Aem 499 All Final Report PDF Andrewdelili 4-22-2021

Determining a Method to Ascertain 3D Printer Resolutions and Tolerancing
Andrew Stone Delili
Department of Applied Engineering and Technology, Eastern Kentucky University
AEM 499: Manufacturing Senior Project
Dr. Ni Wang
April 22, 2021

Contents
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. ii
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. iii
Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................................ iv
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ v
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1
Background Theory .................................................................................................................................... 2
Fusion3 Preventive Maintenance ........................................................................................................... 2
Filaments and Print Temperatures ....................................................................................................... 3
Tolerancing Issues with Mates ............................................................................................................... 4
Methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Conduct Research (Step 1) ..................................................................................................................... 5
Concept Design with CADD Drawing (Step 2) ..................................................................................... 6
Design Creation and Print (Step 3) ....................................................................................................... 8
Detailed Measurements, Comparisons, and Filament/Temp Selection (Step 4) ............................. 16
PLA Measurements, Recordings, and Comparisons ..................................................................... 16
ABS Measurements, Recordings, and Comparisons ..................................................................... 23
Create and Test for Mate Fits (Step 5) ................................................................................................ 29
Results and Discussion (Step 6) ............................................................................................................... 33
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................ 34
References ..................................................................................................................................................... I
Appendices .................................................................................................................................................. III
Class Information ................................................................................................................................... III
Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................... VIII
Solution Approach ................................................................................................................................. IX
Week 5 Progress Report ...................................................................................................................... XIII
Week 6 Progress Report ...................................................................................................................... XIV
Week 7 Progress Report ....................................................................................................................... XV
Week 8 Progress Report ...................................................................................................................... XVI
Week 9 Progress Report ..................................................................................................................... XVII
Week 10 Progress Report .................................................................................................................. XVIII
List of Figures
Figure 1: Project Timeline ............................................................................................................................ 1
Figure 2: 3D Printer ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: SolidWorks Icon ............................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 4: CADD Drawing: Calibration Cube ............................................................................................... 7
Figure 5: CADD Measured Drawing File: Calibration Cube ....................................................................... 7
Figure 6: SIMPLIFY3D, a Slicing Software ................................................................................................ 9
Figure 7: Fusion 3 Printing Test Calibration Cubes...................................................................................... 9
Figure 8: PLA Low Temp - Bottom View .................................................................................................. 10
Figure 9: PLA Low Temp - Front View ..................................................................................................... 10
Figure 10: PLA Low Temp - Side View ..................................................................................................... 10
Figure 11: PLA Medium Temp - Bottom View .......................................................................................... 11
Figure 12: PLA Medium Temp - Front View ............................................................................................. 11
Figure 13: PLA Medium Temp - Side View ............................................................................................... 11
Figure 14: PLA High Temp - Bottom View ............................................................................................... 12
Figure 15: PLA High Temp - Front View ................................................................................................... 12
Figure 16: PLA High Temp - Side View .................................................................................................... 12
Figure 17: ABS Low Temp - Bottom View ................................................................................................ 13
Figure 18: ABS Low Temp - Front View ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 19: ABS Low Temp - Side View ..................................................................................................... 13
Figure 20: ABS Medium Temp - Bottom View ......................................................................................... 14
Figure 21: ABS Medium Temp - Front View ............................................................................................. 14
Figure 22: ABS Medium Temp - Side View .............................................................................................. 14
Figure 23: ABS High Temp - Bottom View ............................................................................................... 15
Figure 24: ABS High Temp - Front View .................................................................................................. 15
Figure 25: ABS High Temp: Side View ..................................................................................................... 15
Figure 26: PLA Low Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions ............................................................ 19
Figure 27:PLA Medium Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions ....................................................... 19
Figure 28:PLA High Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions............................................................. 20
Figure 29: PLA X-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures ........................................................................... 21
Figure 30: PLA Y-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures ........................................................................... 21
Figure 31: PLA Z-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures ............................................................................ 22
Figure 32: ABS Low Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions ............................................................ 26
Figure 33: ABS Medium Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions ...................................................... 26
Figure 34: ABS High Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions ........................................................... 26
Figure 35: ABS X-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures ........................................................................... 27
Figure 36: ABS Y-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures ........................................................................... 27
Figure 37: ABS Z-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures ........................................................................... 28
Figure 38: 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm Holes Dimensional Drawing ...................................................... 30
Figure 39: 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm Shafts with Separate Fit Types on Each End ............................. 30
Figure 40: 3D Printed Holes and Shafts ...................................................................................................... 31
Figure 41: Shaft Interference Passing the Test ........................................................................................... 32
ii

List of Tables
Table 1: Filaments and Print Temperatures .................................................................................................. 8
Table 2: PLA Recorded Measurements (Low Temp: 205/20) .................................................................... 16
Table 3: PLA Calculated +/- Tolerances (Low Temp) ............................................................................... 16
Table 4: PLA Recorded Measurements (Med Temp: 230/45) .................................................................... 17
Table 5: PLA Calculated +/- Tolerances (Med Temp) ............................................................................... 17
Table 6: PLA Recorded Measurements (High Temp: 255/70) ................................................................... 18
Table 7: PLA Calculated +/- Tolerances (High Temp) ............................................................................... 18
Table 8: ABS Recorded Measurements (Low Temp: 245/90) .................................................................... 23
Table 9: ABS Calculated +/- Tolerances (Low Temp) ............................................................................... 23
Table 10: ABS Recorded Measurements (Med Temp: 270/110) ................................................................ 24
Table 11: ABS Calculated +/- Tolerances (Med Temp) ............................................................................. 24
Table 12: ABS Recorded Measurements (High Temp: 295/130) ............................................................... 25
Table 13: ABS Calculated +/- Tolerances (High Temp) ............................................................................ 25
Table 14: Shaft Size based on Tolerance Fit for each Hole Size ................................................................ 29
Table 15: Holes and Shafts Pass/Fail .......................................................................................................... 31
iii

Acknowledgment
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my professor Dr. Ni Wang for
the continuous support of my Bachelor of Science study and research, for her patience,
motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me complete not only the
research and writing of this capstone, but the majority of my Associate of Science, Bachelor of
Science, and partial Master of Science.
Besides Dr. Ni Wang, I would like to thank the rest of my department professors and
department head: Dr. Dennis Field, Dr. Michael Kennedy, Dr. Sergio Sgro, Dr. Ray Richardson,
and Dr. Tim Ross, for their engagement in my success, encouragement, insightful comments, and
hard sought questions.
I want to thank my fellow classmates over the years at Eastern Kentucky University:
Dylan Fredrick, Logan Hensley, Stephen Crowder, David Little, Aaron Mcarter, and Jaryn Noble
Hurd for the stimulating discussions, for the projects we worked on, and all the fun we had
working together within the last 4 years of my degree. I also thank my friends Hunter Trenaman,
Hunter Collins, Eyouel Mekonnen, Moses Crawford, Nolan Spann, Connor Souder, Chase
Moore, Carson Barnett, Maddie Bartley, and Kyle Best for encouraging me to always do my
best.
Finally, I would like to thank my family: my parents Mike and Lori Delili and my
grandparents Jim and Linda Baird for pushing me forward, encouraging me, and guiding me
spiritually throughout my life to get me where I am today.
iv

Abstract
Determining a Method to Ascertain 3D Printer Resolutions
The problem is that there is no single methodology to find the most effective resolution
of 3-Dimensional Printers, in this case a Fusion 3 F410 FDM 3D printer provided by Eastern
Kentucky University. The purpose of this project is to address and manage the design flaw that is
present in 3D printing that accounts for resolution discrepancy that later leads to issues
concerning assembly fit and allowance for mating parts with the Fusion 3. Therefore, this project
will attempt to design a series of testing modules that can help retrieve certain data to then be
turned into a statistical analysis portfolio in order to find the best methods in ascertaining 3D
printer resolutions needed for the greatest accuracy in prints. There are six main tasks in finding
the most effective way in determining the best printing resolution. First, background research
will be conducted for further understanding and data. Second, a concept design with CADD parts
will be created. Third, experiment will be designed, and the printing of the parts will be printed.
Fourth, a detailed measuring and recording process will be used in gathering data based on the
theoretical (designed) and actual (printed) dimensions as well as a comparison. Fifth, a
determination of the best printable resolution for the Fusion 3 F410 will be theorized and a series
of hole and shaft mates will be printed for tolerancing tests. Finally, a conclusion will be made
based on the previous findings for which resolution will be best for 3D modeling and printing as
well as the determination of fixing the hole and shaft mating issues.
v

