¢ — Valency: Carbon has 4 electrons in its valence shell. Energy considerations don't allow it to gain or lose 4 electrons; so it forms covalent bonds with other elements to complete its octet. This accounts for its tetravalency and explains its ability to form a variety of compounds. no on Lavin. . yi property of On ae long fin vy self- 1g alan atoms to form long chains, rings, double or triple bonds is called catenation. No other element displays such a degree of catenation. Carbon can share one, two or three pairs of electrons with other elements, especially other carbon atoms to form single, double and triple bonds. Types of chains: Carbon has the ability to form straight, branched & cyclic chains. * _ Isomerism: Compounds with same molecular formula but different structural) are called isomers. Carbon compounds show different combinations with the same set of atoms to give rise to isomers and thus a new range of compounds Homologous series have ‘neginanenatane show a difference of in their molecular mass. — ‘hu Yu. cal SUN i show gradation in the physical properties. Mody wor show similarity in the chemical properties. are characterised by the same functional group. differ from the previous member by a —CH2 group ou‘."-” sare dl yuncraval grup yuo PyBROBMigaiat == (C) mn Hydrocarbons are compounds that consist of Gfily|hyarogen and Garbon. oO Aubshusding Hydrocarbons are broadly classified into two main groups, namely: fl aulsruodiny * Open chain hydrocarbons J Mipholic. * Closed chain or cyclic hydrocarbons Open chain hydrocarbons: Consists of carbon-carbon straight chains. They are further subdivided into two types, namely: + Saturated hydrocarbons or + Unsaturated hydrocarbons. (AURAL, AiRuud Saturated hydrocarbons or Alkanes: Straight chain compounds with single covalent bonds. Example: EthaneUnsaturated hydrocarbons. Straight chain compounds with @6UBIej0r Unsaturated hydrocarbons are further divided into two types, namely: Alkenes ~ Consists of @6UBlé bond between carbon atoms. Example: Ethene Alkynes - Consists offttiplé Bon@between carbon atoms. Example: Ethyne In this topic, you will study more about hydrocarbons, their functional groups, preparation and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. What are hydrocarbons?(qo Ru dlumok himdlour ty aya. QUUk wu.) 1. These are organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen and may be represented by the general formula CxHy where x and y are whole numbers. Other organic compounds are derived from these parent compounds by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms e.g. the addition of one -CH2 group can result in the formation of a new compound. This is why homologues of a family of hydrocarbons differ from their next member by a molecular mass of 14 (C=12, H2=2; 12+2=14u). 2. Hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms are called saturated hydrocarbons while those with double or triple bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. 3. Hydrocarbons can be straight (linear) chains or cyclic compoundsAMhene — awl A BUEORL » Uno ~ Butane’, Cattio Dutyl popove CCH) I-ux EwVr ‘os aa) = i A 3 ryex z eg Fee 1d rt ey j 5 i r-u-, {m= Cong paspan) H '- bute — T-ua ' < Ty i Ox ei a | oe ew cee Sees oe i ii “T 1 ee R i o4g7ey F : aa ete Q= o-u-=x WH, tHOt a Cady FOF Der tian 10,44 CalAlipARPARinAliBan - saturabd odditran, product yourud duu to add Catut ta —> Cate o, Puydngor #0 He douitsb ond. Giese Caluco CaM yb, —> CphyPra CAMy+ty—> Late Akagia ¢ Wy dunqencatign CaRy +H —> CHysnrr Cue Sh tele Sita cna (ya foraaaNKaa Oa oat ood au