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DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES, COMSATS

UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, LAHORE
Sessional I
Course Title: Mental Health and Psychopathology-I Code: 204 Credit 3(3,0)
Course Instructor PSY-503 Program BS (Psychology)
Semester: 4 Batch: FA 19 Section: A Date: 1-04-21
Time Allowed: 01 Hour Maximum 10
Student’s Name Umair jameel Reg. No. Fa19-bpy-s001

Note. Attempt ALL questions. No plagiarism is allowed.

Q1 Differentiate between somatogenic perspective and psychogenic perspective in

psychopathology. (3 marks)
Words limit; minimum 200 words.
Answer:
Somatogenic perspective:

 Somatogenic theory states that abnormalities are caused by a natural disease or illness.
 Somatogenic theory identifies functional disorders caused by illness, heredity, or brain
damage or imbalance.

Example:

 The somatogenic theory is that something is wrong with his brain. Perhaps he has
damage to the left side of his brain, causing a speech impediment.

Psychogenic perspective:

 Psychogenic theories focus on traumatic or depressing experiences, incorrect study

associations and perceptions, or distorted ideas.
 Psychogenic hypothesis. the notion that mental disorders are caused by psychological
causes.

Example:

 Examples of diseases that are widely believed to be psychogenic include dementia,

psychogenic polydipsia, tremors, and psychogenic pain.
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Q2. Briefly elaborate on any two principles of operant conditioning to explain

psychopathology. (2 marks)
Words limit; around 170 words.
Answer:
Operant conditioning:

The operant condition can also be used as a definition of psychopathology. This is where
people learn about the consequences of their own behavior and that of others. If we do something
and we get a good response, there is a good chance we will do it again; this is referred to as a
good reinforcement.

Example:

 In the case of psychopathology, mental illness such as Munchausen's Syndrome can be

defined using a learning operator.
 A mother can harm her child and gain attention and empathy, which is a good way to
react to the mother. Therefore, he is likely to do so again to gain this attention and
empathy.

Reinforcement:

In the case of performance, consolidation means anything that accelerates the likelihood that a
response will occur. It is defined as a moral consequence that reinforces a response or enhances
the chances of recurrence. Response power can be measured in terms of magnitude and
magnitude, while its frequency is calculated by calculating the amount of time a response occurs.

Reinforcement encompasses all those factors that contribute to an increase in behavioral patterns,
such as events, situations or motivations. Classified as:

• Positive reinforcement: It means adding something, encouraging behavior.

• Negative reinforcement: Means taking something to increase the pattern of behavior.

Punishment:
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In the case of an operation, punishment means the inclusion of a result or punishment that is
inconsistent with someone, due to unpleasant behavior. In short, it changes a person's behavior,
giving a negative response to unpleasant behavior.

It aims to reduce or eliminate the frequency of such behaviors. An appropriate tool, used to shape
and control the functioning of living organisms. Other common examples of punishment could
be salary cuts, suspensions, loss of rights and so on. There can be two types of punishment:

• positive punishment: Means to show or use a retaliatory stimulant if the character repeats
itself in the future.

• Negative punishment: Punishment involving the removal of a positive stimulus, in repetitive

behavior

Q3Elaborate on gene-environment interaction. (2 marks)

Answer:
Definition:
Gene environment interaction:

Gene environment interaction is an influence on the expression of a trait that results from the
interplay between genes and the environment. Some factors are mainly influenced by genes,
while others are highly influenced by environment.

Types:
 Active gene-environment interaction
 Passive gene-environment interaction
 Evocative gene-environment interaction
Example:
 The child of an NBA player may have been exposed to basketball from an early age. Such
exposure would allow the child to see his or her genetic potential. Thus, the genes of the parents,
which the child shares, influence the child's environment, and that environment, too, is well-
suited to support the genetic potential of children.
Q4 Elaborate on three common assumptions held by Freud and his followers regarding
psychopathology. (3 marks)
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Words limit; minimum 200 words.

ANSWER:

The work of Freud and his followers continues to have an impact o the fields of
psychopathology.

This influence is evident in the three commonly held beliefs:

1. Childhood experience helps to shape the personality of adults.

 Modern-day nurses and researchers still consider childhood and other environmental
events to be important.
 They tend to focus on the stages of homosexuality, Freud writes about, but some
emphasize the problem of parent-child relationships in general and how they can affect
adult relationships later in negative ways.
2. There are unintended consequences to morality.
 Ignorance is the focus of modern research in cognitive neuroscience and
psychopathology.
 This study shows that people may not be aware of the causes of their behavior.
 However, most current researchers and therapists do not think of ignorance as a natural
identifier of the id.
3. The causes and motives of human behavior are not always clear.
 Freud and his followers have informed generations of physicians and investigators about
not knowing the cause and purpose of human behavior.
 Contemporary psychodynamic theorists continue to warn us by imagining everything.
 A person who expresses contempt for another, for example, may be very fond of another
person, but is afraid to admit good feelings.
 This tendency to look under the surface, to discover subtle explanations of morality, is
probably Freud's best-known legacy.
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