Introduction
The purpose of this project is to create a method for finding the best 3D printer
resolutions and parameters. As well, defining tolerance issues and adjusting these issues for the
use of mates and fits are studied and tested. The main problem includes printing errors with holes
and shafts that do not line up causing the fits to “not fit”. Narrowing down the possible variables
will initially be an issue. Possible errors include machine error, human error, or a combination of
both. To eliminate the machine errors, one must first ensure the 3D printer itself is fine-tuned.
Next, decide what print temperature, speed, and filament is considered the most accurate and
reproducible. Finally, the rest of the solution is based on the results of the first ¾ of this project
in that a testing of the mates themselves can be performed. The official timeline of this project
can be seen below in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Project Timeline
1

Background Theory
3D printing is further advancing within industrial settings as well as for prototyping in
collegiate settings. Understanding the background knowledge of the 3D printer’s preventive
maintenance, material/filament type, and tolerancing issues is a research process that is
necessary. The printer being used is a Fusion 3 F410 FDM 3D printer. FDM or fused deposition
modeling is one of the most common types of printing but is used for quick prototypes/functional
parts. According to 3D Printing Media Network, quick tips to achieve higher dimensional
accuracy within FDM printers are to “avoid large flat surfaces, produce multiple small sparts that
can later be connected, chose standard materials, ensure digital design isn’t smaller than lower
limits, and finally to calibrate heating elements as well as heating the print bed uniformly.”
(Nutma, 2019).
Fusion3 Preventive Maintenance
As well, to ensure printer accuracy there are a few MAJOR steps to take as well as a few
MINOR steps when reading the Fusion3 Preventive Maintenance Guide. The Fusion3 wants the
user to make sure cable tensions are good. Fusion3 states that “the cables within must be kept at
sufficiently high tension to preserve print quality and accuracy. (Fusion3, 2019a). Next, the user
must check the Kevlar cables for wear and fraying that can lead to sloppy prints and even break.
Ensuring the crossbar is square is key to getting an accurate print. The Fusion3 Guide states that,
“if the printer is jostled or cable tension is reduced dramatically, the XY gantry can come out of
alignment leading to malfunctioning prints.” (Fusion3, 2019b). The XY gantry is important to
printing accuracy because it is the guides to the X and Y axis dimensional tolerancing. As well to
making sure the gantry is square, the user needs to check the Bearing Preloads. Fusion3 states
that, “your print quality and accuracy can also be impacted by undesired movement of the linear
2

XY movement carriages” ... “overtime the 608 bearing will loosen and it may be necessary to
adjust the eccentric spacers.” (Fusion3, 2019c). These settings that are adjusted between the
bearings must be identical to print accurately. With the XY gantry the user wants to make sure
that the motion is smooth and not tight, lumpy, backlash, etc. The same needs to be conducted
with the Z axis movement. The final major step in ensuring that the user gets accurate prints is
making sure the print bed is level. Without a level print bed, the printed part will be produced on
an angle that is not accounted for, resulting in incorrect dimensions. Some minor steps according
to the Fusion3 Preventive Maintenance Guide are to ensure the substrate is level and check the
Z-axis belt tension, checking the extruder for any debris, slop, or lash, and finally to clean and
vacuum the printer after each use.
Filaments and Print Temperatures
Regarding the previous tips, the Fusion 3 F410 comes with 3 nozzle adapters, .4mm,
.6mm, and .8mm. The minimum feature size and correlating tolerance of each are .5mm^2 (+/-
.003’ per in), .75mm^2 (+/- .0045’ per in), and 1.0mm^2 (+/- .006’ per in). The highest accuracy
and tolerance produced, theoretically would be the .4mm nozzle. An important note regarding
the nozzle is that the Fusion3 is only compatible with 1.75MM filaments. The maximum melt
temperature of the Fusion3 F410 nozzles are 300 degrees Celsius and the maximum bed
temperature reaches 140 degrees Celsius respectively. The filament being used in this project are
PLA (Polylactic Acid) and ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene). According to 3D Hubs,
“ABS and PLA can be used to create dimensionally accurate parts, printing details down to
0.8mm and minimum features down to 1.8mm. For mating or interlocking parts, a tolerance of
0.5mm is recommended.” (Giang, 2020). These are approved by the Fusion 3 Certified Materials
List as of September 23, 2019. According to Canada’s Filament Store, “printing with PLA
3

recommends nozzle temperature to be between 205-255 degrees Celsius and the print bed
temperature to be between 20-70 degrees Celsius. As for the ABS, printing recommends the
nozzle to be between 245-295 degrees Celsius and the print bed to be between 90-130 degrees
Celsius.” (Filaments.ca, n.d.).
Tolerancing Issues with Mates
3D printing is an additive process that adds materials in order to create parts. This is
completely opposite of what machining entails. Machining a part is a reduction process of
materials. 3D printing can be far greater and faster than the machining process however, it shows
to have a greater issue with tolerances in mates such as hole and shaft. Tolerance is the
difference between the maximum and minimum dimensions of permissible errors. The Fusion3
seems to be very precise in the tolerancing issue, however it isn’t accurate. This means the prints
are repeatable of a certain measurement, but the measurements aren’t the true (theoretically
drawn) value. According to Form Labs, “The layer by layer additive process introduces the
opportunity for inaccuracy” ... “FDM 3D printing, layers are extruded by a nozzle, which lacks
the control and ability to achieve intricate details.” (Form Labs, n.d.). As well as FDM being an
issue that leads to the print accuracy, the next problem arises is warping of the material itself.
According to Everything You Need to Know About FDM, “Parts can warp when using FDM
because parts of the model cool at different times creating tension. This can lead to the printed
part contracting, shrinking, or warping that affects print accuracy and tolerancing issues.”
(3dsourced, 2019). Some things that can decrease this issue is to have a heated print bed, which
the Fusion3 F410 FDM printer has.
4

Methodology
Conduct Research (Step 1)
Step one of this project includes conducting initial research (seen above in Background
Theory). Without previous research being done, one can’t understand what correct protocol is to
be taken when trying to solve tolerancing issues with prints and future mates. In order to print
accurate and repeatable prints, one must know what 3D printer and filaments are being used.
After one knows that the Fusion 3 F410 FRM 3D Printer is being used (seen in Figure 2), you
can then search what filaments(materials) are acceptable.
Figure 2: 3D Printer
The Eastern Kentucky University lab has an ample amount of PLA and ABS filament, so
that is what is to be used. With this, you must conduct further research into what the nozzle
temperature ranges AND print bed temperature ranges are recommended for EACH filament.
PLA’s nozzle recommendation on the Fusion 3 is 205-255 degrees Celsius and the print bed is
20-70 degrees Celsius. ABS’s nozzle recommendations on the Fusion 3 is 245-295 degrees
Celsius and the print bed is 90-130 degrees Celsius. As well as conducting research on the
printer and filaments, one must also review the Preventative Maintenance Guide to ensure that
5

the printer is taken care. This allows the conductor to eliminate variables that aren’t necessarily
the main issues in the project. After research was conducted, a concept design was then created.
Concept Design with CADD Drawing (Step 2)
The second step in determining a method to ascertain the best 3D printer resolution is to
design a series of testing cubes in a 3D modeling software. The 3D modeling software that was
used for this project was SolidWorks 2020 (seen in Figure 3).
Figure 3: SolidWorks Icon
The concept design that was created had to solve a few very important questions
involving tolerancing. The design must answer what the X, Y, and Z tolerances are, as well as
how the tolerances correlate from small to larger dimensions. The targeted dimensions that
needed to be tested were 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, and 25mm. Instead of printing out three
10x10x10mm cubes, three 15x15x10mm cubes, three 20x20x10mm cubes, and three 25x25x10m
cubes for three different print temperatures, it was decided to only print three cubes per print per
filament. The best design that could be created is referred to as a Test Calibration Cube.
Craftcloud states that, “This is a calibration cube. It features 4 layers with a base at 25mm,
20mm, 15mm, and 10mm, with a notch at the front to indicate orientation.” (Kondo, 2020). The
Test Calibration Cube that was designed can be seen in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
6

Figure 4: CADD Drawing: Calibration Cube

Figure 5: CADD Measured Drawing File: Calibration Cube
The “front” of the cube has a notch that will not be measured. The sole purpose of this
notch it to indicate the X-Axis plane the Fusion 3 3D printer uses. This is to ensure proper and
accurate measurements are taken.

