ECE 504 - EXPERIMENT 1 MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTION MOTOR PARAMETERS USING AN INVERTER SUPPLY I - Goals of this Experiment 1) To learn techniques for extracting standard induction machine parameters from experimental measurements of the machine’s terminal characteristics, including an understanding of the analytical basis for the required calculations, 2) To investigate the sensitivity of the motor parameters to frequency, accomplished by extracting the motor parameters at several different excitation frequencies (10, 20, 30 and 60 Hz). 3) To develop the best possible estimates of the induction machine parameters for use in upcoming laboratory projects. II - Loss Components in Induction Machines ‘The losses in an induction motor are generally assumed to be divided into five catego- ries: (1) stator copper losses, (2) rotor copper losses, (3) iron loss, (4) stray load loss, and (5) friction and windage loss. Each of these will be discussed individually in this section. Stator Copper Loss The stator copper loss is the easiest loss component to understand and to measure, resulting from the finite conductivity of the stator conductors (typically copper but occasionally aluminum in smaller machines). As expected, this loss is proportional to the square of the current in the winding (stator current). When operated from standstill to a full-speed fully-loaded condition, the temperature of the stator winding can vary anywhere from room temperature (25 deg C) to over 200 deg C. Since the conductivity changes sig- nificantly with temperature, the stator copper loss must be represented by a resistor which is a function of temperature. Unless the machine is very large the current distribution of the current over the individual strands of the stator coils remains uniform and the stator resistance is assumed to be independent of the excitation frequency.ECE SOS - EXPERIMENT 1 Rill Rall Figure 1.1. - Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit The per phase equivalent circuit of an induction machine is shown in Fig. 1.1. Resis- tance R, accounts for the stator copper losses. By convention this resistance as well as all others are normally expressed in terms of room temperature (25°C). If measured at a dif- ferent temperature the resistance can be corrected by means of the following equation, nding resistance corrected to the specified temperature (25°C), 1,= specified temperature, in degrees C, winding resistance at the measured temperature, jemperature of the winding when the resistance was measured in degrees C, k= 234.5 for pure copper or 225 for aluminum with a per unit conductivity of 62%. The term per unit conductivity refers to the conductivity of a given material referred to ure copper. It is important to emphasize that although resistances are, by convention, expressed in terms of their value at room temperature, these values should be modified to the nominal motor running temperature in order to predict losses, efficiency, ete. Rotor Copper Loss The rotor copper loss varies with current and temperature in a similar ‘manner to stator copper loss. The ohmic rotor resistance is represented in Fig. 1.1 by Ry , while s is the rotor slip defined as Setec~Frotor Fete Tanuary 19, 2005|ECE S04 - EXPERIMENT 1 3 where f,/.. is the excitation frequency, and f,,,,,, is the rotational frequency. The temperature dependence of the rotor resistance can be modeled by the same functional relationship as shown above for the stator resistance. However, unlike the stator, the shorted squirrel-cage rotor construction causes current to flow through relatively large bars. The inductance of infinitesimal current-carrying fila- ‘ments varies from the top to bottom of each bar. Because relatively more leakage flux links a hypothetical strip in the bottom than in the top of the slot, the inductance associated with cach of the filaments increases from top to bottom. Hence, as a result of the increased inductance in the bottom of the slot, relatively more current tends to flow in the top of the slot than in the bottom, Fora given total current in the bar, minimum losses are achieved only when the current is uniformly distributed over the bar. Any nonuniform distribution serves to increase the losses. The unbalanced current distribution in the bars of a squirrel cage rotor caused by the graded inductances is known as the deep bar effect. This is an important phenomenon in induction machines that usually cannot be neglected