Depression

Topic: Depression

Project Name: SBA 2

Name: Dewi Williams

Class: 4G
Dewi Williams 4G

Table of Content

Introduction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pg 3

Types of Depression _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pg 4

Managing depression (sub topics included) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pg 5-6

What is Depression _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pg 7

Causes, Symptoms and solutions _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _pg 8

Depression Scale _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _pg 9

Bibliography _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _pg 10

pg. 2
Dewi Williams 4G

Introduction

Depression is an important issue most people deal with in their daily lives. It has side effects to dealing

with this matter. It’s not only about being sad as people normally think. This mental disorder slowly,

kills you inside; with wanting to harm and sometimes kill yourself to the point where you can’t take

the insanity no more. Every so often you have a mental break down and no amount of consulting or

comforting can manage you. Depressive disorders often start at a young age; they reduce people’s

functioning and often are recurring. For the reasons, depression is the leading cause of disability

worldwide in terms of total years lost due to disability. Depression often comes with symptoms of

anxiety. These problems can become chronic or recurrent and lead to substantial impairments in an

individual’s ability to take care of his/her every day responsibilities. We need to start talking to people

and try to find a positive, motivating way to try and stop or manage this disorder. A solution for

depression is at hand efficacious and cost effective treatments are available to improve the health and

the lives of millions of people around the world.

pg. 3
Dewi Williams 4G

Types of Depression

This mental health disorder is widely spread across the globe. It’s not something you get attached to,

you develop it over time. There are multiple types of depression people tend to suffer from, with

general form being depression in people who have or do not have a history of manic episodes.

• Depressive episode involves symptoms such as depressed mood, loss of interest and

enjoyment, and increased fatigability. Depending on the number and severity of symptoms, a

depressive episode can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. An individual with a mild

depressive episode will have some difficulty in continuing with ordinary work and social

activities, but will probably not continue to function completely. During a severe depressive

episode, on the other hand, it is very unlikely that the sufferer will be able to continue with

social, work, or domestic activities, except to a very limited extent.

• Bipolar affective disorder typically consists of both manic and depressive episodes separated

by periods of normal mood. Manic episodes involve elevated mood and increased energy,

resulting in over-activity, pressure of speech and decreased need for sleep.

pg. 4
Dewi Williams
Managing Depression
There are several ways of managing depression
as in, antidepressant medications and specific
structured forms of psychotherapy are effective.
Antidepressants can be a very effective form of
treatment for moderate-severe depression but
are not the first line of treatment for cases of
mild or sub-threshold depression. As an adjunct
to care by specialists or in primary health care,
self-help is an important approach to help
people with depression. Innovative approaches
involving self-help books or internet-based self-
help programs have been shown to help reduce
or treat depression.
Treatment effectiveness in resource-constrained
settings
 Chile there was a conduct with 240 low-
in-come women suffering from major
depression (2003) examine the
effectiveness of a multi-component
intervention that included psycho-
educational group intervention,
structured and systematic follow-up and
drug treatment for those with severe
depression. The trial found that there
was a substantial difference in favor of
the collaborative care program as
compared to a standard care in primary
care. A depression test admin at the 6-
month follow up point showed that 70%
of the stepped-care group had
recovered, as compared with 30% of the
usual-care group (Araya et al, 2006.)
 Uganda a trial carried out in rural
Uganda, for example, showed that
group interpersonal psychotherapy
substantially reduced the symptoms and
prevalence of depression among 341
men and women meeting criteria for
4G
major or subsyndromal depression
(Bolton et al, 2003).
 India a trial was conducted to test the
effectiveness of an intervention led by
lay health counselors in primary care
settings to improve outcomes for people
with depression and anxiety disorders.
The intervention consisted of case
management and psychosocial
interventions led by a trained lay health
counselor, as well as supervision by a
mental health specialist and medication
from a primary care physician. The trial
found that patients in the intervention
group were more likely to have
recovered at 6 months than patients in
the control group, and therefore that an
intervention by a trained lay counselor
can lead to an improvement in recovery
from depression (Patel et al, 2010).
Reducing the burden of depression
While the global burden of depression poses a
substantial public health challenge, both at the
social and economic levels as well as the
clinical level, there are a number of well-
defined and evidence-based strategies that can
effectively address or combat the burden. For
common mental disorders such as depression
being managed in primary care settings, the key
interventions are treatment with generic
antidepressant drugs and brief psychotherapy.
Economic analysis has indicated that treating
depression in primary care is feasible,
affordable and cost-effective. Many prevention
programs across the lifespan have provided
evidence on the reduction of elevated levels of
depressive symptoms. Effective community
approaches to prevent depression focus on
several actions surrounding the strengthening of
protective factors and the reduction of risk
factors.
pg. 5
Dewi Williams 4G