7

Design Creation and Print (Step 3)
The next rational step is to create an experiment to test the tolerances and to print the Test
Calibration Cubes. The experiment that was designed entailed printing with PLA and ABS
filaments. As well as two different filaments, there will be three different temperatures that will
be looked at during the prints. For PLA there will be a Low, Medium, and High prints based on
temperatures for the nozzle and bed. For ABS there will also be a Low, Medium, and High
prints. To further iterate this, view Table 1 below.
PLA (Nozzle/Print Bed) ABS (Nozzle/Print Bed)

Low Medium High Low Medium High
(Celsius) (Celsius) (Celsius) (Celsius) (Celsius) (Celsius)
205/20 230/45 255/70 245/90 270/110 295/130
Table 1: Filaments and Print Temperatures
From this, there will be three test calibration cubes printed for each temperature session
in order to obtain an average measurement and average tolerance. There will be three cubes
printed for PLA-Low, Med, and High and three for ABS-Low, Med, and High. Hence a total of
nine cubes for each filament. After the experiment is designed, the next step is to “slice” the test
calibration cube with a software. This allows the SolidWorks file to be turned into g-code for the
Fusion 3 to read so that it can print (.PRT or .SLDPRT to a .STL). As well as converting g-code,
this software allows you to edit what filament is being used and allows one to set the nozzle
temperatures and print bed temperatures directly. The slicing software that is used is
SIMPLIFY3D (seen below in Figure 6)
8

Figure 6: SIMPLIFY3D, a Slicing Software
To get your part to this software, you must save you part in SolidWorks as a “.STL” file
instead of a “.PRT or .SLDPRT”. Once here, one must open the SIMPLIFY3D software and
upload the .STL. Once the .STL calibration cube is inserted, the notch must be parallel to the x-
axis and 3 total cubes must be copied into the file. Here you can manually save the filament type
and each nozzle and print bed temperature. Once those are saved, you transfer the data via SD
card to the Fusion 3 to print the parts. You have the option to locate the folders on the Fusion 3’s
touch screen and select through all six prints. From here, printing can ensue. Total print time for
the 18 test calibration cubes was roughly 6 hours.
Below is Figure 7, a picture that was taken mid-way through the print of the first set of
test calibration cubes.
Figure 7: Fusion 3 Printing Test Calibration Cubes
9

After these were finished printing, recorded pictures of each set of cubes were recorded.
The pictures include the bottom views labeling the plastic and temperature, front views, and side
views.
PLA Low Temperature: Figure 8, Figure 9, and Figure 10
Figure 8: PLA Low Temp - Bottom View
Figure 9: PLA Low Temp - Front View
Figure 10: PLA Low Temp - Side View
10

PLA Medium Temperature: Figure 11, Figure 12, and Figure 13
Figure 11: PLA Medium Temp - Bottom View
Figure 12: PLA Medium Temp - Front View
Figure 13: PLA Medium Temp - Side View

11

PLA High Temperature: Figure 14, Figure 15, and Figure 16
Figure 14: PLA High Temp - Bottom View
Figure 15: PLA High Temp - Front View
Figure 16: PLA High Temp - Side View
12

ABS Low Temperature: Figure 17, Figure 18, and Figure 19
Figure 17: ABS Low Temp - Bottom View
Figure 18: ABS Low Temp - Front View
Figure 19: ABS Low Temp - Side View
13

ABS Medium Temperature: Figure 20, Figure 21, Figure 22
Figure 20: ABS Medium Temp - Bottom View
Figure 21: ABS Medium Temp - Front View
Figure 22: ABS Medium Temp - Side View
14

ABS High Temperature: Figure 23,Figure 24, Figure 25
Figure 23: ABS High Temp - Bottom View
Figure 24: ABS High Temp - Front View
Figure 25: ABS High Temp: Side View

15

Detailed Measurements, Comparisons, and Filament/Temp Selection (Step 4)
PLA Measurements, Recordings, and Comparisons
For the measuring process, tables were created that display the measurements of all three
temperature prints as well as all three cubes that were printed per print temperature change. With
this, each recorded measurement then was used to find a tolerance based on theoretical
dimensions that were set.
PLA Low Temperature Measurements and Tolerances are considered below in Table 2 and
Table 3:
PLA RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (LOW TEMP: 205/20)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

X Y Z X Y Z X Y Z X Y Z
A 10.10 10.46 10.11 15.15 15.12 10.01 20.12 20.19 10.01 25.07 25.17 10.16
B 10.18 10.41 10.05 15.21 15.05 9.99 20.15 20.24 10.02 25.06 25.15 10.10
C 10.44 10.07 10.10 15.46 15.18 9.93 20.08 20.25 10.03 25.08 25.07 10.14
AVG: 10.24 10.31 10.09 15.27 15.12 9.98 20.12 20.23 10.02 25.07 25.13 10.13
Table 2: PLA Recorded Measurements (Low Temp: 205/20)
PLA CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (LOW TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm
10 X Y Z 15 X Y Z 20 X Y Z 25 X Y Z
A 0.10 0.46 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.01 0.12 0.19 0.01 0.07 0.17 0.16
B 0.18 0.41 0.05 0.21 0.05 0.01 0.15 0.24 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.10
C 0.44 0.07 0.10 0.46 0.18 0.07 0.08 0.25 0.03 0.08 0.07 0.14
AVG: 0.24 0.31 0.09 0.27 0.12 0.03 0.12 0.23 0.02 0.07 0.13 0.13
Table 3: PLA Calculated +/- Tolerances (Low Temp)
16

PLA Medium Temperature Measurements and Tolerances are considered below in Table 4
and Table 5:
PLA RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (MED TEMP: 230/45)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 10.19 9.99 10.10 15.14 15.12 10.03 20.18 20.08 10.03 25.04 25.02 10.03
B 10.14 10.00 10.07 15.13 15.16 10.02 20.19 20.09 10.00 25.00 25.02 10.10
C 10.18 10.16 10.10 15.24 15.16 10.07 20.20 20.19 10.04 25.04 25.07 10.07
AVG: 10.17 10.05 10.09 15.17 15.15 10.04 20.19 20.12 10.02 25.03 25.04 10.07
Table 4: PLA Recorded Measurements (Med Temp: 230/45)
PLA CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (MED TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 0.19 0.01 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.03 0.18 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03
B 0.14 0.00 0.07 0.13 0.16 0.02 0.19 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.10
C 0.18 0.16 0.10 0.24 0.16 0.07 0.20 0.19 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07
AVG: 0.17 0.06 0.09 0.17 0.15 0.04 0.19 0.12 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07
Table 5: PLA Calculated +/- Tolerances (Med Temp)
17

PLA High Temperature Measurements and Tolerances are considered below in Table 6
and Table 7:
PLA RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (HIGH TEMP: 255/70)

10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm
A 9.98 10.04 10.07 15.01 15.06 9.99 20.01 20.04 10.06 25.01 25.05 10.05
B 10.07 10.11 10.10 15.08 15.11 10.00 20.14 20.08 10.03 25.07 24.99 10.03
C 10.00 10.04 10.08 15.00 14.98 10.03 20.01 20.00 10.04 25.01 25.00 10.00
AVG: 10.02 10.06 10.08 15.03 15.05 10.01 20.05 20.04 10.04 25.03 25.01 10.03
Table 6: PLA Recorded Measurements (High Temp: 255/70)
PLA CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (HIGH TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.05
B 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.00 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03
C 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00
AVG: 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03
Table 7: PLA Calculated +/- Tolerances (High Temp)
These tables without graphs and figures would be almost impossible to review and make
conclusions about the data collected. Based on the data above and seen below in Figure 26,
Figure 27, and Figure 28, one can conclude that in all temperatures, the larger the theoretical
dimension is, the lower the actual tolerance gap is and vice versa. Same applies for an increase in
temperature based on LOW, MED, and HIGH.
18

Figure 26: PLA Low Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions

Figure 27:PLA Medium Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions

19

Figure 28:PLA High Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions

The first realization is that the larger the size of the theoretical dimension, the more
accurate the print, you can then make another conclusion on what temperature prints the most
accurately as well by overlaying all the same tolerances but color coding each line based on
temperature seen below in Figure 29, Figure 30, and Figure 31.
20

Figure 29: PLA X-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures

Figure 30: PLA Y-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures

21

Figure 31: PLA Z-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures
As seen in the above figures, one can make the final conclusion that when using PLA
filaments, regardless of the X,Y, and Z axis, the best temperature to use regarding the lowest
variance in tolerance and achieving the closest dimension to the theoretical value is the High
Temperature print. This is a Print Nozzle Temperature of 255 degrees Celsius and a Print Bed
Temperature of 70 degrees Celsius
From this style of measuring and conclusion making, we can then go about doing the
same steps and analysis for the ABS filament as well. The reader will again see the tables for
each temperature as Low, Medium, and High, as well as the tolerancing for each temperature.
Next the reader will see temperature tolerance vs theoretical dimension figures that relate to the
tables. Finally, a comparison figure of the tolerances based on temperatures will be shown and a
conclusion for the best ABS print temperature choice will be made.
22