except for very small machines. Since the fundamental cause of this effect is the uneven inductance distribution across fila~ ments of the bar, itis clearly frequency dependent and causes the leakage inductance and resistance associated with the rotor bars to decrease and increase with rotor frequency, respectively. ‘The frequency dependence of the rotor resistance can be approximately accounted for by representing the rotor resistance in the form SSetec fo where s is the slip and Rp and Rorare constants that must be determined either experi- Ry = Rag + Ry mentally or through detailed analysis of the rotor bar geometry, and fy is the base excita- tion frequency (typically 60 Hz). Note that the quantity sfc is the slip frequency which equals (fetec ~ rotor) Feflecting the fact that the rotor resistance depends on the frequency of the currents flowing the rotor bars, and not the excitation frequency f,je. alone. Using the same assumptions, the frequency dependence of the leakage inductances can be approximately modeled as Xit%H Nth = aR Tanvary 19,2005BCE SOS EXPERIMENT 1 4 Although it can be rightfully argued that only the rotor leakage reactance is affected by the deep bar effect, there is minimal impact on performance predictions by adopting the simplifying assumption that the total leakage reactance can be equally split between the stator and rotor portions at all frequencies so that X,+X% X, =X, 2 Iron Loss The iron losses correspond to losses in both the stator and rotor iron resulting principally from the fundamental component of flux density within the machine. In essence, a hypothetical situation is imagined in which the real flux density in the gap is replaced by a purely sinusoidal distribution. The effects of the slots are neglected and the losses in the stator and rotor teeth and core are calculated as if only the fundamental com- ponent existed. ‘As a practical matter such a viewpoint is only useful if it is desired to calculate rather than measure these losses. In practice, the effect of slotting is automatically included in any measurement so that these losses also include so-called tooth pulsation losses result- ing from the open slots. This loss component is correctly viewed as th ad I Hence, it is probably more correct to define the iron losses as ex ition losses. That is, they are losses in the iron resulting solely from the magnetizing component of stator cur- rent which include both the loss due to fundamental component and to harmon compo- nents of main air gap flux. When measuring iron losses it is not possible to segregate these losses easily so that only the combined fundamental and harmonic excitation losses can be measured. The iron losses can be considered to have two components, hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Hysteresis loss is caused by the energy required to reverse the magnetic domains of the magnetic material when driven with an alternating flux density. The power lost per unit volume is equal to the area of the 'B-H' loop of the material at the frequency of excitation times the number of times the loop is traversed per second, i.e. excitation fre- quency in the case of the stator and slip frequency in the case of the rotor. The loss is therefore proportional to frequency, and since any magnetic material saturates, this loss also depends on the amplitude of the flux density. That is B, = K,fB> where B is the peak flux density in the iron, and fis the excitation frequency. Tanaary 19, 2005BCE S08 EXPERIMENT 1 5 Rill Rall Is Ri W- pw. ee roam x1 |Res| Rhs| Rer | Rhr | *2 Vs $ E xm Re 5 Figure 1.2 - Partitioning of the Resistive Element R,, in the Equivalent Circuit ‘The power to which the flux density B is raised is, in actuality, only approximate and varies from 1.6 to 2.1. This coefficient is called the Steinmetz Coefficient. For conve- nience the value of 2 is often assumed to be valid for modern magnetic steels. However, the value of 1.6 remains quite correct for common iron. Eddy current losses are caused by simple ohmic losses in the magnetic material due to its finite electrical conductivity. The current flow is almost entirely within individual lami- nations and not across lamination interfaces since the surface resistance of the laminations tend to prevent current flow in this direction. (Current flow across laminations is not nec- essarily negligible but these losses are traditionally lumped with the stray load losses). ‘These losses are proportional to both frequency and