What is Depression?

Is depression a mental disorder or an emotional problem? For instance, depression presents with

depressed mood, loss of interest or decreased energy, etc. This disorder effects on an average of 350

million people. It’s also on the rise globally with seventeen countries found in about 1 in 20 people

reported having an episode of depression. This type is dependent of the numbers and severity of

symptoms as mentioned. There’s also Bipolar affective disorder with both manic and depressive

episodes, separated by periods of normal mood. Manic episodes involve elevated mood and increased

energy, resulting in over-activity, decreased need for sleep. In, fact I wonder if people are truly aware of

the impact that depression has on our society? In particular, its advances made detection and

management of mood disorders over the last decade. To start increasing worldwide prevalence it

continues to challenge. There’s notable levels of depression affecting approximately 20% of adults

either directly or indirectly. Twice as many in women than men are diagnosed. Followed by eighty

percent of suicides are associated with higher rates of death and disability from cardiovascular disease,

cancer and diabetes. Nevertheless, there’s an answer to this disorder and can be reliably diagnosed and

treated in primary care. I’s preferable to treatment options of basic psychosocial support combined with

antidepressant meds or psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy

or problem – solving treatment. Prevention of depression is an area that deserves attention. In

conclusion, this mental disorder is pervasive in the world and affect us all. On an individual,

community and national level, it is time to educate ourselves about depression and support those who

are suffering from this mental disorder.

pg. 6
Dewi Williams 4G

Causes, Symptoms & Solutions of Depression

Depression
Causes Symptoms Solution
Childhood trauma Irritability, agitation or Psychotherapy

restlessness
Job less Insomnia or sleeping too much Enthusiasm
Financial troubles Unexplainable physical Learn to budget

symptoms such as headaches or

body aches
Divorce Withdrawal from social Psychotherapy

situations and normal activities

Death of a loved one Inability to focus, concentrate or Psychotherapy

make decisions
Stress Change in appetite and/or Medication

weight, eating too much or too

little

Depression Scale

The construction of a depression rating scale designed to be particularly sensitive to treatment effects is

described. Ratings of 54 English and 52 Spanish patients on a 65 item comprehensive psychopathology

pg. 7
Dewi Williams 4G
scale were used to identify the 17 most commonly occurring symptoms in primary depressive illness in

the combined sample.

Ratings on these 17 items for 64 patients participating in studies of four different antidepressant drugs

were used to create a depression scale consisting of the 10 items which showed the largest changes with

treatment and the highest correlation to overall change.

The inter-rater reliability of the new depression scale was high. Scores on the scale correlated

significantly with scores on a standard rating scale for depression, the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS),

indicating its validity as a general severity estimate. Its capacity to differentiate between responders and

non-responders to antidepressant treatment was better than the HRS, indicating greater sensitivity to

change. The practical and ethical implications in terms of smaller sample sizes in clinical trials are

discussed.

Bibliography

Last edited: 2012

Author: Marina Marcus, M. Taghi Yasamy, Mark Van Ommeren, Dan Chilsholm, Shekhar Saxena.

pg. 8
Dewi Williams 4G
Last copied: January 17, 2018

URL:

https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/who_paper_depression_wfmh_2012.pdf

What is depression?

* Depression is a common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or

pleasure, decreased energy, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, and poor

concentration.

pg. 9