were in relationship to state government
a) Federalism is the division of power between local and central authorities
(1) Constitution implied that all other powers were retained by the states
(a) Strengthened national government
(b) Maintained sovereign rights of the states
b) Ambiguity in this had strengths and weaknesses
(1) Allowed nationalists and advocates to support the Constitution
(2) Left slavery unresolved
D. The Struggle over Ratification
1. The Federalists
a) Those who favored the Constitution
(1) Helped deflect charges that they favored a vast centralization of
political authority
b) Could easily mobilize their supporters
 c) Concentrated in port cities and commercial fishing areas on the coast
d) Skillfully built on the momentum for change that developed from crisis in
1786

(1) Constitution as the best opportunity to erect a governing structure of

preserving and extending the gains of the Revolution
e) Scored a string of easy victories
(1) Delaware ratified the Constitution on December 7, 1787
(a) Within a month, PA, NJ, GA, and CT
(b) Except for PA, all were small, sparsely populated states
(i) Stood to benefit economically or militarily from
strong central gov.
(2) Carried in PA because of strength in commercial center of
Philadelphia
f) Toughest challenge was seen in large states that had been more successful
during 1780s
(1) Absence of a bill of rights in the Constitution
(2) Promised to recommend amending the Constitution with a bill of
rights
g) Major hurdles were Virginia and New York
(1) Needed them to ratify the Constitution
h) Massachusetts helped to create a bill of rights
i) New York ratified on June 25
(1) Virginia followed the next day
(2) North Carolina and Rhode Island did not until a new government
functioned
(3) North Carolina joined in 1789 once a bill of rights was added
(4) Rhode Island stayed out until 1790 until Congress forced
2. The Antifederalists
a) Those who were against or opponents of the Constitution
(1) Obscured their support of the state-centered sovereignty that most
Americans associated with federalism
b) Never mounted an effective campaign to counter the federalists
c) Attracted some men of wealth and social standing
(1) Three were delegates at Philadelphia
(2) Most were backcountry farmers
(3) Argued that a large republic (Constitutional) would b/c tyrannical
(a) Too distant and remove from the interests of common
citizen-farmers
d) Attacked the Constitution as a danger to individual liberties
(1) Believed the Revolution had been fought to safeguard
(2) Lacked the social connection, access to newspapers,self-confidence
 and better educated Federalists
V. Conclusion
A. The Americans after the Revolutionary War developed a necessary government with a
Constitution that was for the people.