flux density squared, i.e. Rh = K,f?B? The resistance R,, in Fig. 1.1 accounts for iron loss in both the stator and the rotor. In actuality, this resistor is an equivalent resistor which is the result of the parallel combina- tion of four resistances which individually account for the hysteresis loss and the eddy cur- rent loss in the stator and the rotor as shown in Fig. 1.2. Let us now try to determine the frequency dependent behavior of each of these resis- tors. If each portion of the stator core is excited with the same fiux density B, then it is equally true that the stator eddy current loss can be written as Poo = Kf? where 2. is the amplitude of the fundamental component of flux linkages linking the stator winding exclusive of leakage flux, i.e. the air gap flux. From the equivalent circuits, Figs 1.1 and 1.2, this same loss is computed from the equivalent circuit as aia,ECE S04 - EXPERIMENT 1 6 », = af Hence, rae However, the quantity V,/fis nothing more than the volts per Hertz. producing the air- gap magnetic flux 2. That is, Vin nf A(t) = Jv sin2nftdt cos 2nft ‘The amplitude of this result is simply the air-gap flux linkage A. = Ome. Res K. Reo, The constant involved in the definition is not of concern here. The important conclu- sion of this analysis is that R,, is independent of frequency and the air-gap voltage and flux level. Ina like manner, the stator hysteresis loss can be written as Pig = Rif? and since ee: is = BR we have ow hs Kf Hence, the stator hysteresis resistance is linearly proportional to the frequency fand inde- pendent of the applied voltage or flux level. We can write this relationship as anuary 19,2005ECE SOS - EXPERIMENT I 7 where fg is the frequency corresponding to the nominal hysteresis resistance value Rg £ io, If it is assumed that the amount of rotor iron is essentially the same as the stator and that the thickness of the rotor laminations is equal to the stator lamination thickness (this is usually not true but still a reasonable assumption since the rotor losses are much smaller than the stator losses), then the rotor eddy current losses vary according to slip frequency, or Poy = KR (sf)? and since p, =i we can obtain Vin (any K eps? Ks? Hence, R,,. varies inversely as the slip frequency squared and, referred to a nominal value Reo 53 It can be noted that since the losses in the stator and rotor are assumed to be equal at the same frequency in the iron, we have used the same resistance R,g in the definition of this iron loss resistor. Finally, the rotor iron loss resistance representing hysteresis losses in the rotor can be solved by observing so that “envary[ECE S04 EXPERIMENT 1 or where the same Rj. is used as above for the stator hysteresis losses, assuming here again that the stator and rotor hysteresis losses are equal at the same frequency in the iron. ‘The combined iron loss resistance thus takes the form S41, fo(s+ 1) Ro fF Rio which, for low slip operation, i, s =O, can be simplified to a fo 1 F Rio While the hysteresis loss is essentially independent of temperature (until the Curie point at which magnetism is lost) the eddy current loss is dependent on temperature in much the same manner as the copper losses. The resistance R,g varies with temperature according to the following approximate formulas [1] where k, = (TT - 26.8) and where R, is the resistance as measured at room temperature (26.8 C), T is given in degrees C and p; is the resistivity of the iron in ohm-em. For common iron January 19, 2008ECE 504 - EXPERIMENT I 9 p; and for silicon steel [13.25 + 11.3(%0Si)} 10° em where %Si is the amount of silicon in the steel in percent. Friction and Windage Losses Friction and windage losses are mechanical rather than electrical losses resulting essentially from two sources -- the cooling fan (windage losses) and the bearings (friction losses). The windage losses follow the usual loss behavior of conventional fans, i.e. the loss varies as the cube of the rotor speed, Py = KF poror = Kull 5) fetec Where figyor is the rotational frequency, fue. i8 the excitation frequency, and s is the slip which is normally small compared to one. This expression can be approximated by 7 = Kf Foto If desired we can also account for the windage and friction losses by means of equiva- lent resistors in an analogous mechanical equivalent circuit that will not be developed here. ‘Stray Load Losses The stray load loss is by definition that portion of the total loss in a ‘machine not accounted for by the