Brighter Grammar 1 An English Grammar with Exercises Newedition CEEsterey Margaret Macaulay Revted yD KSwanesa Eatin Limited Ere hao Erand (ie Atunciaed Companies rough te word veweongman or (Longmen Group UK Lines 1952187 Al igen pa of i bon ‘mi be eprad sed eee! ‘le nonnado o bont ‘wm scone mechnca! Pen ‘conker ec ote pre Sern of Pitre ISON 9-s2-5s905-6 Sein 1012 noon Tet ‘Pre in ays OFS es by Ovid ony an ery Coie Contents Each sions faloned ty exercises pet ee ine io pane erate omen ae Sen te 2 Seu ‘scm. ae ine a 1 ee 1 fom nena ior 1 Si Aro iene oy feenate sme saspaesees PeeLeon One Parts of speech: nouns Wiese words when we speak or wie a language, ln Engh ‘gamma we study the we of Eaglsh words We tee ow we Change the words and how we arrange them tomake sentences that ther people understand, ‘Westy that Engsh words ae of ight kinds, Itwe wan to ecide which tind 3 nord, we sth oureves ‘What work docs this word do inthe senteace” The aniwer tellus hich "Bor the word comes trom. These eight "bores ae the sight Les look ate wor rom the biggest bor nouns, What ‘work does a noun doinaseatence Ita word that Wee 1 ‘name a perso (man, woman, John), or people (men, bey, Indians) oF 20 aint (hore 42g), or8 thing (house, towr), ‘ran ides (peace szeete)Lesson One ‘Avoonis a word that names anything Exercises A Write down word that ame sixpeople (Example: teacher) ficanimale (Eeample: horse) ssethings (Exomple-tble) “You have writen down eighteen words, What part of speech are your eighteen words? B ickoul the nouns thst name people in thes sentences. “There are 25 ol hem. 6 Lesson One Example: Those women ae eschersin my school Ansmer womet, teaches 1 Theboy saw his brother 2 The teacher speaks toi pupils 3 Mysisteriseclver ge 4 Taatboy ismy rend 5 Theresa mat and awoman othe pict. 6 Thee docters work in this hp 1 Thechldree te staying with their uncle and aut. 8 Themen opened the dor fori wie 9 Mi father and mother ave asked my cousin to come and stay stout howe. 10 Thesolers marched through the tows, 1 That legit isimy daughter 12 Thesis were led by anor. 13 A supermartetsels te and sugar. 14 Thechemsthasa shop tht Steet. Pickoutthenoune that oame ching in thee sentences. 1 Thereis penn the desk 2 Theboy kicked the fetal hough the gal. 4 Putte etalk on the able “4 Onthe plate there were some apples and oranges 55 The car went quickly along the oad. 6 Tere mere ome new peels inthe bos, 17 You can buy te and agar atthe bop. {There ate see windows int room 9 The bus scoming along the oad 10 The diver stops the bus atthe comer 11 Themen ae puting he boxes onthe top ofthe bu 12 The pasengers re othe eats, andthe bo sar. 1B Open your Sooks and read the words on he St page 14 There zen any nuts on at ee 15 Theboy poo many nuts in is mow,Leon One Pick out the noun that name animalin these wentences ‘Tere ace 2 of them. (Aaisls bere ncude bids, sh and insets) 1 The dogs unsing in the it. 2 Look! The cat bas caught a owe. 5 Teaw lone an igen the 20 4 The biedissingingin the ee. § Teyto Keep fies ad other insecsavay fromthe food. 6 Hereieanen withtvelve chickens 1 We get nil rom cows 4 There are horses and donkeysia the Fld 9 Theeape isa very oi bid 10 The kttens and the puppies wee playing togeher 11 A whale lives the sea, but itise'trealy afi 12 Tam goung aon to feed she docks andgese E Here are some nouns tha name ideas Us one to compete each entnce. Wehave completed aumber for yo 8 1 Whatis the SASH tothe question? 2 Tesome counties, — isa very cold seo. 3 Wemeasure—inFoure 4 What's the of those shoes?- Forty doa 5 Everybody wants —~ and not wa. 6 Please don't makesomuch I'm tying totaly 7 Have you heard the? Thewarbas cade 5 They anivedat the endo ther long F Pick ou all she nouns this story, There ae 15 diferent Tocurea headache ‘A man weat ito chemi’ shop and sid I want ve thing fora very ba headache” The chemist took a hotle from a shel, held i ender the man's nose asd opened it The smell wae 20 stong th fears came int the man's eye and ran down his eek ‘What did you do that fr? he sad angry, a con a be could get back is beth "But thar medicine ha cued your headache, bast it ssid the chemist. "You fool sid the man, “i's my wife that has the headache, ac etLesion Two Leica Two : We tao the words boy dog aeons, Nite Teds change ia nou she he ese oe tan one’ Nouns: singular and plural [Piet] toy dow ml fae Look at thse pire. © ie [foes Here there i only 1 boy. 1 gil, 1 do. | Whats the difference? Nouns that mean ‘only one’ are ngalae: Noun hat mean ‘more than eae pla ‘With mst ofthe nouns in English we make the plural by daing sto the singular. In the next picture you can see more than one boy, more than one gi and mote than one dog Tn Tat there ae thvee boys, four gis, snd two dogs.Lesson Two Exercises ‘A Fl the space with the ploral nous, Example: One boy. Thret —- ‘Anower Taree bop 1 Aborse, Two — 2 One dog. Three — 5 Rear Some —— 1 R big ree Some big 55 One dry. Seven — A shop. Some —_ 4 The hemat Ale — & A botte, Several — 3 Aneye, Two — 10 One noe. Altaf 1 Fill he space withthe singular form of the noun. ample: Two boys. One — ‘Answer One boy 1 Some houses. A 2 Some ideas. An — 5 Narty smell A wast) — 4 Ait ot fois One — 5 Ten nouns: A 65 Ten spaces. One — 4 Thee animale, An. 8 Two mimes A 9 Things. A 10 Five tethers, Only one —. How ds we geverally make English singular nouns ito lara nouns? v Lesion Two D Make caus singular sda [Sasior [Pua ow write inthe gal couse, al the nouns in these sentcoces that mean aly one, and write nthe peal, Colum the nous that mean mre than one’ We have fled in urbe for you. 1 The hen has twelve chickens. 2 The chemist bad alt of bots in his shop 5 The boys ae playing inthe fel, 4 My books are in my bag. 5 Thave four fingers 20d one thus on each band 6 There are pcre on the walle ofthis oom. 47 The beds are singing inthe trees, 8 The teacher gave us Some lestons i grams, 9 There san apple on ti pate, 10 How many windows at there inhi rooe? 11 The referee blows his whist an the player stop,12 Open your books andrea the sentences on page ten 15 There area lt of ate on tat tee 1 The sparrow is small bid. 15 Cats and dog sometines Hat. 16 The clephan isa very big ama 17 The man sid his wie ad a eadache 1 Tears cme into is eye. Complete the following sentences wth sagular nouns, 1 The —_ kicked the —. 2 Give me your — 3 Tike thie 6 Thereiea on he 1 The ie paying with Be Sthavea—in my — 9 He goes othe every 0 The isa vary ig Complete the folowing sentences wih plural nouns 1 The —_ are playing withthe —. 2 How maay —— have you 01? 3 There are tree on the —— 4 oe puting — in he van, 5 The engine basse 6 There ae and_—-on the pate 7 My brother has twelve Open your —~ and read the on page ten. 9 Inthe 200 Taam -— and — 410 The are singing the —— “ Lesson Three ‘Nouns: irregular plurals For the para of mst nous we ads to the singular Bat there are some that make hei plral differcety 1 Nouns that ead hissing’ sound hy, 2} make their by adn -e. ‘Singular Ph ‘Shuler Phra Forush brushes finch inehes box bows | for foxes bos buses | vateh watches boss boses | enue churches 2 Some nouns hat en in-form their plurals by adding ~<. ‘Singular Plural | Singular Paral’ potato potatoes | ergo feo Beroes | monuito mosquitoes 3 Nouns that end infor fe generally change the endingto er forthe pra a ce Teal Tewwer | wife wives ait aes | Ke ihe ott roves | tit thieves 1sLesson Tree 4 Some nouns hat nd in y change the yin ie forthe pra, (Not uns that erday,-e,-2y. They a6 ray, donkeys, Bore) “Sigalar [Singular Paral by Tatice | army ies lady fade | ety tis ty fies body bodies 5 A few nouns don'tfollow aay of these ules, Here are the ‘commonest of the Singular Plural | Singular Phat mn men ‘woth eth roman women | goose ese hid hides | mouse mice foot feet ftheep Seep on oxen Seer eee Bxerclses (A Wie the paral forms ofthese nouns. 1 box, ero, potato, church, bush fox, inch 2 hall ket baby, oa, idly, donkey, fy, wo thief, arm 3 woman cil, tooth, man, der, goose sheep, fot. 1B Write the singular forms ofthese nouns. 1 brushes, heroes, bores, plates, churches, ors, ines, 2 halves, wore, leaves, res, bub, Hes, loaves, wes, ladies, thieves, kaies, ay, 5 sheep fet mice, men, der, geese, cde, womea. 