Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Maquiavelo - El Principe - Cap XXV
Maquiavelo - El Principe - Cap XXV
'HOSRGHUGHODIRUWXQDGHODVFRVDVKXPDQDV\GHORV
PHGLRVSDUDRSRQ©UVHOH
1 RLJQRURTXHPXFKRVFUHHQ\KDQFUHGRTXHODVFRVDVGHOPXQGRHVW¡QUHJLGDV
SRU OD IRUWXQD \ SRU 'LRV GH WDO PRGR TXH ORV KRPEUHV P¡V SUXGHQWHV QR
SXHGHQ PRGLILFDUODV \ P¡V DºQ TXH QR WLHQHQ UHPHGLR DOJXQR FRQWUD HOODV 'H OR
FXDOSRGUDQGHGXFLUTXHQRYDOHODSHQDIDWLJDUVHPXFKRHQODVFRVDV\TXHHVPHMRU
GHMDUVHJREHUQDUSRUODVXHUWH(VWDRSLQLRQKDJR]DGRGHPD\RUFU©GLWRHQQXHVWURV
WLHPSRVSRUORVFDPELRVH[WUDRUGLQDULRVIXHUDGHWRGDFRQMHWXUDKXPDQDTXHVHKDQ
YLVWR\VHYHQWRGRVORVGDV
<\RSHQVDQGRDOJXQDYH]HQHOORPHKHVHQWLGRDOJRLQFOLQDGR DFRPSDUWLUHO
PLVPRSDUHFHU6LQHPEDUJR\DILQGHTXHQRVHGHVYDQH]FDQXHVWUROLEUHDOEHGUR
DFHSWRSRUFLHUWRTXHODIRUWXQDVHDMXH]GHODPLWDGGHQXHVWUDVDFFLRQHVSHURTXH
QRV GHMD JREHUQDU OD RWUD PLWDG R SRFR PHQRV < OD FRPSDUR FRQ XQR GH HVRV URV
DQWLJXRVTXHFXDQGRVHHPEUDYHFHQLQXQGDQODVOODQXUDVGHUULEDQORV¡UEROHV\ODV
FDVDV\DUUDVWUDQODWLHUUDGHXQVLWLRSDUDOOHYDUODDRWURWRGRHOPXQGRKX\HGHODQWH
GHHOORVWRGRHOPXQGRFHGHDVXIXURU<DXQTXHHVWRVHDLQHYLWDEOHQRREVWDSDUD
TXH ORV KRPEUHV HQ ODV ©SRFDV HQ TXH QR KD\ QDGD TXH WHPHU WRPHQ VXV
SUHFDXFLRQHVFRQGLTXHV\UHSDURVGHPDQHUDTXHVLURFUHFHRWUDYH]RWHQJDTXH
GHVOL]DUVH SRU XQ FDQDO R VX IXHU]D QR VHD WDQ GHVHQIUHQDGD QL WDQ SHUMXGLFLDO $V
VXFHGHFRQODIRUWXQDTXHVHPDQLILHVWDFRQWRGRVXSRGHUDOOGRQGHQRKD\YLUWXG
SUHSDUDGD SDUD UHVLVWLUOH \ GLULJH VXV PSHWXV DOO GRQGH VDEH TXH QR VH KDQ KHFKR
GLTXHVQLUHSDURVSDUDFRQWHQHUOD<VLDKRUDFRQWHPSODPRVD,WDOLDWHDWUR GHHVWRV
FDPELRV \ SXQWR TXH ORV KD HQJHQGUDGR YHUHPRV TXH HV XQD OODQXUD VLQ GLTXHV QL
UHSDURVGHQLQJXQDFODVH\TXHVLKXELHVHHVWDGRGHIHQGLGDSRUODYLUWXGQHFHVDULD
FRPRORHVW¡Q$OHPDQLD(VSD±D\)UDQFLDRHVWDLQXQGDFL³QQRKDEUDSURYRFDGRODV
JUDQGHVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVTXHKDSURYRFDGRRQRVHKDEUDSURGXFLGR<TXHORGLFKR
VHDVXILFLHQWHVREUHODQHFHVLGDGJHQHUDOGHRSRQHUVHDODIRUWXQD
ZZZOHFWXODQGLDFRP3¡JLQD
3HURFL±©QGRPHP¡VDORVGHWDOOHVPHSUHJXQWRSRUTX©XQSUQFLSHTXHKR\YLYH