sum of the friction and windage, stator and rotor copper loss and iron losses. As a result, it is literally the collection bin for the rest of the motor losses. Since the no-load losses have already been accounted for by the copper and iron losses, these losses arise essentially due to the rotor current and the load component of current in the stator. A listing of the major contributors to these losses is given in Table 1.1. However, in addi- tion to these losses, all other second-order loss contribution are included such as manufac- turing anomalies, losses due to punching burrs, interlamination currents due to imperfect insulation of the laminations, etc. As a result it is almost impossible to calculate stray load loss accurately. Even with the present availability of computational tools such as finite Tanwary 19,2005[ECE 504 - EXPERIMENT 1 0 elements, a completely satisfactory method of calculating stray load losses remains unavailable. Because stray load losses are relatively small, they are also difficult to measure. For this reason the stray load loss is frequently taken as a simple percentage of rated output power, 1.0% in the case of the U.S. standard and 0.5% in the case of the British standard. TABLE 1.1. Major Sources of Stray Load Loss in Squirrel Cage Induction Machines Location Source Frequency Stator Conductors Slot Leakage Flux Supply Frequency Stator End Region End Leakage Flux Supply Frequency Stator Laminations ‘Skew Leakage Flux Supply Frequency Rotor Teeth and Rotor Stator MMF Harmonics | High Frequencies Conductors (300-3000 Hz) Rotor Conductors and Sta- | Rotor MMF Harmonics —_| High Frequencies (300- tor Teeth 3000 Hz) ‘The final two resistors in the equivalent circuit of Fig. 1.1, Ry and Ry, account for the stray load loss. Since the sources for stray load loss are many and varied, a simple single resistor model for stator and for rotor stray losses is very simplistic. One approach to a model for these losses is to assume that these losses are dominated by hysteresis and eddy current effects and that the distribution between the eddy current and hysteresis portions of these losses is the same as for the fundamental excitation losses discussed previously [2] In this case the stator load loss resistor Rj is, in effect, the parallel combination of the stray load loss eddy current resistor and the stray load loss hysteresis resistor. Following the above procedure for iron losses we can readily determine that the suggested form for the stator stray loss resistance is Tanwar 19, 2008ECE S04 - EXPERIMENT " III - Test Descriptions Three tests and two measurements used to characterize induction machines are described next. They are performed in order to determine the machine loss components as well as electrical and mechanical parameters: 1 - stator resistance measurement 2- no-load test 3 - locked-rotor test 4 - reverse rotation test (not conducted: for information only) 5 - moment of inertia measurement 1 - Stator DC Resistance The measurement of the stator per-phase winding resistance is the first in the series of tests. The stator resistance is measured at the terminals of the disconnected machine using a precision ohmmeter (e.g. a Fluke 8060A). ‘The winding temperature during this test is also recorded. This measurement will be performed again after the locked rotor test when the windings temperature will be higher. Note that the machine in test has the stator con- nected in wye which must be considered when computing the stator per-phase resistance. 2-No-Load Test From this test we can obtain the iron, friction and windage losses, magnetizing current and the no-load power factor. Typically, the induction motor is unloaded and excited with a three-phase sine-wave voltage source for this test. In our implementation of this test the supply will instead be a voltage-source PWM inverter. A digital spectrum analyzer is then utilized to measure the amplitude and phase of the fundamental components of stator volt- age and current, as shown Figure 1.3. The inverter generates an ac output with a constant ratio of voltage amplitude per frequency (constant V/f). This allows the insertion of a vari- able auto-transformer (variac) between the inverter and the induction machine in order to provide independent control of both voltage amplitude and frequency The input power to the machine for the no-load test can be divided into three signifi- cant components: a) stator copper losses, b) iron losses, and c) windage and friction