Professional Documents
Culture Documents
!"#$&%'
(%*)+,-"/. 01243
5687:9$;=<?>@;=AB=CD<ECD<GFEH68A$I"6LJ KM;=NGA7:CDAF
OQPSRUTWVUP8X$RZY\[P8X]G^G[_a`cbcRdTWV egfdY\TWP8fhTaO:P8iZRZY\RUbcRUT
jkTWVUlTh]\TWmn=^koqp$rtsu$r8nSv/eo
wyxaz|{=}=~#{
eTh$cY\P8`8fhTWTVZY\_ap&TWPS4RXRU]Q
cnDTWRUVU
8TMX$R
8X
8iXi#8TWTTWiRPX$SX]YiZi:Y\
cTPSYRUfW
cX$TPSRaY8X$S[cYS] Y\m!Rm[$ [$G[WVdl\nDZ|¡[ RU¢G
!£/RU¤
c¥$TW¦[& VU¢§TW£RZY¤fWX¨k] ©X$dP8ªg «
XY\$¬ Po/VUT RU
ci[T¶_aihfh®[TWX&RZPci§Y\Pc_aXTTfhb8iRiZYµTh[&fWXP8bS]i\]¯TRU8TTWfdRZh
c©$Pc´cTW[$TW´|]\P·[¤Wbcm¡PS©RUY\´SR[ i/\«WX#fhid[&i:SY_aiZbcR=T±`cY\bcPaRURZ[aY\iZPcRRUX°2
cRZThYiY\iZYµV_-RZYVUfW`STWX]µ`c]8T¸VUiZT¹`8bciZTWTWP8TPSfhfdRRZ
±X$Y\[RZVUY\P8T[ifhP4[[°[$GPS³RUY\YµRZ
cPSY\Th[Y\[P=VVU²³_"YµPco/X$`c RZbcY\Rh[iWP i ²
ºb8iZTTiZ±TX°RdV[/fU
cTiZTWRZVhY\i¶_»X°X$R¶RUTX4`cPgVU[&bc8_±X$|STWY]¼V¶Y\RZ[°Y\T'i]X$Rd
8|X$[RGVX$X$RdVU[TVZY\b8TiZiTh
8bSX]8&Y\T2PMiZiZ
cRX$[$RZ#YiZPLRY½fWRUX
8]8X$`8R±X$RURU
cRUTTWiZVUT"P±PcVUTTWfhR[&ifWPSX°Y\PRZY\[|P=T n
X$X$P8`c`c¸VUY\[SPXfU`8
X$VU
8RY½XfhbST4]X$`8V¾TW¹VZ[V#[VUiZ_a`|TWTT
fU
MTWVdTVdmfh[PSThY\]RZY\[[P=P
²]½e$X°YµVU_-`ST]µT±[ciZfWmcX$iZcRUTWbS_»]X$ikVUm,8XfhiZ[TPS"RZ[&Y\PgP»bc[RU
Sb8YiMi
Si`8mSTWcTVZfdY
VUiZTmcfhiZ[RUTW&_»PSYµiÁR²/Yµ[&OQP=P²¿Rdº¾
STY½iZiTRUX$bcVfdRU
/[VYY½i³X]¿fh[`8PgX$R`|YµPSTWbSVn=Y\Pc/T±[PYTh] c'RUcTWVZP8Y\Th&Â8Y\Pcm4/Y\RUPg
cRdTVU[¯iZTkSb8VUTfhiZT"bS]\RUR
ciÀT±RU[#RU
c_aTW[[&VdVUTWTGRZfhYfW[X_a]'`SX$]\P8Th
`cVXfhRY½fWX]§bcP8STWVU`SY\PcPSY\Pcgi/[$³RU
SYi X$`c`cVd[gXfd
=²
à ÄÆÅ {=}=ÇÈ2ɶ{³ÊÇ Å2Ë wyȱÌ#~ Å {=~#ÍÎzÏ~ Å È ÐÑ}=~ÒÓx-~#§ÔzÕÇÖ×{§Ø±ÎÙÐÑÇÚÛÊ Å ~ Å {
Ü~#}À~#È"ÊÍÚ
OX$`ci`S`8]YTWfWTX$fdRZ
¶Y\[VdP±Tfh[$[c`cPSVUY\[$RZY\[TWP±P/gRUm/Tfd_"
cPSXYfUÝ
SbcY\PcTi³TRU[TWPcVUTWTGXRiZX[$iZ]\lcTiW/nX°`cP8Vd/[S8]\XTWi:_Yfn$VURUT
ciZTWTP±X$Vfd[
/VUl[YµPbS]RU/
cPcT'[X°RÀVUT8X#TGPcT[fhbST]idiUX$fh[VUmP8²i:YjkiZR³mÞ[$i8[RU_a
cTT
_aä·TWèRUáVâY½fWêìë iÁn§¬Rdí
Sî·Y½iî Yi±ih®/X]\
8_aX[giZTMR|RUTW
cTWTMPïfhbcSVUTWVU&TWThPS]µ[&R¶`8i:TY\RUb8X$RU[LRYµ[&RUP=
c²TMe`8R[$X°Y\PSRZYRMiZRZ#YfW
cX]'TWVUVdT"TW`cY\_aVUT`ciZTWVUPSTidRi:X$Y\RZY\T[P8VUi±TfhfW[X]\PSTY\
RZY\[ßÞPà¡á`8áTWâVã¹[ä·Vd_»åX$ædP8çè&fhTé
fWiZ`|X$P,TWTfU|
TVUXTfdfh
S[Y\&TWPSYµTRYµ[&PY\PðRXRU
cil¯T4iW²
]X$8º[ThVh]X$X$RURU[TVU
m
_a[TWP,RU
c[cTWcVdm!ia
8]X$XVUTMTL|TW[¯TWfWPX°cRUbSVX$]½X°P8VUi:m,TWVUiZVU`8TTX$l&RdTW[VUñ¡fhY\P8[S_aTW_a`8TWTWP8VhfdSY½TWXPc]ÞRX$`cfh[`SPS]YRZfWY\X$PSRZbcY\[[P8b8ii
[PY\RU
X±]RUY\
c_±TaY\RUThTSYiZiURZfWY\PcX]\Tn=RUTX$fUP8
cMPc[°Rd]µ
c[&T¸mfh²bcVdòcVUTWbcPgVdRRU
c`cTWVUV[gn³iRU`8
STYfhi/RRUYTi#fd
cRd
8PcX$[$R ]\[_"mX$PgY½miPcib8[$fUE
VUb8TiZXThi[bSP8]X$SSTW]\`Sm]\[$_»mSX$_aRdTWbcPgVURhTi/n=
8fWX$XP&YµPc8Ta|S[TWTWPcP T
co/bScY&]\RYµRbcYµ[&`P8X[$]µmTWV#nRU_»
cX$TPS]mXiZ[$R RZ'Rd
cTWT»PSRZTWm»Pc$m&Y\TPcX$TWVTWiWVZn|Y\Pc8XiZYTiU4iZbc[TP4i¸RU'
cTWT±VdT2`SYµX[&cPcSTWTWVdVZTY\iUPciZTS[mVUlMiZ`8[$'TWTjfd
X$l&VdTWTV¶iZTóõôX$öVfdX$
cP8TWVi÷$ThY\P!]Y\PcRUTW
clT"óõ]ôX$øRUöQT ²
RUbc[pP8&SSucTWTWùõV/iThRUX$]\
c[P8T`LMiZTPcTX°`cTWVZÑVU]\TWm·&X$Yµ`c[&p&`Sb8p]iYucfW`cùõX$ikVURZ[bcY\[P8P8VSX°iTW_»VSiWmMRU²
cT¶î[$]X$µX$[$b8PSim»`SY\PcY½`|fh4TWT[i_»`S[°]\X$¿TaRURU
c
8
cTWXT/_»o/TX°RZº#|YfWTWú|XTWoE]GP`c`cX°VUSVUT[]µiUT±&fhVZVRUY\X$["`c_ûRZb8Y\[iZó\P8Tøgií nÀRUî
8SX$î ncR/rgñ
8ü$8XöQX²iZT±TOQR48Y½TWX$iTW`cPcP`c[$VUS[gTWXfdTTh
cX]\[Ti:i`8Y\STX]\ T i
RUVU
c[T#_ÿfh[^'VUTX$_±[$|cY\VZ_aYS`cVUTMTiUóõi:$Y\r$ö³T
8VUTXfhi[8TWPSTWY\RZPY\[¾P»Y½iSm¯ThiZ]\mRdTW_»&YiWiZRU²§VZº¾Y\cTbcfhRUTWTPgLRZ]\miZ[»nS[RdPc
8T#X$RÞiZb8ifdRU
ab8SiZm¯TWPgiRURhTWi/_X$P8n$RU
cTSTWíî·Th]\[î@`8TWý Vi[S[$fW]X$þPY\RcbS¬íY]½ý þbc` ®
iZ`|TWTí fU
4[$VUTWTfh[TWVn§PSiY\RZ`8Y\[TWTPfd
iZm¯VUiTRUfhTW[&_»iPSY\8RZXY\[iPT"Yi»[P·ã|è iZ[&GX_a4T iZ[$[°]\¿RUT
cLT/`c|VUT[iZSR]\TWlg_Pc[$Y\#P(PX°iZPgRhm4X$RZYbciZRZP8YcfWXX$]§_aX$TW`cPS`cRVUX[S]¾XifUTW
cP8TiZiÁT² ²
SY]\TMRU
cT
ThSY½iRZY\Pc·RdTfU
cPc[$]\[&m_»Xm|TiZb 2fdY\TWPgR[ViZ[_-T»iZ`8TfdYf4fh[_a_aTWVfdYX]#X$`c`S]YfWX$RZY\[P8iWn
Sbc_»X$P8ThY\Pcgi
ºkYfd
ú³_»[$X$TWRU
cVZ¹TWbS_»]DúX°]\TVURZX$[gYfWVUi XPS]DY\Pc¹MVX°X$_aP8TW [VUl úVhXú³fhRZ[SY[fWV#X]§&VUYiUT^GfhÝ&[VZbSY\P8_±Y\iVUTWY\P8_aX$TWRZPSY\[RPik[V
STfh[c&Y\PcM_aTWRU
c[cci ¬&TYY\iZ² 8RURd
SVZ²\nY\Y\cP·bcbcP8X°RZfhPY\[&[VUP8XVUfhXTh[]G]X$b8XRUiZiUTRZiZ2Ybcf_a¹T`cTX$fhRRdRUYµbc[&[VUP8VWT®ii
[g[cMX$8RUiZTWRd_aVX`|fh[RZVY\[XP8]§ikXi`8[V TfhiRTi ÝbcTWP8fhTiWn iZR[XVhSiUiZTWbcV _-î `cX$RZY\VU[lP"[$a¹[&_aV [cSTh]
ý c
` c
&
[ c
P
T
[
V
i c
b c
c
` c
òÀ]\ThgY\`cS
c]\Ta[PcRU[$[]\`|[[$]\m[X$m±P8M[V imgiPSRRX$XRZY iZRZYfWX] 8mS`STWRZYfWXTW]TW\mMP·Y\XfhPc[[b8VUiTRZYfhf[&VUVUTThfh]RUX$[RZVY\[i P
[ c
P ¶
T Z
i h
R $
X U
R
T i
RUPS["bc_aRX$TWlVUT±[b8XiSXX°iUPgiZbcRX°_a`cT±RYµ[$[&GP8RUi/
SYX$i/8[VUTWbc`cR±VdTiZ`8iZTWTWPgTRhfdX$
=RZn§Y\[XP8]µRdX
c][`8bc[$
TWViZ[&nD_aX]\T±[[$VZ'Y\RURU
c
c_»TW_i_±X$b8VUT±iZR[ThSc`SY\[]¼Yb8fdiY\RZ]µm]\mbc[PcV#VUTY\_aX]¼Y`SiZ]RYY½fdf$Y\RZ²M]mòt[_"VX$Y\lPcT ñ
iZX$RVUX°TP8bcfhP8Tn³fh[Y\R±VUVUThYi±]X$[$RdTRUMTWPY\PcRUT
fhT[idPciUT±X$VUX$mPc[Rd[RU
cX&TWViUiZ² bcý _a
STMYiRUY
8i X°X-R`8RU
c[ST"[VT_»X$RUX$bcRVUfdT
MiRUTh["c_aRUVX[gfhiZRRdTlY\P8cY\iRU
S[$Y\GPiZ`8XTWT`cfd
c
[&PciZTWTWRZY_afMTWiZPSTWRi_aX$TWP8PS R
fhT[X$VURUVdbcTVUfhTRUPciW²TiUoik][$iZ=[8nRU
cíTî_aî [¯SRdThV]Xi Y\PS¬ #Y\Pc
SYfUX
"]\Yik[VZlgY\RUPc
c[$_»#P"iX$PcVU[TR8RUX[iZ8TTRU[VUPMbcT ]Y\cliZThTW]TY\
cnc[gT[c² |²\n$_"RU
cXTgY\fh_±[VUY VdX$Th]½RX°Yµ[&RZY\P=[nDP»#`c
SVdY[fUS
]\TWX_ iUibc_a_aTWPcTiñ
ü
^ k
[ c
P c
P
T h
f Z
R \
Y
[ S
P
Y Z
i G
R &
[ /æ à à¡åê/âSæZåêÞâ
èædç ¬ o//®D_aTWRU
c[cci`cVU[$&YST'[&PcT##Xm/Rd[ VUTSb8fhTiZm¯iRUTW_
V
[$SX$VUTWT±`8#TW|XP8TWmcSRUiWTWRUncTWP8X$V/fhP8T-RUM
8[X$iZP[-PbcRU[Pc
cRdVUTW
cTVUTWXTVÞ]¼YYiZX$i#R`cY½Pc`cf-["VdX[gfhiUX[iZfdP8bc
c_afdT]\b8iW`c²i:RY\Yµ[&T±P8[i PcTWTWX$YRU|S
c[TWThbcP8]\TR/fhiUT±iWiZnÆ`8RU
8TWYµPTX$fdR#X"
=fh²#Pg[oPcbcPc_±PgTmM8fhTWRZiZY\V/mc[iZPS[°RU¾YTWiZ_ÏfhR[iPSfW`8RUX$TWVUPT[$fd]|\
TT/4VUY\T_aThfh¯[`c`|&VUTWPS[$VZYµY\R_aTYµ[& TWP·PSY\P·RXiW]\X-n³[RUV
cX°YµT±RdVZ
cY\b8TW_»RiZm Ti
[$óõüS ncfhrc[sPcncPcø T$fhö:RZ²¿Y\[òtPSbcYVUiZRUR-
cThTW]µVTWnc_-fh[TWPgPcRPciTfhY\P!RYµ[&X"PSY½]iX$RÞVUiZ`|TWVaTWTiZfURh
4X$RZVUYTiZRZiZYTfWX$XVh]#fU
iZm¯fWiX$RUPMTW_û`cVd
8[X&iYSi:T/Y\RUPS
cYT/fW[X$`cPS`|RZ[]\mVURUbcY\_aPSY\`cRZm»VU[$Rd[¸TLSTW`8&TWThV]µ¹[&[`Vd_»X±X$PcP8TWfh T
`8X$Y] V#X&Y\&_aYµ&`c_ÑVU[$Rd
8T"X$R#RU
cXT]iZiZ[±RX°
8RUXTai[$X/ 8RdVd
c_ÑTRdX$
cVUTWR[²VUTW^GRZbcYfWVdXVU]|TWPg¹[SR[]µmRZnY\PcRU8
cnc[X$bcP8"
=nG#fh
S[&YPcfd
MPcT_»fhRZXY\[mPS]µYTiZX&R2"X°RU`c[`cPcVU[gTWXfdTW
cVTY\iPc¹Pc[[$VaX$fhR[YµPS[&RZP8Y\iPSbcRU[
8b8X$Ri
i#Z`|
STWYTfdfU
[VUPST]\fhm[XPSY\TWRZ,Y\[P[$X$RUVd
cTMT/TWb8_¶iZb8|XT]cSXTiUiZ!bc_aY\`cRUR
SYµY\[&PP8i#X4
8¹XVhX$T/_a|TWTWTW[P·VUlSVURU[
8`cX$`|RTYDi±²GTo/iUiiTWVUPgTRZiYXTX$]\Vmfd
XfhiZ[RhPgX$RP8YµPScbcX$TViWn|í
c[î`8îThbSnÀ]Y\\Pm
RUVU
cTW`|T#[_-VUR[¯ikS[$Th]ifW[X$VUP"l±VUY\TWP`cfhVU[TiZPSTWRZPSY\PgR'bciZ[&`|b8TWi TfUiZ
"`|TW_aTfU[
MVdTVdTXfhYµ[Rd
SPS¹bSY\RZ]\Y\m[²Pí b8[iYµPcTW-oÞTWVn_a i[giX$R³VU]½T/X°8b8[i:Y\VPcX°"RU[RUVZ
cY\TTWi_yRd
8RU[aX$RG
8TWPcXTWTVX°`cRUbcT S`c]VdYiZ[
c8TX$ ñ
SíYî·] YµRîYµTi óõüS¬ [&nDV sn=&YiZpcRncX$P8ü$r8fhTn8ihô®#ôSRdnc
8rX$gRÞntX°rcVUsTöQ²
"b8iZòcT[&4V'_-Y\RU[
VUT/X$[P4PMbcRUP8
SSYTWiVZfd]\m]XY\PciUi[$_a[c
SSmgThc]¿VZYRd4
8X$iZm¯R#iYRUiTW_»Th¯iW`Sn8]YifdTWY\TaRZ]\móõpöQ[&² V#Y\_a`S]YfdY\RZ]\mX$P
ÎØ Å ÇÇÍ,~#³ÔÍ}=Ç/É Å È
N ; ×C!"#%$ʮ'#(*)·6'#c;=B=<+"
"Q;=<
ýiZRU
cVdTTX$8_ÕXi:[°Yf/'XRX&fh[iZlab8iZ[$RZGYfÞ¶YµPS¥S[-© VU,"_" gX$RZY\/ [P=.10§²¤WoÓ¤3 25_a[&4VU¤Th7©6cTW´SPc¹TW VhX©$]¿´ Rh¬XoiZl-egºY½i/®kX°YbciRURU[[»_»SX$TWRVY½Yµf&T¶iZ`8XaTWTiZfdT
Ý&bcbcTWP8P8SfhTWT±Vi[$RX$'P8&[&Y\VPcc8iknDVU#[
S_ Yfd
X
Y\VUP8TfdiZ`|]\b8[SP8TiZiT±RURU
c[MTiZTh`8cTWRUTVfdX
=fh²RYµ[&òtPM[V [$_"§_aX$PgTmX$PSX°Y\Pc`c`S]¼Y¬ fWX$[RVkYµ[&YµP8P8iiWRnDX$Y\P8PSfhRUTTWnDVXXafhÝRZY\bc[TWPVdm»|TWRUR["X¶TWTWcPX°RiZX$mc8iZRUXTWiZ_ÏT$®kfh[[V_a`c`|VU[¯[SPcb8TWfdPgY\RhPci/SXTWfhR[YµRU[&TP84ikRUY\P [
Y\iZPTW_»[oVhX°SPgegTWRZº V#YfWRUiWiZ[»nm¯&ii:YRUY\X_aTW]\_»[`S/]i±Y &RZmMTWmSPcRU`STW
cY½VfWT/X$XRZ]¼\[¯Y\m[fhP=b8fhn$i¾[TWP8[$R¿f$i:Y²½RdiZn
SR"X$Y½P8i[$X$RUVUi
cRTWY½TfdTW]\iZTV`8ncXTW] T_"fdT/
±X VUZYT[] fhVa[[fhPS[PS]\_amY\RZY\`8fh[[[&PaP8PciZi:TWbcYPgS8RTWii-V m¯RUiZVd
8RdTTWX$fh_Ó[R"X$PSfWVUX$Y\T"RZPY\[Y|] PµT¾b8`|ifhRUVTWVYµVÞRX$Y½iRUfWTTX² ] ² Y\í P,[$òÀY\TWbcTWVUVT n
T
8Ý&²ÙXbSYµT`c#_-Xa[RdiZTWT¶RdPgVUR Rd[
8Pc¬ X$_±aR YT fhRd=VU
cT[T/fh`cR#8
cV[[iZPMPcR/TRdSnÀ
c]\`c[cTVUfUTlDX$TWnDPc_a#TW`SV
S]X°YY RU8fdT
TWMVfhniZ[`8X$P8PSTWi:TRZYY\iZfdñQR