ABS Measurements, Recordings, and Comparisons
For the measuring process, tables were created that display the measurements of all three
temperature prints as well as all three cubes that were printed per print temperature change. With
this, each recorded measurement then was used to find a tolerance based on theoretical
dimensions that were set.
ABS Low Temperature Measurements and Tolerances are considered below in Table 8 and
Table 9:
ABS RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (LOW TEMP: 245/90)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 10.18 10.34 10.03 15.14 15.12 10.12 20.13 20.16 10.06 25.11 25.12 10.01
B 10.21 10.20 10.10 15.16 15.24 10.05 20.15 20.17 10.00 25.09 25.11 10.03
C 10.22 10.18 10.17 15.17 15.23 10.00 20.11 20.07 10.05 25.08 25.07 10.09
AVG: 10.20 10.24 10.10 15.16 15.20 10.06 20.13 20.13 10.04 25.09 25.10 10.04
Table 8: ABS Recorded Measurements (Low Temp: 245/90)

ABS CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (LOW TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

10 X Y Z 15 X Y Z 20 X Y Z 25 X Y Z
A 0.18 0.34 0.03 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.06 0.11 0.12 0.01
B 0.21 0.20 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.05 0.15 0.17 0.00 0.09 0.11 0.03
C 0.22 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.23 0.00 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.09
AVG: 0.20 0.24 0.10 0.16 0.20 0.06 0.13 0.13 0.04 0.09 0.10 0.04
Table 9: ABS Calculated +/- Tolerances (Low Temp)
23

ABS Medium Temperature Measurements and Tolerances are considered below in Table
10 and Table 11:
ABS RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (MED TEMP: 270/110)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 10.14 10.11 10.10 15.07 15.15 10.05 20.16 20.13 10.05 25.04 25.00 10.04
B 10.18 10.06 10.09 15.11 15.12 10.02 20.10 20.12 10.04 25.02 25.08 10.02
C 10.15 10.09 10.02 15.11 15.13 10.08 20.13 20.08 10.00 25.10 25.08 10.04
AVG: 10.16 10.09 10.07 15.10 15.13 10.05 20.13 20.11 10.03 25.05 25.05 10.03
Table 10: ABS Recorded Measurements (Med Temp: 270/110)
ABS CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (MED TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.05 0.16 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.04
B 0.18 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.02 0.10 0.12 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.02
C 0.15 0.09 0.02 0.11 0.13 0.08 0.13 0.08 0.00 0.10 0.08 0.04
AVG: 0.16 0.09 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.05 0.13 0.11 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.03
Table 11: ABS Calculated +/- Tolerances (Med Temp)

24

ABS High Temperature Measurements and Tolerances are considered below in Table 12
and Table 13:
ABS RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (HIGH TEMP: 295/130)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 10.05 10.10 10.00 15.12 15.21 9.90 20.10 20.10 10.02 25.01 25.03 10.11
B 10.10 10.10 10.10 15.13 15.12 10.04 20.05 20.02 10.10 24.95 25.02 10.09
C 10.00 10.10 10.00 15.11 15.10 10.03 20.12 20.08 9.95 25.12 25.08 10.07
AVG: 10.05 10.10 10.03 15.12 15.14 9.99 20.09 20.07 10.02 25.03 25.04 10.09
Table 12: ABS Recorded Measurements (High Temp: 295/130)
ABS CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (HIGH TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.12 0.21 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.11
B 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.09
C 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.03 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.07
AVG: 0.05 0.10 0.03 0.12 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.09
Table 13: ABS Calculated +/- Tolerances (High Temp)

Just as PLA, these ABS tables without graphs and figures would be almost impossible to
review and make conclusions about the data collected. Based on the data above and seen below
in Figure 32, Figure 33, and Figure 34, one can conclude that in all temperatures, the larger the
theoretical dimension is, the lower the actual tolerance gap is and vice versa. Same applies for an
increase in temperature based on LOW, MED, and HIGH.
25

Figure 32: ABS Low Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions

Figure 33: ABS Medium Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions

Figure 34: ABS High Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical Dimensions
26

The first realization is that the larger the size of the theoretical dimension, the more
accurate the print, you can then make another conclusion on what temperature prints the most
accurately as well by overlaying all the same tolerances but color coding each line based on
temperature seen below in Figure 35, Figure 36, and Figure 37.
Figure 35: ABS X-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures
Figure 36: ABS Y-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures
27

Figure 37: ABS Z-Tolerance vs Different Temperatures
As seen in the above figures, one can make the conclusion that when using ABS
filaments, regardless of the X,Y, and Z, the best temperature to use regarding the lowest variance
in tolerance and achieving the closest dimension to the theoretical value is the High Temperature
print. This is a Print Nozzle Temperature of 295 degrees Celsius and a Print Bed Temperature of
130 degrees Celsius. There seems to be an outlier in the Z-Tolerance average at the 25mm
measurement. Further testing may need to be done in the future in ensure this was an outlier,
however, based on other axis tolerancing and separate material testing, it seems this will be
considered an outlier.
In conclusion to the found and analyzed data, the PLA filament printed at high
temperatures will be used in conducting the research that tests the mate fits. This selection was
chosen due to the fact that the actual overall tolerances were closest to the theoretical value, and
that the measurements recorded were in low variance from each other compared to other PLA
temps and ABS filaments/temps as a whole.
28

Create and Test for Mate Fits (Step 5)
To test mate fits based on hole and shaft, a design experiment must be designed and
printed. This experiment will test for four different hole sizes; 10.00mm, 15.00mm, 20.00mm,
and 25.00mm. There will be two shaft ends printed for each hole size, one set up as Clearance
and one as Interference. The reason for not including the Transition is due to time factors, so
testing the “extremes” seem more valuable to retrieve an answer for. The holes are designed to
be “exact” and the dimensional change for the tolerance fits will be changed in the shafts. Below
is the drawing file of the holes in Figure 38, the shaft sizes in Table 14, and the drawing file of
the shafts in Figure 39. The test that will be performed is a simple pass or fail on whether or not
the shaft tolerances act as they are supposed to.
HOLE
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm
CLEARANCE (H11 / c11) 9.90mm 14.90mm 19.90mm 24.90mm
SHAFT
INTERFERENCE (H7 / k6) 10.01mm 15.01mm 20.01mm 25.01mm
Table 14: Shaft Size based on Tolerance Fit for each Hole Size
29

Figure 38: 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm Holes Dimensional Drawing

Figure 39: 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm Shafts with Separate Fit Types on Each End
30

From these parts and drawings, they will again be sliced in the Simplify3d software and
printed out. The parts that were printed are seen below in Figure 40. As seen, only one shaft per
hole were designed but with both the interference and clearance tolerance.
Figure 40: 3D Printed Holes and Shafts

As the parts were finished printing, it was necessary to test the pass or fail aspect of the
designed experiment. Below in Table 15 is the spreadsheet that shows the passing and failing of
each size.
PASS FAIL
10mm CLEARANCE X
10mm INTERFERENCE

15mm CLEARANCE X
15mm INTERFERENCE

20mm CLEARANCE X
20mm INTERFERENCE

25mm CLEARANCE X
25mm INTERFERENCE
Table 15: Holes and Shafts Pass/Fail
31

Figure 41: Shaft Interference Passing the Test

As seen from the table above, all the clearances failed the test and all the interferences
passed the test. The interference received a passing grade as seen in Figure 41 above. What one
cannot see is the flushness of the bottom. The clearance fit failed due to some unforeseen issues.
32

Results and Discussion (Step 6)
The overall findings of this project were multiple yet distinguished. The initial findings of
the project were based on filament, print nozzle temperature, and print base temperature. The
overall discovery of what works best was shown to be the PLA filaments at the HIGH print
nozzle temperature of 255 degrees Celsius and a print base temperature of 70 degrees Celsius.
This was determined on the fact that the variance from the theoretical dimensions were the
smallest compared to all the other print temps and filament types. The only issue that arose when
gathering these findings were how to properly measure each part; to measure multiple times or
just an overall dimension. The overall dimensions were chosen for the entirety of the project’s
findings. The initial assumption was that the ABS filament at the MEDIUM print temp was
going to produce the best results.
The secondary findings based on testing the mates of holes and shafts were surprising.
The interference fit worked as it was supposed to and passed the test, however the clearance fit
didn’t pass the test because it acted just the same as a mild interference fit. The assumption of
this test was that the clearance AND interference shafts would BOTH pass the tests, however
that was wrong. The issue that is related to this was fairly simple, yet easily overlooked. The best
filament and print temperatures were chosen, however, a change in the dimensions for the shafts
weren’t altered according to the variance found in initial PLA-HIGH print findings. As well, it is
believed that when printing shafts between 10-15mm, there will be some warping of the material
that can alter the overall dimension which interferes with the fits. The dimensions 15-25mm
aren’t as significant but should be noted.
33