6 Lesson Tree {© What do we ad forthe plural to nouns that end ina ‘sing’ sound? Give an example 1D How do some noun that endin-o make he plural? Give anexample nouns endin-for-f, how do hey geacraly ake the lara? F Chaoge the nouns in the lowing Sentences from singular to plaral Note tha ploral noun do ot have aor an Example: The farmer had dog. ‘Anower: The aero. 1 The boy hada ie. 2 The cld came into the oom. 53 The man looked on he sel 4 The Indy gave m key t the i. 5 The cat caught he mouse 6 Thelenfelfom tbe woe 4) Theman and woman went tothe cinema 8 The ld sav a sheep the el, 9 Thenurecaried a baby 11 The soir gotinv abus, 12 The donkey an down the set 15 Abirdsang on the branch of ae 1 The foot of he dee ershed the ower 15 The het did't se the pocemaa,Lesson Taree G Change the nouns in the following sentences fom paral ‘osinglar Notice eran with singular noon when the ural oes aot have se Exarple: Solder stood ouside the houses. “Anower sole rood outside the house 1 The nurses worked ia hospitals 2 The catscaoght the mie 5 The boys had knives. |The countries didnot ave arms. 5 The eaves el from theres {6 Tae chides rode on donkeys 1) Themen filed the gan. 8 The boyshad watches. 9 The poticemen found the heres. 11 The onen ate she prs. 12 The women old the eldren stories 1 The thewe tole watches and radon 14 The babies ughed atthe children, 15 Wolves kiled the sep, Look agsin tthe shor story on page 9 and pt all the Sagar nous none coum an al te pla uns in 8 Lesson Foor Proper nouns In Lesson I wea the word boy, gl, do, et. These ‘words are nouns beast they name peopl o animal: That ‘Suite ue; but mos people (and some animals have more ‘han one name. The word oy means young mae person = ny young male perwon. Most boys ao have thelr ove Lets loo at family, Mr and Ms Brown (Henry andSussa) Henry Brown — Susan Brown ———t—_ secemy Richard Mark Jeremy Brown its boy. Richard Brown isa boy. Mark ‘Brown sa boy. They sre thee boys. The English word that ‘ames thems boy Itisaeammen noun. Youcan use he 9English common noun boy for ay youn ale persona the word “The words Jeremy and Rickard and Mark are nouns becaase they nme people. But they are nt common uns: you cant ‘ee them fname any young male person. They ae the special names of Mand Ms Bowes sons. In grammar we ‘a these speci nares proper noun, Mr ind Mis Greea (Joba Wltm and Ekztbeth) have fur daughters ‘John Wiliam Green — Blsbeth Green ——1—" 1 Gree Karen Pauline ‘Anne ‘When we talk abou the daughters, the word daughter 2 ‘common noes, When ws cal them pts the word gira (piu common aoun Their own names ae out t09~ ‘proper nouns, We spel hese proper nouns with aap fewer: G, KP, and A~Crce, Karen, Pauline and Arne. 2» Lesson Four ‘Look at this map of England and Wales. On ithe Seven tens otis), Four iver, two ange fils apd ‘hreeislands, The word own common tal towns (ht itean be wed oat them) The word river iscommoa il Fiver, the word land common tal sands, ass [Now here the same map with the special names ofthese towns or cies, lands, verse. These names a proper ‘oan in grams ‘Nouns that are the ares fr al people o things places of ‘he same Kind are cal common nouns. 2 Lesson Four ‘Nous that are the special name of people places a things recalled proper nous. Allproper novns begin with acai ete. The names of ‘Gayton week (Monday, Tueeay, Wednesday ete) ard month ofthe year Janay, Febrtry, et) areal proper ‘ous, and so should begin with capital eters Exercises A Write down: 1 ten common owns that ae the names of hings that you fan seen your casstom (Example blackboard), 2 tenor things wed ingame. 4 en for thiegs you canseein he country. 5 ten or things youeanseein your home 1B Wiite down: 1 ten proper nouns that are the names of persons 2 ten hat are the names of places or thing. Pick ut the proper nonin the flowing Example: Rome ad Venice sre tie in aly “Answer Rome, Verizs, ly (0 cis ~ iis common oun) 1 John came to our house on Friday. 3 TheNieisa bigrver. 44 Margaret has gone Turkey, 65 The Queen Elizabeth sus rom Southampton to New7 Kingston isin Jamaica 8 The White House ein Washington 9 The Red Ses isto teat of ype 10 Ourplane stopped at Batra Arporton its ay 0 Singapore D Waiteout the folowieg sentences with capita eters for proper nous and the beginning ofentence 1 hany ivesin london. 2 limais aver fine ct. 3 my brothers names gorge 4 we flow to america on an ind pla. 5 thesudan les to the wouth of ey 6 will shakespeare was one of england greatest oes 4 there eager river than he thames. 4 partite capital of france. 9 my bith son hardy the 1th of may 10 iedeltiin pita ori ina? EE Here isa shortstry. th init common noans and proper ‘nouns, bat we hive pied the proper aouss witha all, Teter Draw atable and write the common nounsiz one lus, andthe proper nouns ith apt tes) a nother olumo, Weave done the fst sentence OF Yo. ‘Common nouns Tuesday, Henry Brows, Jecemy, Ricard, Mark, London one Avista Londen Last uci henry browa tok his sons jecemy, chard and tare to london ‘They live abou ity ees fom london i ™ Lesson Four small town called greens, They went by tein. K was fn elec ai wth eight on Here's a nonsmoking corsage,’ mr brown ssid. There axe four seats over there He opened ie earige oor, 2nd they got in “Phe tain was a fast one. I did't sop at krightsown, sanded, puley o¢didcombe, But t topped at starwood few town, Some people got off thre, ané = porter pot ome bags of eters and parcels tothe van. An ol ay fot into the carriage. She had s bag wih her name and Secesr on i msm. sh, northood sweet, eoydon, frtey. Ten minutes later they came into wateriog station fd very soon they were out in the busy sees. ‘Come on, boy, weil ake «bus now" They found a big red bus marked london bridge. “Tha the bus we wast, ‘id me brown andthe boys hurled up the sas ad on the top of the bus. AS they wear along, mu brown plated ‘out plices an things for them to See. "Ths is westmiaster tradge and there ae the howes of patament. We ace érosing london's iver sow, the thames, and ust over there ‘westminster abbey.Lesson Four bas tht monument onthe bak of he ve asked send ts pss ed. cae fom ee nt wh Sng te dtc 2h he glen "Thr pacers me bon. wa bit by me pest sess cope sen tose tome leon ey. "Wo eta afer cys ae "Were we a or hoe? ated mak Tet moth eating faced “iene ch tpl fino net eet Hee is: tet shee Ne mate he se Leson Five Nouns: possessive Itispousible to say, This the book ofthe boy’, “The dog of Mes Sih was called Micky’, or ‘ohn s wearing the shit ff man’ But English people don't usually ay tat. They “This isthe Boy's book (Mrs Smits dogma ale Mick. Sohn is wearing man's sh. ‘This foum calles te possesive, because itis sed 1 show postestion Icsbows tht somathagbelongs othe person thos named bythe noun ~ that te boy poseses he book, that Ms Smith possesses the dog, that Joba's brs ‘ally worn by aman, ‘Te pose form of sgsar nouns is made by potting an posteophe (afer he noua tha stands he poser. or thee ot ary we write Mary's ea. Forthehouseotdack we wete Jack's howe Forthefootetshe git we wile the gi foo.Lesson Five “Tomake the posesive form of plural no easy sto remember 1 Af the plural ends in we jst add an apostrophe ‘Prchowsealtheboye the boys howe, hehewotthegive the gi has 2 Ifthe plral does notend in swe ad. There ace only {ew nouns whode plurals Go endins. For example Plural | Postessve Silden | chlden's Examples: Tei children’ hols in the next vilge “Thiestoreelsboth mena women’ elotes, Lasson Five Thepaneae ‘Singular nowns | Phra nouns | Plural nouns not endingins | These nounsiake | There nount | These nowssake sake CD only Ton vacle| babies soldier | men og rd | sons gts | women cid John | uncles boys | Chidren brother ster | fends fathers olier fon" [cate dogs MrBrown ice lads Wewse the possessive (or) form of aus that name people and most animals. Tis aot generally used for nouns That aime tings Sowesay: the nacher' lesson; the mother’ des; the dog's foot the font. But we say: the colour of he Book (not “the bookereolote) the oo of the howe (notte hwe' =) Exercises ‘A. Waite down the possesive format the folowing. Then Exomple the teth ofthe dog “Answer: the dogs teeth. He ooked atthe dog's teeth, 1 thehatoftheman 7 theface othe baby 2 theleg of te boy 3 thebome ofthe git 4 thestickoffohn 10 the fend of my bother 5 thewingoftebied 11 thecoat of Meluang 6 thevoiceofthechild 12 thetailothect »Lesion Five 1B Wie down the possessive form ofthe folowing Then use Example the eth of he dogs ‘Answer the dog teeth. The dogs’ teeth were sharp { thetomescfthe boys 7 theres ofthe cikren 2 thelegsafthe hones § the shouts ofthe boys 3 thelaugherofthe ers 9 th songs of the women 4 the wings ofthe birds 10 the fiends he net 5 the voices ofthe pois 11 the barks ofthe dogs. 6 theshoutsofthemen | 12 the fiend ofmy brothers (© Make the flowing para Example: the ca'seye “Answer: the ats eyes 