losses. Figure 1.4 shows a plot of typical results taken from the no-load test used to determine these losses. The input voltage, current, and phase angle are read from 1.2 p.u of the rated voltage to progressively lower voltages until the motor synchronous speed cannot be anaary 19, 2005ECE S04 - EXPERIMENT 1 2 v Induction PWM Motor ac Voltage three phase Source supply Inverter ~T neutral point Bt Variable Auto Transformer (Variac) Spectrum Analyzer Figure 1.3 - Connection diagram for the no-load test. maintained. In order to determine the frequency dependence of the iron loss resistance, the test is repeated for 60, 30, 20 and 10 Hz keeping the 1 p.u. volts/Hertz ratio constant. At rated voltage the no-load current is typically between 0.2 and 0.4 p.u of full load current (somewhat higher for small machines). The power factor at this point is low as the reactive component of the stator current (magnetizing current) dominates. As the applied voltage is reduced, the air-gap flux decreases almost in direct proportion to the voltage, and the input power varies approximately quadratically since the iron losses are propor- tional to the square of the flux density. The slip and the power factor increase as the voltage is decreased since the rotor speed ‘must continually adjust itself so that the delivered motor power equals the friction and ‘windage load on the machine while the reactive current component is shrinking. When the -s are small com- stator voltage is about 0.2 p.u the magnetizing current and the iron lo pared to the mechanical losses. The input power at this point is almost entirely dominated by the mechanical losses. Thus, the input power value read from the extrapolation of the power curve to zero voltage corresponds approximately to the mechanical power neces- sary to drive the machine at the test frequency. If desired, this measurement of the friction and windage losses can be corrected for the residual copper losses in the stator and rotor for higher accuracy. Tamuary 19, 2005[BCE 04 EXPERIMENT 1 a lip (pu) current,p. (pu) Power Power (pu) Pin stator copper losses windage and friction Josses 028 ar] Phase Voltage (pu) current windage and friction losses 028 Phase Voltage (pu) " Figure 1.4 Plots of Variables Measured and Computed during No Load Test. Measurements of the phase currents combined with knowledge of the stator resistance R, make it possible to conveniently calculate the stator copper loss in order to segregate the iron loss component in Fig. 1.4. When calculating the iron loss resistance R,,, it is important to keep in mind that the equivalent circuit in Fig. 1.1 is per-phase so that the total machine iron losses must be divided by 3 (the number of phases) when extracting the Ry, Value. Tanwary 19,2005ECE 504 - EXPERIMENT 1 6 Induction a ia "Motor Shatt Locker ac Voltage v, three phase Source supply lnverter Zn “F le | neutral point a Variable Auto Transformer (Variac) Spectrum Analyzer Figure 1.5 - Connection diagram for the locked-rotor test 3- Locked-Rotor Test In this test the rotor is held stationary by means of a locking device. The stator is sup- plied with a lower voltage necessary to produce rated current in the windings. In small machines this value of voltage is around 0.2 p.u. The set up for this test shown in Fig. 1.5 is very similar to the no-load test configuration. Here again the induction machine is sup- plied from a PWM inverter and a variac is used to control the stator voltage independently of the inverter frequency. ‘The test is performed at four different frequencies (60, 30, 20 and 10 Hz). The stator voltage is increased progressively and the input voltage, current, and phase angle are mea- sured. The plot in Figure 1.6 shows a typical result of the test. The stator current must not exceed 1.0 p.u and the test must be performed as fast as possible to avoid excessive heat- ing of the machine windings. The stator de resistance should be measured again immedi- ately following each test to correct for temperature effects. Notes: (1) Before turning the inverter on, set the variac to approximately 10% of full scale (2) With the variac output set at approximately 10% of full scale, turn on the inverter and set the desired frequency. Increase the varia output voltage but do not allow a stator current higher than the rated value. Tanuary 19, 2008ECE 504 - EXPERIMENT I 15 : <= @ cme 8 Figure 1.6 - Locked-rotor test results 4- Reverse Rotation Test (For information only. This test will not