Conclusions

When evaluating this project, there are many things to consider. Regarding the solution
approach steps, all were accomplished as designed. The conduction of research was completed as
wanted and fully as needed. If more time was available, more research based upon print speeds
would have been collected as well as more research on dimensions via mates would have been
made. Considering the second step of designing a test and the printing of the “Test Calibration
Cube”, it would be said that this project step was done very well. The design was smartly made
due to the attention of each axis as well as tolerance change over different dimensions. For the
next step of detailed measuring, it was hard to create, yet very efficient in gathering data for
graphs to see trends. Future work that could be accomplished would include adding and
incorporating a section for using different print speeds as well as altering print nozzle and print
base temps (instead of High-High and Low-Low, one could test High-Low and Low-High). As
well, changing the style of measuring may change the outcomes of filament and temperatures
chosen. Instead of using overall dimensions one could take 3 measurements across the axis and
take an average. As for the next step in creating a test and design for the mating issue, it was
done okay. At this point, time was running low and a mistake was made when designing the
shafts based on past over-tolerancing from the detailed measurements recorded. To improve this
step, change the dimensions of the shafts based upon the over-tolerance by subtracting the extra
variation away.
34

References

3dsourced. (2019, November 19). Fused Deposition Modeling: Everything You Need To Know
About FDM 3D Printing. https://www.3dsourced.com/guides/fused-deposition-modeling
fdm/#:%7E:text=Parts%20can%20warp%20when%20using%20FDM%20because%20p
rts,and%20shrink,%20affecting%20print%20quality%20and%20surface%20finish.
Filaments.ca. (n.d.). 3D Printing Temperatures & Printing Guidelines. Retrieved February 2,
2021, from https://www.filaments.ca/pages/temperature
guide#:%7E:text=Starter%20Temperatures%20&%20Printing%20Guide%20%20%20
aterial,regular%20P%20...%20%2021%20more%20rows
Form Labs. (n.d.). Understanding Accuracy, Precision, and Tolerance in 3D Printing. Formlabs.
Retrieved February 17, 2021, from https://formlabs.com/blog/understanding-accuracy
precision-tolerance-in-3d-printing/
Fusion3. (2019a). F410 3D Printer: Preventive Maintenance Guide. Greensboro, NC:
Author. (p. 3)
Fusion3. (2019b). F410 3D Printer: Preventive Maintenance Guide. Greensboro, NC:
Author. (p. 5)
Fusion3. (2019c). F410 3D Printer: Preventive Maintenance Guide. Greensboro, NC:
Author. (p. 7)
Giang, K. (2020). PLA vs. ABS: What’s the difference? 3D Hubs.
https://www.3dhubs.com/knowledge-base/pla-vs-abs-whats-difference/#part-accuracy
I

Kondo, H. (2020, September 22). 3D Printer Tolerances: How to Test and Improve Them.
All3DP. Retrieved February 2, 2021, from https://all3dp.com/2/3d-printer-tolerance-test
and-improve-your-3d-printer
tolerances/#:%7E:text=To%20test%20for%20your%203D%20printer%E2%80%99s%2
tolerances,%20start,each%20of%20the%20prints%20in%20the%20same%20place.
Nutma, M. (2019, September 4). A quick guide to dimensional accuracy for 3D printing. 3D
Printing Media Network - The Pulse of the AM Industry. Retrieved February 2, 2021,
from https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/quick-guide-dimensional-accuracy-3d
printing/
II

Appendices
Class Information

Department of Applied Engineering and Technology
Eastern Kentucky University
AEM 499
Senior Capstone Project
Instructor: Ni Wang Phone: 859-622-6971
Office: 323 Whalin Technology Complex Email: ni.wang@eku.edu
Office Hours: Please email and make an appointment with me for a ZOOM meeting.
I. COURSE DESCRIPTION
A synthesis experience involving the application of theory in solving a realistic industrial
problem. Emphasis is placed upon project setup, solution, justification, report, and
presentation.
II. PREREQUISITES: AEM 310, 352, 407, and Senior Standing
III. CREDIT HOURS: Three (3) semester hours
IV. TEXTBOOK: No textbook.
Recommended readings: all textbooks, references, handbooks, manuals, journals,
catalogs and other suitable information from AEM courses, EKU Library, and on-line
resources. Each student is required to use a minimum of five (5) references from three
III

(3) of the above list and provide full citations in an appropriate format (MLA, APA, etc.).
V. STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the completion of this course students will
be able to:
a. Apply professional management skills during various project life cycles.
b. Establish the project definition, scope, and measurable outcomes.
c. Develop a proposal for a solution to the established problem.
d. Perform research into the background of the problem.
e. Apply methods of scientific inquiry using logical reasoning.
f. Successfully initiate, plan, and execute an actual project within an industrial or
lab environment.
g. Develop a professional formal report and presentation.
VI. COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Attendance and Progress Report. Students are expected to attend each scheduled class meeting
session and finish weekly progress report to guarantee the work time and available for instructor
Spring 2021 to monitor each student’s progress. If you must miss a class, let me know that you
will be absent by calling my office or by email. The student is allowed ONE excused/unexcused
absence. After that, each missed class will result in a reduction of 2 points from the attendance
grade. Five (5) absences or more will result in a zero (0) for the class attendance and
participation portion of the grade.
IV

Individual Webpage Portfolio. There is an assignment to design, create, and prepare your
website. This website will be your way of communicating to the outside world what you like and
dislike, hobbies, etc as well as creating and posting a link (with description) of your senior
projects. You will also be required to add a page for thoughts, comments, and suggestions (an
evaluation) of the course.
Project/Proposal, Report, Poster & Presentations. This is a project and a research-oriented
course. Each specified due date of assignment must be met. Any student who does not meet any
of the deadlines will result in a score of zero (0) for the particular late item unless the student
provides a legitimate excuse listed by EKU as below. EKU’s excused absences fall into five
categories: 1) University-sponsored activities; 2) Student/Family illness/death; 3) Military
obligations; 4) Jury duty or subpoena for court appearances, or 5) Major religious holidays.
Should a student need to miss an assignment, the instructor must be consulted beforehand.
ATMAE CTM Exam. Each student is required to complete the exam for Certified Technology
Manager (CTM) administered by the Association of Technology, Management, and Applied
Engineering (ATMAE). The student is encouraged to make every effort to pass the ATMAE
CTM Exam; however, students are not required to pass the exam to become a Certified Industrial
Technologist to complete AEM499. The requirement for this class is for students to complete the
CTM exam. Students cannot pass AEM499 without completing the CTM exam.
VII. EVALUATION PROCEDURES
Final evaluation will be determined by scores made on the following:
A. Class attendance and progress report 15%
V

B. Webpage Portfolio 10%
C. Project Proposal 10%
D. Mid-term presentation 10%
E. Final Presentation 15%
F. Final Project Report 30%
G. Poster 5%
H. ATMAE CTM Exam 5%
X. GRADE DISTRIBUTION: Grades will be distributed according to the following:
Standard System
A ...............100 – 89.5
B ............... 89.4 – 79.5
C................ 79.4 – 69.5
D ............... 68.4 – 59.5
F................ 59.4 – 0
NOTE: No grade below a C is acceptable in the Applied Engineering Management Degree
Program.
XI. DISABILITY STATEMENT
A student with a "disability" may be an individual with a physical or mental impairment that
substantially limits one or more major life activities such as learning, seeing, or hearing.
VI