1 theboy'shouse 2 the pas tiend 3 the dog'sbark 4 the man's choot 5 thelady'ssong 6 the woman's song 7 the ds ame 5 the baby's smile 9 the bias wing 10 the donkey's tail, D Make the following singular. Example: the King palaces “Anower:the King palace 1 thebind wings 2 the cldren' games 5 the babes amie: 4 themes's shouts 5 the boys house 6 the dogs barks 1 the gil friend & the lds songs 8 the donkeys tals 10 the women's0n9s Lesion Five Wate out these sentences, Use the posesive form ofthe sn in acs, Example: My (bother eatin the garden, ‘Anoner:My brother scat isin the gree. 1 Theman wentt0 the (chemist shop. 2 Thename of Mrs (Sau) dog wa Micky, 3 Have you seen (Wayne) new bile 44 Websard the (men) shouts inthe distance 5 My (ister fendi coming ota. 6 Lets joni the (chiar) games, 7 Thatisa (woman) dey 4 Taatbulding the (Women) lsitte 9 Ellenis carrying a (ad) handbag, 10 Mary sing in te adie) choi F Write down the possessive fom of si he words inte table o page 29 (lion, bais, men, et.) Poteath word ina Example binds “Answer: bids. Look sll hoe bird’ aes, aLesson Sit Adjectives say you, ‘Amman came atthe room se noun man doesnt make clear picture ia your mind itty, ‘A thinman came ito the oom {imate meaning ofthe oun mon: you don't sein your rind fat man or even aman of ordinary shape, oly thin “The word hina adjective. ttl us what hind of man we smown by ouroounman We wean adjective with oan to init the meaning ofthe ‘oun, The adjective quai ne noun. Here are som more examples: ‘hin man Snoldbook ‘theovpbox alighebox Sgcodess abadexs Swe rabbit blader Lesson Siz ‘The words mar, book, box, eg, abbicare nouns. The words {ot thin, od, nem hear, light, Eo0d, Dad, white, back a tellussomethiog abou the eaing of these nouns. They ell buat kind of man, what kindof 00K, what Kind of, They ae adjectives ‘You il notice that in English the adjective usually goes before the noun ‘red ower big dog ‘long journey Talate esos jou wile some exceptions Adjectives of te kin we have looked atin Lesion 6 (the ‘words that ell us Wht kad) ar adjectives of qualLesson Six Exercises 'A Put suitable adjective before each ofthe flowing nouns. Example: eat “Answer aredeat 1 house 4 book 7 fon —*10 hendache 2ésy Shey Sain flower Sinner Gree = Sve, og, Bick out the adjectives ia the following sentences. Example: Look at that ol ack cr. 1 They liven abig red house. 2 Lioydisa every, 53 Thisplant ax smal yellow flowers. 44 MrChungisakind man 55 Thecamelis very uel animal 6 InNew York they ave warm weather ia summer and cold weather ia winter 77 Mary bnew green jumper 8 Lion are strong, Sor animal 9 Cairo isa large, oy 10 Thowe small sper have sweet ste © Complete thet sentences with adjectives from the box ‘Wehawe filed in number 1 or you. ‘asty cold pew big evest lack ] favourite hot” iteresting small 1 Theman bought aA cr 2 Theteasher gave wan — lesson, 5 Henry has broken hit-—— kale 4 Anelophantsa-—— animal, amouse isa one. 5 Do you lie apples? “ 6 Inmy country we have__weatherin summer and. sweater in winter 1 Have you seen 1 cow We have lost. 5 Mr Bowe ssot aman. D Read his shortstory. Then make 2eolumos withthe heading adjectives and nous. nthe fstcoluma weit down each adjective you find inthe sory. Inthe second ‘tla wet the noun tha the adjective goes with. We have Drnted he adjeeives and nouns fom the fist sentence for Joust an example Adjecives [Nouns ‘poor ‘woodeuter be “The modester and he A. poor woodeuter was cutting a big pace of wood near 2 ‘tide vor Suddenly his ald axe sipped from he hand and {al iat the dosp water. He was» sad man because he had lost his only ase. But suenly« lovely bight ry ap peared ‘We’ the mater?” she asked he unhappy woodeuter. FyLesson Siz “have lot my old axe,’ he said. Te fll into the deep The fry showed him a gold axe and sid "Is this yours?” “No sd te woodeuter. ‘The fry then showed hum a ser axe and said agua ia her lear voice, ls this yours?” "No aniwered the woodeuter. ‘Then the showed hin & common, ion 2x8 with ano "Yes, that's mine said the happy woodeuter. “know,” ssid the hind fry. “Tony wanted 2 true answer "You ae aa honest mat, so I can give you the gold bre and the siver ate as wells the old on a." Lesson Seven Adjectives of quantity “There are sever ther kind of sectives besides adjectives ‘ot quality, Tete are, for example, adjectives that tell you “how mach’ or how many Thave mo yee “Ther ate et books on the desk ‘These ace called adetvs of quantity ere alte song with some ajetives of qua ‘Ten gran bots “There were ten green bates standing on he wal, ‘Tem gree bots standing onthe wal, ‘Andifone green bottle smoud cident fl, ‘There'd be tne green bots standing onthe Wall Ate this verse you contiaue There mere nine green oles standing onthe wall, [Nine grees bottles standing on he wal, Andi one green bot shold aridentally all, ‘There'dbe eign green bots standing onthe Wall “Then, "There were eight. and son, until you come toLesson Seven “There was one green botleand the ast ine willbe “There'd be no geen bots standing onthe Wall” And he ‘word nohere sao anadjectiveo quant. Much and many ae ato adjectives of quanti. They tls ‘he quantity but not so dently asthe numbers one, 2, treet Mach s sed with singular aoans; many wit plural meus nd we almost ateays use them with rororn ‘.donrhave many tiends in Calc, ‘We dn shave much rain this morning “There are not many appleson hate. idea mach reais this moesing Adjective of quantity show how much “how many Exercise ‘Complete te sentences with a adjective of quantity in each ofthe blak spaces. 1 There were _—botleson the wal. 2 Inthe last ves ofthe cong here were botlson the 3 Thereare aot__pictresin that book 4 Ihave —eyerand nose 5 Webadat ——-imevodo our work 6 Alda spend_— money on his old. 1) There are -—~daysina week B Yourbiven'tdone very —— Work 9 Thereare not watches that Keep perfect time. Lesion Eight Demonstrative and interrogative adjectives “There are alo adjectives that ‘point ot people, things, ee “tke sca. 1 donee thats." ‘This ances te generally wed for things that are near. That end hose re generally wed fo things tha are further tay. Thar that go with singular ne. Thee andthe se wit plural nous. "Tis eat od. cingular) ‘Thatesr i. (Ginga) ‘Thee careare nem. (la) Tow ars are new (poral) “Thin tha, thes, hove Sr demonstrative adjectives “There soneoterknd of adetve that we must mention {nterrogatve adjectives ae ured with oan to ask questions. Wha book are you reading 904? What pice ae engs today? Which boy can aewer this question?Lesson Eight Which house doyoulive in? Whate Route that? Wao cat sth? Exercises [A Compete the semtences with a demonstrative adjectives ‘ach bank space. Example: giover tere isbeautifu ‘Answer Thal over there x beaut 1 (ike — tower. 2 Uke — flowers, 5 Sraware nthe ext 4 osariscaled the North Star, ° Lesion Eight 5 Have you ead_—_book am reading? 6 Doyou lie shoes lam wesing” 7 Wilyou gi me—_ pen for —alverpeni? 8 girlson the back set are not working ae hard ae faton the oat seat 9 Toought —-oppes fom shop inthe High Stet. 10 exercises we ae doing on page are more cl than exercies we elon page teven B Make the following phrases plural Exomple that pete “Answer thor pitas 1 ths door 2 thathouse 3 thatbig boy 4 tiered apie 5 thisaew beele pen window 4 thatlarge ere animal 9 thisclean new book 10 thatsmal yelow orange Make the folowing phrases singular 1 those boys 2 these Boye 5 tore bie Nowers 4 thse bask hens 5 these big does 6 these sap boys 1 thoes large Bees aninals 8 those dirty old books 9 there ine new bicycles 10 these righted awers aLeston Eight Complete the sentences with an interrogatve adjective in ch bank space, Example: hand a Uholingiin? “Anower: Which hind a Tholingtin? 1 —bieyeisthat? 2 question have you sawered? 3 ane icoow? 4 resto do you ike best? 5 —enlout were the bots onthe wall? E Plck ot the adjectives inthe following endsay what kind of adjective each one's. Example: Whose cts that Peugeot? “Aner Whose intrrogatve adjective that” demonstrative adestne ‘ed~achetive of quality 1 There wee four apples and wo oranges onthe plate 2 Thisbookie good one 3 Alene boy can soon do these exercises. 4 There ate not many student in the css today 5 Ten fourbirdsn the tall we. 6 Wehaven act me do thislong exercise. 