Xi]VdY[$XTWi:`cY\VURUPcT
c4iZT¶TWcPSX]µRfhRdX$[&TWRZb8VY\n§[iZRZP8iUYX°fiW_a²TWòc`SPg[&]\&TWVGY\ñQVUX$Y\[P8P8PciZS_aRhñX$
cTWP8[$PSfh]R/TDn`Sn]\X&o9b8ci/8-&:yYµRUR
cYµ&T±fhT¶[RUPgVPc&X°[°TWP8Y½VUiiURUTSTWn8b8VWVU®#fh[SRZfWY\[[X$_ PP
=3> ?1@3ACBEDF-@EG7HIKJ!LNMLNDOHOHNP
M3?FP
BRQEDACMR@SFTM3U
VXWYDZTPYDBC?[P
\1@]P^DUVHBCU
MSP
BSBC_TWB]L ?`DaSZ7HM3aSM3?7Pb@]PYDBK?dcfegBKWND?U
Pb@E?V3MKJhP
B_TU
M
@ ai_jHPYDOkgHl@3IKM3W
MXFmZ1M3W
VXM3ZTP
W
BC?nJo@EUiFTMXU
V3WYDG1M3F[D?dpOqCrtsvuw`x \MSW
M]@]FTM3WU
\TBC_jHFzyKMXM3Z[D?[a+D?F{P
\-@EPiaSBCU
P+B]e|P
\MRG1@]UYDVDFM]@EU
`
U
\BK_7HFU
PYDOHOH\BEHF`evBKW!BKP
\M3WN\7I7GWYDF`DaSZjHMXaSM3?7Pb@EPYDBC?TU3J}MKw QTwJ7_UYD?TQR@W
M3V3_W
W
M3?7P ?M3P'egBCW'P
\M|ZW
BKG-@EG7DOHODfP~I`M3U
PYDa@EP
M3U@EUFTBC?TM
D?[p Kts~w
ô
Automatic Speech Recognition
noise
probability
local match estimation
hypotheses
word string
r
_»fd]\[gX$iZPSTmiZRa]\[ciZfW`|XTW] TfU_»
!X$fdRh]fUX
ciUTiWiWn² cbcý R
cVT"X$]\Rd[c
cfWTWXV¶] XM_»&X°VUR[fUbc
!`S[$[S Ti±&Y½PciR[X$RaP8RZfhmST`SiY½fW[XV]¼\`cm!Vd[`c8VUX$[cSSYb8] YµfhRT·YµTi"XLfhi:[Y\PcVUVd$T]\TiZ`8
8[P8X$V&!Y\Pcfd
cRU[$[4YfhTM`8[g[$iU/iYµRUS
c]\TT
iRUZ[
cbcT±P8fdc]µ[SiÁiZ² Tý iZR
cT¬ [iT¶V#_aX$VU[STiZRUR
c`cTWVdP[8b8X$iTS]\T$®¾XiiT`8ÝX°bcVUTWR#P8[$fhGT±X±[$'$]\iZ[`|8TWXT]GfU
iZTX$fd]VhXfUiU
MiT[iWVn8S[&TVfhY[¯S&TY\XPc]µMmRURU[±["8RUP8
cTX$_aP[giZX°R`c`c]Y\VUl[Thg]\mY\_»iZX$TRÝ&Yµbc[&TWPP8RUfh[T
[$&/YiZRU[[VdVRZcY\[iWP8²
i#o Rd
8PcX$[&R#RU
c[cTWfWVafhbclV#TWY\mPPcbc[P8VUfh_»RZY\X[]¿PiZ`8[°ÞTWTRUfd
S
=Y² i-òt$[]\[V8Y\XP8]ÞiZRSX°TP8fhfh[cT&n8Y\Pc[$STh]\][ci fUfWlX°PYi-8RUT±[iZ
cfh[[_aVURd`|TWPcTWP8T"iUX$Y\RUPT V¹X$[&`SVaYRUTWiZ_a`|`|TWT[fUV
=X]n
#
SY]\ý Ta
ciZT[_a_aT[gifhR [P8fh[i[_aP8_aX$PS[&RPMik$_»]\[X8m»XVU]GTWS_"TfhX[¯Y\PM&Y\PcPcTX$VZX$]\`cmM`cRUVU
c[STXfUiU
"X$_-Yi/TiZ]µ[&TW_aPc&TRU¹
=[&² VU_ [$'SmSP8X$_±Yf`cVU[VhX$_a_±Y\Pcó¯s¦ö:nSY\P
#iZT
SÝ&YbcfdTW
»P8RZfhY\T_a[$T/¾iZX°[VUbc`SP8Y\Pc!fW[$X$DRUTWRU&
c[TVZY\Y\PcT`ci±bcRUR#[X$_»gXX$Y\RhP8fUiZ
Rk`8RU
c[gT"iUiYµY\SPc]\`cT/bciZR`8² TWTý fd
"
cTWVUVdTWT`cVUX$TVUiZT"TWPS_»RX$X$RZPSY\m[P8iX$VUVTY½X°iZbSRZY\]\[RP8i¿iaYµP"Rd[·RU
cRdT#
S_-Y½i¸[g`ciZR³VU[¯]Y\fhlTThid]\iWm n
cVUTWbc`cRVUTY\PiTWPgRTWX°PcRZTWY\Vh[XP8]'iRUS
cm T-]\[¯fWX]fh[&_a`cbcRX$RZY\[Pfh[P8i:YiZRi[$#8P8&Y\PcRU
cT-]\[TiZR±fh[giZR`8X$RU
RU
cVU[bc
L`8[giUiYµS]\T
&²#òc[VTXfd
MRZY\_aT¶iRUTW`=n8fh[P8i:YSTWV`8[gidi:Y\S]µT±RUVhX$P8i:Y\RZY\[P8ikVU[_ Rd
cT/`cVUTWY\[b8iRZY\_aT±iZRUTW`=²
üt²#`8òc[[V/RU
cTTXifdY W
T4iZb8iZfd[±
QX$`8V[gnciUX$iYµP8S4]\T"XRUcV-X$P8Y\R iYµRRUYµ[±[&P=RU
cn§TRhX$fhl[ST±iZR#RU
c[$T»RUfh
c[gT/iRRUV[$X°#P8RUi:Y\
cRZT»Y\[iP=[² bcP8iZTÝ&bcTWP8fhT»Rd
8X$R
8Xi8TWTWP
gmSñ
Y\P8fd]\b8ý &
SYµY½Pci4`cRUVU
c[cTfhTfdS]bcXiUVUiT¶SfWX°TiUP·fhVZXY\]8iZT[a4|
cTaTWiZVUTWTTW² P·Xifh[VUVUTiZ`|[P8&Y\PcMRU[aX$PbcP8STWV]µm&Y\PcM_a[cSTh]¿[$GiZ`|TWTfU
=n|P8X$_aTh]\m
RU_a
8TX$X$RP8[°iRd
8[X$VR/cTi³Xfhfd[
P8i:iY`8iZRZTWY\TPcfd±
[$bc=PSiZY\TRÝbc
8TWX&P8i/fhfhT[iP8[$iZÆRX$i`8PSTWRTiZfd`|
»TbcfhRUPSVY\XR]Gi`cRU
8VU[&X$`8RGTWfWVUX$RZP±Y\T
8iXbcPgT#RZ$Y]GX$VU[m&PcYµT Pcbc]\_aTWPc`8iRU
=RU²³["OQRU_a
c`STa]YPcfdThY\RZc]\R/mM[RUPc
STYi n
X$XPiUibcX_aiUi`cbcRZ_aY\[`cPRZY\[RU
8PX$RUR/
8`|X$TWRVUY_±i/Y\fdR]µi/TX°RdVZ
c]\T¶m·b8iVUTa[[$Pc'-`|¹[$['VTWP8VX$¹RUbSbc]GVhiZXR]¿X$
SRY½bciRZ_»YfWX$XP]GRUiZT`|fdTW
cTPSfU
=Y½Ý&²±bcTi/[RdPc
8TWX$RU
cRThX$]\TVUT±iUiWcnÆVZYµRY\ThÂ8Yi/mXM&i:YY\iU_afhb8`SiU]iZY TmY\PcY\P
Zi [X°bcb8P8iUDi:²YX$Pý
c&TYiZiZRUT"VZY\`ccVUbc[RZ8Y\[X$P8SiWY] n³Y\RZ[Y\TV/i»SX$mVdT»T_afhRU[S[iZV/RÝ&fhb8[X$_aPg_aRY h[&Y\PSPc]µmLRUT
ciZTaRZY\_»iZ`|X$TRUfhTRULVXMb8X$i:Y\P8PcfhX4[&bc_±PgYRZ¯Y\PcRUbc4VdTRU
ci Ta¬ 'fh[ThñY\[¯
SfWfhRUbcTVdVUTWiP8bcfh_MTi/® [$[$
io/Z`|cT&fhYµRURVYµX[&]#P8`cX]VUµ[mRdn=[X&RZimg`|TYi] §X$8P8TTh¯iZ`8`STW]XTY\fdPc
T fWX$Y\RUPMTW&RU
S[YVZi Y\TX$iVdY\RZP!Yfd]µ[TVn|SfhTW[V±PcPcRU[TfhSRZY\TW[VZPSY\YiZTR&PcYTWiURfhVUTW[RUVdTMl¯i`cVdfW[X$8PMX$|STY] Yµb8RZm!iZT&"YiZRURU[±VZY\cTWbcPcRZTWY\[VhX$P8RUiWT ²
bcíRUî·RUTWî VhX$i±P8fh_-T [¯STh]/RU
cT·i
TÝbcgTWn P8fhT[$¹TncX°RUbcY\RUVU
"TMYi Y\P8T_aiZfhR[¯RUX$[&SPSVThRia]\X$TPcXðTWi"[&XXb8iMi#`SXRUY\VhTX$ifhb8P8TWfWi:Y\fhYRZTiZY\iUT[i:P8Y\iZ[iRhP,X$|RZTW[$Y\R[»P8TW&X$TWYVUiUP4mfhVURU`cTW
cVURdT[cTiZfhT¶TiZRiUiX$iWRR²X$YµRU[&Tý P8iWX$
8²³VUX°o m R±íYiiWRîn#X$RUX$îTP i
p(q | q ) p(q | q )
2 1 3 2
q1 q2 q3
xn xn xn
òÀY\bc VUT ü
% #$#$#
#
#$ #
' #$ " # (
() #$ #$
#
#$%
) #!
'
#& #
% #
' ( *) ,+ - + .)/+0+21 '3)/+0+ 54 6
" # #
$#
#$
# " '
& # ¬ Q®
# % #
%
#
87 :9 ;)/+0+ <
RUX$iZ
cR`cX°TM`cRZVUY\RU[[STWP8X_-fUX$
!`8VUm±[SVfUThX
88]¾X$PciZVhTRUXi±Vdfhb8RURZfhTWRUVbc[[$VUDT"fhRU[
c[$P8ÞT#fhbciZiZ`8`|VUVUTWTWTWTTPSfdfURa
2
D®iZinRUYµ&[cX$P8fUP8
8X!]X&®iZX² RZYý faiZTW
c`cR±T Vd[$[¯íÞfhî·TiiURî iX$TRUi T"YaiG[fWRUbcX
c]RUTM\`cTbc"iZTR±Ý&X `cbchVUTW
S[cP8YfhfhcTTMSiUTWiZ[$TP i í ¬ î _aîX$[¯î VUSlTh[$iZ]Y\RPcX$_aRUT[¯RUi S
cTh¬T_a]D8ó [c]µ[cTSfWfWThX$X]b8]Yµ\PcimgT ö
lSVZY\Pc[[Vk`cP»VU[
c8[$X$SY]RdY\[¶Rm¸fh[YµPS_aRU[a`cbcXRdT/]Y\lRUTh
S]YYµiG
c[S`c[cVd[ 8 X$S¬ Y] YµRZmM &®=Y\VURUT
8fhX$RZRk]\mVUn TW/`cTVUÝ&Tb8iZTWX$PSRZRY\[iP Rd
c¬ T $®Àfh[YiGPSRUb8VZiY\b8cXbc]RZµY\m"[P"b8iZ[$T="RU
cRU[±T/iZ g`Sh]©¯Y\R#¥$«ÁRU
SYi i,"`8[S© iZ
SRU¤UTW¢¹ñ n *
X$ P8¬ X" `cVZ®¾Y\[X°V/P8`cVU [&8¬ X$ SY® ]¼Y\RZX$mVdT¶ RdV¬XY\Pc®#TRU
8iZX$TWR`8VUX$TWVh`cX$VURUTThi]\mTWPg[RPiRdYµ
cP8T¸STWfh`|[&TWPgP8RUSVYµTWcPgbcR±RYµRU[&VhPXY\PS[$Yµ'PcRd
cT¶fh[¢¡VU `|´n[6=V¥&Xc 7²±68¤jkm·,"S©[$
SY\¤UPc¢¹²a·vi[8iZn=b8X$X]P8\m
&B
XPciU[iR"bc_±RUVUY\bcPcT·SRdbc
8VZX$Y\
RPc! RU¬ VhXY\®PSYµYµPPct¬ ®$n ®¬ Y°i/®Y\RUP8bcSVUTWP8`|i±TWP8Rd
cSTWT·PgXR"fh[$[ b8iRURZ
cYfT-`8_-X$[¯VSX$_aTh] TWRdRdVTWXVY\i/PSY\[$Pc#RU
cYµPST"RU[!_a[cX SîTh]i XS¬ Y\#_±
SbcYfd_
Y|i±Y\lXThfh]RUY\
cb8[gX[c]\m
&B
RU
8X$R#fWX$P4TWPcTWVX$RdT
¬ ® ¬
&B B ® ¬ üS®
¬ ® *_»X ¬
=B
B ® ¬ ôS®
#Y\
SRUY
cfd[
bcYRi_¶b8iZb8b8fdX
"]¼\]\m[giUVUi¾ThY\TWPVUVU`8TTW V¹RU[[2Vd_»X&iX$P8RU
cfhTT ² YµRdTWVUSY MX$`c`cVU[gY\_»X°RZY\[P=n8
SY½fd
4Yi[$¹RdTWPb8iZT [V#VUTfh[&PSYµRYµ[&P
L M
s
&² RUVY\XY\P·TWP!X°P·X·TiTWiRZR¶Y\_»[°ÞX$RUX[fhV[b8RU[»iZRY½&f"TWPcRdVTWXVX$Y\PSRUY\TPcRU
cTacX$cRX$X RX"RU
8SX$TWRP8Yi:i±Y\Rm`c
c¹[[&PcV TWX$RZPSYfWmX]
S\mmg`|][X$RU8
cThT]\Ti:Y WT¬ `8[giZiURhiX$YµRUST ]\m!¬ iZ`|TWY\RUT
fU
TWVUfdVU]X[&iUVi¦ih®®n
Y ² T²\nSRUVXY\P·X°PMTiZRZY\_»X$RU[&V'[°¿RU
cT/TW_¸Y½idi:Y\[P`cVU[8X$SY] Y\RmSTWP8iYµRZmfh[P8&Y\RZY\[PcT4[PMRd
cTYµPc`cbcR²
ý S
½
Y ¸
i c
` U
V ¯
[ h
f
T S
c
b d
V
T '
n Z
i &
[ a
_ W
T Z
R \
Y a
_
T a
i W
f
X
] \
T !
W
T ±
_ |
T c
S
T µ
Y d
R W
T U
V S
#
Y \
]
T $
X U
V S
P \
Y c
P ¬
X
i 8
b Z
i
T L
\
Y
P U
R c
M
T Z
i W
T
-
_ W
T g
P
R
X ¾
] S
l ñ
Y_ai#TVdX$TWP8`8iTX$XRU]\T"[&VZbcY\RUPS
cRZ_ûY]GiZóõ[ø_aôöQTn°¹iZ[&RdVG[Y\`cP8`SiZY\RhPcX$»P8fhfhT$VZ®Y\RUn8TWfWVZX$Y\[P"P48
8T/X`ciVd8[&TWTWTPaRUVU[aTX&fhfU[
cPSTDTW² VU&T RU[aX]\[¯fWX]Æ[&`cRZY\_¶bc_ SY\PM`cVXfhRZYfhTY\R
#8#bX
Sci:YV Yfdf±
&fhYiUX°[fhVUP8b8TfdiU]\RUib8
cYµ[&i:TY\P[_aP8[$i[giZX$PcR8TWfhbc[[bcV_aXR]=_aRUPc
c[TWT±RZP4bcoÞ[RZYVU] lcY\REim4[X$[$VV#GfdRUiZ
S`|
cY\RUTTWTiZTfhTafURU
4bciZRdVUVUT±b8Y]¼b8fh³RUiZ8bcTTVU2Ti¾¹[¯[&fh¹VÞ[&b8V iZiZT`|T TWiZTR[fUYµ_"P
X$(VURZTY\fh¥Pc[&¢»PS¢¡`c Y\Vd8RZ[Y\¤[8 P=X$kS² Y¤í] WYµRh[$Yµ3¤ 'T0§iTWQ&h[TW©VV´c]\n8« [¯XfW¬]îX]'[$=fhGúk[gRUiZih
cR®T i n
!"#%$&')(*
,+-.'"/
10 32 4
[$]µ[$TMSmMX±Pc[PS]Y\PcTX$V#bcP8fhRZY\[P=n|#
SYfU
Yi#[$RUTWPMXai:Y\_a[°Y½2¹bcP8fhRYµ[&P
5
¬ Æ® Thc ` ¬ Æ®
76 *8
¬ rc®
o/[bciMRU`c&bcY½idR/fhb8bciUPSiZY\TR
iÁ² Y\#PPÓóõpRUöQ
cnT±RU
S
SYY½i"cSPcTW[PPS]bcY\PcPSTY\RX$iWVMn|Y\RbcP8iZfhTWRZVUY\&[TP,i#RU`|[MTWVZ&¹TW[&PcVU_»TWVi"X$RUX!T
S&YµY &=
TWVU[TWVPSSRMTWVVU[$_a]\T4[_a[TWV»PSRdR
ciT·[$G
SYRUc
cSTTWY\PEPc`cX$bcP8R
³RURU
S
cYTi
Y\X Pc`cÁSbcî TR'i:=X$Y\VUP8úkTi [bc[Y\RURdbc
M`cRUbc`cTWRbcPc² RG[î bc&&TÀ
MfhúRU[
S`8VGY½cX$¾SVYµX$TWRdP_-
2TWbcX$RUPSP¸TWY\VRYµi Pci`c¬ fWRUbcX$
cRP TTh¬ T]\Y\TWPfh_aRd[`cTWVVPg²YµP8Rhý i³fdY\
S[$`SY]\iT$RU®#Y½
ciT`cXVUfd[$
STh&Y\Y\Y½TWS
ST±TR-X$_»VUSX$YY\RUXRUVZVYRUX°fh
cTVUT maih®=k_»X$UVUhX$T©`c RU`SVh#Y\XPcY\ SgPci Tª ±G¬ RUDh[/©j®X0=8iU 7TWiZ68[cRZ gfdYTWX$¡TW©RUP´T
>=
Y\$¬ RUk]\TWT±j'VX$]ú¾XRmYµ® &TWThXV]µ]\mMPc[TW_¸VZRZY\YµRUPS
c[Y\_VU_±lcY i W¬ kTaiZTWó\XaTfhö³ó [g¹i[&öQRVn¹óXbcP8pfhfhöQ[nGRPSYµ[&óRUs$P=VUu[$² öG]X°RUP8
c!TW[óõVdcm·hö³&TW[VV/i:Y\[_±PDbS® ]µRRdY¼
8]XX$mR/TWb8ViZPcTTWiRXM[iVdRUl¯TWTWi `8Tó½WiZRaöQnSóõøTpiUfhöGTWX$PSP8R `cVdóõ[¯ôfhö³TS¹[&bcVVUT"i:Y\PcRU[ ñ
*L M @? -A CBD4
P(phone | acoustic vectors)
Acoustic Vectors
òÀY\bc VUT± ô
# # #$# ! ( '#
"$ ##$ #" # # #"(' #$$)
)%
% % # " $ #$#
#
!