Additionally, pregnancy or a related medical condition that causes a similar substantial limitation
may also be considered a disability under the ADA. If you are registered with the Office of
Services for Individuals with Disabilities, please obtain your accommodation letters from the
OSID and present them to the course instructor to discuss any academic accommodations you
need. If you believe you need accommodation and are not registered with the OSID, please
contact the office in the Whitlock Building Room 361 by email at disserv@eku.edu or by
telephone at (859) 622-2933. Upon individual request, this syllabus can be made available in an
alternative format.
XII. Academic Integrity Policy
Students are advised that EKU's Academic Integrity Policy will be strictly enforced in this
course. The Academic Integrity policy is available at www.academicintegrity.eku.edu. Questions
regarding the policy may be directed to the Office of Academic Integrity. Academic Integrity
(AI) is a fundamental value for the Eastern Kentucky University community of students, faculty,
and staff. It should be clearly understood that academic dishonesty and incidents of academic
dishonesty will have serious consequences. Anyone who knowingly assists in any form of
academic dishonesty shall be considered as responsible as the student who accepts such
assistance and shall be subject to the same sanctions. Academic dishonesty can occur in different
forms, some of which include cheating, plagiarism, and fabrication.
XIII. Official Communication
An official EKU e-mail is established for each registered student, each faculty member, and each
staff member. All university communications sent via e-mail will be sent to this EKU email
address.
VII

Problem Statement
Determining a Method to Ascertain 3D Printer Resolutions and Tolerances
Andrew Stone Delili
The problem is that there is no single methodology to find the most effective resolution
of 3-Dimensional Printers, in this case a Fusion 3 F410 FDM 3D printer provided by Eastern
Kentucky University. The purpose of this project is to address and manage the design flaw that is
present in 3D printing that accounts for resolution discrepancy that later leads to issues
concerning assembly fit and allowance for mating parts with the Fusion 3. Therefore, this project
will attempt to design a series of testing modules that can help retrieve certain data to then be
turned into a statistical analysis portfolio in order to find the best methods in ascertaining 3D
printer resolutions needed for the greatest accuracy in prints. There are five main tasks in finding
the most effective way in determining the best printing resolution. First, a baseline of parts will
be designed in SOLIDWORKS software. Second, the SOLIDWORKS files will be sent to
SIMPLIFY3D in order to be printed in the main resolutions offered. Third, a detailed measuring
and recording process will be used in gathering data based on the theoretical (designed) and
actual (printed) dimensions. Fourth, a determination of the best printable resolution for the
Fusion 3 F410 will be theorized and then reprinted to test for accuracy. Finally, a conclusion will
be made based on the previous findings for which resolution will be best for 3D modeling and
printing.
VIII

Solution Approach
Determining a Method to Ascertain 3D Printer Resolutions and Tolerances
Andrew Stone Delili
The purpose of this solution approach is to solve the issue of tolerancing and resolution
issues when using a 3D printer. In doing so a statistical approach in determining a methodology
will be used. There will be six steps/tasks that must be completed for this project; conducting
research, a designing of parts in SOLIDWORKS, conversion of SOLIDWORKS files to
SIMPLIFY3D in order to be printed, detail measuring of each printed part comparing theoretical
and actual dimensions and tolerances, and lastly created an educated and technical conclusion to
the project.
Step/Task 1: Conduct Research on what Filament, Print Speed, Nozzle and Print Bed
Temperatures should be used to produce the most accurate results when using FDM 3D printers.
Step/Task 1 asks for initial research to be done to understand what setting temperatures
produce the most accurate and repeatable prints as well as the filament type and print speed. The
printer being used is a Fusion 3 F410 FRM 3D printer. FDM or fused deposition modeling is one
of the most common types of printing but is used for quick prototypes/functional parts.
According to 3D Printing Media Network, quick tips for higher dimensional accuracy are to
“avoid large flat surfaces, produce multiple small sparts that can later be connected, chose
standard materials, ensure digital design isn’t smaller than lower limits, and finally to calibrate
heating elements as well as heating the print bed uniformly.” (Nutma, 2019).
Regarding the previous tips, the Fusion 3 F410 comes with 3 nozzle adapters, .4mm,
.6mm, and .8mm. The minimum feature size and correlating tolerance of each are .5mm^2 (+/-
.003’ per in), .75mm^2 (+/- .0045’ per in), and 1.0mm^2 (+/- .006’ per in). The highest accuracy
and tolerance produced, theoretically would be the .4mm nozzle. The maximum melt
temperature of these nozzles are 300 degrees Celsius, and the maximum bed temperature reaches
140 degrees Celsius respectively. The filament being used in this project initially are PLA and
ABS. According to Canada’s Filament Store, “printing with PLA recommends nozzle
temperature to be between 215-235 degrees Celsius and the print bed temperature to be between
60-80 degrees Celsius. As for the ABS, printing recommends the nozzle to be between 230
IX

degrees Celsius and the print bed to be between 80-100 degrees Celsius.” (Filaments.ca, n.d.).
With, the next step of the solution is underway.
Step/Task 2: A baseline of parts will be designed in SOLIDWORKS.
Step/Task 2 involves computer design with the 2020 SOLIDWORKS software. This step
is one of the most important steps of the project because it allows the user to begin with a
baseline and initial data for the project in order to find a solution to the resolution and
tolerancing issues among the Fusion 3 F410 FMD printer and others. Before parts are designed,
understanding the printer’s capabilities are necessary.
According to the previous task, the reader learns what the feature tolerances of this
printer are. To test these tolerances, a “Tolerancing/Calibration Cube” will be designed and
printed first. Craftcloud states that, “This is a calibration cube. It features 4 layers with a base at
25mm, 20mm, 15mm, and 10mm, with a notch at the front to indicate orientation.” (Kondo,
2020). Three of these tolerancing/calibration cubes will be designed and sent to the
SIMPLIFY3D software to print at different 3 different temperatures, speeds, and filaments in
order to find the most accurate and precise print based on actual tolerances.
Step/Task 3: The SOLIDWORKS files will be sent to SIMPLIFY3D to select the different
resolution possibilities and printed.
SIMPLIFYD3D is a 3D print slicing software that takes files of all sorts and creates
printing code that can then be sent to the Fusion 3 F410 3D printer itself to construct the digital
design. In this step, the author will be exporting a SOLIDWORKS file from .prt/.sldprt to a STL
file format. From here you must import your STL file into SIMPLIFYD3D. There is a drag and
drop option, however, a preferred option includes selecting “import” in the Models section. From
here you can adjust a few different features like the selecting the model, moving the model,
scaling, and rotating the models. Other details that can be edited in this software are
Temperatures, Speeds, and Resolution heights.
X

Step/Task 4: A detailed measuring and recording process will be used in gathering data that
compares the theoretical (designed) to the actual (printed) dimensions.
Step/Task 4 involves a detailed measuring process to determine the actual tolerances of

the Fusion 3 F410 printer based on different filaments and print temperatures. To produce
consistent and accurate measurements, the printed cubes include a notch in the front of the face,
so the author understands what is produced by the X-axis, and Y-axis. There will be a table
designated for recording results for PLA and ABS with subsections of print temps. From that
there will be rows that record the actual x-dimension vs the theoretical (as well as y and z
dimensions). From this, a tolerance in all axes can be determined and which tolerance averages
out to be the smallest of the test calibration cubes.
Step/Task 5: Determination of the best printable resolution for the Fusion 3 F410 will be
theorized and then reprinted for accuracy and repeatability.
Step/Task 5 is basically a play off the last step. A determination will be made via the
proceeding step of which filament and print temperature will be the most effective for decreasing
variation in tolerance and minimizing the error in precision and accuracy. Once determined, one
final print of 3 similar parts will be printed and remeasured for consistency.
Step/Task 6: Technical conclusions will be made based on the previous findings and data tables
for which resolution will be best for certain tolerance fits and then Create and Test for Mate Fits
This Step/Task will conclude in the creation of a report. One that dives into further detail
about the background of the filament’s PLA and ABS, nozzle types, nozzle temperatures, and
print bed temperatures. With that, a further description of the Fusion 3 F410 3D printer itself will
be documented. Once the background information has been covered, an analysis of the data
received will be logged and evaluated for concluded evidence. This evidence will then lead to the
overall answer of “How to determine a method to ascertain a 3D printers’ best resolution”.
XI

Project Timeline:
XII

Week 5 Progress Report
To: Dr. Ni Wang
From: Andrew Stone Delili
Period Ending: FEB 15 to FEB 22
Self Assessment: Green
Work completed this Week: (in this section you should provide a highlight of work performed
and milestones and/or deliverables met during the past week)
‐ This week the initial project begins on it’s correlating “Week 1”. This week I am
completing the background research that is needed in order to understand the Fusion 3
F410 3D Printer as well as it’s characteristics such as printing nozzle temperatures, print
bed temperatures, and filament types.
‐ As well as conducting the background research, I will have added a step to my Solution
Approach which tests the tolerancing issues that arise when using cylindrical mates.
Work Planned for next week: (Provide an overview of the work being performed during the
next week and any milestones or deliverables you expect to meet)
‐ Next week I plan on initiating designing the Solidworks Test/Calibration cube as well as
the new parts that will be designed and printed after print temperature and materials have
be selected for mate and tolerancing tests.
Open Issues: (this section should contain a list of open issues along with their status)
‐ The only current issue is due to weather not allowing me to make it to campus in order to
rediscuss my project ideas and timeline in order to print these parts.
XIII