17 Awih my mother would buy me that big, ew bcp 1 Which jte do you want? 5 What pies that byl? 10 Those four boy are bothers 1. Nie geen bots were standing om this old wall 12 When that song fnthed, there ere 20 green botes on the wal 13 Whore peniison the desk? 14 Whattume ae you gong the football mati? 15 Think this ow wate good one e Lesson Nine Verbs ‘Verbs ae very important words ‘We use verbs tosay what people and things do, Verbs express anacta “Phe woodeter sat on the bank (What dd edo?) She showed hina goldane. (What di ste do?) "That's mine sd the woodoater (What id he do) “Theis goto school everyday (What do they do?) ‘The man opened the box. ‘Theta sing at my window every morning ‘Theboys ae althepaddgLesson Nine Sometimes we se two words fora verb. "Tne por meodcuter mar uting plece of wood. (What sear he doing?) have los my axe, (What has he done?) Teil give you the gold axe and the silver axe (What will shea?) Some verbs dont expres nation. They just sty people or ‘hinge are something. The chic ofthese the verb be (om, ‘na, wer) These verbsoften have an elective after “The woodeater mas (seb) very sed adjective), ‘Thefairy asked the woodcuter why be was (re) unhappy (aetive). ‘The ay sid, "You are (ve) honest (adjective) ° Exercises {A Pick out the verb expressing a ation in the following Example: Te tain stopped ata station ‘Anawer: stopped 1 The boy an out ofthe howe 2 The gis danced 53 The teacher give usa lesion 4 Birding 5 Tre man smokes pipe. 6 Fishswim the sea 17 The eamel ears a oad 8 The tain started again D Acareameto our door. 10 The san abies 11 Cwrote eer LessonNine 12 Weleara grammar. 13 Theyspeak English 14 received ete this morning 15 Wayne woe theater 17 Richardelinbed a tee 18 Gecrge shu the doo 19 Taawthe teacher, 20 The pupils opened their books, B Pckout the mo-mord verbs in these sentences, Example: she wing setter? ‘Answers. wating 1 The boy is writing. 5 The teachers giving sa eson 4 Theteacher wil give usa leson 5 The teacher as givenasa lesson, 6 Theboy wl run ae tomorrow 77 Thecameliscarying a big load 4 Thetran bas gone 9 Tresunis shining 120 Iwilwrte eter AL Twilwaite ein Engl, 12 have writen the eter 1 They are peaking English 14 They wl opeak Eaglsh 15 They ave spoken Engh 1g Ricnardisclbing tre. 17 George has sat the door. 18 have seen the teacher, 20 The pupils ave opened tei books 21 Whatishe doing? 22 What ine wl they are?Lesion Nine Pick othe pars ofthe ver bein these sentences. ‘Remember thar tis et ny what pple or things are (or were) Example: The man wns er ld 1 Seremyis red 6 Lamtsed 2 Macyiseeryhappy. 7 Katen was unhappy. 3 Thosemenarecold, _& The boys were hungry. 4 Mycatisvery prety, 9 The teacher skin $ Those lowersirese2, 10 The woodeutter was honest. Complete these sentences wih pars ofthe verb be. 1 The woodentte_—_verywohappy. 2 The ary sad, "You honest." 3 1 gad natyou are ee 1 Myst very lever 5 The flowers —— prety E Compete thes sentence wth vets rom the box. Use ch verbonce only. os poe wooie jumps opened Printed bought cooks go. washed 1 The boy — the door. 2 The dog over the gate every morning. 3 Tom ——a goed daner every evening. 4 The woman =—the diy clothes §5 The teroplane —— from Hong Kong to London. 6 {these apples a the shop 3 We —toschoal every ds 8 Thechemist—- the man a bottle of meine. 5 The teacher —— the words on the blackboard, 10 1a pictre onthe pape. 6 Leston Nine FF Make questions and give the answers forthe petures below. Undetineall the verbs your answers. We have onc umber IToryouas an example Queron: What ithe boy doing? “Answer: He schopping W003. 1 2 3 Jase Ss a —s G Puta word from the box ino the Dank spaces to make twomord vit, 1 The woodeuiter — eating pies of wood 21 doing my work 3 Thewoodetter inst his ae. 44 The dog jumped vere gate '5 Tom's father --~-cokinga god dane. 6 The woman ——wathedthe cy clothes 71 done my work8 The fairy said lig you the gold axe andthe 9 Wer deawing pitureson the paper. 10 The boys playing the playground 1H Pick out ce nouns, the adjectives and the verbs inthe following sory. Wate them i 3 alums ike ts (oun ‘Adjectives | Verbs [senneman [ola ‘wae waking fern Wo have filled in the words othe est sentence Poor ol gentleman! ‘Aa old geateman was walking slowly along street. He ‘aw a ie boy who was tying to each doorbell. The foorbell wa 00 bigh. The hind old an stopped and sid, "Tring the bell for you He ang tie bell, and it made & loud note inte howe. ‘The litle boy looked wp 3 him and sid, Now well run away. Come oa!” "And the cauphty boy ran round the cover. The old ectleman war sil tthe dooe when a big man came and opened it ex” sid the angry man. "What do you want” « Lewon Ten Sentences and phrases Sentences When we want to express ou thoughts we we a group of ‘words. A group of wards that makes complet sese iss Q &@ 1 "Tommy has a bicycle. (statement) 6 & 2 Nimo ace you going? (Question) 6i“i2 5 Open the door (command) ‘The irstsentence rel us something; ite us that Tommy basa bieyee, makers statement “The second sentence doesnt tll us anything ark something taser where someone going Ite 8 question “The answer ots question willbe a atement.Tre thin semtence is nether astaement nora question. I doesn't ive us some information like a statement), ant ‘doesnt ak for nformation (ikea question). I orders someone todo something, ti 3 eammand. So, yousee, a sentence can done of the things. 1 Make astatereat tellus something. 2 Aska question 3 Give command. Some tatements canbe turned ito questions and some ‘uesion canbe turned nto statements, y changing the ‘Stder othe words, Here are some examples: Statement Question “That isMacy’s bicycle, Int Man's ble? John can speak French, Can Joba speak French? Younave hadyour leon, Have you bed your lesson? ‘Theboy willdothe work, Wilthe Boy dothe work? [And here are some examples of ommands ‘Look at thie senence Bequiet Pletze come here Come bere, pease. Sane answer the question. ‘Answer the question Jane Phrases ‘You may have agroup of word that makes sense but not Compltésene for eam! note house; anne o'clock, for ih pence Groupso word ike these are phrases. A sentence sa ‘verb init phrase hasn't You can re a phrase into ‘enence by ding other words oi, Buc one ofthe words 0 Lesson Ten that you add must bea veb, Let ws make the phrases or teampe ino sentences by aang someting (actuding ‘eit them ha wernt the house. efhome at nie o'ock. (George bought the Book for eighty pence Exercises 'A Make two cours wit the hening sentences and ‘ress Then put each group of word below under the right Feading Fors sentence you need» expt letter and 3 al Sop oF"? ort), We have done theirs two for you a incense E sec 1 wesaw the boy 10 come here 2 atthe chemists 1 frommy father 3 jnthe garden 12 stdown 1 Spe the door 1B through he window S atossthegarden 14 where are my books 6 stourechoo! 15 ddyousee Margaret, 1 anbonest man 16 on Tueday morning Bear be soo! 1 please doa'say hat 9 onmy desk B Add words to turn these phrasesint sentences, Bxanpe: beside the ver ‘Anower Lets wall beside the sver.(Orany other ation that conse verb) 1 afew yrs a0 4 ahersixo'ock 2 every summer 5 onpagesinces 5 inthe garden 6 byPriay igLeston Ten 7 witha hammer 12 along he High Set 8 inorhesea 13 with you and me 9 nesrtheraileay ston 16 wither and Richaré 10 throvgh the window 15 onthe blackboard 1 inispocker CC Hereisa ite tory. Copy the sentences that have brackess[] ater hem, andinthe rackets write § (for Statement) o¢ 0 (or question) oF (lor command), We have Gleaia the fst pac of brackets for you. “The dake andthe farmer ‘The Duke of Wellington was very ric. [5] He ta ot of land in beaut part of England [|Next tothe Duke's land there was a farm. {_] The Duke wanted to buy the farm and sd it ld to isan [|] "Go and see Farmer Jackaoe,(_] he sid to his agen ‘Tey to buy his farm for me. [) 2 Lesion Ten Alter afew weeks, the agent came tothe Dake. (| "TWe boupht the frm for you, (| he wd "How auch did you pay frit?” [| the Duke asked "got it for £30,00,"( J te ageat said. "The real value fof Famer Jackson's land is £4,000. [—] Wasn't it «bar wae “I the land cally worth £40,000? {] Tha tell me this {J How di you get for 90,0007 { "Farmer Jackson iin trouble, [_] the agen answered “He neods the money at once | He had to sel hi farm heap. "Go back to Farmer Jackson a one {std the Duke “Give him the £10,000 [ ]Ithe needs the money, we nus sve him the real value of his land, [] T dont wane 2 ‘Bargain that comes from anoer ean trouble" [ 1 Tur these questions int statements, Example: Was Jackin the owner ofthe frm? “Anower: Jackson was the owner ofthe fam 1 Was Jackson’ farm next othe Duke's land? 2 Were there ede on Farmar ck’ and? 53 Was the pac ofthe farm £0,000? “4 Was the fal value ofthe farm £40, 0007 ‘5 Was £3,000 bargain? 6 War Farmer Jeckor in toube? 