" $##
( #%# " #$
' ( < ,.+ 1 N7 < + 6
$# )
%# "
$# " #$ "%#$ " '
#$ (%# #$ %
#$# (
# # #'
:9 <
p
ú³[&`cbS]½X°V fh[giZRkbcP8fhRZY\[P8i X°VUTn8X$_a[&Pc¶[&RU
cTWViWncRd
cT ¤W $´ .¯¥& ¦¤ GUh©$ ¬î e ®GfhVZY\RUTWVZY\[P .0 @?
¬ ® t¬ ® ¬ øS®
=
8
!;
[V#Rd
cT/VUTh]X$RZY\TTWPSRUVU[&`gm»fhVYµRdTWVZY\[P ¬ X]½i[aVUThTWVUVUT"RU[»X&i#þbS]µ8X&fUlSñ DThY\S]TWV¶&YiZRhX$P8fhT$®
¬
¬ c®]\P ¬ cc®® ¬ s®
!; 3; =
#ST
ci:TWY\VUVUTT ¸[bcY½Rdik`cRUbc
cRT/`8TX°fhRURURU[&TWV VUPa¬ ¹Rd[&[¶V¶|fdTÞ]XfdiU]iZXTidi i:Y8TDn t¬ t ® ¬ L
¬ ®n c® ¬ S® ¬ ¬ c¬ ® t® ¬ c¬ ®U® c
À® VUTW`cVUTiZTWPS¬RikcRU®U
c® T
H
î =úkiWnXi³Th]ÆXi³[&RU
cTWVPcTWbcVX]\mgñ¡Y\P8iZ`SY¡VUTMX$Vfd
SY\RUTfhRUbcVUTiWn&
8XT#8TWTWP-b8iZTY\P2X$X$VZY\TWRZm±[$#Xm¯iÀ[V
`ciZòc`|VU[&[cTWV TfhRUfUT
c
ciUiZT±ñTVUThfWa]XX$X°iZRdT±R§T[±[$P8RfhXYTiZiZ[$lcg]iWmX$²³RdRUTòc
c[T VDî Y\P8[ÀVhiZcRhú§X$iWn$P8nSfh[T
SV#n$Y½fdY\
a[P8V§iZ&RhiZY\X$[&TWP8_a fhi³TGTRUnDR
cX&TTiZXl¯fdRUiÀ
·TW_aRU
c`|Tk[[VhTWVMPgXRZ]fWY\VUXX$TkfhP[&Y\Pc8b8`cTaiZRZbcYXRGfWiUXiZiZ]8T[cÝ&iZfdTbcYX$ÝTWRUbcP8TTWfh4P8T fh¬ T/TY\RU²X|
i³²\nhX/X$YPiZiZ[$`8][X$X$bcRZRUYRUTX`c]8bc`8RX°[[$RUVGRU|TWRU®tVU
cP=Y½Ti ²
PcX$P8TWRZ"[VUY]lD² Pcí[R#[8T±TW&TWYViUncfhRUb8
SiUYiZiT lY\P8bcVURU[°
c'TWV#iZRU
cVUb8TWVUfhTRU²bcVdT
8XiPc[R8TWTWPb8iZThbS][VÞfh[&PgRZY\PSbc[b8i/iZ`|TWTfU
VUTfh[&PSYµRYµ[&P
1<
u
`cXiVU[RU`8
cX$T gX°î RZY\=[ú,PMRUX$
c`cVU`c[VUbc[S&X
MfU
=RZnÀY\_acTbc²#R/ºTY\RUfh
TWPSTWR/ThTW¯P4`|TWTWVZY\_aTWV/TWPg`8RhX$i/VX$iZ
c_a[$TW,RdTWRUV
SiW²Yi#ý _-
cTWTaRU
c`c[¯VZY\P8fdRUY\["`8X']¾[&SVUlaVhXVU[8bcX&fU
Sl]µmX$X`ci`8TX°ThV]i
RU[±8T¶X-iZ[_aTW#
8X°R'RdVZYfUlSm»RdVXY\PSY\Pc2iUfd
cTSbS]\Tn=SbcTRU[±`|[RUTWPSRZYX]=Y\P8iZRX$SY] Y\RZY\TiW²
ý Y\_aTWbñ :Th]XmSñQTWbcVX]¾TWRZ[VUlMñVUTfhbcVUVUTWPSRPcTWRZ[VUlcifWX$P8T»X$`c`cVd[SY\_»X$RUT[&TWVÞX-8PSY\RUT"RZY\_aT
`8iZTWTWVZTWY\[cVX!]#S`cmVUTX4fhT¹&TWY\TPc&[XVUfh#RYµX$$VhX$RZY\Pc[PTWRZX[]µVUbclLTiÁY\P² #ý
S
SYYfdi±
TWRUT
c&T ¹[&]µVU[S#[`8X$Vi"!X$VUX$TM`c`cVUVUTW[S`SX]XfU
!fhT #Xgi-m!iZRd
c
c[$TM#P!Th¯RU`S[]Yfd|Y\RTb8b8iZiZTMThbS[$]
]½X°Y\RURUTW
V SXm i:Y\Pc$X]\Y\T·8Thfh]G[PSTWR/[$X]\]=bcRZ[Y\[V P8X"X]i:Y\]_±XmY]TWX$V±V/R[XV¶iZl"fh[&b8P8i:iZY\[PcP8MX$_±PSRabS]\VURZTY\fh`S[]µTa&PSfhYµ[RPSYµ[&P[$]\bcYµP,RZY\[P8pX]§ô4]Xgmm TWVî iX°óslpY\Pcö§[X$P8ó rS 8ö:nGP8X$XP8]\m
¹YµP[Vk`c
gVmSXcfhVZRYY½"fhTMiZm¯_"iRUX$TWPg_»miGVUTib8iTfUX$
VfdX
ciTWRUV
ci [g¬iZY\TP8fdS]µTb8iU&fhY\VZPcY\8T2b8ihYµ® P"
8RUX
SYi#T"X$b8VdiZRZTYfd]µT±Xóõü$fhr$[öQ_a²³O:`cRGVU[Yi_¸XY½iÂ8T»Thg|Y\TWSR]\TTWiZTWRUPVdb8RUfh
cRUT»bcVUi:TY\nc_aX$`SP8]\T
(1-g)
g=p
òÀY\bc VU TMdV r $# #
#$%(# % #
((
%(# &"
" !# (%(
#! %#
#
#
#! # "
# "%# #
"' "
'#$$)
' 9 . <1 7 7
'#$%
% # )
27 16 9 9 . - -
87 951
ü
Zifd`8]XXiUfhi¾T"¹[&X$V#VU[RUbc
SP8Yi`8X X$RURURUVTWXVdY\P=PSY\n8PcX$P8M`8X$RdRU
cRUTTWVdfdP ]½X&iUi8n[$GX$P8X]L¿`8XiUX$iZRdbcRUTW_aVUP8T-iRU
8RU
8X$X°R/R ST»[»fhPc[[&P8R#i:Y8SThTW]\V±[Pc[MPS]\RUm[-RZRU
c[T/8fd]VXiiUR iZTfdi]XiURUiW
c² TaRhTX$fhVURU[&TWVRi
Y\RUPTWVURU_@
cT»[iV Th]µXT]fhRdT`8X$RUX$RUTWVdVUTP8X"iY]¼Y\RU
bcP8X-SRTWX$VUVU[TWRX$PL[$¾bc `g8#RUX$
cVTa Ý&db8X[SVfhVTX$MRY½ffh[&TWVUVUVUVUT[iZV`|[RUTWP8VU&_ Y\PcYµPRURU[M
SYRUi/
cT-fWXiVT/XY&i Y\TW
PS¬ R/ [$'RU
c® T-n|TWVUVUY\RU[
V
L M
Xý
cSTWTWVUVZThY\[X$VURTYµ&nDTMRd
c[$T¶ bc¬ `S #X$VD ®n³[X$VP8fhT Rd¬
SX&Y½i-TWVfWX$XiZTT"VXY]¼&Y\[¯TWPSfWfhR/bcRUVaTWVUX _M¹®#VhXX$fh`cRZ`SY\[]Y\PT[$#RU["RU
cRUT»
cT±RYµVU_-TW$TMY\[$PY\TWY½iPTSÝ&mb8X`c]GVURU[&[ 8X$S¬ Y ]¼Y\RZm D=®²²
8 =
8 =
A
¬ D® ¬ D®Dó ¬ D® ¬ D®Qö
A
3;
A BI
=
8
¬ S®
;
e$Y\P8fhT ¬ D®
¬ D®hngT/
8XT
A
:
?
; A ?
ó ¬ D® ¬ D®Qö ¬ Æ® ¬ D®
=
8
A BI
A ?
?; *;
;
?
;
¬ D® ü ¬ D® ¬ D® ¬ D® ¬ D®
=
8 %=
A BI
6 A DB
FA ?
;
6
¬ Æ® ¬ D® ¬ Æ®
?
;
A BI
8 A IB
FA ?
;
¬ ¬ D® ¬ Æ®U® ¬ D® ¬ pS®
=
8 A BI
A ?
?
;
;
¬ ¬ D® ¬ ¬ Æ®U®U® ¬ D®
6 A BD
8 A BI
FA ?
?
;
;
RU8
cTWTRZ8TWVTWiZPRThRUc
c`8T±TPcfhRTWX$RZ'RYµ[&[&P»VUlMRUTW[Vdbc_RU`c² bcí R [$¬ TWÆ®¾TWVX$n&P8RU4
cT#RU
c8T±VhiZ`|R[gThiZ¯RU`|TWVZTY\fh[RV/X$RZ`cY\[Vd[P"8RUX$TWSVUY_ ] YµRZmYii:Y\¬ _a`SD]\m»®h² RU
cî TY\PS_aY\_±TX$Y PMX$iURZÝ&Y\[b8PX$VU[°TSñ¬ TWSVU®Vd[Y½iV
RU[$
Sb8RUi#
cT TÝ&î bSY\ÀXú§]\² TWPSý R/
SRUY½i["iZ_±
c[$Y\PS Yµ_¸iYRU
8X°X$RZR/Y\[XMP&[$YiUfhRUVZ
cY\_±T/8Y\P8VhX$iZR#PSRRUTW¹VUbc_ P8fh[$RZY\ [¬PLpS®[n¯cY R² TX²\Y\n8PcTTiRZY\S_»mX$_±RZY\[Y\PSP4Y\_±[$ Y hY\Pc¬ RUD
c®'T X°îR#RUe
cT[&VdTWbcRRUX`cY\bcP8Ri
=
0A BI
A BI
&² RUý [¶
cXTaiZm¯[Si[¯RU"TW_ÏX$`c_±`cVUb8[iZSR Y\_»|T»X$RZiZY\[b P"2[$fd=Y\TWRUPS
cRZT]\m_»fhX$[`c_a`S`SY\Pc]\Th± bc¬ TP8² fh|RZ²\Y\n[fhPM[&8PgRTWXRZYµPTWTWTWPaPc[Y\Pcbc`c&bc
R `8X°X$P8V"X$_-RU
cTWT RUTW[&Vbcih®RU`cRUbc[MR#8fdT±]½X&RUiUVhiWXncY\X$PcP8T
x \-@E?y7U|P
B @]_jHoBb@]U|BEeTW
MDM>^?7DAKM3W
UYDPb@]M3P3J'M3WYHOD?egBCW^P
\M -QK_W
MS@]?TFRegBKW P
\7DU|Z1M3W
U
Z-M3V3PYDAKMBK?`P
\MZW
B7BEe
w
ô
üt² VUý Th
c]X$T2RZY\im¯T/iZRdTWTWPS_ûRUVU[_±`Sb8m2iZX°RVU|T/TMTWVURUVUV[XV#Y\PcfhTVZLY\RUTWRUV[·Y½X-X4RU
8$X$]\[R8X]'Y]¼³TWVU'VU[&[&VVUla_±[Y\PSVY\_±RU
SbcYi_ `cbc¬ #VU`8
c[gTWiVUT$T"® _aTX$P!iUÝ&b8X$VUTLTWVUVU[V±X$P8
RUøc
c²\TO:Y\[PR/bc
8RUóìp$`cXöbci®RnS8iTWTW[$TWTW§PP"X/Th`cc[VU`8V#[&TWTW`8VZVUTWY\Vd_aVZ[]\maTWVPSRURVhXXX]\]bcY\\PcmTTi[ RU8
8î iX$TWR#=VUú!X$TVd4ST/[RUPc
8Yµ[P-X$R#RQ`cntXVUfhT[R'fdVYX$iZiZ`cThmc`c]\miZVdRU[TWRdS_»
cY\T/_»i$X$RU]\VRU[XT8Y\Pc`8XT]§[g4iZ_±RdTW[Y\PSVZPY\Y\[_±X-Vbc`c]_X$VUVU[²8TaX$SX$_-Y] Y\RZ[Y\bcTPgi R¬ iZ[$TW'T/iZòÀ`|Y\TWTbcfU
=VUT n
ý
OQP4`cVX
gfhb8RZiWYfWn|XTW]_±iZYm¯iUii:RUY\[TWP_»iW`cnSVU[&8TX$XSfhY]¼RUY\b8RZY\XT]i\mfWX$fh[P_a8`cT±bcTRdiZT RZY\_»X$RdTMSmX$`c`S]\mY\Pc·jXmTiWùtVUbS]\T¶Rd[»RU
cToÞE[&bcRU`cbcRiW²
¬ ¬ &® ¬ ¬ c® ¬ uS®
A
CBI
c®
A BI
$®
P8Sý mX$
8_aX$X-RTh]\Ym[iWVn³RUfh
cTTG T»VU#Th&]Y\Y\X$&RURTWY½YµSVU&TMSTGY#RdVUX
cT]TaY\Ý&bc`8PcTW[g_aP8ifdRUTWY\TWPSTVZRiY\[[$[$V8TTRUiX
cRZfdTaY\
a_»RUfdX$V]XRUXTYµiUPSiÞiY\Pc¹XVUi³[&S_ÏcTWX$RURRUTWXt
cVUTa²_±ýo/Y\Pc
c TT"yiUVUfW[&[Xbc_ð]\TRU`cRUbc
c]RY\T'lifdThS]]XY\m·
ciUiÀ[gT[c]iX$RZ!|Y\_»Th[°]X$'iRURURUT
c
8iT±X$[$R]\ ThX$fdVUR]½TkX&
8`ciUX$i/VUP8[c`cLSVZb8Y\i:[fhYVhTSiW T n
A
A
¬ # cTWPM[VhMiZTÝbcTWP8fhTiX$VUT/ SmS`8[RU cTiY WT|®h²
`8[&RUTWPgRY½X]¿XSX°PgRX°TikRU
8X$R#TX$P8"[Rd
cTWVi
8XT/[8iZTWVdT
_±[$¿Y¯&RUYiUbcfhVdVUTTWiaRUT±[$STWP8X$i:Y\b8RZY\iUTi:iYX$P[V#S&TWYP8=i:TWY\RZVUY\TWTPgiMR¾¹TY\X$RURd
bcVUPcT[(ikRUfh
8[&X$VUVUR#ThX$]X$VURZTY\[XPidiZbc8_aTWRZT"TWTWRUP![±8TTX$iRURbcX$VdRZTYiWiZnRZY[fWXVM]\Xm"i±Y\P8RU
cSTTW`8`cTWVUP8[cSSTWb8PSfhRR ²
¹[Vd_¶bS]X$RYµ[&P=²
FM3VDUYDBK? W
M3Q]DBK?U@E?F`Z-BKU
P
M3WYDBCW|ZW
BKG-@EG7DOHODfPYDM3UiBK?7HIe @EW'egW
BCa P
\TMP
Wb@tD?7D?TQ F1@]Pb@jw!x \TMXIP
\7_U \1@3ACM|HODP
PYHMSM M3VXP^BC?`Z1MXWYegBKWYk #"
aR@]?TV3ML \M3?P
\M3W
M|DU|U
_ RVDM3?7PP
Wb@tD?7D?TQ F1@]Pb@jw %$ &
')( e}V3BC_TW
U
MCJ UN@]W
M|?BKP!P
\TMBK?7HILo@tIiP
B|D?V3BKW
Z1BCWb@EP
MiU
_TVb\RV3BK?7P
M 7P3w @]?7ISV3_W
W
M3?7PNU
I7U
P
M3aUN_TU
M 1W
U
Po@E?FU
MXV3BK?F
+*
M 7PaSB7FTMbHOHOD?TQw
, -,
. BKaSMRU
I7U
P
M3aSUP
Wb@E?UYegBKW
a @`V3BC?7P
DU
VXWYDa+D?1@]?7P ?1@3HI7UYDU c uJCL^\7DVb\ -?FTU @^HOD?M]@]WNP
Wb@E?UYegBKW
a@EPYDBK? P
\1@]P'a@ KDa+'D &3MXU^P
\M G1M3P~LNM3M3?7k~VHl@EU
UNAC@]WYDl@E?V3ML \jDOHM
1* 2 *
a+D?7Da+'D &D?Q9P
\MLNDP
\jD?7k~VHl@EU
UiAC@EWYDl@]?TV3M cgU
M3MKJ1MCw Qw J}p tsvuw'x \M?TMX_TWb@3H!?TM3P~LNBKW
y V]@E? G1MiU
M3M3? @EU@SQKMX?TM3Wb@3HO'D &]@EPYDBC?[BEe!P
\M3U
M
0 0
,43
@EZZW
B7@EVb\M3UP
\1@]P Z1M3W
a+DP
U@EW
G7DP
Wb@EW
I`LMDQK\7P
U@E?F @+?TBC?jHOD?M]@]WP
Wb@E?UYegBKW
aR@]PYDBK? BEe!P
\M|D?TZ_P|F-@EPb@jw
Wr
HMM states
q3 .
. .
"d" q2 .
q1 .
q . .
6
.
"a" q5
q4 .
q3 .
.
"d" q2
q
1
n time
p(q k| xn )
. . . . . . . .