To: Dr. Ni Wang
Period Ending: FEB 22 to MAR 1
‐ This week I designed the SolidWorks Test/Calibration Cube. I researched a way to test
the tolerancing of the Fusion 3 and found a design that would work. Once I found the
design that I liked, I redesigned the cube to make it my own an began “slicing” the cube.
I met with Alex Richardson and we sat down and saved the solidworks file as an .STL
and imported it into the SIMPLIF3D software for slicing. From here, I designated the
print nozzle temps and print bed temps for the PLA and ABS plastics that will be used for
the prints.
‐ Next week I plan on starting my prints to get ahead of the project a little. There will be 3
cubes printed per temp in order to find an average when measuring. (3 Cubes per print
temp) * (3 prints temps) * (2 Filaments) = 18 printed cubes. Each cube print time is
roughly 20 minutes. So, in order to print all the cubes, it will take 6 print hours
‐ Currently all open issues are solved, and good progress is underway.
XIV

To: Dr. Ni Wang
Period Ending: MAR 1 to MAR 8
‐ This week I 3D printed all the Test Calibrations Cubes. As well as printing all of the
Calibration Cubes, I was able to get most of the detailed measurements done. I got to
measure the X, Y, and Z dimensions of the 3 PLA-Low Temp, 3 PLA-Medium Temp, 3
PLA-High Temp, 3 ABS-Low Temp, 3 ABS-Medium Temp, but not the 3 ABS-High
Temp cubes because they were still printing when I had to leave. That was a large
milestone met, because now I just have to get the final measurements of the ABS High
cubes and I will be able to determine the best print quality with the lowest tolerance
issue.
‐ Next week I plan to start off by measuring the last set of 3 cubes that were printed on
ABS-High Temp. From there, I will determine the average dimensions that print on each
temp for each plastic. From that I will make a few in-depth excel charts and graphs to let
the “numbers talk”. As well as this, I will need to develop a new theory to work on the
mating issue between holes and shafts while using correct parameters that I discovered.
‐ No open issues other than I need to update my final report with my current data and
findings.
XV

To: Dr. Ni Wang
‐ This week, I have gotten ahead of schedule. All the 3D parts have finished printing and
all the measurements have been taken (216 measurements to be exact). This week I have
begun working on the detailed measurements and incorporating them into excel sheets as
tables and then creating graphs to further explain my findings. I am do this to incorporate
good findings and clear figures for my midterm presentation so it isn’t just numbers.
‐ Next week I plan to create the Midterm PowerPoint Presentation. I plan to include a small
amount of background research to inform the reader on the project, and then to show
them what I have completed as well as what my findings are up to this point.
‐ No issues at this point. Ahead of schedule
XVI

To: Dr. Ni Wang
‐ This week, I have almost completed the Midterm Presentation. The presentation I
designed included a brief overview of the title, problem, and solution. Next, I laid out
what I have completed and included some of my findings. Such findings include
interesting background research, the design phase, the prints, the experiment design, the
detailed measuring, and the initial analysis with tables and graphs of the data collected so
far.
‐ Next week, I plan to design another test print for the mating issues with the hole and
shaft. I will need to create a design as well as a way to test the fits for data collections.
‐ No issues at this point. Ahead of schedule
XVII

To: Dr. Ni Wang
‐ This week, I am still working to design another test print for the mating issues with the
hole and shaft. I will need to create a design as well as a way to test the fits for data
collections. I am thinking about using a PASS/FAIL technique instead of documenting all
measurements for the Clearance, Transition, and Interference fit ratings.
‐ Next week, I plan to continue working on this proof of concept and design, but as the
week closes next week, I would like to have a CADD model designed and printed.
‐ Just creating the design and testing for the hole and shaft “kit” to test the types of fits.
XVIII

2 1
25.00
20.00
B B
25.00
20.00
10.00
15.00
10.00
15.00
10.00
A TITLE:
A
AEM 499: Senior Capstone
TEST CALIBRATION CUBE
NOTE: SIZE NAME: REV

THE CUT OUT IN THE FRONT OF THE TEST
CALIBRATION CUBE DOESNT NEED
DIMENSIONS, ONLY USED FOR ORIENATION
WHILE PRINTING
A ANDREW DELILI
SCALE: 1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET 1 OF 1
2
SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only. 1
4 3 2 1
B B
0 .0 0 0 0
.0 15 .0 .0
10 20 25
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00 35.00 35.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
A A
TITLE:

10,15,20,25 mm holes
SIZE NAME: REV
B ANDREW DELILI
4 3 2 1
SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only.

4 3 2 1
B B
9.90 14.90 19.90 24.90
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
10.01 15.01 20.01 25.01
A A
TITLE:
10,15,20,25 Tolerance -Fit
Shafts
SIZE NAME: REV
B ANDREW DELILI
4 3 2 1
SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only.

PLA RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (LOW TEMP: 205/20)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 10.10 10.46 10.11 15.15 15.12 10.01 20.12 20.19 10.01 25.07 25.17 10.16
B 10.18 10.41 10.05 15.21 15.05 9.99 20.15 20.24 10.02 25.06 25.15 10.10
C 10.44 10.07 10.10 15.46 15.18 9.93 20.08 20.25 10.03 25.08 25.07 10.14
AVG: 10.24 10.31 10.09 15.27 15.12 9.98 20.12 20.23 10.02 25.07 25.13 10.13
CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (LOW TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

10 X Y Z 15 X Y Z 20 X Y Z 25 X Y Z
A 0.10 0.46 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.01 0.12 0.19 0.01 0.07 0.17 0.16
B 0.18 0.41 0.05 0.21 0.05 0.01 0.15 0.24 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.10
C 0.44 0.07 0.10 0.46 0.18 0.07 0.08 0.25 0.03 0.08 0.07 0.14
AVG: 0.24 0.31 0.09 0.27 0.12 0.03 0.12 0.23 0.02 0.07 0.13 0.13
X-Tolerance Y-Tolerance Z-Tolerance PLA Low Temp Tolerance vs Theoretical

10mm 0.24 0.31 0.09 Dimensions
15mm 0.27 0.12 0.03 0.30
20mm 0.12 0.23 0.02
Tolerance (mm)
25mm 0.07 0.13 0.13 0.20
0.10
0.00
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm
Theoretical Dimensions (mm)
X-Tolerance Y-Tolerance Z-Tolerance

PLA RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (MED TEMP: 230/45)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 10.19 9.99 10.10 15.14 15.12 10.03 20.18 20.08 10.03 25.04 25.02 10.03
B 10.14 10.00 10.07 15.13 15.16 10.02 20.19 20.09 10.00 25.00 25.02 10.10
C 10.18 10.16 10.10 15.24 15.16 10.07 20.20 20.19 10.04 25.04 25.07 10.07
AVG: 10.17 10.05 10.09 15.17 15.15 10.04 20.19 20.12 10.02 25.03 25.04 10.07
CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (MED TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 0.19 0.01 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.03 0.18 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03
B 0.14 0.00 0.07 0.13 0.16 0.02 0.19 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.10
C 0.18 0.16 0.10 0.24 0.16 0.07 0.20 0.19 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07
AVG: 0.17 0.06 0.09 0.17 0.15 0.04 0.19 0.12 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07
X-Tolerance Y-Tolerance Z-Tolerance PLA Medium Temp Tolerance vs

10mm 0.17 0.06 0.09 Theoretical Dimensions
15mm 0.17 0.15 0.04
0.30
20mm 0.19 0.12 0.02
Tolerance (mm)
25mm 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.20
0.10
0.00
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm
Theoretcial Dimensions (mm)

PLA RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (HIGH TEMP: 255/70)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 9.98 10.04 10.07 15.01 15.06 9.99 20.01 20.04 10.06 25.01 25.05 10.05
B 10.07 10.11 10.10 15.08 15.11 10.00 20.14 20.08 10.03 25.07 24.99 10.03
C 10.00 10.04 10.08 15.00 14.98 10.03 20.01 20.00 10.04 25.01 25.00 10.00
AVG: 10.02 10.06 10.08 15.03 15.05 10.01 20.05 20.04 10.04 25.03 25.01 10.03
CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (HIGH TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.05
B 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.00 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03
C 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00
AVG: 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03
X-Tolerance Y-Tolerance Z-Tolerance PLA High Temp Toleracnce vs