7 Waste Duke soz for Farmer Jackson? Turn the following statements into questions Example: The (amis worth £40000, “Anawer: athe farm worth £40,000? 1 The rea va ofthe farm was £40,000 2 Farmer Jackson wa in tobe 53 The Beles were round the fm,Leon Ten 4 The fam was net tothe Duke's and 5 The Dake wil give the farmer £40,000. 6 That was a fai pice forthe farm. 1 Farmer Jackson was very gad. F Make commands usiag these words, Use them i any ‘order, and ad tote words you need the, Example: Fae, forme, buy “Anawer: Buy the fam fo 1 Door, John, open. 2 Mary, dook, tome, qui, bing, 53 Athome, teres, do, cael 4 Tomorrow, homework, bet, rng. 5 Talking, stop, eow, and, work, bein, 6 On page 25 all he questions, do 7 Your name, top af paper, wrt 85 Forme, at por office, post, letters. 9 Your exerdue book, i choo, bring, tomorow, 10 Richard, ball, Kick, ito the oa 6 Wirite out 3 statements, 3 questions and 3 commands of your own, Doe'texpy them fom this lesson Lesson Eleven The subject of a sentence Hore ae even renence: ‘Tae Duke of Weington| wanted to buy the fam. 1} can do these exes, ‘The poor woodeater lost hi ax, ‘This boot belongs to me ‘The boy] oad Ait boy ia ablue shirt and shorts rn down the sect. ‘The workman is uapey. ‘Yow will notice tht each sentence i divided into two parts bya line andthe parts are marked A 204 8 ‘The subject ait A (The Duke of Welngton 1, The poor woodeuter, This book, The boy A ie boy in a Blue sic and shor, ‘The workman) contains the pean or thing we ae taking bout in the sentence. We cll hte abject ofthe ‘The word or group of words that we peak about ia Sentence is elle the subject. The subject the ‘oot ofthe sLesson Eleven ‘You want to past fading the sbjet of the sentence. ‘Why? Becnuse the subject isthe wordor group of wards 1 changes place when we make a question: The gl cover. Ts dhe go clever? subject subject 2 decides the form ofthe ver in some case: ithe gl cievee? “Arethe gs clever? abject abject. | art B (wanted to uy the farm, ca do hee exerciser, lst ‘sax, belongs tome, luphed, rx down he set, trap) s what we say about the subject. We cll that Dart ofthe sentence the predieate. The predist ca be one Mor, oe ean be several words ‘The predicate ofa sentence the word ar group of words that tis us someting aba he subject is = ‘The predicate ‘Thetis generally a noun oF 2 pronoun (Lesson 13) in the sabjct (Duke of Wallington, I woodcut, book, boy, ‘rerkinan) ‘Thetis alvays aver in the predate (wonted, condo, leat, belongs, laughed, ran) 56 Lesson Eleven Theres am easy way 0 find out he suet of a sentence. Fst pick ou the yeb and ash, Who? or What Wot What?—+ verb = subject {Look at these examples: “Ths book belong to me ‘What deloags? = This bok (ube) A lite boy an down the sree ‘Who rant = A ite boy (uke) Exercises ‘A Pick out the subject ofeach ofthe following sentences: 1 Birds ty. (Ask: What?) 2 Fnswim. (Ask: Waal?) 13 The pop reads a book. (Ask: Who?) 44 Te cat aught a mouse. (Ask: What?) 5 Henry opeted the door. (Ask: Who”) 6 Margaret Lee goes to stool 7 Aman weat into the chemist’ shop 8 Te chemist opened the bot, 9 The medicine has cuted your headache, 10 A poor wogdenter was cutting wood 11 Hisane feito the water, 12 The fay showed him saver at, 13 Tan ive you the gold axe and the sve axe. 14 An old gentleman we walling along the see 15 The naupty boy an round the core. 16 The man was very any, 17 The teal vale of Farmer Taco’ lad is 40,00, 18 The gil is going tothe shops, 19 The moon gives es ight han the un 20 The Duke's agent ook 10,00 and gave ito Farmer Icon, 7Lesson Eleven B Add predicates to these aubjets 1 The fry 2 The woodeuier |My fiend in Londoo 5S The hore 6 The driver ofthe txin 47 The chemi 8 Flower 9 A tigred iced man 10 The blackboard ive subjects to thse predicate 1 oi he garden, 2000 pas is ae, 3 ing 41 opeed the door. $207 anted ty a frm, 6 2 went into the shop. 9 atthe back ofthe cas 812 making the Bowers prom 5-1 mil ee the hes 10 1 reat stow out of he tation 111.2 snowered al the quests. 12 elle botter, par apd ea 15 1. gts Ttsdaatee tines a year 45 101 hve lot al their eaves Lesson Toei The object of a verb “The dog ule He hiled yesterday,’ or The shopkeeper sll ieee uuu (es youwould be puled. You wuld sy, ‘Goon, Finish the Seatence. Tellus what the shopkeeper el. Tellus what the dogkiled. Thor verb ell and ll oa" ake sense by themselves, You mst put something after them to make sotssy, "This shopkeeper “The dog killed rat, sels byes Hekaled ityesterday- on = “On yes, yousayatonce, tha makes sense.” ‘The word biyeler ithe object fhe er sel The words rat andar the objet ofthe ve ilLesson Teeve ‘The objects verb isa noun or pronoun whic us he person thing thatthe action ofthe verb happened. The hj the recive a te ction ‘We found the sabe ofthe sentence by saying the question sword who? (or wha!) before te verb (Leson I). We an Find the objet by saying the question word wha (or hoi)? afer te ver verb what? = object ‘Tofindihe subject and object of this setence: “The shopkeeper sel bicyles Who sels? = The shopkeeper (subject) Sells» what? bicyls (object) Here are some more examples “The tb te dog cae Thea (let) tits what? = ihe dog ae) ‘The og killed the rat, ae Wat ieee = te dog ate) Killed what? = te rat obec) ‘Transitive Verbs object (some verb da’) ae transiting verbs, Transtve’ comes trom Latin word that means "going over The acon of ling goes over fom the do 0 thereat The seton of ling gps over fom the shopkeeper tothe bicycles. Inthe sentence The rarbitshe dog, the action of bing oes ‘om the ratto ibe dog. The atisine'Joe'of te action; he og ste receiver of he action. In the sentence The dog Uelled he ar, the seton of Kling goes fom the dg tothe o Lesron Twelve rat, The dog he doe’ ofthe ston; he at isthe teceiver ofthe action. Both sentences have object the vets be and Telarc ransive verb. ‘Verbs that ake objects are called taste verbs, Intransitive Verbs But there ar ome vers that don't have objects, because sometines the action does go ove from One person or {hing to asothe person or thing. Consider hese vntences {orexample: The dog growed Themrdied. ‘Theacton of growling starts and ends with the dog It does 'go over to anything else. The action of dag Dios and ende withthe eat, youssy, groned wh? died mht? youcan't get ‘Verbs that don’t take objects areclled intransitive vers,Exercises ‘A Pick out the bjetsin these sentences. 1 Cows eat rae 2 Richard at hie ing. 3 The teacher taught his las, 4 John read book. 5 Margaret sag song, 6 The pupils read heir bots. 4 -The policeman caught the het 8 MeBrowa bought sex. 9 Thetrin let the sation 10 Asupermartesls tea 11 Weplay total 12 George ate an apple 13 My mosher cooked he diner 14 Mysister opened he dooe 15 Themen have nished tei work 1G ErieLse hasscored a gal 17 Henry swings eter 18 Whorang ihe bel?| 19 Have you seen my new byte? (The verb shave seen.) 20 Canyou open this box? B Pickout the bec and the objects ofthe veri the following sentences Remember he plan ‘WhotlWhat?—= verb = sublet Ter what? = objet Draw thee col and write the abject, verb and abject of ‘each sentence nthe eae columa, We have filed inthe frst sentence for you. (Saber ve Obie a Lesson Teele 1 The medicine cred my headache 2 The woodcutter lost his ld ae. 53 The ld getleman sw ite boy. 44 Theo couldn tread hisbook 5 Henry woe aleve 6 Tatmanbe writen abook 5 he gdesang sone, 5 Henry has bought football 59 The woodcttr was eating a piee of wood. 10 The Dake of Welington wanted a arm 11 The agent paid £30,000 12 The Duke sent £10,000. 15 The farmer ddn' have money. 1 The farmer grows potatoes and corn, 15 Henry ate an appl and an orange 16 The teacher marked all ou exercises. 