1 2 3 4 5 6 ... k ......... K
ANN
# %
# 7 <
"
(% ) (%#84 #
7 -#6 %#
9
F. 1 7 7 6 - K7< 6
X$fh[VUT±_aRU`8V[SXiZY\T/PcTRUL
cT¶RU[&Y\iZ&`SYi:]Y\Y\R±[PRU
c[$T»iZi`8`8XXfhfhT-T¶fh8[TWP8RZiRZTWY\TWRUbcPRZY\fdPc]X»iUiZTTX&iWfUn³
VfdX°]½RUX&
ciUTWiWV/²RUe
8[X$_aPTRd[°[¿VURUTW
c`cT/VUTVdiTTWiZPgbSR/]\RRUi
cfdT-Y\RUT[$]\bcY\P_aeTTifhRUR
8Yµ[&X$P R
YµaP4X$Pc`c[`8PcTñQX°&V YiURUfh["VZY\iZ_±bcY\`cP8`8X$[RZY\VdR TaRU
ciZmcTiZPcRUTW[_"RZY\[iP4RUY\RU
8
·X$RiYµ_¸TWY¼]X$TWV#V`8`8X$TWVV¹X$[_-Vd_»TWRUX$TWP8Vi#fhT X$Vd¬ T/iZTWVUTTn¯ÝYµbSP4Y\VU`8TX$ VURZY[fhV#bS]RUX$
cVTn³iT¶ó rciZsWmcö®hiZ²RUTW_»i¾RU
8X$P
L 2
T $
X 8
P L
[ U
R c
W
T h
V
i 8
X
"
T 8
` W
T
V ¹
[ d
V a
_
T
g
P c
b -
_ W
T U
V
[ 8
b
i h
T ¯
|
` W
T Z
V \
Y a
_ W
T S
P
R ±
i U
R 8
$
X ±
R 8
X
"
T
W
T Z
V
Y 8
T
U
R c
T Z
i M
T Z
R
OQósPn iZ[&øS_anT±pcn§[$Gø tRU
cn§TWøS_sgnÀn=rcX¸scöQ² ¯T
cíTWîP!î Rd
cT#iZT»Xi#Thcb8`8iTTWVYµ_-X$P8TWPgRXi¸]\RU'TWVUTWP8VdT»X$RdfhT[PS`cRUVUVU[[$8]X°\TSLY¼]Y\¹RZ[&mVTRUiZ
cRZT"Y\_»PgX$bcRU_±[&V|i#TWVaTW[$VU#T±`8iZX$bcV8X$iZ_-RZY\RUTWbcRUTWRdVTiW n
[ |
` $
[ \
Y g
P h
R W
i ²
RUÝ&
cb8TWX$VUPgT4RYµ
8RhX$XRZY\TMT/8TWTW&TWPY½STWi:P8Y\fhPST±YfWYX$] Pg8R"TY\_acV`cYµThVd[Â8&mTW_aibcTW_aPgRh_»i±X$b8VZYi:WY\PcT2YµRdPL
cT·eTX$fh`cRZY\`c[VUP [SXtfU²
cTi-STiUfhVZY\8T
cTWVdT²,e[_-TM[$RU
SYi
8[$X]µ[$T¶:TX°Y\iPc`c`SM`8YµTRdiZT X$TVUfhRUTRZ
S4Y\Y[iP8RUX$["i `c¯8`8¹T±[X$V¾VdPcTW¹TPgbcfhRVUTRdiUi:
cY\id_aTWX$V#VU`Sm"Th]Y½¯fd[`SY\RZV ]mX$&n|P8[gRUX°
c[cRZY\TW4[VUP=T `8nTWX$VZiVdTWTÞ[TaVUiZ_»[&óõp$_aöQX°² P8T fhi:TY\² PSý Y
cfWT±X$PS_»R X fd
8[X$VV`8X[$fhY\RUPSTWRVi Y½iRZX°YVUfWTaiiZ[$bc§_aRd
S_»Y½iX$iZVmcY WiZTRU TW_ Y\PRU
8RU
cX$TR
@]?7I`
M 7Z-M3WYDaSM3?7P
U\-@3AKMG1M3MX?FTBC?TMD?BK_WNHl@EGP
\-@EP|W
MXU
_jHP
M3F`D?P
\7DU|Vb\BEDV3MiBEehD?ZT_P^evM]@EP
_W
M3U3w BKaMBEe!P
\M3U
MS@]W
M
W
M3Z1BCW
P
M3F`D?[p qKrts~w
.
ø
P(phone | acoustic vectors)
61 phones
9 26-dimensional
vectors
Acoustic Vectors
òÀ
Y\
bcVUT±ø #
# (% ##
$# ')
%(# %# " ' # ' #$
"# " ' # " %#$
$
#$ #$! #
#$
## " ' #$ (#% #
' - 6 - 6 9
#)
7< < 7
+ 7
$s
¬$]Y\X$VUTW&P4TWV¸VUTiXRU]TWYiZ`8RZihY®/fY\RUPSVY\XRZY\YPSXY\]Pc\m2ncY\PX°R[XcVhnSS#TW
SVaYfURU
[YTi#iUfWRZmSX$`|`SY½T"fWX¹VU]¼\[&m_ ÝbS`|Y\[RUTRUTWVUPSTRZSYXbc]P8\m!cX$`8PS[SR[ncV±TX]\[¯fd
"fWX¹]ÞbS]iZ[$`8]\bcXRZiUY\i[P8RdiW
c² VU[oÞbcc
M&Y\RURZ
cY\[T±P8cXX$]\RmX n
VUTW`cVUO:TPiTW`cPgVRX&i¾fh_»RZYfhX$TPSn8m»b8`8i:Y\XPcidMiZT[iPcRUñ¡
c]Y\VUPc[&T±bcV
X&i:Y\Y\_±TWPSY]RÞX$iVÞTiX$bcV8fd
iZTWX$RiWP8n8X°X-P8MVUThRU]
SX$b8RZY\i#TfWX$TWPMPgRU|VdT[`gVUm"Th]X$TWRZVUY\VU[&ThV ]\mMfhVZT Y\2RUTWVZfdY\Y\[TWPSP=Rn|² [PS]\m·Xai_»X]
^GVU[giUiñX]YcX$RZY\[
`8TW[PcVURTWYµV[&XP]cVU[$bS#]\TkRU
cYµP-TMRUP cVX$X!OY\RPSXcY\QnÆPcR"Y /² YTi`8²\n³X$PcRUbcTRURUfhTWRUTVdTWP¶iUViUX$X$fdP8]VUXm
fhiUTi:iRUY8[RUTW
8Vb8X$iÁiZR±nT_aX$XVU[gTaiiZR§RUPc[[$[`c8R`SRdb8
cY\PciZT'T TX°fhVZ¹V]\[Yµm/RdVTW`cVZRUbcY\V[XSPY\]¼PSYiZY\8
cPcXT8iZM² Tibc[
SP,YT]\TMiZX$RZP
Y\RU[
SP8Y\YP8iiÆSY½TW[i±`8V§XTWPcP8TWSbc[gTWVh[cPSX R ]
ý VXYµPSY\Pc»fhVYµRdTWVZY\[ ¬ î
#TW
cP8TWfhP»T² Rd
cý T
c[T¸bcRdfh`c[&VUbcVUR'T$fhRZXY\]\[bcPTi VUTX°iZVUbSTÞ]\RZX°Y\RGPcRU
c¹TVU[&Th_Õ¯RdVURUTW
S_aYiTi fhVZ¬ Y\RRUXTWYVZ]Y\ih[®P[$§Yi/Rd
cX]\TÞ#i:XY\m¯_-i][$Y\YPce T!X$¬ V¶#fhVZ
cX°Y\RUP8TWTWVU·VTYµ[&SRUP·
c[ST/TiZi`|fh[PcTWVUT[VUcRTi#fhiURZX°fhY\[RU[bcPSP"VX$TW[RUVUTVñ
P »v :
i \
Y c
P a
U
V h
T
] $
X Z
R \
Y
/
T W
T S
P U
R U
V
[ S
` m &
s §
® \
Y 8
P Z
i d
R
T
X "
$
[ §
U
R c
T
bcPSYµR/`cVd[¯Sb8fhTiRU
cT]µ[&M[¯cciWnD[&V#]\[
#
cTWPRU
cT±[bcRd`cbcR/`cVU[¯Sb8fhTi D®²
cTWPRU
cT /A BI
TWYSTWP8fh¬ T-¹VU[&_ÏRU
cTacX$RX-Yi/TÝ&bSY\[¯fWX] n³RU
SYiÞY½iVU[bc
S]\mTÝ&b8X]GRU["]\[
n=X$¬ P8i:Y\P8fhT"RU
cTiZT
0A
º#X$P8S[_Û`8X$RdRUTWVUP`cVdTiZTWPgRhX$RZY\[
iRUZT[±ÝRUbc
cTWTPSRZPcYTWXR ]\m¬ YQ²XTfW²\nSfh[Y\P4V&RUY\
cPcT/±[RU[±VSRUTW
cVT/RUP iZ
8`8X$OTWRTRUfdQP,
c
·TWimMTYµX°&VZP8]TWYµXTWVU]QV"T²iZe[`|TVU[Ý_"lbcTWTWi"PDPS[$RZ®#YXfW]§X$[Pbc`cVVdfWTX$iZX$b8TWP8PgiZXT±Rh]\X$mci:RZi:]\Y\[$Y[i"?P"fh[$T·[§PSRU`c
cVdTWT/TVUiZXTWTWfhPgP8[Rdb8fhTTiZRn|Y½VUfRUT
c&Ý&TTbSfhYµcVRUX$Yµ[PcRVX i
±X TfhTWRU[VUm-Vi]\[X$×VUT/]\`cTX$VUTVUPSiZTWY\PcPS"RUT4VX$RUX$TR#Y\VPX$P8RUS
c[&T_ fWX¬ iZ`cTVU[$TiZTW[VdPcñ¡Y\Pc]Yµ"PcT-RU
cRUVTXVUY\PSTh]Y\X$PcR8Yµ&²kT/OQPVURUT
cÝTbcTWfhP8bcfdVUY\VUTTWiPS[$R¿_aRd
cTWRUT¶
cfd[c]DXiUnciZRUT
ci¦T¶®nci#`8TW
STYfdfd
i¹Z[`8VÀTWT`ccVXiÀfhbcRZ`/YfWoÞX]cRUVXY\RUPSVY\XPcYµPSY\b8Pci:8Y\n$PcX$P8iZ`8TWXT]iZfd[
ai:c]Y\X$R
SX$RZ8]\mXiYµT_-iD`c#VU
c[$[gTiZTiDRUi:
cY WTTGVUThT8ifhbSTW]µRhTiWc²³i³OQRUP¶
cTGXk`c$X$
SVZmcYi:X$YPSfWR§X]¯[_-P/TWRd_a
SY½iÀ[VUX$m`cn`cSVU]\[g[¯Xfdfdl¯
i
Yµ[$iUPSfU¿RU
ciZ[#TWT_-`cÝ&
SbcTmcTWiWPgi:n|YRY\fWY½RÞXX]¯]ÀS_-[SiTWTTWPgi_aRUPcTW[P8[VURfhmTn$X$i X$`cP8¬ `|#T
SX$YVV fUX$
Rd_-[»fWTX°_»i=PMfWX°X$RU8PRUT/TW|VVTGX$#P8`c
cSVUTW[&TRUi_±
cTWPgTWY WV/RUTTVX$P8X$VX$RSP8[&RUS
c_ [T/_¸iUiZX°TW]µm_aPSRU`STWVU]P8[YµPc_×fhT ]\YTWi/Y\RU
SThS]Y\[®¾P¶PcX$RdT±Vd
cT TVUY\SRUT]µ
X&[c±fd[lV ²VU[¾O:_ PYµRd|
c&[[YRUbciZl
R
òÀ"%Y\bcVU#$T±$) s
%#( "% # " '# # '
(%# # # % # "%
(#% %(# %
$
#
% "
% (#$% # $
* (
% ##
4 (7 < 7
( )
%# (
(%# # #" #$ # #
#$ # '#$"
< 7 - 6 6 9 -
# (%# # %# # %#
#
# "
(% "" % )
%#
#$
87< :9 6 @(
üu
]_±X$8Y\PcTh/]\T [VV$X$]\_a[8TXik]ÆS[TV#fho/[c&YµPc, RU¬ VhXX¹Y\RUPSTWYµVGPc|&Y\²#&e$Yi:Y\Y\P8[fhPMTgRdm
cTRU
co/T# `c×VZY\[[Vkbc`cRUVU`c[bc8RX$iSfWYX$] Y\PRZY\T|ihT®nSb8Y\iZRTY½-ikY\`|P[giURdi:
cY\T¶S]\ST mSRdP8[/X$b8_±iZT Yf/TW`c_±VU|[&TcVX$S_aT ñ
`cVUYµ[cRdTWfhVUTSSY§bcRUVUVTXnkYµPSY] Y\µPcb8aiRURdV[X$RUY\TRU TWVhX$Y\P RZY\òÀThY\]\m»bc[&Vd`cTRZcY\_±nGY TWX&TfU
!8[&o/RU
M RU
cT/RdViZTWXY\PS_aY\PcTWPSRYX$i»RZY\S[[PMPcX$T4P8b8"i:RUY\Pc
cT/o/]X$|Th,]i±`8X$VUVh[X$_ _aTWRdRU
cTWTMViÁ`c²=VUOQTWP4Y\RU[
Sb8Yii
f[$d]XiUfhiZ[TP8iÁ&ngY\RdRZ
SY\[Y½iP8X]/Y] `cÆVUVd[T8ÝbSX$SY\VUYT ] Y\RZmnRU
c4T·[SbcTRUi:`cY\bcVUTRG bcPSThY\¯R`ciVdT[iUVGi:Y\X$[PaP o/fWX°P8TT4iRZY\c_»VU[X$
lRUTW[PV² Sí [$[$#PTWY\P
TWVn$Rb8i:[Y\Pc#±XRUm¯
ci±T XSiTh8[$PS]Y\\RZ[$Y\ [P i
!
A HGBI
HG
fThh8[P8fhTWiZý `cRd
cVUR±b8T¹fh[&RUfhVT[&-P8RU
c&TYµRY\RUYµfd[&
2]P8XiXiU`8]ii·X$VRUiZ
8fWThX°X°]\P R¶m»fh|[cTTMSTX$Y\_a"VUTM`SS]\fhY\TWP8[_aX$P8VUTW&m-PSY\RZRUYµY\TPc[PS`cY\bcPcY\RhP?iGVdX[&TWPD`cPS®VUbc² T_±iZýTW8PS
cTWRZTVMY\PciZT"[$a±Y\RUPc
c#`cT/XbcmcfdR]½iWiaX&²ÓiUfWiZX$TòtP!i [V-¬ Th#Y\YµRUP8
c
ciTWTWRVUVaX$T/P8|XfhT]TDnfhY\Pc[X`cPcbcPcPcRTTWi#fhRRUX$TfWVUX$T PRUW[TW|VU[XT
üc
train MLP
with TIMIT
viterbi
alignment
labeled training
train MLP
for task
MLP weights
recognize
developmental set
score
Yes improved?
No
Done
üü
c.i. output
left right
c.d. output c.d. output
Hidden
Data
binary binary
left right
context context
#"# # "
$# (
# *
#$ %
#
# #
(%#
#
'## #$
( )/+0+ < @( @(
"
'(
#
$
# (%# (
( "( (
%# '# % "%#$
7 < < 7 < H6 6 <
üô
Zi¬ RU#[&
S`cY`Sfd
YµPctYi®¿iZS`8TWX°RUTWVVUiZTW_¸VYµPc¹[TV/"TXX&fUi
_a[gfd][&XRUiU
aih®/fh[X$_aP84`cVURU[
c_¸TaY½ifhT [PS|RUTWThR¯RdTWñ¡YµTWP8P±STWbS`|]TW\maP8SVUTWThPg]\mR-Y\PcRU±VX[Y\PSPaY\PcRd
cTÞó\fh[pPSö:² RUThý c
cRUñQTSiZTWTa`8ThTWcP8`8STWTWVPSYµR#_-cTWX$PgRRXi
iVUZ
c[bc[$&
ST]µm
i:[Y\PcPSTWñ¡YcfWRUX$
,PgR [$Y\_aRU
c`cTVU[$TWVUTWVd_a[VTWi-PSRY\i-P,[X!&TWiZV»`8RUT
cX$Tl&TWi:VUY\ñ¡_aY\P8`SS]\TWTW`8VTWP8fh[SPSTWPSRUThRcRUºñ¡Y\TP8iZS[TWbc`8VhTWfhTP8Sî TWPSX$RP8X°X°`cTW`c_aVU[gTWXPSfdR»
=RUn#TThi]RY\_±iZTWY\P8RX$óõRZüY\PcôöQ ²
`8RUý
cX$
cTVT4X°_a_aVU[gTTWiZiZRUbSR/TW]\VRZfhiY\[Pc_aX$(P8_aMim¯[&iZPRd
STWY½_ fd[
V#c_aiX[ci±ó\SfhpTh[]\öQT²_aº`8_±X°TiZVb8TX$fUX$S
4V]\fdTM_a
cY\TW[P,VVUi/T±XX$fWSRfhTWbcRURV
cXXTY]\fhTm!#VURdfhTW[[PS[X°RUP P ThcíRVncî·XY\SP8î b8fd]\X°b8iZRU&mcTY\iZPcO:RUP8TWiZ_ RZ'Y\RU[&RUbcV
8RUSX$T±ñQRaiZ
8`8b8XTiZfdTT¶YXf±_»]½i_-[»X$[¯PSVUSmTThfh]_-TWiPS[RZ[VU]\m TV
VURUTW[a`|Rd[
8VUX$RURTb8iZTTWMVUmS]mX$VUegº¾TkOÞY\_aóìô`cVUöQ[$² TW_aTWPSRiÀ[V³[PcT[$RU
cThY\VkRXiZlciWnb8i:Y\Pc¶X$PaX$Vfd
SY\RUTfhRUbcVUT#X$P8¸_aTWRU
c[c¶iYµ_¸Y¼]X$V
PSSYY\P8X$fWý X$RZY\
gP8[b8fhP8TiWi²nciZ[$ý Rh'X$
ciZRZTa`8YiZTRZX$X°Y`cfWl`cXTW]=VUVU[SñQQiZXX`|fUfhT
RUfd[&Y¼
8VZY Xf-i/X$_aRZXY\[]½[ciPMS[MTh[$8]i±TWoÞTWó r8PhöQX$ð²`c`Se`c]TWVUY\Ta[T8òÀX°YµYµSP&Y¼bc]Y[VUiZRdTMRZ