be performed as part of this experiment.) A fourth test called the reverse rotation test is sometimes performed to evaluate the stray load losses. The test configuration is shown in Fig. 1.7. In this test the machine is driven mechanically by a DC machine at the synchronous frequency in the ‘opposite direction to that of the induction machine’s rotating ait-gap field. The machine is thereby operated at a slip of 2 in order to minimize both the core losses and the rotor cir- cuit power when measuring the stray load losses at the synchronous frequency. This test is repeated at two different frequencies, 30 and 60 Hz (60 and 120 Hz in the rotor respec- tively), ‘The stray load losses are mainly due to slot leakage flux, end winding leakage flux, skew leakage flux, stator MMF harmonics, and rotor MMF harmonics. These losses can be modeled by a resistive element, Ro,;, in parallel with X, (rotor leakage reactance) in the steady state equivalent machine circuit. This resistive element can, however, be allocated in different places. For this test we measure the total electric power delivered to the machine stator, P,,(rr), the mechanical power which drives the machine, P,,(rr) , and the stator current which together with stator and rotor resistances are used to compute the reverse rotation copper losses, P,,(rr). The combined friction and windage losses, P ,,(n) , obtained from the no-load test are also considered, ‘The mechanical power applied to the IM is computed from the product of torque and speed. The average torque is obtained by measuring the reaction force produced by the Sanuary 19,2008ECE S04 - EXPERIMENT 1 6 force scale sering \ Induction + ia Motor (—] ew ac Voltage “ twecsnase A] Yotaae ‘suooly Inverter J Lous Tl mn Variable point t Auto Transtorme varia é Specrum Anaiyoe, Om DC supply Figure 1.7 - Connection Diagram for the Reverse Rotation test machine in a spring-arm system, We can note that for this test the slip is 2 and conse- quently the magnetizing and the core losses branches can be neglected, ‘The load stray losses, P,j), are given by: Poy = Pig (17) + Py (11) — Fey (77) ~ Py (nl) Before initiating the test it is necessary to check the direction of rotation for the induc- tion and de machines (they have to be opposite). Start the de machine, driving the IM close to the synchronous speed. Then start increasing the applied voltage to the IM keep- ing the speed constant, which will require adjustment of the armature voltage of the de motor. Continue increasing the IM stator voltage until the rated current is reached (main- taining the synchronous speed). After finishing the measurements, conclude the test by first decreasing the IM stator voltage and then the de motor armature voltage. Stray load losses are generally difficult to measure very accurately using this test (or almost any test) because they are typically small and calculated as a sunvdifference between larger power values that must each be accurately measured. Sinusoidal excitation anuary 19, 2005ECE S04 - EXPERIMENT 1 ” is strongly recommended in order to avoid stray load loss measurement errors caused by the unavoidable losses associated with the excitation waveform time harmonics. Notes: (1) Before turning the inverter on, the variac should be set to approximately 10% of full scale. (2) With the variac output set at approximately 10% of full scale, turn on the inverter and set the desired frequency. Increase the variac output voltage but do not allow a stator current higher than the rated value. (3) The de motor is suspended in an arm spring system used to measure the average torque produced by the machine. The length of the arm has to be measured. (4) The force scale measures the force produced by the de motor at the end of the reac- tion arm. The product Force X Arm Length gives the average torque produced by the de machine. 