³2V*DWRVGH8OWKDU´±+3/RYHFUDIW

D ,=(0 48( (0 8OWKDU Oi DWUiV GR ULR 6DNDL QLQJXpP MDPDLV PDWD XP JDWR H DR ROKDU SDUD DTXHOH
TXH URQURQD SHUWR GR IRJR DFHVR QD ODUHLUD VHL TXH p YHUGDGH 3RLV R JDWR p HQLJPD FKHJDGR
DV
FRLVDV TXH R KRPHP QmR SRGH YHU (OH p D DOPD GR (JLWR DQWLJR FRQKHFHGRU GH KLVWyULDV GDV FLGDGHV
HVTXHFLGDV GH 0HURH H 2SKLU e VDQJXH GR VDQJXH GRV VHQKRUHV GDV VHOYDV VHFUHWDV GD $IULFD 3ULPR
GD (VILQJH IDOD D VXD OLQJXD H DLQGD PDLV DQWLJR VH OHPEUD GH FRLVDV TXH D (VILQJH Mi HVTXHFHX
(P 8OWKDU DQWHV TXH R SUHIHLWR SURLELVVH R DVVDVVLQDWR GH JDWRV KDYLD XPD FKiFDUD RQGH XP
YHOKR H VXD HVSRVD VH GLYHUWLDP URXEDQGR H PDWDQGR RV JDWRV GH VHXV YL]LQKRV 3RU TXH ID]LDP LVVR
QmR VH VDEH Ki TXHP RGHLH D YR] GRV JDWRV QD QRLWH H DV WRPH FRPR PDX DJRXUR H DFKH PHVPR TXH
RV JDWRV GHYHULDP FRUUHU LPSHUFHSWtYHLV SHORV MDUGLQV H TXLQWDLV
D OX] PRUWLoD GD PDGUXJDGD
6HMD SRU TXH IRU HVVH YHOKR H VXD PXOKHU JRVWDYDP GH SUHQGHU H PDWDU TXDOTXHU JDWR TXH
FKHJDVVH SHUWR GH VXD FDVD H SHORV JULWRV TXH VH RXYLDP GHSRLV TXH HVFXUHFLD D JHQWH GD YLOD
LPDJLQDYD TXH D PDQHLUD GH DVVDVVLQDU RV JDWRV HUD SHUYHUVDPHQWH LQVyOLWD 0DV RV FDPSRQHVHV QmR
IDODYDP GLVVR FRP R FDVDO GH YHOKRV VHMD SRU TXH D H[SUHVVmR KDELWXDO GH VHXV URVWRV HUD Pi RX SRU
TXH VXD FKiFDUD HUD SHTXHQD HVFXUD H DUUXLQDGD GHPDLV HVFRQGLGD HQWUH FDUYDOKRV JLJDQWHV
1D YHUGDGH RV GRQRV GRV JDWRV RGLDYDP R FDVDO HVWUDQKR PDV RV WHPLDP DLQGD PDLV ( HP YH]
GH FDVWLJiORV FRPR DVVDVVLQRV EUXWDLV TXH HUDP WUDWDYDP GH YLJLDU SDUD TXH QHQKXP ELFKDQR
TXHULGR RX YDOHQWH FDoDGRU GH FDPXQGRQJRV FKHJDVVH SHUWR GR ERVTXH VRPEULR
4XDQGR VXPLD XP JDWR SRU DOJXP GHVFXLGR H VH RXYLDP RV VRQV GHSRLV TXH FKHJDYD D HVFXULGmR
VHX GRQR VH ODPHQWDYD LPSRWHQWH RX VH FRQVRODYD DJUDGHFHQGR
D 6RUWH SRU QmR WHU SHUGLGR XPD GH
VXDV FULDQoDV 3RLV DV SHVVRDV GH 8OWKDU HUDP VLPSOHV H QmR FRQKHFLDP D RULJHP GRV SULPHLURV JDWRV
8P GLD YLQGRV GR 6XO YLDMDQWHV HVWUDQKRV FKHJDUDP HP FDUDYDQD D SHUFRUUHU DV UXDV HVWUHLWDV
GH 8OWKDU (UD JHQWH PRUHQD H HVFXUD GLIHUHQWH GRV RXWURV TXH FRVWXPDYDP DWUDYHVVDU FLGDGH GXDV
YH]HV SRU DQR $FDPSDUDP QD 3UDoD GR 0HUFDGR H FRPSUDYDP FRQWDV FRORULGDV GRV PHUFDGRUHV H OLDP
D VRUWH GRV SDVVDQWHV SRU GLQKHLUR )D]LDP ULWXDLV HVWUDQKRV H QLQJXpP VDELD GL]HU GH RQGH YLQKDP H