17 Atte farm [va come cows sheep and horses 1 The cows, shop and bores saa of gate, 19 The poor woodeater sw a besstifal ay 20 Inber hand she held god, CC Pic outiheverbsin the flowing sentences Pt the frantive verbs in one cokime and the ntransive verbs in Sruther column, Wehave done the rt two ves fr You Transve | Urrnsive ae 1 The ite boy hut his foot, 2 Hecried tery 3 Thesunisshinng |The boyreaw the fotbal match 5 Richardsept unl nin oock & Cotton grows in Egypt 9 Tne cilren fete animal oLesson Twelve 8 The tin stred 9 Birds 10 Georges working hae. 1 Wellvein adgetown 12 The waterisboting 13 Clouds are posing across the shy 14 The bogs ike their essons, 15 The butenersllmest 16 The farmers wife went othe dry. 17 Wood burns esi 18 The ehilden are ating silat theicdeks 19 Please give me those lowers, 20 Ewill goto Hoag Kong next week, D Read this short story Thejoke Sie Wiliam Thompson was very eat, but he always pee- tended that he could heat everyhiag. One eveniag he Inaued sever friends 0 dinner. While they mere sing st the table, one ofthe fends fold a funny story. Everyone laughed. William lavghed very locly too. Then he sid “That was 2 very funny joke, bu | row « funnier one Would you tke to hese i” They ll aid they would, 0 Wiliam began his story. When it ended, eveyone laughed louder than before. Wiliam smiled happily. But he didn't ‘now the reason for their laughter. He had Wold the same “Ten ofthe vers in that try ae rite in tlic. Draw {oar columns ike this in you exer book T Subj [ 2 Vee | 5 Ober [4 Rnd oe] [Seve fends | T ‘Wii ia colame each of the verb nals, Waite the Be io 6 subject ofeach er a column 1, Write the ajc (there ‘Hone ncolumn 3, Andie columa put Tithe verbie, transive oti tisintanatie, We Rave ileSin he ‘columns fo the st ver for ou ‘The complement “Tat man sn’ complet sentence. It need something tomake complete. Perhaps: "That man isa detective” We ‘ay that deteave snot an abject of, The man doese't do tnytingtothe detective. Hes the detectives ma Ucetve, We give special name to words ox pass which Complete a sentence ter verbs ie be seem, become, They se complements. E Compete these sentences by ang» complemet Example: The eache’'s moter seems “Anower The teachers mer Seems ld 1 Anne Carters. 2 She was but now she 3 Today ir —, and tomorrow wil be. 4 Tato indy feds the bids Se seems. 5 Mary was —. but she has become —— 6 Isyour brother orishe—?Leson Thirteen Pronouns John Brown std that John Brown was hungry. Mary Brown Said that Mary Brown was hungry, to. Wea their mother heard that John and Mary were hingry, her mother gave John and Bary a piece af cake each John and Mary ‘thanked thelr moter for th piece of eake a John and Mary at he psc of cake. Then John si, ohn thanks hie mother ohn at bangry sow, and Mary si, ‘Mary thanks her mother Mary a’ husgryaow.° Tir mother Sai, "Did Jom and Mary enjoy he cate” and John and Mary sid together, ‘Ton and Mary enjoyed the cake very much Ie sounds funny, does’ it? Fim sure you can see why. I's because we keep repenting the nous Jon std Mary and ‘mother and piece of ake. Now let's tag, and his tine, Tasead of alway ting thez nouns, we wl uke ober words that stand for them. We'll mark all the words hat we use instead ofthe nou “6 Leszon Titeen John Brown sid that he was bungry. Mary Brown sid tat She was hungry, oo. When thei moter heard that they ‘wore hungry, she give tem apiece of ake each. Tey ‘Make he oe an they ate Then Joba 83, “Tran yous Pm not hungry now,’ and Mary said (2) Thank you. Pinot hungry nos The wher si, ‘Did you Zajoy "And they sid together, We enjoyed it very ‘hat scunds beter, does’t it? We have used pronouns swords hat we use lnstead ofthe nouns. The pronouns in That story ate the word, yu he he, we they hem, er, imi. ‘Words that stand intend of nouns ae called pronouns Exercise Pick out the pronouasin the foloning. 1 Joba it boy. Hes at home 2 Mary gil She isin the clas 3 They are brother and ster 4 Wekaow them very wel 5 Thay stayed with ast year. 6 John ism ever oy. 1K him 5 Mary i our fiend: Shee telve year ld. We ike her. 8 They have bye isyelow 9 They have shad meto vt them next year. 10 They lve in Kingston. isa gy 11 Do you like there flowers? Taey ae ot ofthe garden, 12 Tread that book. I's very intresting {2 Show me how to do this exes. 14 Don't you know how to doit? 15 don’ understand pow o i oLesson Fourteen Gender of nouns and pronouns Inthe story about Jon and Mary, when we used prouns instead of nouns, we sometimes Used he, him and other times she, her. Ofcourse you know when to ue he, him and ‘when tose she, her. The pronouns he and hum st eed ‘when hey stand for nouns ike manor boy: that for males ‘The pronouns she, herare used when they sand fr nouns like oman or gir that, or emule. Tn grammar we ay that the forms he he (xh and her) show adiference of gender Words that stand for male are mascaline gender. So the nouns man, boy, som, ling, prince, et. andthe pronouns ‘he and him ar maseuline gender. ‘Wer that stand fr feraes are enn gener, The nouns woman, gr, daughter, qucen, princess tad the ronowas she and her ae feminine gender. Words that stand for things ae neural ender. (Newt at means neither masculine nor emis ) So the nouns book, howe river, we, cle, ad the proaoun iar etal ender « ender. ‘Where isthe ca? ison the mat ‘Where ithe og? isi the garden. ‘The proaouns me, you me, ur canbe ether masculine or {eminine- The pronouns they adem maybe maa o¢ feminine of neste “The boyshate js come home, Ask hem they want their der. (massing) ‘Theis have bers tothe cinema, Ask hemi they enjoyed the pear, (eminne) ‘The apple tres ae covered with blossom, They wil have plenty of ppesoa hems the autumn aera) Exercises ‘A Anower these questions 1 Whats the gente imal persons? 2 Whats the gender of uns or pronouns that stand for eral persons? '3 Wat ithe gender of ouns or pronouns that stan for ‘things or animals? 3 ous or pronouns that stand for 1 Wate dows four nous inthe mean gender and fur ia the feminine gener 2 Weite dow two prensunsin the feminine gender and two in the maxline gender 53 Wate dow ten aoun or pronoun in he neetral gender. 4 Which two prauns canbe mascaline, feminine snd 5 Which prone sony netral gener?Lesion Fourteen © Give te feminine ofthe folowing nouns and pronouns. Example: randather(masuline) “Answer: grandmother (Ceminine) ihe 6 husband 14 policeman 16 nephew 2him 7 father” = Dacor 17 unde Soy 8 x00 ‘Blin 18 duke ‘king 9 brother 14 gentleman 19 hero 5 prince 10 man 15 Me 20 tgee Give the masculine ofthe following owns 24 pronoans. Ther woman‘ aeress——_ 16 Honest 2ehe Tait 12 indy 17 princess S queen Sarer TB niece 18 mother Site 9 heroine 16 duchess 19 tigress, 5 daughter 10 policewomen 15 sunt 20 Mie Leson item Pronouns: singular and plural, persons ‘You hive just seer how useful the pronouns ae. The ‘pronouns ou hive loke atin Lesons Ib and 4 are used [stead of nouns that mean pertons or animals or things. We ‘allthem personal prosouns. Singular and plural “The pronouns me, he, she, him, herace wed fr only one pean, Sothey sre sigue “The pronouns we, as they, them are wed for more thn one person, They ae poral Yow sboth singular ab pra "You ae a good boy (one bo, slogua). You are god boy (mre than one boy lara), ‘We callita personal pronoun oo, but we use itto mean an inimalorathing. Te peal fishy oF ter.Lesson Fifeer Persons You have met the word person, ofcourse, meaning people ‘Borin prema, person (Cis person, cond person, third person} has snother meaning “The Ist person isthe person The 2nd person the person seating spoken'a Coe) : || & ros Tree tse X “The Sed person isthe person Spoken about. Richards loking through the window, The eashets poitingat him. They are pil; he each hr. ‘Rcharls mother thinks hes in the eltsroom butsheis ‘wrong Impersonal subject “Thereislsoanother we fr‘, asthe impersonal subject in Miseaiing Lesson Fifteen asa foe day yetertay, Lesatong ay from hereto London, Brercises ‘A Pickoutthe pronouns in these sentences. Wet singular ‘rplural afer each of hem Example: They are bighores. ‘Answer: They luca 1 Hes playing fotbal. 2 Syeinwateing him 3 They dortsee the teacher. 4 Heseesthem 5 You sr allworking hac. 6 You re the boy Tab playing footbal 7 Wie havea esson every day 8 Tellus what you told her 9 lishottodsy 10 Ifyou dor understand this ston, sme about 1B What do we mean by (a the Is person, (2) the 2nd person, c) he Sed person? © Pik out the pronounsin these sentences, Say what person ceschone i Example ove hee ‘Answer: L-Ist persons her Sed person 1 You mat doth work 2 Heisnotwooking very hard 53 We come tothe lass every hy, nd the teacher teaches 4 They can doit ifthe ty nLesson Fifeon 5 Laskedim o come and se me Levon Sateen 6 She asked met bing the book to ber 45 Youesn it next to them, at i 8 She doen ike me and i don ike her. Pronouns: subject and object 9 Wedon' ike them and they doo' ike ws. 10 You don't ike im and he doesn't ike you. InLewons It and 12 we talked shout sublet and objects Subject Verb Object The boy Ticked ie football Theat aught mouse Engl (at notin all languages) nowee always ave he ‘ame form whether they arethe subject othe objet [Saber Ye bj Tee boy [i tte do Tess | fhebor ‘Az you seo, the nouns boy and dog can be adjective we ‘hjective witout any change ofform, Asse or obect they are boy and d-o-g Bu pronouns ae diferent. With ‘mot of them there sone form forthe subject and aother {orm fr the objet, subjective sabjective. Hels subjective; Amis objective, andso on. For example: Subject ven Objet T ‘ow Be boy ‘Treboy | Anos me He rows tie teacher Treteacher | knows in Treteacher | knows her We know thetescner | Theteacher | knows fe | Trey now the teacher The teacher {them ” 6Leson Site You andar he sme wheter they are the sublet othe object ‘Subject [Vero | Object You [hit fe le bit you oBsecr. ‘This table whe yout remember wht you hae learned about pronouns Personal Pronouns “Subjecive] Objective Ist Person | Singular ! me mee ae ee 2nd Person lead you Teaine| [i 3rd person | Singular | Feminine | she | her Neal it Plural they | them Leston Sten Exercises ‘A Pickout the pronousin these tentenses, Wet subject or objetate each Example: They took win thei cr. ‘Answer: They ~subjet us objet 1 Ttaughthim at schoo. 