5- Moment of Inertia Another important machine parameter to measure is the rotor moment of inertia. The ‘method utilized here is the pendulum free oscillation, where the machine's rotor is allowed to rotationally oscillate in a special support device. Knowing the oscillation period, the dimensions of the support, and the rotor weight, one can determine the moment of inertia. The experiment consists of fastening a wire to the shaft of the rotor of the machine to be tested. The rotor is twisted several revolutions thereby “winding up” the wire making it behave as a torsional spring. The rotor is released and the period of the rotation is then measured carefully with a stop watch. The test is repeated with a special cylinder of known dimensions and mass, and therefore, a known moment of inertia, For a cylindrical disk the mass can be written as M nRhp where M = total mass of disk h = disk height Tanwar 19, 205[ECE 504 EXPERIMENT 1 p) = disk mass density In general, the moment of inertia is defined as J Jean where, r= distance between element of integration and axis of rotation dm = differemial element of mass ‘Taking the element of integration as a ring-shaped annulus, dm = 2nrdr(h)(p) From the equations above, dm can be rewritten as dm = 2Mrdr Rw so that ‘The period of oscillation of the machine rotor mass and torsional spring is readily determined to be ran fe where K is the spring constant of the wire used to suspend the rotor. When the machine rotor mass is replaced by the reference cylinder and the test is repeated, Tanwary 19,2005CE 504 - EXPERIMENT 1 » where J,¢pis the moment of inertia of the reference mass. Hence, by taking the ratio of the last two equations, and therefore IV Calculation of Induction Machine Parameters After performing all of these tests we are in the position to compute the machine parameters. The computations necessary to determine these parameters are briefly dis- cussed: 1 - Using the locked rotor test results, compute the amplitude of the locked-rotor machine input impedance, |Z,,(Ir)| . Remember that for this test the slip is one (s=1). [phase (”)] Pn = Tr] where J,,(17) is the stator current phasor and Vpj,4s¢(17) is the associated phase voltage phasor. The expression for the measured locked rotor power factor pffr) can be written as cos® = pf(Ir) where 0 is the angle of the complex impedance Z;,(Jr) . Thats, 8 = LelIr) = LV phasellP)~ AlighlP) Phase 2.- Note that the value of slip during the locked rotor test is one, i.e., s=J. As a result, the impedance of the magnetizing branch of the induction motor equivalent circuit in Fig. 1.1 GX, in parallel with R,,) is large compared to the impedance of the rotor leg, which is approximately Rp + jX>. The effects of the two stray load loss resistors, Ryy and Roy, are ignored in this calculation since they are typically quite large compared to X; and Xp. Thus, the total locked rotor input impedance can be expressed approximately as Tanuary 19, 2008BCE SO EXPERIMENT 1 » Zinh lr) = (Ry + Ry) + HX + Xo) We can now use this expression for Z,,(Ir) to develop our first estimate of the stator and rotor total leakage reactances as follows (X, +X) = dm[zZ,,(r)] = [Zinll)|sin0 = |z,,(0)|N1~ Lory? ‘Since the stator terminal behavior of an induction machine is not affected by the turns ratio between stator and rotor, one can assume that the stator and rotor leakage reactances have the same value, i.e., X = Xq=(X/+X,)/2. 3 - The rotor resistance, R, , is next computed from the real part of Z;,(Ir) and the mea- sured stator de resistance, Ry =Re[z;,(In)]— Ry = [Zjq(Ir)|cos(8)— Ry = |Zin(l7)| -pF(Ir)- Ry Although the effects of the magnetizing reactance, X,,, and the iron losses R,, are not taken into account when computing the values above, they will be introduced later as cor- rection terms. 4 - Use the no-load test results to compute the power loss components due to friction and windage losses, Pp, (11) , stator copper losses, P,,,, (nl) , and iron losses, P,_(nl) . The power loss due to friction and windage is obtained by extrapolating the curve for the measured input power versus phase voltage to zero voltage, as suggested earlier in Fig. 14. ‘The total stator copper losses are given simply by: P,., (nl) = 3R12 (nl) Finally, the iron losses, Pj(nl), are segregated from the other loss components according to Tanaary 19, 2008ECE S04 - EXPERIMENT 1 A P (nl) = Py (1) ~ [Pyey (nl) + Py (n0)] Note that all of the power components in this equation are totals for the three-phase machine, 5 - Next, the value of the iron loss resistance R,, is calculated from the results of the no- load tests. First, note that the value of the slip s is approximately zero during no-load operation, i.