VXDV FDUURoDV HUDP SLQWDGDV FRP ILJXUDV GH FRUSRV KXPDQRV FRP FDEHoDV GH JDWRV JDYL}HV FDUQHLURV
H OH}HV 2 FKHIH GD FDUDYDQD XVDYD XP FDSDFHWH FRP GRLV FKLIUHV H FtUFXORV GH PHWDO FRP LQVFULo}HV
( QHVVD FDUDYDQD VLQJXODU YLQKD XP JDURWR SHTXHQR TXH VHP WHU SDL QHP PmH WLQKD Vy XP
JDWLQKR SUHWR FRPR FRPSDQKHLUR $ SHVWH KDYLD FDVWLJDGR VXD YLGD PDV GHL[DUD FRP HOH DTXHOD
FRLVLQKD SHOXGD SDUD GLPLQXLU VXD WULVWH]D H TXDQGR DOJXpP p PXLWR MRYHP SRGH DFKDU TXH DV YLYDV
EULQFDGHLUDV GH XP JDWLQKR SUHWR VmR WXGR R TXH VH SUHFLVD ( HVVH PHQLQR GH SHOH HVFXUD FKDPDGR
GH 0HQHV SRU VHX SRYR ULD PXLWR PDLV GR TXH FKRUDYD D VH GLVWUDLU FRP DV EULQFDGHLUDV FKHLDV GH
JUDoD GH VHX ELFKDQR VHQWDGR QRV GHJUDXV GH VXD FDUURoD SLQWDGD WmR HVTXLVLWR
1D WHUFHLUD PDQKm GD FKHJDGD GD FDUDYDQD D 8OWKDU R JDWLQKR GH 0HQHV VXPLX ( HQTXDQWR R
JDURWR FKRUDYD DOWR QD 3UDoD GR 0HUFDGR DOJXpP GD FLGDGH FRQWRX D HOH GR FDVDO GH YHOKRV H GRV VRQV
TXH VH RXYLDP
D QRLWH ( TXDQGR 0HQHV RXYLX HVVDV KLVWyULDV SDURX GH FKRUDU ILFRX SHQVDWLYR GHSRLV
UH]RX
(VWHQGHX RV EUDoRV SDUD R DOWR HP GLUHomR DR 6RO H UH]RX HP XPD OLQJXD TXH R SRYR GH 8OWKDU
GHVFRQKHFLD H SDUD GL]HU D YHUGDGH RV FDPSRQHVHV QHP WHQWDUDP HQWHQGHU R TXH 0HQHV IDODYD SRU
TXH PXLWDV FRLVDV DFRQWHFLDP QR FpX H DV QXYHQV WRPDYDP IRUPDV LQFRPXQV
(UD HVWUDQKR 0HQHV UH]DYD H VREUH VXDV FDEHoDV IRUPDYDPVH QHEXORVDV ILJXUDV H[yWLFDV GH
FULDWXUDV KtEULGDV YHVWLQGR FDSDFHWHV FRP FKLIUHV H GLVFRV GH PHWDO $ 1DWXUH]D FULD WDLV LOXV}HV TXH
LPSUHVVLRQDP DV SHVVRDV LPDJLQDWLYDV 1DTXHOD QRLWH D FDUDYDQD GHL[RX 8OWKDU H QXQFD PDLV YROWRX
( HQWmR RV FDPSRQHVHV SHUFHEHUDP TXH HP WRGD D FLGDGH QmR KDYLD XP Vy JDWR 7RGRV RV
ELFKDQRV GH WRGDV DV FDVDV GHVDSDUHFHUDP JDWRV JUDQGHV H SHTXHQRV SUHWRV FLQ]HQWRV UDMDGRV
EUDQFRV DPDUHORV 2 EXUJRPHVWUH .UDQRV MXURX TXH R SRYR PRUHQR OHYDUD HPERUD RV JDWRV FRPR
YLQJDQoD SHOD PRUWH GR JDWLQKR SUHWR GH 0HQHV H SUDJXHMDYD FRQWUD D FDUDYDQD H R PHQLQR 0DV 1LWK
R WDEHOLmR HVTXHOpWLFR GL]LD TXH R YHOKR FDVDO GR ERVTXH HUD VXVSHLWR Mi TXH VHX yGLR DRV JDWRV HUD
FRQKHFLGR H FDGD YH] PDLV DPHDoDGRU
$LQGD DVVLP QLQJXpP WHYH FRUDJHP GH VH TXHL[DU DR FDVDO VLQLVWUR $Wp PHVPR TXDQGR $WDO R