cYfTWu±V/TiZ¾RZ[Y\XV_»mcX$iWX°PntRU[¹Y[V]¼\Vi#b8Y\X°iZP8Rd`ciZV`8RX$X$TRZX$P8Y\[VfhPi¾T¸RU[°¹[a[¾V
8X-XPcTWP8TWTRS`cTWV[V±XVdfhX$l»RZP8YRUfWVhXX]GfhY\[Pci:_aY\T ññ
Hidden
Data
M/F
òÀ" Y\#$bc#VUT # u (% # # #$# #" )# #
)# # (#% # #" #$$#
# # %#
" %
'##
#
#$#
' ( + 7< 7 - 7
#
#
%# # # #$" & (%# #$ #
'# % #*) #
# #$
$
6
#
# #"
# #
% # # ) # #
$
( &#$ # # % %# % #$
6 7 - ' - <6
ü$r
ÇÚ Î ÓÎ'zÀÉzU{=z
ýRU
8
cX$T#RG_"X°VUX T#Z[8V³ThY\¹Pc[c±fhb8Y\PSiY\P»TiZRURZY\
SgYX°iRU`8TX$±`8STWm¸VkYXÞik]RUX$[VUST#TiUPSfhbcVZ_±Y\88T/TWRdVk
c[$TDY]½SX°T8X[ikVRUX°
8RU[X$VZR'Y\TX°iWVU²³To/Y\P2iGfhiZ[&b8_afd
=_anS['PaTRd
8[XX&TGQX$Th_±]\RY]\RUma
8[$X$=RG_aXTWiRURU
cVU[[cPcc i
bg8Xi:Y\PcT/2[$XaTWiV RX$üP8u c X$VTW"VUVUS[Y\V#Vh[&X$P_ RU
cT±VX°iU_aX$_a_»T/X$VRU²ÀTioÓRÞiZiZTW_»Rn8X]iZ\
cTWV[$PcY\TWPcR»[Rd
8Vdl X$R ¬ X$RY\RU]\
MTXVUiZ[&Rbc¹[
SV]\m [bc
V#[$RUVXRUYµ
cPST/Y\Pc`8MX$V`8X$X$_-VhXTW&RUY\TWV_ ih®
X$P8MX$Vfd
SY\RUTfhRUbcVUT'T8TWPcTh8RdT&VUTX$RZ]\m-¹VU[&_ RU
cT]X$VUTWVPgbc_±8TWV[$¿`8X°VX$_aTWRUTWVhiW²
üt²#
gòcmS[cV±VZXY PSí bc_±î8î TWV±8o/[$ RhEXiZiZlcmciWiZnRUTWi:_"Y\_ai#`SRU]\TM
8X°RZR Y\Tb8SiZñ TaX"X$b8i:iUY\i_±Y½X°Y]P!X$V_±PSYbc¯_±RUbc8VdTTWV/iZ[$m¯GiRU`8TWX$_»VhX$i_aSTW[RUTWPcV[iR±X$`|P8TW4VZ¹RU[&
cVUTa_ iUX$X_ai/TYµThPc] `cbcXRi
¹fhT[X$_aRdbc`SVU]YTfWiWX$²RUòcT[V¬ T¹[&Ý&V/bSY\Y\P8XiZ]\RTWX$PSP8R fh`|TTWnVZRmS[`SVU_»YfWXX$]P8\mfhTb8n&RUi:Y\
cPcT/fd]½fhX&[iUPSi:RUYfWThXc] RUñQí SîTW`8î TWP8SiZmcTWPSiZRURaTW_Ó_a[c_±Sb8Th]iZi¶RkX°8P8T_»_»XSX°TPgm_±b8_afU[
aVdTa_-`8[VUX$T ñ
VºX$T_aiZ[TWbcRUTWVVhfhihT ®²»î òtX°[P8V/X$Y\P8TW_aiZRhTWX$PSP8R¶fhTfhn³[PS[RZV/Y\PSRUbc
c[Tb8iuiZu`|u"TWTfU
[VVUTfh[[¯&fWPSX°YµcRYµbS[&]½PX°VUmRX&n³iZ`8lTWnÆVUY\`SR]\Th#SXYµRZim!VUøTW`|uM[VURU[TVh4S`8Y\PXY\Vóõø VöGX°Rd_a
8X$_»RX$X V
RZTfhY[iZfhRZPgbSY\Rd_»]½ThX°¯X$VRURUòcñ¡TY\iTWP8SXTWfU
S`|p&Y\TWTWpcP8/STTWTW PgXRac]µ²ìb8&X°TWERZVY\i:[TWY\[VUPVUP[RdVT[$i¾iZRÞb8egi:iºY\TWPcROh²ùõ[i Xaý :
ci:Y\Ta_±^GiUYOZX$]úX$_-V/í T¸PgGbciºym¯_±iZRd|iZTWmcTW_ÕV iZRU[$TWb8_ûGi:Y\`8Pc
8X° VX&X$î _aÀTW RUúTWÕVh[iWbc² RU[`cV&bcTWRPiTWVdX8VUi[TWVRd`cRUVU[&TW[&V P(8`|X$X TWSVZ`8Y]¼[X$Y\RZVUVUm ññ
YµTRiZRZ¾Y\_»X&i#X$RUiZ[&
cV[$i#XPMi#RU
8ThX$]R¿X$VUThP8]4X$RZfhY\[ThbS]\]m·i:XY\_afU
S`SY\TW]\TT±[i:VUY\_»_±ikY]X$[$V/G`8fh[TWPSVZRU[ThVU¯_"RX$fhP8[bSfhT]Xi|T/RZY\Y\TP8Sfhñ[_±VU`|Y¯[RUVbcX$VdRdTT"TiZY\RZPY\_»RU
cX°RUT[PcViTWRZb8'i[&YµPcVUl
¹_¶bcb8VURdfd
c
TWV _a&[YVUiUT"fhb8SiUTWi:RY\[XPY]\TX$|_a[bc[cR#SRUTh
S]iYi[$¾Y\fhRU[
4PS_aRUTh[cVURT/X$VdP8TiZbSX$]\RPLiWn8[iZVTWSTaTWV/óìø[$öQ² _»X$PSY\RUb8ST"_a[VUT±`8X$VhX$_aTWRUTWViÁ²aòc[V
OQVUP!Tfh[ó rcsWPSöQY\nDRZY\i:[Y\_±P±Y][X$VV¶Xfh[iZP8RX°fdP8]\b8ci:X$Y\[VP8iý OTWcVUX$TaRX$X8]iZX[2iTS²§VhXO:P»PRd
SY½[ikV/fWXÝiZbSTY\nSRUTaiZRUX"VZY\Pc&Y ÆTWTWVdVdVUTW[PgVR/[Th8VGX$X_a_a`S[¯]\TSn§TWVhfhX$[&RUPcTWPcñQTi:YfhWRUTT î &YµÀ°Yµú R
iRUZó rcRU
cVZsWT Y\öQPcn|î Mgm4=TWVUú ThVU¯[&T`8ViZn8X$RZP8Y\_»&
SY\X$Y½PcfdRd4
L[VRUY½²i/[»òcX°[$P·[&VTWTWV]VdX$VUüVd[uV/ucTMnõVu&X$uRd[cu±TfW`8X$VUcTX$SbSVX°b8]X$_afhVURZmTWY\[RUTWPVUVTiWfh[$n['DüPSbcY\|RZ Y\TW[P8P!VUiZThlg]RUX$m
SRZYY\TWi-RTa
8XRUX]["i±RUXTW
c]VUiZT»T¶[iX°|m¯SiZTW]µRdTWT-TWP!_ RU[2RUVUY\X&P8bcfUTfh
S[Y\XVUTW`|i[Ta[$V/X$X"RRUYµü
SPc Y i
#VZY\RZY\Pc8²
ü
r|²X$e`c_a`8[gT[&X$RUVM
cTRd[fh[$[&RU_¶TWPSY\P8$X$Y\RTYµ[&P88i±TWRd[$RU TWVM
Smg`8cTWVVZY½[VU_"íîX$P8î fhT8oÞRU
8X$ PThiZmcY\RUiZ
cRUTWTWV_"[i¶PcX°TP8X]\[`cPcbcTVU²Th]\m í¹RUîTWP×î RUñ
S8YX&i-iZTY½i4Si[m¯PciZRdTTW_»gm i
i¾Z_aX&[SiG[iZRU
c
S[$Y\#Pc»P-Rd¹[&[V'TWRdRU
c
cTÞTWV#fh[`cPcVdPc[T8fhX$RdSTYM] YµR&YµYµT°iYµRh[i#V¾Th]µ8[&X$»_a`c`SVU]\[&T/8$X$Y\SYTW]¼Y\PMRZY\X$Ti±8[$X$R#TRd²
cOQTPMRUV
8X$X$_-RTfWX]µTWiZ&TThnc] fh²/[òt_±[SV#Y\PSY\P8Y\PciZRh»X$P8TW_±fhTYnDiUiRUYµ
S[&YP i
`cVU[VUbc[8
SX$]\Sm·Y] Y\XRm"&T²s iZRZY\_»iZX°RUVZRUY\TPciM¹[TWVkVUVURU[&
cVTnD8#T
SiZYR fU
LX$¾b8X&iUi#i:YRUX$
cP"T±_±|YTciZRURbc`|VUT/TWVZiZ¹m¯[&iVURU_»TW_yX$P8fhT±Y\RUVU
MTW`|RU[
cVU[gRUiZTT¾D¹²-VU[&e$_ÑY\_±RdY
c]½X°T VZ]\î mn³=Y\úPgóõø XöQT n
RUR
cXiZTliU#X$_aXiT b8î iZT=ú RU[4TiZY\RZ_aY\_»`cX$VURd[$[V±TMRUX
8X$fhRa[_am&Y\`STh]\]½ThS T%X X$b8tid²õi: YX$ÏP_¸[Y¼VcLRUbcTWVUVUTVU[iVam¯iZ[&RdP!TW_ûRU
cTVU[º_ TiZôc[²ìbcVhÕfhT TWîVUVd[X$V±P8X$RU[TW_-ôc²õTWüPg R
TWTVUiZVURZY\[_»V²X$RUO:TPiÁ² 8ý [&
gRU
b8iWThn&c[`8PMTWÝVZY\bS_aY\RUTWT/PS&RiWY ÆnTWRdVd
cTWTMPgRVUTRiZXTiX$l¯VifdiZ
cRdTWb8V&iaYµTi"_aS[gm±[&RUbc
cPcTVUTh]RUX$[RUTTW-Rd
c]X$TW|V±[]\V[X$RU[&TWVZ_±Y\TYiWiUn$i:Y\Y\R[P#X`ciVU[&[88X$iTWSVUY]¼Y\TRZm
RYµU_-
8X$`cR VU[$X±&T4TWVUmMgm[SiZ_-[¯ [g[í Rdî
SYµPcî Mñ8¾XYµiZRdT
·MTiZimcRZY\iZ_»RUTWX$_ RUTib8i:Y\VUPc[ _ÏX$X$Pb8iUoÞiY½X°P²=_±e$YY\c_±RUbcY]VUX$T±VTVdiZTRZiZY\bS_»]\RX$i/Rd[
8VXi#fhT[8bS]TW4TWP8T[8¹bciTWVdVURU
cTTW V
YµP4[RU
cTWVk]X$8[&VX$RU[VYµTiXiTh]Q²
t²OQP![VUlX°R¸jjÿóõüöQnRU
cTiZbc8im¯iZRdTW_»i'TWVdTfh[_±SYµPcT(Y\PX·&Y =TWVUTWPSRa#Xm ¬ SmRX$l&Y\PcX ]¼YiZR
[$8¿XiZRdT
cMT[&_aP[g`ciR
c[]YµPcl&TWThRZ]µmYf±EiZTWiZTW_-PSTWRUTWPgP8Rfh`cTVUi[X8iX$STiZY] RZY\Y\RZ_»Y\TX$iRUXTiTgiZmRZY\_»X-X°`cRUbcTVUMT Sí mîX$î P î iZmc=iZRUúTW®_ntcnDbcX$R P8MRU
cVdTWTWmM[VRdS[gTW["VZY\VUPcTW"`8[&RU
cVURUTWT_
fh[P8i:YiZRUTWPSRY\_a`cVU[$TW_aTWPSRi[$TWVRU
cTiYµ_-`S]µTWVim¯iZRdTW_²
ɶ}À}=Î Å { ÓÎ ~{=Î'È ÓÎzÎ~#}ÀØ wy}=Î~#z
ýYi/
c|TThYµ[$Pc]\[$S[Y\PcPc¸T"X°X$VURT X"XPgTWbc,_±|X$TWVUTVX[$i³k[°]½ÀX°fh8bciVdVUX$TWVUPg[&RkbcP8VUTiZTRdX$
cVhTafU
±Y\[PSVZRU]TWDVU² TiZLRY\TaPMPc[[bcRUVGT±[$c#VZY\PThÂ8]X$m8[&RU
8VX$X°RUR/[VUVdThm]nX$cRUTbc4R'iYµ_¸[VUY¼lM]X$VYi'X[&]VUiZ[l
8VUTThfhY\Pc[&aPSSYµR[YµPc[&T#P Rd¬ [iZTWX$T`cnt`ST]\²m¶8²\
SnDmSócsüVZYö®h² íîî 8oÞ!_aTWRd
c[¯ciRU[/Pc[PcñQiZ`|TWTfU
MX$`c`S]YfWX$RZY\[P8iiZb8fd
»Xi³
8X$P8S#VYµRYµPc
fh[P8i:YiZRdTM[$RU cT[$]µ[$Y\PcMiZRUTW`8i ¬ iZlTWRfd cT-Y\P·òÀY\bcVUT"$®
= UU
_QKQCM3U
P
M3F+D?Rp
3sYJ]BC_TWhW
MXU
_jHP
UD?iP
\TMXU
MNM
7Z1M3WYDaM3?7P
U'VXBK? 1W
aSMXF+P
\-@EPhF7DAKDUYDBK?RG7IZWYDBKW
UhL @]Uh?TBCPh@EVXP
_1@3HOHIS?TMXV3M3U
Ub@EW
I
*
üø
c`X$P8VU[MViZ`8X°_aTWT_±fd
=Y\Pc² ý `c
SVUYi#[cfhTYS] bcVUVUT TiZ¬ bS]\[RVfhY\PT RU
cT/YµRdVdTWTVUfhS[Y®'PSRUY\[±RZY\[SPTWRUTW[°VU¿_±`cY\VUPc[&TPgbcRU
cP8TÞfdYX$XRZ]¼Y\Y\[PcP8_-i¾TWY\PPgR#RU
c|T±TWRZc'X$TWRTWXcPM² [Vh±_a[cSTh]½i
RUfh
8[TVUfhX$VdRURT[&iZiZV`8b8iWnD[fWfdP8cY\&P8bcY\RfhPcRZ!Rd]\m
cRUTaS[!TP8idXX$fhRUVZbciZY\R8VUX$T-TRUiT[$²RU'
cRUT±O:
SP!YiZi`8QTWXSTfhTWfdR`8
·nTWP8PciZ[&S[bcTWR"P8P8[fhMPST]\Y\mP_"XXaX°m4VU#T8XRUTama
cTWRUVd
8ThT·X$]'Ri:VdY\TWPS`cY]¼YVUGT|fWiZTWX$TPSPS
cRURTTh]\S`STWS`8bSmTW]P8¹X4[SVTWSP8mg&fdP8Y½Y\idTX°fhi4_±VZY\_±Y8f±TWY\RZP8VUThX$]TWRZX$Y\TWRZ[PY\P[P8RU
ciZVU
S[TY\iZ_ ` T
[VUTWRU`c
cVUTWTVaiTWiZPg[&RbcX°P8RZcY\[iWP8²!ikòc[$[§V±fh[RU_a
cT`SiZ]\TMTWRUVdTTXiZiZTW[P8_-iWTWnPgXRiÁPSngbcX_±ik[8`cTWVa`|[g[°iZ T"VUTRUiZ[TX$Y Vh² Y fU²ì
cDTW²GViZiRX$
8RXY½iRZT"YfWVUXT]fhTTWiZPSRRZYµ]\_"mX$¹RU[cTfhib8¹iZ[&TV'iZbc[cPñQiZiZTWRh&X$_aRZYiZTWRZPgYRhfWXX]]
VX$_aO:PaTi/TWóìüPcuSTWn¯VXüt] nSn8RUü
cøTöQi² T X$`c`cVU[gX&fU
cTikX$VUTb8iZT-RU[/TiZRZY\_»X$RdT iZTW_aTWPSR³]Y\lTh]Yµ
c[S[cciW²o PMX]\RUTWVUP8X°RUT#X$`c`cVU[gXfd
SmS[P8bSX$]"_±8YfWT/iRUYµPS[RUT[iZRZRUY\
c_»T#X$_aRdTÞ[cSiZTWTh&]Q²_aTWPgT#R
8`|X[giZT#RUTWSVZ[Y\[PcVhT iWnci[X$_aP8"T#RUTh[/c`8Y\P8TWVZfhY\[_aVd`8TW[PSVRX°X$RURTYµ[&iZPa[Y\_aP"TRU
SVUTWYiG`cVU&TY\iVUTWTPgfhRZRY\X°[RZP-Y\[Y\P»P»[°#§
SRUY
cfdT/
»iZTWT_a
8XTWPSTR
Thfdc]X`SiU]¼i"YfdY\[$RZ¶]\m"X°Y\`cP8`cfhVU[[gVUX`|fd[
cVTX$iWRUn#T-iZTWRU
c_-TTWRZPgY\_aRi"TfWYµX$P8PSTh8MT_aY\RU[c
SSY\PTh]\XT,iTWXi-_a8TWPSThY\R'PcXi`c`8VdX$[¯VUSRGb8[°fh§TRU
cT#SPcmTWRZX$P[VUThlc`SY\Pc]¼Y`cfdY\bcR·R²X°VUO:RZP2YfhX$bSPc]X$[&RURU[
cVUTWm V
L T\ MX?[P
\TMRZW
BK?7_?TVbDl@EPYDBK?-ULM3W
MSHM]@EW
?M3F[egW
BKa<P
\MRF1@]Pb@jw x^\7DUSW
M3U
_7HPSL @]UZTW
BCG1@]GjHIzF_TM P
B`P
\MSe~@EV3PiP
\-@EPiP
\TMRZ\TBC?TM
ZWYDBKW
URL \jDVb\ @EW
MSDaSZ7HODVDP`P
B P
\TMSD?FT_V3M3F aSB7FMHU @EW
MSe~@tDWYHIzUYDa+DOHl@]W`P
BP
\BKU
MRDaSZjHODMXFdG7I9P
\M`W
MHl@]PYDAKM`egW
M*7_TM3?V3I[B]e
Z\TBC?TMiVHl@EU
U
MXU^D?P
\MP
Wb@tD?7D?TQ F1@]Pb@jw
üSs
train MLP
with TIMIT
viterbi
alignment
generate multiple
labeled training
pronunciation lexicon
train MLP
for task
MLP weights
recognize
developmental set
score
Yes improved?