15mm 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.30
20mm 0.05 0.04 0.04
Tolerance (mm)
25mm 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.20
0.10
0.00
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

PLA X-Tolerance vs Different Temps PLA Y-Tolerance vs Different Temps
0.30 0.30
0.25 0.25
Tolerance (mm)
Tolerance (mm)
0.20 0.20
0.15 0.15
0.10 0.10
0.05 0.05
0.00 0.00
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm 10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm
Theoretical Dimensions (mm) Theoretical Dimensions (mm)
X- Low X- Medium X- High Y- Low Y- Medium Y- High
X- Low X- Medium X- High Y- Low Y- Medium Y- High

0.24 0.17 0.03 0.31 0.06 0.06
0.27 0.17 0.03 0.12 0.15 0.06
0.12 0.19 0.05 0.23 0.12 0.04
0.07 0.03 0.03 0.13 0.04 0.02
PLA Z-Tolerance vs Different Temps

0.30
0.25
Tolerance (mm)
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm
Z- Low Z- Medium Z- High
Z- Low Z- Medium Z- High

0.09 0.09 0.08
0.03 0.04 0.01
0.02 0.02 0.04
0.13 0.07 0.03
ABS RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (LOW TEMP: 245/90)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 10.18 10.34 10.03 15.14 15.12 10.12 20.13 20.16 10.06 25.11 25.12 10.01
B 10.21 10.20 10.10 15.16 15.24 10.05 20.15 20.17 10.00 25.09 25.11 10.03
C 10.22 10.18 10.17 15.17 15.23 10.00 20.11 20.07 10.05 25.08 25.07 10.09
AVG: 10.20 10.24 10.10 15.16 15.20 10.06 20.13 20.13 10.04 25.09 25.10 10.04
CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (LOW TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

10 X Y Z 15 X Y Z 20 X Y Z 25 X Y Z
A 0.18 0.34 0.03 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.06 0.11 0.12 0.01
B 0.21 0.20 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.05 0.15 0.17 0.00 0.09 0.11 0.03
C 0.22 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.23 0.00 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.09
AVG: 0.20 0.24 0.10 0.16 0.20 0.06 0.13 0.13 0.04 0.09 0.10 0.04
X-Tolerance Y-Tolerance Z-Tolerance ABS Low Temp Tolerance vs

15mm 0.16 0.20 0.06 0.30
20mm 0.13 0.13 0.04 0.25
Tolerance (mm)
25mm 0.09 0.10 0.04 0.20

0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

ABS RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (MED TEMP: 270/110)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 10.14 10.11 10.10 15.07 15.15 10.05 20.16 20.13 10.05 25.04 25.00 10.04
B 10.18 10.06 10.09 15.11 15.12 10.02 20.10 20.12 10.04 25.02 25.08 10.02
C 10.15 10.09 10.02 15.11 15.13 10.08 20.13 20.08 10.00 25.10 25.08 10.04
AVG: 10.16 10.09 10.07 15.10 15.13 10.05 20.13 20.11 10.03 25.05 25.05 10.03
CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (MED TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.05 0.16 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.04
B 0.18 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.02 0.10 0.12 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.02
C 0.15 0.09 0.02 0.11 0.13 0.08 0.13 0.08 0.00 0.10 0.08 0.04
AVG: 0.16 0.09 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.05 0.13 0.11 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.03
X-Toelrance Y-Tolerance Z-Tolerance ABS Medium Temp Tolerance vs

10mm 0.16 0.09 0.07
Theoretical Dimensions
15mm 0.10 0.13 0.05
20mm 0.13 0.11 0.03 0.30
25mm 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.25

Tolerance (mm) 0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm
X-Toelrance Y-Tolerance Z-Tolerance

ABS RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (HIGH TEMP: 295/130)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 10.05 10.10 10.00 15.12 15.21 9.90 20.10 20.10 10.02 25.01 25.03 10.11
B 10.10 10.10 10.10 15.13 15.12 10.04 20.05 20.02 10.10 24.95 25.02 10.09
C 10.00 10.10 10.00 15.11 15.10 10.03 20.12 20.08 9.95 25.12 25.08 10.07
AVG: 10.05 10.10 10.03 15.12 15.14 9.99 20.09 20.07 10.02 25.03 25.04 10.09
CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (HIGH TEMP)
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

A 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.12 0.21 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.11
B 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.09
C 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.03 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.07
AVG: 0.05 0.10 0.03 0.12 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.09
X-Tolerance Y-Tolerance Z-Tolerance ABS High Temp Tolerance vs

15mm 0.12 0.14 0.06
0.30
20mm 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.25
Tolerance (mm)
25mm 0.06 0.04 0.09 0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

ABS X-Tolerance vs Different Temps ABS Y-Tolerance vs Different Temps
0.30 0.30
0.25 0.25
Tolerance (mm)
Tolerance (mm)
0.20 0.20
0.15 0.15
0.10 0.10
0.05 0.05
0.00 0.00
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm 10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm
Theoretical Dimensions (mm) Theoretical Dimensions (mm)
X-Low X-Medium X-High Y-Low Y-Medium Y-High
X-Low X-Medium X-High Y-Low Y-Medium Y-High

0.20 0.16 0.05 0.24 0.09 0.10
0.16 0.10 0.12 0.20 0.13 0.14
0.13 0.13 0.09 0.13 0.11 0.07
0.09 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.05 0.04
ABS Z-Tolerance vs Different Temps

0.12
0.10
Tolerance (mm)
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm
Z-Low Z-Medium Z-High
Z-Low Z-Medium Z-High

0.10 0.07 0.03
0.06 0.05 0.06
0.04 0.03 0.06
0.04 0.03 0.09

Aem 499 All Final Report PDF Andrewdelili 4-22-2021

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Determining a Method to Ascertain 3D Printer Resolutions and Tolerancing

Andrew Stone Delili

Department of Applied Engineering and Technology, Eastern Kentucky University

AEM 499: Manufacturing Senior Project

April 22, 2021

Science, and partial Master of Science.

hard sought questions.

spiritually throughout my life to get me where I am today.

theoretical (designed) and actual (printed) dimensions as well as a comparison. Fifth, a

can be seen below in Figure 1.

collegiate settings. Understanding the background knowledge of the 3D printer’s preventive

maintenance, material/filament type, and tolerancing issues is a research process that is

Fusion3 Preventive Maintenance

alignment leading to malfunctioning prints.” (Fusion3, 2019b). The XY gantry is important to

vacuum the printer after each use.

Filaments and Print Temperatures

Celsius.” (Filaments.ca, n.d.).

Tolerancing Issues with Mates

completely opposite of what machining entails. Machining a part is a reduction process of

the Fusion3 F410 FDM printer has.

can then search what filaments(materials) are acceptable.

Concept Design with CADD Drawing (Step 2)

Figure 3: SolidWorks Icon

accurate measurements are taken.

prints. To further iterate this, view Table 1 below.

PLA (Nozzle/Print Bed) ABS (Nozzle/Print Bed)

Table 1: Filaments and Print Temperatures

SIMPLIFY3D (seen below in Figure 6)

the 18 test calibration cubes was roughly 6 hours.

test calibration cubes.

Figure 7: Fusion 3 Printing Test Calibration Cubes

PLA Low Temperature: Figure 8, Figure 9, and Figure 10

Figure 8: PLA Low Temp - Bottom View

Figure 9: PLA Low Temp - Front View

Figure 10: PLA Low Temp - Side View

Figure 11: PLA Medium Temp - Bottom View

Figure 12: PLA Medium Temp - Front View

Figure 13: PLA Medium Temp - Side View

Figure 14: PLA High Temp - Bottom View

Figure 15: PLA High Temp - Front View

Figure 16: PLA High Temp - Side View

Figure 17: ABS Low Temp - Bottom View

Figure 18: ABS Low Temp - Front View

Figure 19: ABS Low Temp - Side View

Figure 20: ABS Medium Temp - Bottom View

Figure 21: ABS Medium Temp - Front View

Figure 22: ABS Medium Temp - Side View

Figure 23: ABS High Temp - Bottom View

Figure 24: ABS High Temp - Front View

Figure 25: ABS High Temp: Side View

PLA Measurements, Recordings, and Comparisons

dimensions that were set.

PLA RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (LOW TEMP: 205/20)

10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

PLA CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (LOW TEMP)

10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

PLA RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (MED TEMP: 230/45)

10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

PLA CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (MED TEMP)

10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm

PLA RECORDED MEASUREMENTS (HIGH TEMP: 255/70)

PLA CALCULATED +/- TOLERANCES (HIGH TEMP)

10mm 15mm 20mm 25mm