¢., § = 0. As a result, the impedance of the rotor leg of the induction motor equivalent circuit in Fig. 1.1 is now high compared to the impedance of the magnetizing leg components, X,, and R,,. Since the value of the R,,can be assumed large compared to the magnetizing reactance X,,, the amplitude of the voltage developed across these two magnetizing branch components during no-load conditions, |V,| , can be approximately calculated as \v, ‘nl = |Vphase(!) — (Ry + AX Minn] Note that this calculation of |V,,| requires a phasor calculation since the stator phase current and voltage are not in phase. Finally, the value of the iron loss resistance Rj, can be calculated as 6 - Based on the simplified equivalent circuit for the induction machine during no-load large compared to X,,, the value of ‘operation described above and an assumptin that Ry, the magnetizing inductance X,, can be calculated using the following complex phasor expression X,,=Im[Z;,(nl) ~ JX] Vonase(”!) in| phase) n| 7,(D) x| where Z;,(nl) is the measured complex input phase impedance of the induction machine during no-load operation. 7 - The influence of the parameters R,, and X,, were ignored when computing the value of the combined stator and rotor leakage reactance, X, +X», using the results of the locked rotor test in step 2 above. Making use of results calculated in subequent steps from Tanuary 19,2005ECE 504 EXPERIMENT 1 2 the no-load test measurements, an iterative process can be used to develop a more accurate estimate of the combined leakage reactance X + X> , as follows X,+X)~ [ize = bya? + a}xaco b where Rin -Ry _ Xm=Xinllr) Xi(lr) Xm and Xj llr) = Im[Z,,(Ir)}» Rial = Re[Z;,(r)] Steps 6 and 7 are repeated until the above expression for X;+X> becomes an equality. Nor- mally, convergence of this iterative process is achieved quite rapidly. 8 A single resistive element is often used to represent the stray load losses in the induc~ tion machine equivalent circuit. Although this element can be placed on either the stator or rotor side of the circuit, it will be allocated here for convenience as R,,, in parallel with the rotor leakage reactance X,, as shown in figure 1.8 While not a part of our lab experiment, the stray load loss component is computed from the reverse rotation test which was described in Section III. The current through the magnetizing component branch X,, lI R,, can be ignored since the slip is 2, making the rotor branch impedances small in comparison. The voltage magnitude across the X leak- age reactance, V,», can then be calculated using the simplified machine equivalent circuit Roy nemn_|_reen RI x1 x2 Rm xm $82 s Figure 1.8 - Induction Machine Equivalent Circuit Tamu 19,2008CE S04 - EXPERIMENT 1 2 consisting only of the series connection of Rj, X;, Xz, and Ry2. Finally, the value for Ry) is computed from: 9)- The effects of frequency on the equivalent circuit parameters ( Ry, X+X2, and R,,) are determined by repeating the preceding computation steps for excitation frequencies of 30, 20, and 10 Hz, Values for Ro, X;+X>, and R,, calculated at these different excitation fre- quencies can then be used as inputs for curve-fitting routines to develop estimates of the coefficients which appear in the frequency-dependent expressions for these components that were derived in Section II. 10- All three of the machine reactance values, X,,,X,, and Xp, should be expressed as their corresponding inductance values, L,,, L), and Ly, by dividing the reactance values by 2nf. ‘This form will permit easier comparisons between parameter values at different excitation frequencies. 11 -Finally, the value of the rotor moment of interia can be calculated using the torsional spring technique presented in Section I. V - Report Requirements You are required to prepare a report for this experiment which presents and explains your calculations for all of the pertinent machine electrical and mechanical parameters described in this document. As a minimum the report should include: 1. Title page 2. Introduction and statement of the problem 3. Concise summary of background material 4, Equipment used for the experiment 5, Presentation and discussion of experimental data 6. Calculation of machine parameters from test data 7. Correlation of calculated model results with measurements 6. Summary of final parameter results 7. Listing of computer programs used (if any) Tanuary 19, 2005|ECE S04 - EXPERIMENT I 2 VI - References 1.- Nonoriented Sheet Steel for Magnetic Applications, United States Steel, ADUSS 31-7103-01, May 1978, 120 pp. 2. “Induction Motors Operating from Inverters,” V.B. Honsinger, Record of the 1980 Annual Meeting of IEEE Ind. Appl. Society, pp. 1276-1285. 3. Alternating Current Machines, M.C. Say, Sth edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1983. 4, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators, IEEE Power Engineering Society, P112, 1996. January 19, 2005