No
Done
òÀYµ&bcVUT» # # "
# #
% )
7 ( 7 >9 +
ü
`cRZY\VU[[P S]\Y½TWi¾_yRU[a[$b8§iZ_-T[¯
SSYµ&Th]
cY\Pc`8XiU¬ iPc[[V#PcñQ8iX$RX$P8RZSY\`8[P8XidX$ikVdm8c®=]\RURUTWVhVZX$Y\P8PcMi:Y\RZ[$Y\[GP8fhiVZY\YRZi'YfWiXRZ]¿Y]¼§8X°X$P8P""[`|RUVTWX P»ZT[fhPcRUT[²VYµo Ti Pc¬[ºRd
coTWeV'ý iZoERUTW`-`cVUY\PM[cfhRUT
SiUYi:iY\Pc&cYµVd®TRUfh[ ñ
TW8_aTWRZ`c
8TWXTWiPY WRUT/VhXRdVY\PSX$YµP8Pci:Y\RZY\X$[P8P8ióõRUôcThiöQRZ²Y\Pc·
SfhY[]\P8T&RUY\
SRZY\Y[iP8Yi'iWn³i[RU
c_aT-TWRZVUY\T_aiZbST]\ikRZY\
cPcTh]\`S[¹bS8]ÀiZTWYµVUPM$X$VdTRZY\S[b8PfdYµiZPcT-Ý&bcTWVUTWVUP8[fhVT-ikY½SibcXMT/RUVU[TW`c_¸VdTY½iZiTW_»PgX$RhRX$fdRZ
cY\[TP i
Y]X$i"X$P8b8ThX°iZ]`ciT`c
VU[[gRUV [LXTfdX&
4YµRdfUTW
YµVPLX$RZ#VY\X$
S_-ThY]\fUTm
!RUfh
8X$[&PX$PgRY\RUTWfhTW[&VdVVUX°VUTRZTY\iZRU`|[ T±[`cîP8VU[¯XSfhRUT["Yµ_±STbcbciZVd_RZT»Y\_»VU|TWX$Y\_¸RdlTThYµiPS]Y\Y
c[$iU'[gfhTW[cRUPS
c,R±T±T[$`|i'RZ[gY\RdiZ_»
cRUTWT»X$VZRUY\jT[ihVX$®bc`c_aYVUi"[ñ 8b8X$iZThTS]
Yfd]
(Y\RZRUm·[X]\[°'[&TWPcVZTY\XTWRUVfd
cX$
_ RUT`8¬[g#WiUiZi
S[$YµSYfdR ]\
T
L M
> 6|AB ":<GB568NkACD7 5h6 ";=A 9MCD9 $|°'C "QT9 "b#cCD7 ʩA 9
îi:Y\PcbS$]\]\RZT Y\`Sh]µT4Th¯Pc`|TWTWRZVU'R[&² VUl¯o/icfWX$&P=Y\RZn³Y\[Y\P8P!X]`c\mVZY\nGP8RUfd
SY\`SYi]\Tl&nYµ8P8TMLb8[$iZ TX$L`cRU`c[VU[STWXRdfU
c
TWVfWX$Y\PP!8[VhT-Sb8TWViZTRU[4RdY\[·_aiZ`c`|VUTW[$TT"RU`8VhTWXVZY\PS[YµVUPc_" X$P8RU
SfhT»Yi[$YiTWRUV±
cXT
L
X$`c`So/]YfWiX$RZY\T[P
8XRU
8T#X$RkVhYXiS&b8Y½idXfh]\b8m±iUiZY\P8T4fhVU
cTXTWiZVUTT-² RU
cT i:Y WT[$[&bcV'iZ`|TWTfU
Mfh[VU`|[VXX°P8±PcTWRZ'[&VUl¯iÁn$RU
cT fh[_a`cbcRhX$RZY\[P
M
VURUT
cÝ&T#bSPSY\VUbcT_±"8TW[VkV[$RUVXVUY\TPSÝ&Y\bSPcY\aVUT
8-X`8i¾XiUVUiZTTX$iRZRU]\m±
cVUY\[P8bcfhVUT
±X&RUiZ
cTDT²#ceX$bcRXVd`c
8VZXYi:ikY\PcS$T]\fhmVUnDTXRU
ciZTT#DY\²GP8fhòtVU[TV³X&Y\iZP8TiZ
8RX$XP8ikfh|TTWn&TWP·[ViZRUbcVcXñQYµÝ&PSb8Y\PcXSVX$Y\RRUY½
»f$n|i:XY i
î [cSbS]X$VZY X$RZY\[PLY\RU
cVU[gX&·fd]XidiZTi/ñ#
SY]\T2X"PSbc_±8TWV/[$TX$VZ]\m`cVU[_±Yi:Y\Pc4Th¯`|TWVZY\_aTWPgRhi/TWVUT
8S[PcPcTT±fd]½X&iUY\RUiZ
TicX$VU`c[g`8XTX°VUfdT]X"iUi/RU[±fd]XiU[iVUY¼lafWÝX°bSRZY\Y\RU[TP=n=Th]¼=T±$
8Y\XTWP¹[&ibcb 2P8fdY\RdTW
8PgX$R#RÞRdVX"XY\i:PSY\PcY\Pc$»]\T-c]½X$X°RVUXc²T±í PcTW[$RZ''TW[&&VUTWl»Vn$¾Y\RkYµRdY
·i`8_"[gX$idPgi:Y\m ñ
Sfh[]µT_aRU`c
8bcX$RRX$cRYµVU[&TP8X$Xl&]Y\µPcm4»T bc2`4fdY\RUTW
cPgT/R²/`cVUOQP[8iZX°[S_-Y¼]Y\T¶RZmM`cVdTThiZ]¼RZY\Y\_±_»Y\P8X$RX$YµVd[&m·PMThY\cPg`8Rd[»TWViZYµTW_-TWTWPgVXRi]Æ`S¾Y\TYµRdfh
Ti/i_»fWX$XPM]GbSPc]\RZTWY\RZ_»'X°[&RUVUThl¯]\i¾mRU8
8T/X$R/_-&[Y½VUiT ñ
üp
TWfh[TW_aP»_±Rdbc
cPST YPSfWX$bcRZ_±Y\[8PTWV|[$TWRZ='`8TWX$TWVPX$_-Th]\TWTWRU_aTWVTWiGPSiRTWiTW¾_aX&Ti"VUVU[TbcX$R]µ
Sm"]\m»Y\_afh[&`c_aVd[`8&X$TVDX$n8S#]\T
S¬Yfd[
V'fhfh[[bS_-]`8X$|VT±X$S
c]\ThT]µ`S`8TWbSVZ][[VU_»VX°bcP8RUfhbcT$VU®T n
`8X$VX]\Th]=Y\_a`S]\TW_aTWPSRX$RZY\[P8iW²
RTî iZRZTW[±Y\Vd_»$[Y\X$VPcRU_aTiÆ[VX$VdVUT/P8[S_EPc[TW_RTXfd[c
±VdX$l¯PcRhikX·TWRRUi
8`SX$[]¼RY\VdRlX$i-VUX$ñ/T/VUT'RUT
cXXTfd
MTWfhVhRU[X$V_-XTY\`SDPc]µTnTWRdXTMiÆgY8m"]¼\Pcb8VT·iZX$RdP8VfWX$SX°RU[RUTTW_ ¸[Y\iZVUP¸`SmL]òÀYµRhPcY\i#TWbcR[$VdT[RUVd
clücT²fWcX°X$O PRhXcRUX²
c]T#iZý [fh
c[T8VUT`c`cb8VUiZ[&iÀ`S8]YY\i¿X$RaS]½X°YY\]¼PSVUY\RZRUm[T
O output units
H hidden units
I input units
TWSPcT[fhVUbcTX
MiZT RU
8fh[&X$_aRT_±Xbcfd
MPSY½iZfW`SX°]RZYµY\R[P»YiX$VUP8TW`caVUfhT[&i_aTWPg`cRX°bcRZRY\X$RZT/Y\[[$P=§nSRUX
ci³TTfhX[&fd_a
±`S[$=]\TWRURU
cT¶TiZPc`8TWX&RfhiGTngfWX$Rd
SP-Y½i8T#`cVU_»[$&X&Y½SST#Ti`cVUX[`|#[XVUmaRZY\RU[[±P8X$|Rd[ThRU]µ
m
ôu
iZ_»X]\TWVÞX&iGTh]Q²
]
úVUTh]Y\_±Y\P8X$VUmMRUTiRi#iZTWTW_ Rd[»iZ
c[$RU
8X$R#RU
SYi[Vdl¯iW²½óuWö
î TWVd$Y\PclgPc[$#PfWX$RUTW[&VZY\Ti±ñ¶Xi¸Pc[RUT!TX°VZ]YµTWVnTWP8STWVUñ8XiZTiZ`S]Y\Ri"[$/RU
cTcX$RX
8XTM|TWTWP
iYµZPcb8`cfWbcfhTR±iUi:$X$bSVZ]YµX$mSb8]\T$iZ®T²/Rd#R[#URU
cVTWXV¶Y\PfWX°iZTWRU`8TWX°[VX$VZY\RUTTiWPcn³TWiZRZb8fd
[VUlcXi/i ¬ Vh[X$VDRUT±RU[#[$_a¾[ci`8&TWY¹Tm/fd
=_-nG[&PcY[$X]]\Y\TRUfh
SR¶YfGVdTWPc$TWY\RZ[P=[n=VU[lcVi|bcP8Y\RUiZ
¶bc`8X¾TWVdTWP8YiZSTTW V
PccTWX$RRX[fdVd]\l¯b8iWiZ²DRdTWoVi±P»fhX$[`cbS`c]Vd[gX|fdTM
b8[$iZDTRU
SYRdi[·l&YµSP8Th¸8Pc¾TMX&i=X`c`8VU[&X°VU`8RZ[gY\RZiZY\T[¶PYµP4[$óõüRUp
cöQT»²ec`|X$TRX2X$l¹TW[&VUVñQSRUTW
c`|T"TWP8RUVSXTWY\PgPSRY\PcTiZR[$Yµ_"#X$_±RUbS[V]µRiÀYµ`S[]\T V
[$Y\YRUfh
MTTWVUiZVURd[[V`8fhX[fUP8lSiZñ[`cP8VUX°[Pg`8R=X°g`cX$Vd[RZY\8[X$P=S² Y] î YµRYµ[TVdi³T TWTWVUPcTTWVhXTh]Y\µm
SnDRUX±TPSbcX°_±P88TWiZbcV_a[$_-X°TbcRU
c[Y\RUV
i
8gXX°RZY\TPc#VUTThfh]\TWTWPS_aRZ]\TWmPgRh&i=YiURUfhVhb8XY\iUPciZTT
RUX$
c`cT±`cVU_±[gXY¯fdRU
cbcTVdiTafW[$X°GPY\PS|TM[VUR_»X$lX°TWRZPY\[±PThY\VURU[
c_ûTWVaiZTWTh`8Y\X$Vh
SX$RRUThT]\Xmgfdñ
!RdVXPcY\TWPcRZT[ThVUcl`8¾TWVUYµRdR
!i-óõ`cô VU[öQ8z² X$:SYbc] Y\VZRZY\Y\PcT4i±VUVUT[fh[_ÿPSRUY\
cRZT»Y\[P=SX$nÀRZRY\Pc[
Pc`8TWX$RVURZY\[RZY\Vd[laP[|PThTWY\Pc&·TWVURdm"
c¹T VhX$W_afh[TVUncVd[TfhVR `8"TW[VZPc[T±VU_ [V/_±RUbS
c]µT»RYµ`SS]\bcT±VhVUX$TRZfhY\[[P&PS[$Yµ#RYµ[&RU
cP8T-i8bcRUXRUiZTWTVMX$P8[&fhPT²RU
cý T
cXT±idiZ]bcX$_aRURd`cTWVRZY\[X$P4`c`c[$VUG[g[XPcfd
T
eTh]µTfhRYµ&T¶iUX$_-`S]¼Y\PcañÀ[VTh¯RUVdTW_aTh]\m±]X$VUTfh[Vd`8[VXtngX¹VhXfhRZY\[P"[$§RU
cT/cX$RXYiiZb 2fdY\TWPgRRU[±RUVXY\P
RUg
cmaTRd`8
cX$T VVUX$T_aiR'TWRd[°TW§VRUi³
cRUT[/fh[XVU]µbc`cTb8ikiÁnRUY\
8RX°YRGikX$]Y\VUlT#ThÝ]\mMbSY\RURU
8TX$fdRk]µ[S[iZPST ]\m»Rd[/ThRU8
cX$T_a[`S`c]\RZTY\i_±PcbcT_ÓX°V#RUX
c]µTbcT8iÁ[²GbcòcP8[cV³X$VbcYµTVUiRU
cX$TWVUVkTVUPcTh8TfhPcTTWiU_aiUX°TWVUPSmR ²
ôc
8iUXX$P8T/Di:nSY\
8PSXYY\PcfWaX$PSiZR[_-X$_aTÞ[X$bcVhPSfU
SRikY\RU[$TfhRURZbcY\_aVhXT]Ʋ iZ`|TfdYX]Y X°RZY\[PRU[_»X$lT/fh[_a_-[PaRUVXYµPSY\Pc±[`|TWVX$RZY\[P8ikT 2fdY\TWPSR fWX$P
:
O
P U
R c
T U
V
T h
f
[ &
S
P µ
Y
R µ
Y &
[ ,
P c
` U
V c
[ h
f
T U
i W
i
n c
P W
T c
b
V
X
] c
P W
T Z
R
[ U
V !
l W
T $
X \
] 8
b $
X Z
R \
Y
[
P
Y
RZfhY\[[P8P8i:XYS]\TWmVUTY\PSDRUnSTW_aP8i:[SY\iZR§T"[°RU
8RUX$
cPTRZRUY\
c_aT-T#TWVdTXÝ]\b8bSX$Y\VURZTY\[P[[$V³]X$]X$VUVU&T¾T iTX$X$Vfdb8
ciUTiY½iX°X$PP8_±Y¯VRdX$bc_aVUT_"iW²aX$VoiÆY½]\iRU
cRZ[mgbc`SYfW
X]RU\ma
SYSibcfhT#[SiZRUR[/_±_ab8TW_aiZR/[&|VUmTM
i &
[ S
P µ
]
m a
_ c
[ S
W
T
V $
X d
R h
T µ
]
m a
_
[ U
V
T h
f
[ -
_ c
` c
b
R $
X ñ
XVUTfWfhfh[T&iUiPSYµVRX$Yµ[&RdP"
cTWY½V#iRUX
8X$]X$P4VUVTX?_aTWfh_a[_a[Vd`cmabcRRUX°
8RZX$Y\Rk[P=Yi#² fhý [
cPcTWPcVUTThfhRU[TVU Tn|#Y\RU
8
MX$R
SY\Yi
MTW8PcX$TWP8VSX]\mYSVdRUT
4ÝRUbS[aY\VUTX `cVU[[¯V#fhT]idX$iZVd[V#TRU
8[cX°fWR¾X$fWcX°bSP»]X$|VUmT
T`cXVU[i:Y8]\mMX°S`cY¼]VUY\[RZ&mMVTX$iZ_aRZY\_a_»TX$DRYµnS[&VUP=TWS² X$V&]\TiUi[$³#
cTWRU
cTWV#o/ i[V X$b8iUiY½X°P»_±YcRUbcVUTiX$VUTb8iZT"[VRU
cT/TW_±YiUiYµ[&P
Y\SP8TfhfWVUXo/TSXiTiZTnL_»[VUfhX°lc[gPgiZiZmLRRX$i R]X$Yµ¬ [&TW8P8[TWi/VhP X$fhRU[¹[[PgVZVRY\TYµRUPSi±VbcX¾T"YµPSY¼RU]Y\/
cPcThc8Y\®#TV/¾Y\X$PcY¼S]TWG]\TMPcY\R["RUX°[S]\[]µThTPcc`8fdTW]TWY\V/_±VZY\|_aTaTWRdPSX»[R»i:
SY\¾Y\PSYµRd
cY
TWfWVPcX$`|TWPSbcTWR/VZV]XY\[_±]VU_»PcY\RTWX$X$RRP8Yµfh[&[T-PVdl[¹&[&TTWV iZV/RZ_»Y\RU_»
cX°T»X$PgRdmMVd[TV`ciZiWVUR/nG[&[$SX&#]µi±TWRU_"RU
S
cYiWTi ²
RUífdVYX[X]YµY PSWTWY\TPcTWViZn=iZmc[MThiZcRURUTW`8
8_»TWX$VZRiWY\²_aRU
cTWT±PSRY\XP8]#fhVUT[XVUilTfhY\[gRU
iZR Rd¬
cVdTaTh]½X°]X$RZVUY\&T±TiZRUR[M_a`c[cbcSVUTTh]i±íîY]î iZiZRZmcY] iZ¾RUTWVdT_»ÝihbS®#Y\VU_"T"XTWmPc[ibcRZY]¼
!b8fh[iRZ_aY¹`cmbciZR[X°_aRZY\[TaPiZ`|[TWVñ
ý¬ RZ
SmSY`Si-Y½fW`8XX$]¼\`8m?TWVaX°P
8X&î i=¹[cú³fhnb8iZº#Tj ò[n#P!º#RU
cTM
Sn#mg[&cV VZYý :/í îî ®a8RUo/VX YµPc T X$`c¹[`cVVU[gfdX&]XfU
=idi:n³YY\P
fWX$#RZY\[
SPðYfU
gmiZ[X$_aP TMî l&Y\eP8y![$[/VMPcVUTWThRZ]X$'R[&Yµ&VUlT
TW_»PSX$RURhVU[fU
S`SY\mÞPc!fhVYµRURd[!TWVZY\X [Pí Y½îiÀb8î iZT² ý RU[#
SYTi"iZRZYY\iM_»fhX°bcRUVUTVU`cTWPSVU[RZ]\8mX$SRUY
c] Y\TRZY\T_ai[g[iZVRM&fhY[iZR_aX$P8_afh[&TPïiÀRUX°[#`c|`STG]¼Yb8fWiZX$TRYµ[&Y\P,P¶S[$¶mSP8PcX$TW_±bcVhYfkX]`cVUPc[TW&RZV'X$[&_aVUl¯_±i-Y\PcRU[
ôü
RUý [Þ
SfhYi[&_aPcTW`cRZbcRU[TVURUl¶
cST[S_±TiY\PSY\Y\_a_¶`Sbc]\_yTW_a[$TW8PgRdR
cRUT¾
cX&TfhfhRZ[Y\VUX$T#RZ[$Y\[=P-RU
cTX]\SbcmgTP8iX$[°_¸[Y½fbcRURZ`cY\_abcRT#Pc#[cX$SVdT`¸iGXX°]µR§&[RU
cVZY\TRU
c`c_VUTWn&&cY\[bcb8RGiY\RRYµS_-[gT¾TiiRUPcTW[`=R ²
VUTW`S]XfhTRU
cT/`|[$Y\PgRdTWV |[g[lSlTWTW`SY\Pc"RU
8X$RYiVUTÝ&bSY\VUT ¹[&V¾X¸`cVXfhRZYfWX] Y\RUTWVUSY=Y\_a`S]\TW_aTWPSRX$RYµ[&P=²
OQPcP![PcX$ñQPcfh[[RUPc
cPcTWTVfhRZfhY\[[PcPSPcYiZTR»fhRXYµ]µ[&&PS[Y½VZiY\R±RU
c¹_[&VUn_±RdbS
c]½T»X°RZoY\[]\P`c
8[$X$#ñQ##TW
8R4X$Ró\
8WXök¾`cX&VUi/TWY\&PSY\[RUVUb8[ci:S]\mb8fh8TTWTWP!RU[·fh[iYµP8_±i:YbSS]TWX$VURUTTM!Rd
cX$PTaTW[PSVURZ#Y\VUX$ThV]\m
]`cbc\[Ri8XX]§i[&`c`cVURZ[Y\8_±X°Y SY¼X$]RZY\RZY\[Y\TPiWn|RdRU
c
cVUT/[bcPcTW
4RZPc[[VUPSla]YµfWPcX$TPMX°V/8RUT/VX$&P8Y\TWi:[TVU_"XX$ikRZY\`c[VUP"[$&ñGY½OQ&P8Y\PciRUMTXXM[°TWPc¿TWb8Vi:XY\]=Pc"Pc[RUPS
c]TY\PcPcTTWX$RZVRU[VVUX$l-P8i:[bc[RUVUññ
úVUTW`cVU[cfhTiUi:Y\Pcañ î X$PSmaVUTiTX$Vfd
cTWVi
8XT/b8iZT-TX$RUbcVUT/_"X$`»VdTW`cVUTiZTWPSRX$RZY\[P8iWntVUTh]X$RUT"RU[±[PcT/[$
¹RU`c[
cVUVT[$Xa¹Y[&SiZVU`8Ta_±TW_»bSTfd]½X°X°
`cRZY\`SVU[TYµP8Pcfhik[SiVUPS[Y VUW_Õ[TW_ÏVþ²Pc[O:P[$
cY[&iZ[PcmRUTW
cP·RUTW[V X$fdP8S]\TMTi:X$Y\fhP[$P8]ciÁX$X°nD|RVUX[TViZóX$T-s RUX$[&VöGVfdi
c[&VTWó rgV¹iuVUöQ[&
8nS_ûXRU[aTX"ThTWPc¯PcTW`|TWÑTWVX°VZiZY\RU_a`|TTTW¹X$PSTlX°RUTWTRUV/bc4VURUT/[Y\VUX$RUTW
PL`cVUPc[$TTW]iRZTWPgiZ[R`8X°VUTlcRZX°Y\i[lP8RUTW[ Vi
óõô$r$öQ²
ú³[giZRU`cVU[cfhTiUi:Y\PcMñ jkTfWX$b8iTa[$GY\PSRUTWVUTiZRY\P_a[VUTafh[_-`S]µTh_a[cSTh]i[$¾iZ`|TWTfU
X$P8RU
cT»&Y 2fhbS]\RZm
Yµ
8P"X&RUVT Xb8YµPSiZY\TPc-a_aiZb8[fdVd
»TÞfh_-[[¯_-S`cThbc]i RX$¬ RZiY\b8[fUP8
MX]X\mMiRdS
cTWTÞ_»iZX$TWP8&_a&Y\PcTWPg2RhXX°]8`c_a`cVU[c[gSXThfd]½
ci¾T_aiXTWPgiRXYµ[&`|Pc[gTiZ»RU`cX$Vd|[¯[$fhTT$iU®ingYµPci"[_aiZRUT#TW`-VUTYµiPTX$iV`8fdTW
cTTWfdV
i
PcTWY\RUR
[iZVd[l¯_-iT¶X$VUPcT±TWyRUVXfhYµVZPcY\TRUTWVZY\[[PP=²M`c
còc[[&PcVTWYµRZP8YfaiRiZX$TWP8fh_-TnÀTWPgY\PRi/RU
cX&i/T"SfWTWXRUiZTWTaVU_±[$Y\PcRU
cTTM¹eVUTW[&_ _-TWPgY\RRUXTW]'VUS#Y¾TWXbc]¼VY\XPc]¾_-TWTWPgRRiÞ[VdY\PlRUóõü$
cöQT n
RU
gVmSX`8Y\PS[Y\RdPc
cTi:iZY WTWTRn=X$bcP8Rd4RUTWRUV
cX$TWP8PfhTX$² VUTý Vd
cbcT4P·VURdT[MiZbS]\TWRZPcY\PcTWVX$RUiUTfh[`cVdVUT[i»8X$X$VdSTMY] Y\SRZ]µY\TWTP8iST[ïVÞiTÝY\RUbc
TWP8RUfh
cTT4iRU[$
c¾T·iZTWid&fh[_aVUTWTPgi¸Rh¹iVU[&Y\P_ TXRU
cfd
T
ôô
T
i S
` µ
Y d
R ¶
T d
R c
T Z
i ±
T 8
`
[ U
R W
T S
P Z
R
Y
X '
]
X S
$
$
X S
P
R $
X
T W
i |
n U
R c
±
T S
g
m c
Z
V
Y
-
_ W
T U
R c
¯
[ 4
U
R S
8
b
i Q
$
X
V 8
&
X
i 8
W
T W
T
P
¯
[ h
f 8
b
i
T
&
[
P \
Y a
_ S
` \
] W
T
_aRXTWiPSl¯RZiWY\² Pc±QT/XX$Y\VZP8]\m2-i:[Y\RU_a
c`STWV]\TikX$iZmcVUTiZRU[TWPS_"]\maiWnS8#TW
S°YYµfUPc
PSY\SPc[aMiZRUbc[VU`cTh¯VY½`Si]\Yµ[PcVd°T/]µmMRU
cT Thb8]§i[T P-[$=]X$_aVU[&T/VUTÞfh[fhPS[&RZ_aY\Pg`Sbc]\Th[& b8i#iZRdiZVU`8b8TWfhTRUfdbc
MVUTVUiTfh[Y\&RUPS
MYµRRUYµ
S[&YP i
: ñ
`8_aX$[cVSX&Th&]Yµi &_¬ Y\P8²³fdOQ]\PMb8&`8Y\X$PcVURY½fh`cbS
c][X$PcV[$nc]\[T m|X$®VUT VU[b8_ûiR'c|X$TWR$XtY\PcnDPS#Y\Pc
S»YfU
RU[_"]\[gX[m4lM8X$TaRkVdRUT
cÝTÞbSfhY\VU[&TPcPcTY\PfhRZY\[[VPSSYTWiZR#V/Y\RUPS[MTWRhVUX$TWlP8TafhT/XS[$=X°]X$PgPcRX°&b8TX$[$T
= BKaMD?7DPYDl@tHiP
\M3BKW
I9evBKWSP
\7DUSM
7P
M3?UYDBK?mDUFTM3U
VXWYDG1M3FmD?dpOqCqts~J@E?FmP
\M`aR@]P
\TM3a@EPYDV]@3H|G-@EUYDUSegBCWSP
Wb@tD?7D?Q{B]eU
_TVb\
.
