ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Tyre Virtualization – A New Frontier

Part 2

In Part 1 we talked about the real tyre, what is a virtual tyre and why use a ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) to generate a virtual tyre model. Now is the time to “train” the ANN and then to generate
a new virtual tyre model.

ANN TRAINING

An ANN is composed by several basic elements, neurons, that are linked to each other.

Each neuron of the net is made to give a “weight” and a “bias” to each input it receives (fig. 3).

Fig. 3: basic scheme of an ANN

After you have structured and built an ANN, you have to train it. That means you have to feed the
ANN with a reasonably high number of data (input & output), on which it can make the Machine
Learning process.

Fig. 4: Training Scheme of an ANN

Given input and output, the ANN tries to “understand” the correlation between them, making
some “attempts”.

After any attempt the ANN adjusts wights and bias of its neurons in order to reach the output-
target given. (fig. 4).

At this point your are feeding the machine learning process.

Anytime the ANN repeat the process the generate outputs are
getting closer and closer to the output-target given; the ANN
cuts down the error margin in an asymptotic way (fig.5).

When the error margin falls within an acceptable range, we can

end the machine learning process.

Now our tool is ready to receive brand new inputs and to give-
back new outputs.

Fig. 5 - Assottigliamento
progressivo del margine d’errore.

FUNCTION FITTING PROCESS

One of these computing system applications (the one we choose to work on our Tyre Problem) , is
the “Function Fitting” process.
We asked to the ANN to find a way to generete a curve identical to a given curve, starting from
the same inputs.
If you remember, we have to find a way to generate overlapping curves to the curves genera-
ted by the .-tir file, combining all the variables we have.

The first step is to feed the machine learning process, so we have to give to the ANN some inputs
and outputs to process and compare.

We generate these input-output matrixes on a virtual “test bench” in Mathlab - the traditional way,
let’s say…

We manually produce a limited

number of tests to produce a per-
formance curve of the tyre, in or-
der to allow the ANN to learn (fig.
6).

The big advantage the AI gives us

is that once the ANN has learned,
it doesn’t make the calculation
process anytime (like Mathlab
does), but it uses “shortcuts” that
the ANN has created and tested to
be reasonably affordable, with a
limited margin of error.

At the end, it’s very similar to foot-

ball: you can describe the process
to reach the goal, describing the
trajectory of the ball in every in-
stant of the action, with a incredi-
ble high number of equations; or
you can teach to your team a
scheme or strategy to apply to the
situation. Once you have decided
the better scheme, you train the
team: they repeat the scheme se-
veral times, till they execute it with
enough precision. At this point the
team is ready for a real match.
Fig. 6: Function Fitting process about “self-aligning torque”.
Red line (by ANN) is overlapping almost perfectly to the
dotted one, made by a virtual test bench.
REAL-VIRTUAL COMPARISON

At the end of the process we have a .tir file from the real tyre, that generates some performance
curves and we have a ANN ready to process a Function Fitting Process on this curves, after have
learned on the test curves we generated on the virtual bench.

When the ANN generated curves overlap to the .tir generated ones, we’ve made it! We finally
know all the characteristics to apply to our virtual tyre model. We fill the tyre model of the simula-
tion environment with the data that the ANN finds and we are sure that our virtual tyre will behave
exactly as the real one (or with a very little margin of error).

NEXT STEPS

Nowadays Skydrive’s ANN are ready to understand and replicate the physical and dynamical be-
have of the tyre. We did not consider the thermal component of the tyre, in order to see the num-
ber of variables low. As we said, any time we add a variable, we have to rise to one power the
number of tests needed and the thermal component will add a big number of new variables.

Next step: implement the thermal component variables.

Not easy, but worth trying.