ILOKR GR HVWDODMDGHLUR MXURX WHU YLVWR WRGRV RV JDWRV GH 8OWKDU QR ERVTXH PDOGLWR DR SRU GR VRO
FDPLQKDQGR DRV SDUHV VROHQHV H YDJDURVRV QXP ULWXDO MDPDLV FRQKHFLGR IRUPDQGR XP FtUFXOR HP
YROWD GD FDEDQD 2 SRYR GD FLGDGH QmR VDELD VH DFUHGLWDYD QR JDURWR H PHVPR DFKDQGR TXH RV YHOKRV
GD FKiFDUD HQFDQWDUDP RV JDWRV GD FLGDGH SDUD GHSRLV PDWiORV VH DFRYDUGDUDP H SUHIHULUDP GHL[DU
SDUD IDODU FRP RV GRLV TXDQGR YLHVVHP
D FLGDGH
( DVVLP 8OWKDU IRL GRUPLU HP yGLR H FRYDUGLD ( TXDQGR R SRYR DFRUGRX GH PDQKm VXUSUHVD FDGD
JDWR YROWDUD
D VXD FDVD JUDQGHV H SHTXHQRV SUHWRV FLQ]HQWRV UDMDGRV DPDUHORV H EUDQFRV QmR
IDOWDYD QHQKXP 5RQURQDYDP DOWR IHOL]HV JRUGRV OX]LGLRV 2 SRYR PDUDYLOKDGR Vy IDODYD QLVVR
.UDQRQ LQVLVWLD R SRYR PRUHQR OHYDUD RV JDWRV Mi TXH QHQKXP ELFKDQR MDPDLV YROWDUD YLYR GD FDVD QR
ERVTXH ( WRGRV FRQFRUGDYDP HUD FXULRVD D UHFXVD GRV JDWRV HP FRPHU SRU GRLV GLDV LQWHLURV
GHL[DUDP VHXV SUDWLQKRV GH FDUQH H SLUHV GH OHLWH LQWDFWRV GRUPLQGR SUHJXLoRVRV DR VRO RX SHUWR GDV
ODUHLUDV DFHVDV
3DVVRX XPD VHPDQD DQWHV TXH R SRYR GD YLOD QRWDVVH TXH DV OX]HV GD FKiFDUD GRV YHOKRV QmR
DFHQGLD PDLV
D QRLWH ( HQWmR 1LWK VH GHX FRQWD GH TXH RV YHOKRV QmR DSDUHFLDP QD FLGDGH GHVGH R GLD
HP TXH RV JDWRV VXPLUDP 1D RXWUD VHPDQD R EXUJRPHVWUH VXSHURX R PHGR H GHFLGLX DYHULJXDU R
DFRQWHFLGR 3DUD WHVWHPXQKDV FKDPRX 6KDQJ R IHUUHLUR H 7KXO R DoRXJXHLUR ( HOHV DUURPEDUDP D
SRUWD GD FKiFDUD H IRL Vy LVVR TXH DFKDUDP GRLV HVTXHOHWRV KXPDQRV QR PHLR GR FKmR GH WHUUD OLPSRV
GH WRGR YHVWtJLR GH FDUQH RX SHOH H XPD TXDQWLGDGH GH EHVRXURV HVWUDQKRV D VH DUUDVWDU SHORV FDQWRV
GD VDOD
0XLWR VH IDORX HP 8OWKDU =DWK R PpGLFR OHJLVWD 1LWK R WDEHOLmR H .UDQRQ H 6KDQJ H 7KXO HUDP
DVVHGLDGRV FRP SHUJXQWDV $Wp PHVPR R SHTXHQR $WDO ILOKR GR HVWDODMDGHLUR IRL LQWHUURJDGR
PLQXFLRVDPHQWH H UHFRPSHQVDGR FRP GRFHV )DODYDVH GR YHOKR SRVVHLUR H VXD PXOKHU QD FKiFDUD GD
FDUDYDQD GR SRYR PRUHQR GR SHTXHQR 0HQHV H VHX JDWLQKR SUHWR GD UH]D GH 0HQHV H GD
WUDQVIRUPDomR GR FpX GXUDQWH D UH]D GR TXH RV JDWRV IL]HUDP GHSRLV TXH D FDUDYDQD SDUWLX H GR TXH
IRL DFKDGR QD FDVD VRPEULD QR ERVTXH
( SRU ILP R EXUJRPHVWUH GHFUHWRX SRU OHL R TXH IRL GHSRLV FRQWDGR SRU PHUFDGRUHV HP +DWKHJ H
GLVFXWLGR SRU YLDMDQWHV HP 1LU TXH QD FLGDGH GH 8OWKDU QLQJXpP MDPDLV SRGH PDWDU XP JDWR