U
I7U
P
M3aSULNDP
\@+Q]HBKG-@tH!aR@ KDa+_a @iZ1BKU
P
M3WYDBCWYD c !uNV3WYDP
M3WYDBK? @EU FM3U
V3WYDG1MXF/D?[p rts~w *
ô$r
ÓÎÖÎ}=Î Å GÎz
ó\Áö`ce8`=²&o ²DüS_»sX°p$VZñQYQô&n uShsgo
n8RUp
cøSTWsg[² VUm±[$=XcX$`cRZY\T#`8X°RURUTWVUPafd]XiUi:Y8TWViÁn 8æZåãtë tèã
'êâK
Gè½n[$]Q² ¾^ øcn
CL M
óõü°ö PcTW² R78
SXY½c$XS]TWY½P"X°_»l[gX$iWVdn l[$¶/² _a8[¯
8SX$Th[|]n»im¯º/iZRd²"TW_ðegfd¹
g[#VX$fhVd[R PSRZn»Y\PgX$bcP8[& b8iG÷ciZ² `|TWî TfUX$
alS
cVdT[fhbS[]Qn PSY\¦RZoÛY\[P
gmScVZYyiZTW8æ_aå&ãcTWëPScRèXã]»PccTWbcââKVhX ]
L
óõô°öÞ÷cD²="à &jã8X$ål&#ê TWVæZn è hý âWëh
cë¦zT à¡$ã :/&n$ºo [$]Q²8 üôcnSPce[8mc²ÀiZRUTWnS_ `c`=ñ'²oü$r&PñQü[$pcn8TWVdpSY\-s TWc² n 8æZåãcë ³è5ã `hè ë àYWë !¯âhKâ Gåã|á
L M
ó°ö ±í Y²cjkSTWTWPcP $îY\[8nX°º/VUl1² [$: T î î [c[SVThY ]8n
gmS²$còÀVZY]DX$n_a_±YXcn &8º/æZ²$åþãt'ë [=_aè`|ã TÞn Tâ gæZ]\å[ê8ÞX]¯â [
`cRèYµæd_¸çëWY nX°RZ[$Y\[]Q²Paôc[$n&PcX[8²gPcütTWbcn`cVX`=]c²gPcnü TWRZü$'ñQü[&VUlgptñ n
NL
p&püc² M
óõø°ö íX`|²gjk[giZ[RUbcTWVZVZY\][X$VkVhD`cn VU±[8²gX$þS[&Y] PSY\RZYµY\±Ti X$P8o" `c`S² ]î YfW[X$VURZSY\[X$P"P=nRU[/Wº RUVX°î P8i:o/Y\RZúY\[&PcVUñT8fhXbciZVTi:aY\fhT[&PcTiZPcRZTY\_»fhRZY\X°[RZPSY\[YiZP»R#X$iZP8`8±TWT_"fd
aXgVUTY\_±fh[Y &X$PSRYµRYµ[&Yµ[&P»P=[$n
NL
ósö ííî²gjkî [bcn "VZ]X$Y\P Vh»áX$P8é-å'ã ²âÁëaî à[&ã VUg/X$P=â Sn æZhåo!ê ãfh [5¦PSè&RZ'æ Y\Pg±bcå [àb8¡èi6ã iZ`|TWæZTè fUh
"âWëhVUë¦Tà¡fh$ã [
&PS#Yµ7RYµë [&âP28iZmc
ë iZ9RUTW_E¬ :±TW²_±e8|² Tý c[&bcYµPcVUTW R Wî lgmÀn úkY\DPSRU²®[ n
NL
óõ°ö íiZ`|²TWjkTfU[
±bcVVU]½TX°fhV[&±PSX$Y\P8RZY\[P=n ² :î [Vdg;X$P='n$æZè<² =ã^ :/ê>?G è&Áão5Sfhè[ã PgRd`Th¯ènRSë TWà`8~ÁTWë'P8@S=TW¯PSâhRGâC PcTWbcå&VXã8]¯áAPcTWàBRZã|[åVUê<l¹æ[&èTV§PcâÁë[ëWPSà¡RZã$Y\ PSbc¬ eg[X$b8P i
L
óõp°ö o/í fW²XjkS[TWbc_±VZ]YX$f±VúaVUX°TP8id¶iWnDp² p$î r8[² VUgX°P=)n Gè&ã8ã8Kâ à¡èã|à\ë @=¯âhCâ -*'Kâ è ã8à à¡èã / ,ß-7CWæhàá DæZènå gnþ]\bS'TWV
ó\u°ö RUí Vd[²P8jGiW[&n :bcVZ]X$V!EX$8P8æZ åãc^ ëW²§å ÷tಠ¡èLãtë'Th]¼è\TW
ã lTWP8å iÁn âæhã YµPcãlc8i±å|Bê 7TWë¦Rà½ë#TWåTWã8P áî äX$å VUl&g[à¡4ã8Fâ _aã[cSâThê¡]½ê¼i-Bà X$âP8!ã hâ_±nW&bS[$]\]QRZ²cY]XücmnTW`cVa`=`8²cTW&VhfhøSTWs`cñ
L
°scnDpput²
M
SæZâWëMåã8d á Dê~à hå à¡èãcëWn§ò²=òt[Th]\_»X$P
e[bS]KY TMJ X$P8÷c² í TWJ VX°bS]µR ¬ GciÁ²®n§o ý yoeO±eTWVYµTiÁn`c`=²
M
üü¯sñQüôøcnDp&puc²
ó\ü°öÞ_a÷c²k[ce8S²³Th]³jGYµVPSY½RU&TW]\TVU`cn Vd¦TWo#RX$]\`cRZY\
8[X$P=ñQn TW=R¯i âh±Câ XMLVUTGfhè bcVdVU[TWPggRã|~àPchTWå bcà¡VèXã8]#ntPcTW[$RZ]Q²8[pcVUnSl·`c`=X°V²8fU
Sô°Y\RUñQpTfhücRdnDbcVUpTaput² Y\RU
!XM
SYcSTWP î X$VUl[$
L
M
ó\ô°ö :±G=è²$0jkVUD[gê¼ â[&M_aN
c7Të XâD8n& ë¦nS:±[$² ]QƲ8[ütncT`cn `=²8î ôbSüc]\ÁRZñQY\ô ñX$cVZn|YX$Sp]\Tc¹² bcP8fhRYµ[&P8X]cY\PgRUTWVd`8[$]X$RZY\[PaX$P8±XcX°`cRZY\TPcTWR[Vdl¯iWn
L JM
ó\°ö VUî Tfh²|[&^G[PS
cY\RZTWY\P=[P·n í iZmc² iZî RUTWbc_4VU&n ThYµRY\n¯P ÷t²8jkæTè TWVU
P8iZRUThY\P= n8ú³ã ²cêú>(VZYGfhTèn8ã 5X°ÀP8è dã î ² hè &Thë Y\àPgYRdV!X$=bc¯=âhn Câ ý
cåT ã8: á ^GBà OZã|ú åí ?ê G'º,æZè hiâW`8ëhTWë¦Tà¡fd$ã
L
¬ o]\cb8ÝbcTWVhÝbcTn= î ®nS`c`=²DssñQutnppuc²
NM
ó\p°ö `Sî ]\T²&^G&Y[iZ
cRUVZTWY\P=cn bcí RZY\²[òcP4V`cX$P8
cfh[[|PcnTWRZYf² î _a[[cVdSgThX$]YµP=Pc1n |:±n ²ºY\P bcá_-Thé]µ
8åX°ã!VUhRâWngëX°àP8ãm /±â²So æZåcê?VãX&iZ5W
=èn æ ¶^Gå [àPSèRUã
ThcRUñQæZSèTWh`8âWëhTWë¦P8à¡Sã$TW PSNR7_±ë âbS]\RZY\ëñ
NL
óõücÁö ±RUVhX² ±]¾² S:mSP8YµSX$X_±]X$YlfWYiiWnS¹[&÷cV¶²õº/fh²[º¾PSRZ[Y\Pg
Sbc]Y½[&fhTWb8lDi¶n8iX$`8P8TW Tfdî
!² VU iTfhZ[RUTWP8PSSY\RZ[Y\[VZUP=² ² eTW_- TWPgRUæZñ8åãcX&ëiZTk±èãiZRU[cfUc
8âXKâ iRZYfGå_-ã|á[¯S/Th]giá[°à¡;èÆiZ`|Tæèfhñ/
NL
óõüô°ö Pcí T²8fhòcRZY\Vh[X$PSP8YfhiZR[8n `cî VU[²88^kX$S[Y
c] Y\TWRP=m"n8TiZRZ² Y\_»î X°[RZVUY\g[X$PaP=Y\n P:±X²c
Sºmgbcc_aVZYTh-]\
8
SX$YVUcRSnDTWX$P P8î ±X$VU²clo[$cV_aX[¯iZ
=SnTh]\ñPc^GTW[&bcPgVRUXTh]§cPcRUñQTWSR'TWiZ`|`|TWTWP8TSfUTW
MPgVdR/Tfhfh[[Pcññ
L
PSY\RZY\[PiZmciZRUTW_n Lkè F â-æ =¯âhCâ »åã8á =å$ã ng8å â D[$]Q²ccncPc[|²8ôcnS`c`=²ütWñQüüütng÷$bS]\mpp°r8²
JM
óõü$r&ö î [V'²$òcfh[&VX$PgPRZY\hPSY\bcPSYQ[ngb8þ±i²ìiZò`8² TWDTfdTW
MTngVUX°TP8fh[/&o±PSYµ² RYµ[&P=XYµn |Th]Qn ^G [&PcPcæTèTfhRZ?Y\hã[PSêY>iZSR G#èY\RU ã TW5 VdÆSèY8zã RUV`XY\PSè Y\&Pcë à~§ÁX'ë .Pc=TW¯!âhCâ
S mgc=VZåYã8á _aTWBàRU
cã8[cå& ê
CL
ü°bñ pcnDpøt²
JM
óõüø°ö iZ²RhX$RUTi
SYµR X°PX!X$X$`cP8`S ]YfWî X$RZ² Y\î [P!²¾eRU[[P8iZS`|
STWYQT² fU
!í VdYTcfhS[TWP,PSY\RZ_»Y\[X$P=VU²l&O[Gè _aF[cS Thâ]i"æ Y\¯RU
âhKâ RUTW_aå`Sã|]á X$RU=TåiMã Xi-Så Pc[âPcn§ñQü iZRh½X$ucRZY\
[P8&X$VUpcm n
KL
p&pôc²
M
óõüSsö íi:Y8² TWViÁYiZn
=n YµPho!'`cæZèVU<[@8X$SY] Y iZRZãYfêX$`c `cGVUè[gã X5 fd|
±èRUãz[`RU
chTèbcë P8àYSWTWë VNiZ=RX$¯P8âhâC& Y\Pc±åã8X$P8á:DRUà"&VXã8Y\åPSêY\PcæèT[$8âÁPcëëWTWà¡bcã$Vh X]8¬ o#Pc]\TWcRZ'b8Ý&[&bcVUlÞTWVfdÝ]bcXTiñ n
L
î ®nc`c`=²=ô&øcWñUôø°r8n8p&puc²
M
óõü°öÞº/fh[² PSí RZY\PSX$TWbcc[ñQb8v#i»_±i8`8XTWTfd
fd
!X$VUP8T fh[í PS²8Y\RZY\TW[mP=n n O|Y\PcTX$ V/&YiUæZfhè VZY\D_±ãY\P8êX$PS R¶GX$èP8ã X5]\mcèi:Yã i`[hVè Y\_aë `càYVUW[$ë T="¯]âhX$Câ Vd Tå[cã8fWá X$cbSBà ]X$ã8VUå&m ê
FL
æèTâÁëëWà¡ã$n&`c`=²cOQñUô$ñUøcnDegX°PòcVX$P8fdYiUfh[|nD^Go±n=ppüt²
M
î [VUSX$P2þ/X°bS¹_»X°PcP=n=^Go±nDpput²
M
ôø
óõôu°ö í`h² èí ëTWVd
_»X$èTP8iZNlS-mn W½nSú³TW[$Vfh]Q²8TW`cSRUsgb8nSXPc] [8|²tr8Y\PcnDTX$pVpucú² VUT&YfhRZY\T ¬ ú =ú®»X°P8X]\m¯i:Yi"[$¶i`8TWTfd
=n cèSæã|åê/è,5 ISâ
L M
óõôcÁö íåã|² á í /TWVUg_»áX°à¡èP8iZlgæm/èTX$âÁP8ëëWà¡ã$² nî i`8[TVdgfdYX$XP=]=n YiUWiZº¾bcoT/e [&ý P2o!º`c[&VUc[cb8fhiZTRiUi:eY\`8PcTW T[°fdt
·iZº`|TWTTfhfU[
&tPSnYµRYµ[&P=nc [$8]QæZ²õåüãtPcë¦[8ån²S àr8¡nSè`cãc`=ë²è¯ã:s$cñbââKpt n
L NM
fhR²½n=pp$r
óõôü°öÞ÷c² Tí i]µTWTWVdmR n³no±ppt²gþ² VU[&
=ngX$P8-º/²gúX]\_aTWV@n ã æèá à¡èã è Ig
â .Sâèæ 7è 5 /â SæZåhê /â
èædçë coÞc&YiZ[&P
óõôô°ö îíî² íî [cfU]½X°
SVU8TWTWVdñ8n/[cfWe8X$²cºbS]TWX$P8VUXm]iWVdnTfhX$[P8
PSY\o¶RZY\[²PºiZ[mcSiZY\RUP8TWiZ_4[P=n "n Y\hP o/j'æZj è <ý -*Fý
cT^'¯v è°içâ: ã
g=mSåc$ã VZnYg8å fh[â Pc8PcCâT fhgRZY\ã8[èPSêYè iZRU7ñ
>L
óõô °öÞº/X$Vh²$fU÷
SXY\RUfhT[&fh8RUi§bcVdX$T P8c .n î ²÷°[Vc8X$æZP åãtî ë À² è|;ã Y\Pc#T7X$ë V³â`SYµTë fh§TWä¾Y åW@ãTfh[åPgã8Rd;á VU[$]g7 iZCdRUâVX°æhã8RUTWâ $àY\~TÁi|'ë Y\P¶î XX°_aVfU[cN
S8o bS]½`cX°VZV§Y]'PcTWbcpVpXôc]gnSPcTW[$RZ]Q'²D[&üVUôcl n
L
PcV²|ücnc`c`=²8ôô¯sñQô$r}cn|ppô
M
óõôø°öÞò[°²$] ÷$²|Thø$]Y\r8PcncTWPcl[8n ²Sr8^Gnt[&`cPg`=RZY\²!PSbcô[ü$b8ñbiniZ`|cn8TWTfUpS
±søcVUT² fh[&PSYµRYµ[&P¶Sm¶iRX$RZYiZRZYfWX]c_aTWRU
c[cciWn :æZè hââháà¡$ã $ë,è 5 IgFâ 'n
L M
óõôSsöÞòã|à ²=à¡÷$èThã8]Y\ntPco¶TWl ² eXThY\]|¹ñTh[]VdX$gP8X$4PSY Wþ±T²D_aTWT [cS¬ TThc]¼iWY\Pc²®nS`c[`=V/²criZ`8TWu$Tñbfd
uôtVUn Tî fh[[VUPSgY\X°RZY\P2[P=þ/n 2X$bSY\6P _»*'X$PcâhåP=án³à¡$ã p°p&ë¶ucࡲ ã =¯âhCâ *'Kâ è </
L
M
óõô°ö
²|â;÷YX$8PcâK2gX°ã|P8à~hå#ê@*²8jâ,cX$èVUæ P8nX°ÀVDpn p$r8^G²
c[S[gi:Y\Pc»fh[PSRUThcRi¹[VPcTWbcVX]§PcTWRZ[VUlciWn Q#æ,â è&ã #æZåá Så âãtë à /
L M
O:P·úVdTiUiWn=p&p$r8² M
ó r8Áö ±i:YiZ²§RdþTWP8[fhPSmY\8Y\n³PX² iZî `8T[X°VdlgTWX$V±P=nÀY\P8^ S² TW`8TW[SP8[SRUTWTWPSVR2iWn fh±[&Pg²DRZoY\PScbcV[Xb8iZia
=n iZ`|î TWT²ÀfU^G
![
cVdTTWfhP=[n³X$PSP8Y\RZ Y\[íP²=iZòcmcViZRUX°TWP8_fh[8n Mn Y\Pî [¯áSThé]Y\åPcã!hâWfhë»[Pcà¡ã ñ
FL
`c/`=â ²DSøæZå#ê ü$ñQãø& S5¦èsgæ n8±på pà¡ôcè² Rã 'æZè hâWëhë¦à¡$ã :#7ë â8ë ¬ e8²õ÷c² í X$P8iZ[P=n8÷t² :±²D^G[$#X$P=ngX°P8^ '² ² Y]µTiÁn kciW²®n
JM
ó rgü°öÞþ±ë 7²$ë òâ8² ¶Dn|TWTþn ]µ=bSåæ TWV#âGo/éè fWhX$å SC7TWS_±êåYæf±7#úë bc¯Sâhå$]YçiZâ
cæ TW/ZVàiWã|n³á,â cpâã|tá² âã hèã à'ã gnè ëë ¯âhCâ ÞæZKâ è ã|à à¡èNã GF
gâ )kß E
ó rgô°ö ² D TW&ãY\P=ên >(eG`8èTWã T5fdD
èdã VUT`fh[&hè PSY\ë RZàY\Y[WPë b8=i:¯Y\PcâhCâ
S§YcåSã|TWá P(Dfh"à [&PSã8RUåVU+ê [°']GæZPcè TWhbcâWVëhXë¦]Gà¡$ã Pc TWRZ¬ o[]\cVUb8l·ÝX°bcVTWfUV
SÝ&Y\bcRUTTfhn8Rd bcVUî Tn ®"nS`cY\P `=²c'rgæZôè ô$<ñ
L M
rgô&øcnDppuc²
ó rr&öÞº/[°²D] ²Àú³² nc|PcY\`c[8`c²=_»&ngX$`cPc`=P=²Àn WWñQºôcTW&nDY\TWpE&pc[$² PcTWbcVX]§PcTWRZ[VUlci¹[ViZ`8TWTfd
VUTfh[&PSY\RZY\[P=n m/â SæZåê kè F å àèã|n
L M
ôSs
ó r}°öÞº/æ²èTú³² ?|Y\`c`c_»6X$hãPcP»ê>
X°GP8 èã5D²e$èY\ãzPc`TWhVèn &ë í àYmgWcë .VY½cPcâTWâKbc=VÆX]µå&ñPcã8TWáRZDà"[&VUã8l'å8 êíîæèTî âÁëX$ëW`cà¡`cã$VU [gî X&fUYµ