HQ OD SURVSHULGDG PD±DQD VH HQFXHQWUD HQ OD GHVJUDFLD VLQ TXH VH KD\D RSHUDGR
QLQJºQFDPELRHQVXFDU¡FWHUQLHQVXFRQGXFWD$PLMXLFLRHVWRVHGHEHHQSULPHU
OXJDU D ODV UD]RQHV TXH H[SXVH FRQ GHWHQLPLHQWR HQ RWUD SDUWH HV GHFLU D TXH HO
SUQFLSHTXHFRQIDFLHJDPHQWHHQODIRUWXQDSHUHFHHQFXDQWRHQFXDQWRHOODFDPELD
&UHR WDPEL©Q TXH HV IHOL] HO TXH FRQFLOLD VX PDQHUD GH REUDU FRQ OD QGROH GH ODV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV\TXHGHOPLVPRPRGRHVGHVGLFKDGRHOTXHQRORJUDDUPRQL]DUXQD
FRVDFRQODRWUD3XHVVHYHTXHORVKRPEUHVSDUDOOHJDUDOILQTXHVHSURSRQHQHVWR
HVDODJORULD\ODVULTXH]DVSURFHGHQHQIRUPDGLVWLQWDXQRFRQFDXWHODHORWURFRQ
PSHWXXQRSRUODYLROHQFLDHORWURSRUODDVWXFLDXQRFRQSDFLHQFLDHORWURFRQVX
FRQWUDULR\WRGRVSXHGHQWULXQIDUSRUPHGLRVWDQGLVSDUHV6HREVHUYDWDPEL©QTXH
GHGRVKRPEUHVFDXWRVHOXQRFRQVLJXHVXSURS³VLWR\HORWURQR\TXHWLHQHQLJXDO
IRUWXQDGRVTXHKDQVHJXLGRFDPLQRVHQFRQWUDGRVSURFHGLHQGRHOXQRFRQFDXWHOD\
HO RWUR FRQ PSHWX OR FXDO QR VH GHEH VLQR D OD QGROH GH ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV TXH
FRQFLOLDRQRFRQODIRUPDGHFRPSRUWDUVH'HDTXUHVXOWDORTXHKHGLFKRTXHGRV
TXHDFWºDQGHGLVWLQWDPDQHUDREWLHQHQHOPLVPRUHVXOWDGR\TXHGHGRVTXHDFWºDQ
GH LJXDO PDQHUD XQR DOFDQ]D VX REMHWR \ HO RWUR QR 'H HVWR GHSHQGH DVLPLVPR HO
©[LWRSXHVVLODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV\ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVVHSUHVHQWDQGHWDOPRGRTXHHO
SUQFLSHTXHHVFDXWR\SDFLHQWHVHYHIDYRUHFLGRVXJRELHUQRVHU¡EXHQR\©OVHU¡
IHOL]PDVVLFDPELDQHVW¡SHUGLGRSRUTXHQRFDPELDDOPLVPRWLHPSRVXSURFHGHU
3HUR QR H[LVWH KRPEUH OR VXILFLHQWHPHQWH GºFWLO FRPR SDUD DGDSWDUVH D WRGDV ODV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV \D SRUTXH QR SXHGH GHVYLDUVH GH DTXHOOR D OR TXH OD QDWXUDOH]D OR
LQFOLQD\DSRUTXHQRSXHGHUHVLJQDUVHDDEDQGRQDUXQFDPLQRTXHVLHPSUHOHKDVLGR
SU³VSHUR (O KRPEUH FDXWR IUDFDVD FDGD YH] TXH HV SUHFLVR VHU LPSHWXRVR 4XH VL
FDPELDVHGHFRQGXFWDMXQWRFRQODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVQRFDPELDUDVXIRUWXQD
(O SDSD -XOLR ,, VH FRQGXMR LPSHWXRVDPHQWH HQ WRGDV VXV DFFLRQHV \ ODV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDVVHSUHVHQWDURQWDQGHDFXHUGRFRQVXPRGRGHREUDUTXHVLHPSUHWXYR
©[LWR &RQVLG©UHVH VX SULPHUD HPSUHVD FRQWUD %RORQLD FXDQGR DºQ YLYD -XDQ
%HQWLYRJOLR /RV YHQHFLDQRV OR YHDQ FRQ GHVDJUDGR \ HO UH\ GH (VSD±D GHOLEHUDED
FRQHOGH)UDQFLDVREUHODVPHGLGDVSRUWRPDUSHUR-XOLR,,OOHYDGRSRUVXDUGRU\VX
PSHWXLQLFL³ODH[SHGLFL³QSRQL©QGRVH©OPLVPRDOIUHQWHGHODVWURSDV6HPHMDQWH
SDVRGHM³VXVSHQVRVD(VSD±D\DORVYHQHFLDQRV\©VWRVSRUPLHGR\DTX©OODFRQOD
HVSHUDQ]DGHUHFREUDUWRGRHOUHLQRGH1¡SROHVQRVHPRYLHURQSRURWUDSDUWHHOUH\
GH)UDQFLDVHSXVRGHVXODGRSXHVDOYHUTXH-XOLR,,KDEDLQLFLDGRODFRPSD±D\
FRPR TXHUD JDQDUVH VX DPLVWDG SDUD KXPLOODU D ORV YHQHFLDQRV MX]J³ QR SRGHU
QHJDUOH VXV WURSDV VLQ RIHQGHUOR HQ IRUPD PDQLILHVWD $V SXHV -XOLR ,, FRQ VX
LPSHWXRVRDWDTXHKL]RORTXHQLQJºQSRQWILFHKXELHUDORJUDGRFRQWRGDODSUXGHQFLD
KXPDQD SRUTXH VL ©O KXELHUD HVSHUDGR SDUD SDUWLU GH 5RPD D WHQHU WRGDV ODV
SUHFDXFLRQHV WRPDGDV \ XOWLPDGRV WRGRV ORV GHWDOOHV FRPR FXDOTXLHU RWUR SRQWILFH
ZZZOHFWXODQGLDFRP3¡JLQD
KXELHVH KHFKR MDP¡V KDEUD WULXQIDGR SRUTXH HO UH\ GH )UDQFLD KXELHUD WHQLGR PLO
SUHWH[WRV\ORVRWURVDPHQD]DGRFRQPLOUHSUHVDOLDV3UHILHURSDVDUSRUDOWRVXVGHP¡V
DFFLRQHVWRGDVLJXDOHVDDTX©OOD\WRGDVSUHPLDGDVSRUHO©[LWRSXHVODEUHYHGDGGH
VXYLGDQROHSHUPLWL³FRQRFHUORFRQWUDULR4XHDVREUHYHQLUFLUFXQVWDQFLDVHQODV
TXH IXHUD SUHFLVR FRQGXFLUVH FRQ SUXGHQFLD FRUULHUD D VX UXLQD SXHV QXQFD VH
KXELHVHDSDUWDGRGHDTXHOPRGRGHREUDUDOFXDOORLQFOLQDEDVXQDWXUDOH]D
6H FRQFOX\H HQWRQFHV TXH FRPR OD IRUWXQD YDUD \ ORV KRPEUHV VH REVWLQDQ HQ
SURFHGHUGHXQPLVPRPRGRVHU¡QIHOLFHVPLHQWUDVYD\DQGHDFXHUGRFRQODVXHUWHH
LQIHOLFHV FXDQGR HVW©Q HQ GHVDFXHUGR FRQ HOOD 6LQ HPEDUJR FRQVLGHUR TXH HV
SUHIHULEOHVHULPSHWXRVR\QRFDXWRSRUTXHODIRUWXQDHVPXMHU\VHKDFHSUHFLVRVL
VHODTXLHUHWHQHUVXPLVDJROSHDUOD\]DKHULUOD<VHYHTXHVHGHMDGRPLQDUSRU©VWRV
DQWHV TXH SRU ORV TXH DFWºDQ FRQ WLELH]D < FRPR PXMHU HV DPLJD GH ORV M³YHQHV
SRUTXHVRQPHQRVSUXGHQWHV\P¡VIRJRVRV\VHLPSRQHQFRQP¡VDXGDFLD
ZZZOHFWXODQGLDFRP3¡JLQD