2 Hebelped us wie this exer, 3 Shewillseethem omer 4 Youbroke wat window Tam you, 5 twill cost alt of money torment 6 Lasked her wcome and se me 17 Wecould' do the exer ui the teacher told ushow todoit. 8 They played us at football, and we beat them, 9 He scored agoa, and wea cheered bi, 10 She id he excise well When Thad marked | pased her B Divide hese seaences into subject, verb, objet ike his ra Subject | Verb and then undetine cach pronoun ca your paper. Wehave Answered the fit one inthe example 1 Ttaagh you. 6 He thanked bem. 2 Hesaw ane, 7 Sheit the Dal 5 She knows ws. 8 Hethrem i, 4 Weksow ber 9 Itbroke s window. 5 They praised nim, 10 They blamed him,Lesson Siten Change the pronouns in these sentences fom singular ara In some caer you will have to change the Yer 00. Example: Helikesn ‘Anower: They ike ue 1 Leome to school every da, 2 Hele hong 3 She cansing very wel 4 The teacher gives me an English eston, ' The teacher asked him a question, 6 Laskedherto sing Ten Green Boles 7 Hetoldmeastory 8 Youare working hard 9 Tam Eaglsh; whats he? 10 He does’ see me D Write out hese sentences, but wth pronounsinsead of the motds printed ince. You will eed to change the verb too in 17 18, 1940420, 1 ohne boy. 2 Margarets i. 5 okt and Margeretnctthe teacher 4 As Sh, he cache, gave ohn lesson, 5 Margarets nie ge My wife and Tike Margore, 6 Here my bieyce: My buocle lack 1 Me Jonas, the teacher, ai, Cive the teacher you book. 8 Theteacher sido John ané Margaret, Have John ond ‘Margret done this exer 9 The lemonis zy Mrs Sh, the teacher, explained the 10 Me Jones, the teacher, poke to John and Margaret, The teacher asked Johm and Margaret come ad see the teocher. 11 Tom saw Mary. Tom spoke Mary 12 Marys Tom. Mary spotet Tom ” Lesson Sicteon 13 Tom and Mary saw Mis Robinson. Tom and Mary spoke tollrs Robison. 114 Mis Robinson saw Tom and Mary. Mrs Robinson spoke to Tom and Mary. 15 MrSangser met Cisland Linda Mr Sangster shook ands with Carl and Line, 16 Linda and Carl met Mr Sangster. Linda and Cart, ‘hook ands with fr Sanger. 17 Linda and Casa to Me Sangster, "s Mr Songier pleased tosee Linde and Cart? 18 My name is Henry Whats your name? “My names George, and George isvery plated to meet Henry” 19 My nume s Grace, Whats our name?” “My name is Margaret, and Margarets very pleased to ett Grace. 20 "My names Linda. What re your names?" ‘Our narocs alone sd Elizabeth, and Fane and Elisabeth ate very pleased to mect Linda. Ts Linda pleased to meet Jancond Ezabe™ Here s another story. Write tot agin, but we pronouns ‘nstead of nouns where pronouns are Bett sac Newton's ees Thee hundred years ago, Issac Newton was a great man of science, NO man wae.a greater thinker, Dut Newton was ‘ery absent minded about small matters when Newton was thisking about a problem. One moming Newton got up ‘ery cary becauee Newion was working On avery scl problem, Newton vat hiking about the problem so deeply {hat Newton would ot leave the probe to go to brea fast. Dot Mary, is ousekoepe, thought Newton needed for 0 the hsekecper tok span of water and a eg8 © his sty. The housekeeper waned to boll the egg 3nd Say ”Lesion Siteen wits Newton wl Newton at the exe "But Newton wanted toe lone, and Newton sai, ‘Mary ‘an leve the egg wth Newton, and Newion wil Bol the fxg The howekeeper put the egg on the table beside Novioa' watch, andthe housekeeper si, "aac must bot the eg for foor minutes and then the eg wl be reac” ‘Then the housekeeper lft the room. Bat the howe keeper was atraid tat Newton might orget to Dol thee, So the howekeeper returned about an hour Inter. The howekeeper found. Newion sanding bythe fireplace, [Newton fed put the watch in the saucepan, and Newton ‘war boing the watch. Newton was oldiog the egy in his hind, But Newton was sl inking about his problem. Lesion Seventeen Adverbs We sw in Lesson 6that adjectives are used with nouns. Other wes go with verbs, The words that we wee with freciled adverbs, Some advebs tel how an action is dove. For example: The old gentleman walked (ver) slowly (adver) along thestrect, ‘Telit boy ran ver) quickly (adver) “The woodeuter sat (ver) sadly (vet) bythe side of he ‘These adverbs ac called adverb of manne. Adverbs ae often formed by ading ty oan adjective ‘Theboy a quick adjective) runner ‘Theboy runs quickly (adver) ‘The od gentleman was ow (adjective) walker. The ld gentleman walked clon (sve) ‘The litle y's behavior was bad (ade). The ite boy behaved badly (adver), aLesson Seventeen ‘Note that when th adjective endsin-y the adverb changes they to “Tei sang a ery adjective song, ‘Thebird sang ery (adver) But here are some adverb that are not formed Uke this Here are some examples “ohn a hard (adjective) worker, Toh works hard (adr), “Thivisa fact adjective) tan Je goes very fst (adver Tele girs behaviour was good (adestive), ‘Thelt girbehaved wall (advert), Adverbs fellow the ver they go with adjectives ‘sully come before the now hey go ei ‘few adverbs tellus wien (nothow) an action was done. “The woodeute lst his ate yserday.(Waen cide lose ‘Wemust comet schoo tomorrow, (When mst we come toshoo!?) ‘Theseadverbsare called adverbs of time ‘A few adverb ell us where an ation happened, Tsat dow here (Where da Tt down?) ‘These adverbs are caled adverts of place. We vse an adverb with ver totll how, when or where an setion happens Weeay the adverb moder the verb, Leszon Seventeen Exercises [A Find the adverb is these sentences. Example: You' do this exer earful, won't you? ‘answer extetaly 1 The birds sang sweety. 2 The manspoke siomly 5 The chien played bop 4 Theboy wrote exercise badly. 5 The woodeater looked sada the river 6 When hes his ae, he sled happily 5 vey solder fooght bravely 8 You must work ardifyou want to do this exercise contecty. 2 adverbs) 9 Richard at his breakfast fast and then an quickly 0 School. Qadverts) 10 The school eam played well and won thei game easly @aavers) 11 Come bere. 12 Why dd you go there? 15 [ald the work yesterday. 14 You didnt do wll you most do iteareflly now. (3 avert) 15 The gil shouted sodden, "The caris here” (2 adverbs) 16 The teacher spe cer and weunderscod her easly Gadvers) 17 George worked bard and id te exerci well dy. 8 savers) 18 The child opened the dor ofthe cage and the ie ew 19 He didetknow te bed would yaa. Bf You came ere late today you must ome eaty tomerton. (adver)Lesson Seventeen Use adverbs from the lis in tbe box lth Blank paces. Say whether your adver shows the manner, o tne, te place ofthe scion, We hive completed number for you. tonight cares 1 The boy wrote aulckly manner 2 You are working 00 3 Iwildo the work 4 Open the door — ‘5 Come Twanttospeak 0 you 6 Teaw jane and Tahal se her agnin 7 Carmen dave the car — along the wide oad but — inthe cronded sect, 8 Tewasa beaut day, the sun wasshining the bids weresinging-—-and thecildren were playing nthe fet 9 Mary it ood singer fda’ ow she sng s0 10 Learning Englsh bard wor, but want learn and rolwillwork— € Readshisstory Fie fet (Me King was writing busily is his bg room. His son fan hed exchedly ino the fom and shouted loudly, Ft, {ie The Rtshen son Ge! Lesson Seven Me King got up quickly they could the kitchen. “Look thee, shouted Ia, ad he ointed t the Ames, He had carelessly left a towel near the stove and i was ‘uming ieee. Mr Kings big pan of boiling water onthe top ofthe stove. "You sly boy. he sid. ‘Why didn you throw that ‘on the Buring towel? That would have put iout que "Oh ao said the boy, slowly. “That water would be sels i's hot water” and be and Lan can a ft a8 3 Adjectives was wating | big es) basy OM) ‘othe fis colon puta the nouns the story. Putall the verb mothe second corn, Ito he third one pot ll {he ajetves. And pal