cPcTPciÀTX°RU[`8[$']Y[&iWVn cî iZ`8Y\[&PcRUP=RZ²\Y\nSPc`c8`=n ²
CL M
ó rg°ö_ae8² [cî SThX$]Ql&n Y\Pc'[8æZn è ý <?²cþ/X#6X$8ãX$RêXt
ngGX$P8è&Mã 5þ±Dè²czã þ`YS[8nè n Wë ºà~ÁT'ëfh#[=PS¯Y\âhRZCâ Y\ [P4§[$å¿ã|fhá [DP8"ài&[ã8P8åX$+ê PS'R'æZ8è X&hiZâWTëhMëWàã[<P"gRUjk
c[gTiZRUú³[&TWP=Vfhn TWî `cRdX&VUiU[iWP²\n
L
`c`=²Àsô$ñZsr8n8pôc²
M
óu°ö RUî [&VY\VUi¹
8[XV[iZ`8VZYQTWnSTfd
²\n Vdî Tfh[[VdgPSX$Y\P=RZY\n[P ²\GnXX$P8aTWP8jkS[TWbcVUñVZ8]X$X&VhiZDTnMí X$²\`cn `cWVUú[gX°X&VfUX
]\Th]8RUVXY\ PSY\PcMè[$ædç ë î gè =úè`cã Vd[Þ8Tâ X$gSæZYå] Yµ'ê RZma/âT
iRZY\è_»ædçX$ëñ
CL
5Wèæ-Dà"&ã8åê?æèTâÁëëWà¡ã$n VUTWTfhTnt`c`=²õüp$ñQü&pcn8pp$r8²
NM
ó$r&öÞiZ[&² _aî T [ThVUcS`8X$TWP»VYµX$_-P8TW PgíRiÁ²gn jk[Y\5PbcVá]½X°VéDå&n !ã hâWë#TWPcàTWã VXÞ]¼Y Tâ gX$æZRåYµ[&+ê P2ãX$5WP8è渱`8å X$àVX$è&_aã TW'RdæZTWTèVGTâÁiZëRZëWY\à_»ã -X°RZ#Y\[7Paë âY\8P-¹Aë TWT9 &¬:±[VU²#e8X$² Vhý [&bcPcVUTWTWRhRUi ñ
L
ó°öÞ² TWî PgRd[ñQVdj'gX&X$P=iZTn í î ²jk[c[SbcThV]i]½X°¬ VegDú8nSo e8²î ®=VUTW[TWV'PS8i`8TWTWVU8Tfdn$
MX$P8VUTfhí [² PSí Y\RZTWY\Vd[_»P X$cP8nSiZO:lSPgmRZ]Qn ²|^Ge[RU[cPSfUTW
8VUX&TWiZP8RZfhYfGTú³[TWP4VfheTW`8`c[Rdlb8TWXP ]go=X$b8Pc&&YµRdb8[X$VUmST ñ
NL
úVU[¯fhTidi:Y\Pc8n8`c`=²Àp$rgô$ñUp$rgøcn|pp$r8² NM
óø°öÞVUT²fh[&î PS[Y\VdRZgY\[X$PP=n b8í i:Y\² Pc(í TWú VU_»=úyX$P8X$iZlSP8mXn]\m¯í iY½²i"jk¾[YµRdbc
VZ]X$_±VDbSn]\RZYú³]½X²'mþTWV"[
c`8P=TWn#VhfhX°TWP8`c
RUVU[^ P8² iWn[S'[æZRUèTW<ViÁFn ^k[ PgRhãYµPSbcê>[-b8kiaèiã `85TW#Tè&fd
ã
L
óSsö PSí Y\RZ²cY\#[P=TWmn n ý
cT b88iZT æZå[°ãtÀë XÀ[èPcãdTW`ñQiRènX$ëT à~SÁmSë'P8SX$_±câYfâK`c=VU¿[åã|VhX$á_aD_±à"&Y\ã8Pcå¶ê?X]µ&æèT[VZâÁY\RUë
cëWà¡_ ã$¹nS[&ôV'ü fhõ[ü&Pcøô$PcñQTüSfhsgRUT&-ncp[$Vr8±² VdTfh[ñ
M
L
ó°ö :±TW²=Vhi:úY\RX$mVdnÀlTWVpSnücã|² éâã àè&;ã *'â ¯èæ / 42tn¿òÀY]\T%n 2fhTa[$ ý TfU
cPc[°]µ[&!m |YfhTWP8i:Y\Pc8neRX$PS[VvPSY\ñ
óp°ö Y\:±P ²=kúfhX$[VdPcl[TW_±Vn YfWiDTX$X°P8VU PSY\î PcMX$P8]\[X$$YTWf$_-n TWPg8R/Kâ eggfdY\ã|TW~à P8hfhåT#ê n *î ,â ¯O è&ý æ nD^.X$*0_±/ c2 VZWYnS^kTTWn PgîRUTWVo¶nD[V±p&^Gc[&² _a`cbcRX$RZY\[P8X]ºTiTX$Vfd
FL M
óõøu°ö`|e8TW² î Vfh²³TW`cú³RUTWVUTh[]¼P=Y\Pcn =& ¯âhº/âC ²ìþ±L² Gî è[g[&[VUgTã|n à~hhOZå iZà[$¡]èX$ã8RUnSTL[°&] ²ÆYµ°sgYµnSR±`cVU`=Tfh²8[&rgu&PSô$Y\ñRZrgY\[uPpcn|Thcp`8TWtV² Yµ_-TWPgRib8i:Y\PcRU
cTa_±bS]\RZY\ñ¡]½XmTWV
JM
L
ô
óõøcÁö o±ã ²ê>ú³![GVZè&Y\R ã5n ³è|ãdY\PcThX$èVa&`cë àVUYT&SYfhRZcY\ââKT =í ¿Ycåã|STWá
P îàBã|X°åVUlê?[$' æZèî hâW[cëhSë¦à¡Thã$]½i±&n$X$`cP8`=²=RU
cüT2ptWiñU`8TWüTp$fdr|
ngúi:Y\X$VZP8YXiWnÀ]Qn p'ücæZè² <
L M
óõøü°ö o±²§j ²§ú³[&æèTVZY\R DaãX$P8ê>Ao±kè'² ã²=5º'èY½fdã%
SRU`TWVhèn ë #PàYWë
S Y=c¯SâhTWâCP î ÞX$å&VUã8lá;[$MDà"_a&ã8[cåSê(Th]'iæZYµèPLhâWYëhiZë¦[$à¡]ã$X$&RUTnDL`c`=²[WVr84²õôcVUT²½Wfhñ[r8&n PSý YµR[Yµ[&lSPm[8cnn
L NM
÷X°`8X$P=n§pøc²
óõøô°ö VUT²fh[&º/²PSº#Y\RZY\X°[SP=YµPcn TWV'n æZhè o@hââhRUábcà¡RU$ã [°VZë YX,è ]5 [IPgâ
SY½cSTWP nî[°X$] ²ÆVdls[$sg·nSPc_-[8[¯²8SücThnt]`ci±`=X$²8P8ü !SsiZñQThü&]\T fhcRUn8T!pX$pc`c²`S]YfWX$RZY\[P8i¶YµPi`8TWTfd
M
L
óõø$r&ö[$e8=²8RZº¾Y\TTW±P8X_¸]iWY¼n8cRUbc² VUTî í [VUYcgSX$TWP=P n í î ²cX°jkVUl[[$bc VZ]îX$Vh[¯DSn Thî ]iW²cn Þ^GY\[P
cáTWP=n|éX$åP8'ã âÁíë#à²c{ã òtÞVX$Tâ P8gfhæZ[8ån +ê ã^G5W[&èPcæ Pc±TåfhRZàY\è&[PSã YiZR#æTè[`câÁRZëY\_±ëWà¡$ãY AX$#RYµ7[&ë P /
L
â`c8`=²³ë øS2 s¬ ñU÷c°²sîr8n8[S[¯pSpmücnt² e8² í X$P8iZ[P=nX°P8aº/² Yµ`c`c_"X$PcP=n GciW²®hncegX$P î X$RdTW[8n^ko î [VUSX$Paþ/X$bS¹_"X$PcP=n
M
óõø °öTe8iZ²=RYµº_"TWX$P8RUX[]½iÁVin¿Y\P ² í î î[VUî gX°iP=`8n TWíTfd²=
MjkVU[Tbcfh[VZ]X$PSVY\DRZY\n [î P=n ²³^G[
cTW P=n=8X°æZP8åãt ë í |è²=ã òcVhX$¯P8âhfhKâ [8an å^Gã8[&9á PcPcTgfhá&RZàY\è [PS'YiZæZRè h`câWëhVU[&ëWà8ã X$SnY]¼Y\[$RZ]Qm ²
FL
ücntPc[8²=nS`c`=²=øtWñU$sr8nDp&p$r8² M
óõøø°ö VZî Y\[!² VY§:±`c²cVUºk[Y8fdX$
8SX$YV] Y\RZY\X°TiWP8² º//²8âSú³æZ² åê!YµG`c`cè_"FX$Pc P=å n à¡Áè#ã8TWn|bcPcV[8X²c]§ôcPcncTW`cRZ'`=[&²tVUrgl»øcWfdñ]XrgiU&i:ôcY8n8TWVp&ipcTiZ² RZY\_»X°RUTjXm&Ti:YX$PX±`8[SiZRUTWñ
M
L
óõøSsö ýiZmc²kiZRUºTW_4[Sn Y\;P8iZG[èP,FX$P8 !âòæ ²Gcò|âXâK]i:»YSå&Tã8n áhÆo å&ã$VUTfhSbcåVU&VUâTWnSPSPcRa[8TW²!VUcVdnS[Va`c`=`c²DVUü[`8pX°cügSX$sRZY\r8[ncP!p&PcpcTWRZ² [VUli`8TWTfd
VUTfh[&PSYµRYµ[&P
M
KL
óõø°ö ýú³²8²Dþº[[
cSP=Y\P8n iZ±[&P=²¯n þ[&²|PSo#Yµ|]\n_aThY² cî Xcn³[&VU÷cg² îX$P=²8ncjk÷c[$²õú³Y\RU²8Tn TWí RU[8²n|jke8[²8bcº¾V]½TWX°P8VDX]n=iWòn î²ò|²|Xeg]X$i:TWYSVUTWTP8n iÁî n)&y² í ^ [¯² fd
g|[STW[VU8RUTWn Vh:±iWn ²Dhþo?TWVPciZTW
8bcXVhX] n
Pcý TW
cRZT [VUlG8ºX#iZTOdD^'n$þ iZ`8TX°úlVdTW[VDZY\TP8fhSRTWn O`8TW'P8SæZèTW<PSFRn$]X$
*VdTGQ ?[cfWX$c bS]X$ß VUm 1n$ fh[¬ PSjkRZY\TWPgVZbc]Y\[&P=b8n i§iZ`|TWVUTW_»TfUX$
PSVUm|T®fhnG[`cPS`=Y\²RZY\[p$P±r|iZWmcñUiZRUp$TWr_ r|n
L
p&pôc²
M
óõøp°öÞòã|à\²=ëº[Së¦iZn|TWePg`8SX$]VUX$RhRdX$RP!n jkæ[gà¡[!ã lciWHà n êâÁëX,è iZ5z
SY\/Pcâ RUS[æP=èá nD7$ã8p&å ø±üc² Yà Wë Sâ3æ â æZèãcë±åã8á Igâ .gâhèæ 7M,è 5#æå&àãLä·Kâ gå /
ósu°ö VU:±[&²V#`c²$VU[º`8bcX$_agX°Th]\RZ
8Y\[X$P=VURn n Y\P ² '#å&² æí å&Y\êPgêâRUê[&P/P=nà½ë X$æP8h±à Cjº/ â²h÷tá-²
æZèY]¼æZYX$âÁ_"ëëWiWàãn D¬ :±TX$² VUPS²Y\PcºbcY\_aPgRUThTW]\Vd
8P8X$XVU]8RVUX$TWP8`c±VUT÷ciZTW²'PS²RX$î RYµf[&^P8]\i=Th]Sm/X$P8TWDVUñn
L
ósgÁöÞº/Ig²kâ egfd
8X$Th'nSTWV¸[$X°]QP8²8! øôtng²Pc[|º#²cX$r8SnSY\Pc`cTW`=V²8n øjø:ü°YµñQ°øYµøSRhsgXnD]'VUpSTW`c1s cVdT² iZTWPgRhX$RZY\[P8i[$ iZ`8TWTfd
!i:Y\P8X]iWn 4Y\P 'æZè hâhâáà¡$ã °ë¶,è 5
L M
ósü°ö Pcî TWRZ²|eg[fU
cVUlcTWPciGl&X$ThP8] -n|O
S² YcSbcTWmP [P=î nSX$Oh²\VU@n l&& [:±_a² [cí STWThP8]½iÁSn TWV'iZ[&æZP=è <n D,è#P5-cãñ¡]Y\êPcT¸
Gfhbcè&Vhã i:5Y\=èTzã iUfh`VZY\h`cè R#&ëVUàTYfhW[&ë .PSY\cRZY\â[Kâ P=b8§i:åY\Pcã8aá PcTWBà bcã8VhXå&] ê
L
æèTâÁëëWà¡ã$n&`c`=²cOZO²õø&ôSsñQø$rgutngo/STh]XYSTnDo b8iRUVX]YXcn=p&p$r8²
M
ósr&öÞº/²ÀegX]\[_a[&P=n #VX]=`cVUTiZTWPSRX$RYµ[&P=ncOU^#eOhn÷°bS]µmn³pp°r8²
ós-°ö í`h²èe[ë VdàTWYP8!iZ[P=cnââK¦oÑ=¿fhåTWã|`8áiZRUDVhXà"&]Gã8Pcå[$ê?YiZTaæèTVUTâÁSëb8ëWfhà¡Rã$Yµ [&Pý [_±Vd[bSPg]µRRdYµ[8ñ¡]ncX^'mTWX°V±P8XPccTWXcRZnc`c[VU`=lD²8n p&ôô$ñQæZpèôøt(n8ppt ² hã ê>FGèã5è&ã
L M
ôp
ósø°ö Y\P²X$e$P Y\PcíTWîVGîX$P8±Vº/X$_a² |TWY\`c[`cVd_»lnX$Pc'P=æZn èTho i`8TWT6fd
¶ãVdTêfh>
[GPSèY ã W5 TWDVè&b8ã i:Y\`Pc/ènVXë &àY~X ]c.8Xci:âYâKiÀ=bc§P8åfhã8RZY\á [P±àBPcTWã8bcå&VêX']cPcæZèTWhRâWëh[ë¦Vdà¡ã$l¯i
L
¬ egX°PòcVX$P8fdYiUfh[|n=^Go®nS`c`=²8øü&p$ñQøôücnDp&püc² M
óssö Y\o±Pc²=8neRd[$Y\P]fUláTX°éP8å!ã he8âW²ë±#_àã aÞ[&
gTâ bcgP8æZåS(ê VU[|ãn5Wèí æ Y±cåSàTWP è&ã î X$æVUTèl&[âÁ-ëëW_aà¡$ã [¯SThN]³7Y\ë P8âSb8fhë RZY\ [P¬ e8g²õ÷cmM² jí XX$mP8Tii:[YX$P=Pn§_-÷c² [¯:±S²³Th^G]§_-[$¾TWX°VUP=ñ n
L
ós°öÞ÷c² [ý VUlcTW8iWn Th]iZY\l&P Y½iX$æZP8èNo¶² XY\ã|Thê] >n #G=èX$ã Vd5 |Tèãz[cfW`X$hcèbS&]ë X$àVUYm.Vd=Tfh¯[âhâC PSY\RZ=Y\[åP±ã8á:b8i:DY\à"Pc&#ã8]åY\PcêlTæ±èT`câÁVdëTëW&à¡ã$Y½fh R¬Yµ&o#T#]\cPcb8TWÝ&bcbcVXTW]cVÝPcbcTWTRUñ n
L
î ®nc`c`=²crgô¯sñrrgucn|pput²
M
ósp°ö Pco±TW² bcVX]ÆXY\Pc8TWThRZ]Qn [ý VUlc² i³í cX$iWP8²SX
SY½cX#STWXcP n î ²X$Vdí l[$Y\PgRd[_aP=[cn Sþ±Th]iW²n e
SY\;PY\lX°'PcæZ[8è n<?X$P86þ±² ã =êX$>
PcG|n è ã W5 úÆ
cè[ã Pc`TW_ahè Të VUàTYfh[&.=PS¯Y\âhRZY\Câ [ P
KL
åã|á
àBã|åê?'æZèhâWëhë¦à¡ã$ ¬ ¶nc ®hnc`c`=²=uSsñUucn|pc² M
^Go®nc&[$]Q²8ücnS`c`=²8øcp°ñQøüSsgnDp¯sg² M
óõcÁöÞú³iUfd² Y\TWP8fhTWTVUiW|n [giWn WP jkTW.m[&SP8âWëWà\ëWVdn TWí VUX$TVdiUi:X$Y\V[MP vPSPcY\TWÏTWVi:RdY\[gRZ[$m]nDi¸^'¹X°[&_¶V»c`cVVUY½TS&&YTfhnRZY\î [Pðo¶X$n=P8pSsX$r8P8² X]µmci:Yi-Y\P,RU
cT48TW
8XY\[VhX]
JM
L
óõü°öÞú³²8÷c²ng&TW[$Vd]Q8²D[gsiWcn nSW`cj`=X²³fUlS`c VU[u D`8X°gøX$ucRZY\nc[PapRdp
cucVU² [bc
MRZY\_aT #
8X$RkY\R S[gTiX$P8a
c[$,Rd[¸S[Y\Rn æTè âhâháàã $ë
L M
óõô°öÞjvPS²
Y\TWYVSi:VUY\[$RZm n X°¿P8]\T fhRUî VU[² P=í ² [ ÀGX$n 8hiWo/²\nDceX$Rh`cX$RZPSY\¹[&T/VDen|¾^GYµRho¶fU
SnÀY\PcpMø^uc²Y\VfhbSY\RiÁn ;8Kâ gã|~à håê *,â ¯è&æ ¡ë </ n|eRX$PS[V
CL M
óõ °öOd^ ^#² eLO ý [gT[fdRd
cTWVPSiWYnfWX]'DºThSTWY`8fW[&XVU]R _aý [cºSñQThp&]ô$YµPcñQu øcY\P?ncXX]iZ["i`8XaTX$v/l^TWVdñ¡jGYµP8TWSVdlTW`|Th]\TWTWP8mSúTWPg!
R: iZ`|ý TW
cTTfUi:
×YiW² bcP8STWViZRX$P8&Y\PciZm¯iRUTW_n
L M
rgu