he advert tothe fourth one. Ifthe adverb tls how the ation was done, pat’ (for manner) after fel when, pat T (or time), Iettels rep (ore), We hate doe the seteLesson Fightesn Prepositions. Adverb phrases. Adjective phrases Lets openthenext box and ee what comes out. Here they come, with on, i. Theyincade some ofthe shortest, ‘words in the language, but sometimes they ae the mort (ibeutto ue. ‘You wil generally hear or see them wed with 3 poun oF Bronoun fo make apace (group of words without vee), Forerample: ety house: n yout schoo, wih you Here are some more examples % Lesson Bightson [ Preporion Tour orpranoun ® your | pocket over [the | al throven | the | window o hin found | the | house fat the | garden towards [the | doce "hese phrases often do the work an adverb they ellhow, then crwhere an action wae done Weel them adverb phrases "Te solders fought bravely (adverb of anes). “The solders fought with great Bravery (adverb phras). “Hecame yeterday (adverb of time) He came fourodock (adverb pase). She st sere (adver of place). She sat inthe corer (aver pas). ‘Atethor mst hey doth work of an adjective they it themeaningota noun, These pases arecaled adjective phrases, Here are some examples "Aalny (ajective) by opened the oor ‘Abo mith diy face (adjective pease) opened the doo. ‘ce comer (adjective) eatin the tan. ket seat in he corer (adjective phrase). ere are some more examples of adjective phrases: “Tae chidren of the village got his ssho0. ‘The picture onthe wallshowe Westminster Abbey. “The view trough the open window ery ety. ‘The boy witrme's Richara. Sometimes he same group of wouds may bea adver phrase ran adjective phrase [all epends onthe work itis Going. Look a these pases:Lesson Eightcen ‘The view drought open window every prety ‘This isan adjective prac Becase guaies os hit the reaning of, the noun en ‘The bcd ew trough the open window. ‘An adverb phrase becautet mies, olin the measing ofthe verb flew Tele where ew ‘The clas inthis roo esting English, Anadjectve pra I qualifies the nov las ‘We lea Engin oh roo, ‘Anadverb pase. Irma the ver earn, ‘The bell orleveno'lock els us that the lesson is fished Adjective phrase. qualifies te noun bel ‘They rng the bella aleven lock tell us thatthe lesson ‘stints, ‘Adverbphrase. modifies the vb rng ‘Thereisustone more thing to notice, Aer a preston, ‘he pronoun nthe phrases always the objet pronoun. "Hecame with hem He wil st between you ad me, Thisleer was writen by hm -Hebought the howe from Wiesay thatthe preponidon governs he noun or pronoun it goes wih Lesson Eighteen Exercises A Hereis another short sory. The peposionsin it ate ‘ented intais. Say whic now or pronoun each governs. Welhave done the fist sentence ofthe story ta example Papen — | Nounorpronow ] ia Toon & or Ate trate Richard Savage was once ving it London in great poverty. ‘To earma lie money he ad writen the try of hi ie, bt not many copies of he book had been sod in the shops Savage war sl ery poor. Because he coulda buy enough fod, he became very But after are, owing fo the sl ofthe doctor, he got well agin. After a week or to the ‘octr seat a il f Savage for his vss, but poor Savage hada't any money and couldn pay i. The doctor waited for anoiver wosth and sent the bil agin. But ill no ‘money came. Afr sever weeks he set i 0 im agin, ‘thing for his money In he ead he came 1 Savage's hose fd asked hit for payment He sd to Savage, “You koow You owe you if ome aed I expected some grate from 0 "T agree,’ sad Savage, that I ove my Me 4 you. To prove fo you that I am not uageateal for your work T wil ve my life ro you." Wik these words he handed obi two ‘olumes wih the words "The Life of Richaed Savage’ on the 'B Put prepasioes inthe blank spaces. 1 Savage lived London —_. reat poverty 2 He wrote the tory — sie ®Lesson Eighien 3 He was still neo’ __ money, and he couldnt pay croup food 4 sme 8a ret his tack food, he beam {5 He gor beter, thanks the doctor who looked — he 6 The doctor seat a bil__ Savage his visits 4 He waited fever weeks ad den seat he bil tir again, 6 be end, he came the house and asked Tismoney 9 Texpeced pratitude you, a8 you owe yourlife 10 Tam not ungrateful ___ you what youd, so1 wl give my hfe you 11 Teas came —— the man's eyes and ran his checks 12 A woodeuttr was cuttings pose wood —his Sona wide rer. 13 The ane lew —— hlshand and fol the deepwater. 14 The boy rushed the room and shouted an excited voice, The house is fre!” 15 There was aig pot water — the top the c 1 Copy ot these sentences and uedeting all the prepositions Put rackss,(, ound each adjective phrase and show by fn arrow the noun it qualifies «Draw two lnes ner this a ‘4 Round each adverb phrate raw 2 box [and show by an sw the ver i odes. Draw thre ines under ts verb Lesson Eighieen Earp: The ahh as expine he on The boy ga GSR] 1 The diver of the car wet fst. 2 She drove down the main road 5 My mother ea the cake with knife, 4 The cake was made by my brother 5 Ithad been beked in aig oven 6 twa a cake with pink ing 5 Toe boy atthe next desk borrowed my pen 4 The son ofthe King called the Crown Prince 9 The cat jumped though the window 10 The lesson fiabes at foro lock 1 She spoke ith a French scent 12 We played football ter the lesion {3 Theva ith the wooden le ol us story. 1 The gi with the ong bali Grace Brown, 15 She ver in ove sect. 16 Grace sang 3 song atthe concert 17 Themen tha county work very hard 18 The cottage i the woods is very prety 19 The sound of the bell was head allover tbe hows 2 phrases) 20 Aer a week or two the doctor seat the bil for bis vss. @ phrases) 1 Use these word at proportions in sentences Example: under ‘Aner: The eats under the table 108 S fom 1 Behind 16 along 20 Sater 12 ehrough 17 over ay Bion ino 18 about Sot D with 14 dowa 19 between Sia aS aewr 20 beforeLesson Ninateen Conjunctions “There are now only two more bores, conjunctions nd imterjctions. Conjunction are words hat join together words, pais or sentences. They ae ike the tink that join eal wagons topether, Here ae some examples djs two words Lesson Nineteen and joins two phrases eo ee SS S bu joins 100 Sestences take i Wil you have the gold ane, or wil you have the ser ate? Hee is long ei’ joined by conjunctions. lis’ a very food sentence Beaute it has foo many conjunction ia bei wl show you what conjunction an do, Tae woodeateiookedat] [be ood we eres seal Sere =|] vecaue| Denn | [Ein pe ocer ma | | ha is‘Leson Twenty Interjections “There are not many words this box They ae word (oe semeties pase, or as noses) that we ose fo express suddea feeling, for example, surprise, pleasure, pal Here are some: Hello! Hugrak! Ok! ARI Good heaves How prety! Ouch! Ugh! Wow? [Note that they ually hae an exclamation mark () ater them Exercises ‘because, s0 oF oF. You will Sometines find it better to leave ‘outone or te words Lesson Twenty Example: We were afi of them, We ran aay. ‘Answer We ware aed of them, 30 we a9 3025. 1 Grace played the piano. Mary sang a son. 2 Jeremy knocked a the door. His end open it 53 Tae e pene Ihave a pen 44 Tom as anew bicyele He ant ie 5 You must work hard, You won't lean grammar. 6 John walked. Mary cme by ext. 4 Richard Kicked the bal bar. He did't sce. 8 Finsh yur exercise, You wot be allowed play football. 9 Mark cme ose us. He dn stay ong 120 Weren't ply football, We have lost he ball, 11 Host my book. Richrd found i 12 There happened Inn had ll towel near the stove. 15 The doctor sent a il to Savage, He tad any money. He could' pay ie Qconnction) 14 Savege had writen book, Not maby copes had been {eld Savage wat ving in povery. (2 conjunctions) 15 The boy stook his head. He si, “Tht water would be sels, ie hot water” @ conjunction) 16 Newton was a gett an, He wa very absent-minded. 17 Newton was busy. He tai the housekeeper to leave the tag, He to er fo go away. (2 eoajunctins) 18 She thoupht he would forget the egg. She returned an our ater, She found Newton standing bythe replace (Conjunction) 19 Newton was very sbuent-minded. The howsekeeper took Ln egg to him, She ought he needed fod. 2 coajanetions) 'B Here are six ateectlon or exclamations and six sentences, Wate one of he sestences afer the injection {hot is moet suitable. Us each interjection and each %sLesson Twenty seatene once onl. For example 8 follows 1,50 you write: 1 Hurrah! 2 on! 3 Helo! Abt 5 How intersting! 6 Oven! 1 Hurrah! Weve won the match. 7 T haven't enough money to buy sacar tks tat. | § We've wos the match 9 Tat hurt me, 10 ida’ expect to mest you here. 11 This the book 1 wanted 12 You have been to Taly